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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Confederate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-May_31" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_31"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>May 31</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_31-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>June 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>June 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>June 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_4–12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_4–12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>June 4–12</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_4–12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_Harbor_Tavern_and_Garthright_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_Harbor_Tavern_and_Garthright_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cold Harbor Tavern and Garthright House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_Harbor_Tavern_and_Garthright_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Battlefield preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memoirs_and_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs_and_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Memoirs and primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs_and_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Cold Harbor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadu_Cealdre_H%C8%B3%C3%B0e" title="Beadu Cealdre Hȳðe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Beadu Cealdre Hȳðe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="معركة كولد هاربور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة كولد هاربور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="خلیج هاربر دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خلیج هاربر دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Cold_Harbor" title="Batalla de Cold Harbor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Cold_Harbor" title="Battaglia di Cold Harbor – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Battaglia di Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Cold_Harbor" title="Slaget ved Cold Harbor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Cold_Harbor" title="Schlacht von Cold Harbor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Cold_Harbor" title="Batalla de Cold Harbor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="نبرد خلیج هاربر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد خلیج هاربر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Cold_Harbor" title="Bataille de Cold Harbor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="콜드 하버 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜드 하버 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Cold_Harbor" title="Battaglia di Cold Harbor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קרב קולד הרבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב קולד הרבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კოლდ-ჰარბორის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლდ-ჰარბორის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Cold_Harbor" title="Pertempuran Cold Harbor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Cold_Harbor" title="Slag bij Cold Harbor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="コールドハーバーの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コールドハーバーの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Cold_Harbor" title="Batalha de Cold Harbor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Cold_Harbor" title="Bitwa pod Cold Harbor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Cold_Harbor" title="Batalha de Cold Harbor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сражение при Колд-Харборе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение при Колд-Харборе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1" title="جەنگی کەنداوی ھاربۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی کەنداوی ھاربۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Harborin_taistelu" title="Cold Harborin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cold Harborin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Cold_Harbor" title="Slaget vid Cold Harbor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Harbor_Muharebesi" title="Cold Harbor Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cold Harbor Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Cold_Harbor" title="Trận Cold Harbor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Cold Harbor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B8%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="冷港之役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冷港之役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&params=37.59_N_77.29_W_region:US-VA_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°35′N</span> <span class="longitude">77°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.59°N 77.29°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.59; -77.29</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major battle of the American Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cold Harbor" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cold_Harbour_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cold Harbour (disambiguation)">Cold Harbour (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Cold Harbor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict,_1861-1865,_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field,_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes,_Waud,_Taylor,_(14576591097).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576591097%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576591097%29.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576591097%29.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span><br />Union troops of the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a> repelling a Confederate attack</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May 31<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1864-05-31</span>)</span> – June 12, 1864<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1864-06-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover County</a>,<br />near <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Virginia" title="Mechanicsville, Virginia">Mechanicsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&params=37.59_N_77.29_W_region:US-VA_type:event_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°35′N</span> <span class="longitude">77°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.59°N 77.29°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.59; -77.29</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Confederate victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurgurson2000525_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurgurson2000525-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea2002357_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea2002357-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/15px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/23px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/30px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png/20px-XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png/30px-XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png/40px-XVIIIcorpsbadge1.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="241" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a>)</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/15px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/23px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/30px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 108,000–117,000<sup id="cite_ref-strength_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 59,000–62,000<sup id="cite_ref-strength_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>12,738</b> total<br />1,845 killed<br />9,077 wounded<br />1,816 captured/missing<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casualties_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>5,287</b> total<br />788 killed<br />3,376 wounded<br />1,123 captured/missing<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Overland_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Overland Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Overland_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Overland Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Overland_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Overland Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overland_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign"><span class="wrap">Overland Campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Todd%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Todd's Tavern">Todd's Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Tavern" title="Battle of Yellow Tavern">Yellow Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meadow_Bridge" title="Battle of Meadow Bridge">Meadow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Anna" title="Battle of North Anna">North Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Wharf" title="Battle of Wilson's Wharf">Wilson's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haw%27s_Shop" title="Battle of Haw's Shop">Haw's Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Totopotomoy_Creek" title="Battle of Totopotomoy Creek">Totopotomoy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Church" title="Battle of Old Church">Old Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Trevilian Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Mary%27s_Church" title="Battle of Saint Mary's Church">Saint Mary's Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Cold Harbor</b> was fought during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Virginia" title="Mechanicsville, Virginia">Mechanicsville, Virginia</a>, from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3. It was one of the final battles of <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, and is remembered as one of American history's most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in the frontal assault of June 3 against the fortified positions of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="General (CSA)">Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s army, an event that compounded the image of Grant's apparent disregard for high casualties. </p><p>On May 31, as Grant's army once again swung around the right flank of Lee's army, Union cavalry seized the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor, about 10 miles northeast of the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond, Virginia</a>, holding it against Confederate attacks until the Union infantry arrived. Both Grant and Lee, whose armies had suffered enormous casualties in the Overland Campaign, received reinforcements. On the evening of June 1, the Union <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a> arrived and assaulted the Confederate works to the west of the crossroads with some success. </p><p>On June 2, the remaining forces of both armies arrived, and the Confederate troops constructed an extensive series of fortifications extending seven miles. At dawn on June 3, three Union corps launched an assault on the Confederate defenses at the southern end of the line. The attack was easily repelled, resulting in significant casualties for the Union forces. Attempts to assault the northern end of the line and to resume the assaults on the southern were unsuccessful. The armies confronted each other on these lines until the night of June 12, when the Army of the Potomac finally disengaged. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg/330px-SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg/495px-SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg/660px-SOUTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11117" data-file-height="6655" /></a><figcaption>Map of Southeastern Virginia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg/330px-OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg/495px-OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg/660px-OVERLAND-PETERSBURG_MAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11208" data-file-height="6808" /></a><figcaption>Union marches and operations in Central Virginia (1864–65)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf/page1-280px-Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf/page1-420px-Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf/page1-560px-Overland_Campaign_May-June_1864.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Overland Campaign, from the Wilderness to crossing the James River <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png/280px-Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png/420px-Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png/560px-Overland_Campaign_May_29-30.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Movements in the Overland Campaign, May 29, and actions May 30, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Grant's Overland Campaign was one of a series of simultaneous offensives the newly appointed general in chief launched against the Confederacy. By late May 1864, only two of these continued to advance: Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a> and the Overland Campaign, in which Grant accompanied and directly supervised the Army of the Potomac and its commander, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>. Grant's campaign objective was not the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, but the destruction of Lee's army. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> had long advocated this strategy for his generals, recognizing that the city would certainly fall after the loss of its principal defensive army. Grant ordered Meade, "Wherever Lee goes, there you will go also."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he hoped for a quick, decisive battle, Grant was prepared to fight a <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a>. Both Union and Confederate casualties could be high, but the Union had greater resources to replace lost soldiers and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 5, after Grant's army crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rapidan_River" title="Rapidan River">Rapidan River</a> and entered the Wilderness of Spotsylvania, it was attacked by Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Although Lee was outnumbered, about 60,000 to 100,000, his men fought fiercely and the dense foliage provided a terrain advantage. After two days of fighting and almost 29,000 casualties, the results were inconclusive and neither army was able to obtain an advantage. Lee had stopped Grant, but had not turned him back; Grant had not destroyed Lee's army. Under similar circumstances, previous Union commanders had chosen to withdraw behind the Rappahannock, but Grant instead ordered Meade to move around Lee's right flank and seize the important crossroads at Spotsylvania Court House to the southeast, hoping that by interposing his army between Lee and Richmond, he could lure the Confederates into another battle on a more favorable field.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of Lee's army beat the Union army to the critical crossroads of Spotsylvania Court House and began entrenching, a tactic that became increasingly essential for the outnumbered defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade was dissatisfied with Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>'s Union cavalry's performance and released it from its reconnaissance and screening duties for the main body of the army to pursue and defeat the Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a>. Sheridan's men mortally wounded Stuart in the tactically inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Tavern" title="Battle of Yellow Tavern">Battle of Yellow Tavern</a> (May 11) and then continued their raid toward Richmond, leaving Grant and Meade without the "eyes and ears" of their cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near Spotsylvania Court House, fighting occurred on and off from May 8 through May 21, as Grant tried various schemes to break the Confederate line. On May 8, Union Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a> unsuccessfully attempted to dislodge the Confederates under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a> from Laurel Hill, a position that was blocking them from Spotsylvania Court House. On May 10, Grant ordered attacks across the Confederate line of earthworks, which by now extended over 4 miles (6.5 km), including a prominent <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> known as the Mule Shoe. Although the Union troops failed again at Laurel Hill, an innovative assault attempt by Col. <a href="/wiki/Emory_Upton" title="Emory Upton">Emory Upton</a> against the Mule Shoe showed promise.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant used Upton's assault technique on a much larger scale on May 12 when he ordered the 15,000 men of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a>'s corps to assault the Mule Shoe. Hancock was initially successful, but the Confederate leadership rallied and repulsed his incursion. Attacks by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Horatio_G._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio G. Wright">Horatio G. Wright</a> on the western edge of the Mule Shoe, which became known as the "Bloody Angle," involved almost 24 hours of desperate hand-to-hand fighting, some of the most intense of the Civil War. Supporting attacks by Warren and by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> were unsuccessful. In the end, the battle was tactically inconclusive, but with almost 32,000 casualties on both sides, it was the costliest battle of the campaign. Grant planned to end the stalemate by once again shifting around Lee's right flank to the southeast, toward Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant's objective following Spotsylvania was the North Anna River, about 25 miles (40 km) south. He sent Hancock's Corps ahead of his army, hoping that Lee would attack it, luring him into the open. Lee did not take the bait and beat Grant to the North Anna. On May 23, Warren's V Corps crossed the river at Jericho Mills, fighting off an attack by A.P. Hill's corps, while Hancock's II Corps captured the bridge on the Telegraph Road. Lee then devised a plan, which represented a significant potential threat to Grant: a five-mile (8 km) line that formed an inverted "V" shape with its apex on the river at Ox Ford, the only defensible crossing in the area. By moving south of the river, Lee hoped that Grant would assume that he was retreating, leaving only a token force to prevent a crossing at Ox Ford. If Grant pursued, the pointed wedge of the inverted V would split his army and Lee could concentrate on interior lines to defeat one wing; the other Union wing would have to cross the North Anna twice to support the attacked wing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Union Army assaulted the tip of the apex at Ox Ford and the right wing of the V. However, Lee, incapacitated in his tent by diarrhea, could not effect the attack he hoped to make. Grant realized the situation he was faced with and ordered his men to stop advancing and to build earthworks of their own. The Union general remained optimistic and was convinced that Lee had demonstrated the weakness of his army. He wrote to the Army's chief of staff, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>: "Lee's army is really whipped. ... I may be mistaken but I feel that our success over Lee's army is already assured."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he did after the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, Grant planned another wide swing around Lee's flank, marching east of the <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_River" title="Pamunkey River">Pamunkey River</a> to screen his movements from the Confederates. His army disengaged on May 27 and crossed the river. Lee moved his army swiftly in response, heading for Atlee's Station on the Virginia Central Railroad, a point only 9 miles north of Richmond. There, his men would be well-positioned behind a stream known as Totopotomoy Creek to defend against Grant if he moved against the railroads or Richmond. Lee was not certain of Grant's specific plans, however; if Grant was not intending to cross the Pamunkey in force at Hanovertown, the Union army could outflank him and head directly to Richmond. Lee ordered cavalry under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> to make a reconnaissance in force, break through the Union cavalry screen, and find the Union infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 28, Hampton's troopers encountered Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haw%27s_Shop" title="Battle of Haw's Shop">Battle of Haw's Shop</a>. Fighting predominately dismounted and utilizing earthworks for protection, neither side achieved an advantage. The battle was inconclusive, but it was one of the bloodiest cavalry engagements of the war. Hampton held up the Union cavalry for seven hours, prevented it from achieving its reconnaissance objectives, and had provided valuable intelligence to Lee about the disposition of Grant's army.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Grant's infantry had crossed to the south bank of the Pamunkey, Lee saw an opportunity on May 30 to attack Warren's advancing V Corps with his Second Corps, now commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>. Early's divisions under Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Stephen Dodson Ramseur</a> drove the Union troops back in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Totopotomoy_Creek" title="Battle of Totopotomoy Creek">Battle of Bethesda Church</a>, but Ramseur's advance was stopped by a fierce stand of infantry and artillery fire. On that same day, a small cavalry engagement at Matadequin Creek (the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Church" title="Battle of Old Church">Battle of Old Church</a>) drove an outnumbered Confederate cavalry brigade to the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor, verifying to Lee that Grant intended to move toward that vital intersection beyond Lee's right flank, attempting to avoid another stalemate on the Totopotomoy Creek line.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee received notice that reinforcements were heading Grant's way from <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Hundred Campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a>. The 16,000 men of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith" title="William Farrar Smith">William F. "Baldy" Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a> were withdrawn from Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler's</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a> at Grant's request, just as Butler was planning a major effort to capture Petersburg. The corps was soon moving down the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> and up the <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York</a> to the Pamunkey. If Smith moved due west from <a href="/wiki/White_House_(plantation)" title="White House (plantation)">White House Landing</a> to Old Cold Harbor, 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of Bethesda Church on Grant's left flank, the extended Federal line would be too far south for the Confederate right to contain. Smith's men arrived at White House May 30–31, but for the second time they were ordered further up the Pamunkey to New Castle, and not to the west. One brigade was left behind on guard duty, but instead of the bulk of the corps joining Grant's army early on June 1, it only joined Wright's corps for offensive action about 3 p.m. after a needlessly long and quite exhausting march. Very early on June 1, for the third time, orders went out for Smith to move his command to New Castle. Obviously a mistake, it was either made by General Grant or the member of his staff to whom he gave the order for transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee also received reinforcements. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Confederate States">Confederate President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> directed Gen. <a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a> to send the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Hoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Hoke">Robert F. Hoke</a>, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, but were unable to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000.<sup id="cite_ref-strength_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">entrenched</a> in impressive fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant%2BLee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grant%2BLee.jpg/220px-Grant%2BLee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grant%2BLee.jpg/330px-Grant%2BLee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grant%2BLee.jpg/440px-Grant%2BLee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption><b>Opposing commanders</b>: Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, USA, at Cold Harbor, photographed by Edgar Guy Fawx in 1864; Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, CSA, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> in 1865</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_Harbor_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Harbor Union order of battle">Union order of battle</a></div> <p>Grant's Union forces totaled approximately 108,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-strength_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a>, on temporary assignment from the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a>. The six corps were:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">David B. Birney</a> and Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Francis C. Barlow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Griffin" title="Charles Griffin">Charles Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Lockwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Lockwood">Henry H. Lockwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Lysander Cutler</a>. On June 6, the corps was reorganized to the divisions of Griffin, Cutler, and Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Romeyn B. Ayres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Samuel W. Crawford</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a>, under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Wright" title="Horatio Wright">Horatio Wright</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Russell" title="David Allen Russell">David A. Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Neill" title="Thomas H. Neill">Thomas H. Neill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Ricketts" title="James B. Ricketts">James B. Ricketts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Corps (Union Army)">IX Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leonidas_Crittenden" title="Thomas Leonidas Crittenden">Thomas Leonidas Crittenden</a> and Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Potter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Potter">Robert B. Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_B._Willcox" title="Orlando B. Willcox">Orlando B. Willcox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ferrero" title="Edward Ferrero">Edward Ferrero</a>. On June 9, Crittenden was replaced by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_H._Ledlie" title="James H. Ledlie">James H. Ledlie</a>.</li> <li>Cavalry Corps, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Torbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Thomas Torbert">Alfred T.A. Torbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilson" title="James H. Wilson">James H. Wilson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Corps (Union Army)">XVIII Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith" title="William Farrar Smith">William F. "Baldy" Smith</a>, including the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/William_T._H._Brooks" title="William T. H. Brooks">William T. H. Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Martindale" title="John H. Martindale">John H. Martindale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Charles Devens</a>. On June 4, Devens became ill and was replaced by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_Harbor_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Harbor Confederate order of battle">Confederate order of battle</a></div> <p>Lee's Confederate <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> comprised about 59,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-strength_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was organized into four corps and two independent divisions:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a>, under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Field" title="Charles W. Field">Charles W. Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Joseph B. Kershaw</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a>, under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Ramseur" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Ramseur">Stephen D. Ramseur</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a>, under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a>, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Cavalry Corps</a>, without a commander following the mortal wounding of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a> on May 11, including the divisions of Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee</a>. (Hampton became the commander of the Cavalry Corps on August 11, 1864.)</li> <li>Breckinridge's Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>.</li> <li>Hoke's Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Hoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Hoke">Robert F. Hoke</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg/220px-Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg/330px-Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg/440px-Cold_Harbor_Burnett_Inn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>The Burnett Inn at Old Cold Harbor (by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan" title="Timothy H. O'Sullivan">Timothy H. O'Sullivan</a>, June 4, 1864)</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle was fought in central Virginia, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Virginia" title="Mechanicsville, Virginia">Mechanicsville</a>, over the same ground as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gaines's Mill">Battle of Gaines's Mill</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> of 1862. Some accounts refer to the 1862 battle as the First Battle of Cold Harbor, and the 1864 battle as the Second Battle of Cold Harbor. Union soldiers were disturbed to discover skeletal remains from the first battle while entrenching. Cold Harbor was not a port city, despite its name. Rather, it described two rural crossroads named for the Cold Harbor Tavern (owned by the Isaac Burnett family) which provided shelter (harbor) but no hot meals. Old Cold Harbor stood two miles east of Gaines's Mill, and New Cold Harbor a mile southeast. Both were approximately 10 miles (16 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. From these crossroads, the <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a> was positioned to receive reinforcements sailing up the <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_River" title="Pamunkey River">Pamunkey River</a>, and could attack either the Confederate capital or its <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_31">May 31</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: May 31"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cavalry forces that had fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Church" title="Battle of Old Church">Old Church</a> continued to face each other on May 31. Lee sent a cavalry division under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a> to reinforce Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Matthew Butler</a> and secure the crossroads at Old Cold Harbor. As Union Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Torbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Thomas Torbert">Alfred T. A. Torbert</a> increased pressure on the Confederates, Robert E. Lee ordered Anderson's First Corps to shift right from Totopotomoy Creek to support the cavalry. The lead brigade of Hoke's division also reached the crossroads to join Butler and Fitzhugh Lee. At 4 p.m. Torbert and elements of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a>'s cavalry division drove the Confederates from the Old Cold Harbor crossroads and began to dig in. As more of Hoke's and Anderson's men streamed in, Union cavalry commander Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> became concerned and ordered Torbert to pull back toward Old Church.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant continued his interest in Old Cold Harbor and ordered Wright's VI Corps to move in that direction from his right flank on Totopotomoy Creek. He ordered Sheridan to return to the crossroads and secure it "at all hazards." Torbert returned at 1 a.m. and was relieved to find that the Confederates had failed to notice his previous withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_1">June 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: June 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overland_Campaign_June_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Overland_Campaign_June_1.png/330px-Overland_Campaign_June_1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Overland_Campaign_June_1.png/495px-Overland_Campaign_June_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Overland_Campaign_June_1.png/660px-Overland_Campaign_June_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Positions of the armies on the afternoon of June 1, 1864</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColdHarbor-June1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ColdHarbor-June1.png/330px-ColdHarbor-June1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ColdHarbor-June1.png/495px-ColdHarbor-June1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ColdHarbor-June1.png/660px-ColdHarbor-June1.png 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="2159" /></a><figcaption>Cold Harbor, June 1</figcaption></figure> <p>Robert E. Lee's plan for June 1 was to use his newly concentrated infantry against the small cavalry forces at Old Cold Harbor. But his subordinates did not coordinate correctly. Anderson did not integrate Hoke's division with his attack plan and left him with the understanding that he was not to assault until the First Corps' attack was well underway, because the Union defenders were disorganized as well. Wright's VI Corps had not moved out until after midnight and was on a 15 miles (24 km) march. Smith's XVIII Corps, having been mistakenly sent to the wrong location several miles away, did not reach Old Cold Harbor in time to assist Torbert.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anderson led his attack with the brigade formerly commanded by veteran Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Joseph B. Kershaw</a>, which was now under a less experienced <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> politician, Col. <a href="/wiki/Laurence_M._Keitt" title="Laurence M. Keitt">Laurence M. Keitt</a>. Keitt's men approached the entrenched cavalry of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a>. Armed with seven-shot <a href="/wiki/Spencer_repeating_rifle" title="Spencer repeating rifle">Spencer repeating carbines</a>, Merritt's men delivered heavy fire, mortally wounding Keitt and destroying his brigade's cohesion. Hoke obeyed what he understood to be his orders and did not join in the attack, which was quickly called back by Anderson.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 9 a.m. Wright's lead elements arrived at the crossroads and began to extend and improve the entrenchments started by the cavalrymen. Although Grant had intended for Wright to attack immediately, his men were exhausted from their long march and they were unsure as to the strength of the enemy. Wright decided to wait until after Smith arrived, which occurred in the afternoon, and the XVIII Corps men began to entrench on the right of the VI Corps. The Union cavalrymen retired to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the upcoming attack, Meade was concerned that the corps of Wright and Smith would not be sufficient, so he attempted to convince Warren to send reinforcements. He wrote to the V Corps commander, "Generals Wright and Smith will attack this evening. It is very desirable you should join this attack, unless in your judgment it is impracticable." Warren decided to send the division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Lockwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Lockwood">Henry H. Lockwood</a>, which began to march at 6 p.m., but no adequate reconnaissance of the road network had been conducted and Lockwood was not able to reach the impending battle in time to make a difference. Meade was also concerned about his left flank, which was not anchored on the Chickahominy and was potentially threatened by Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry. He ordered Phil Sheridan to send scouting parties into the area, but Sheridan resisted, telling Meade that it would be impossible to move his men before dark.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 6:30 p.m. the attack that Grant had ordered for the morning finally began. Both Wright's and Smith's corps moved forward. Wright's men made little progress south of the Mechanicsville Road, which connected New and Old Cold Harbor, recoiling from heavy fire. North of the road, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Emory_Upton" title="Emory Upton">Emory Upton</a>'s brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Russell" title="David Allen Russell">David A. Russell</a>'s division also encountered heavy fire from Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Clingman" title="Thomas L. Clingman">Thomas L. Clingman</a>'s brigade, "A sheet of flame, sudden as lightning, red as blood, and so near that it seemed to singe the men's faces." Although Upton tried to rally his men forward, his brigade fell back to its starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Upton's right, the brigade of Col. <a href="/wiki/William_S._Truex" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Truex">William S. Truex</a> found a gap in the Confederate line, between the brigades of Clingman and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">William T. Wofford</a>, through a swampy, brush-filled ravine. As Truex's men charged through the gap, Clingman swung two regiments around to face them, and Anderson sent in Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a>'s brigade from his corps reserve. Truex became surrounded on three sides and was forced to withdraw, although his men brought back hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgian</a> prisoners with them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While action continued on the southern end of the battlefield, the three corps of Hancock, Burnside, and Warren were occupying a 5-mile line that stretched southeast to Bethesda Church, facing the Confederates under A.P. Hill, Breckinridge, and Early. At the border between the IX and V Corps, the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Crittenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas L. Crittenden">Thomas L. Crittenden</a>, recently transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">West</a> following his poor performance in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a>, occupied a doglegged position with an angle that was parallel to the Shady Grove Road, separated from the V Corps by a marsh known as Magnolia Swamp. Two divisions of Early's Corps—Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a> on the left, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a> on the right—used this area as their avenue of approach for an attack that began at 7 p.m. Warren later described this attack as a "feeler", and despite some initial successes, aided by the poor battle management of Crittenden, both Confederate probes were repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this same time, Warren's division under Lockwood had become lost wandering on unfamiliar farm roads. Despite having dispatched Lockwood explicitly, the V Corps commander wrote to Meade, "In some unaccountable way, [Lockwood] took his whole division, without my knowing it, away from the left of the line of battle, and turned up the dark 2 miles in my rear, and I have not yet got him back. All this time the firing should have guided him at least. He is too incompetent, and too high rank leaves us no subordinate place for him. I earnestly beg that he may at once be relieved of duty with this army." Meade relieved Lockwood and replaced him with Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Samuel W. Crawford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By dark, the fighting had petered out on both ends of the line. The Union assault had cost it 2,200 casualties, versus about 1,800 for the Confederates, but some progress had been made. They almost broke the Confederate line, which was now pinned in place with Union entrenchments being dug only yards away. Several of the generals, including Upton and Meade, were furious at Grant for ordering an assault without proper reconnaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2">June 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: June 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg/220px-ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg/330px-ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg/440px-ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Makeshift Confederate breastworks at the extreme left of their line</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg/220px-ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg/330px-ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg/440px-ColdHarborBattlefield1864crop1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Earthworks photographed after the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the June 1 attacks had been unsuccessful, Meade believed that an attack early on June 2 could succeed if he was able to mass sufficient forces against an appropriate location. He and Grant decided to attack Lee's right flank. Anderson's men had been heavily engaged there on June 1, and it seemed unlikely that they had found the time to build substantial defenses. And if the attack succeeded, Lee's right would be driven back into the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a>. Meade ordered Hancock's II Corps to shift southeast from Totopotomoy Creek and assume a position to the left of Wright's VI Corps. Once Hancock was in position, Meade would attack on his left from Old Cold Harbor with three Union corps in line, totaling 35,000 men: Hancock's II Corps, Wright's VI Corps, and Baldy Smith's XVIII Corps. Meade also ordered Warren and Burnside to attack Lee's left flank in the morning "at all hazards," convinced that Lee was moving troops from his left to fortify his right.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hancock's men marched almost all night and arrived too worn-out for an immediate attack that morning. Grant agreed to let the men rest and postponed the attack until 5 p.m., and then again until 4:30 a.m. on June 3. But Grant and Meade did not give specific orders for the attack, leaving it up to the corps commanders to decide where they would hit the Confederate lines and how they would coordinate with each other. No senior commander had reconnoitered the enemy position. Baldy Smith wrote that he was "aghast at the reception of such an order, which proved conclusively the utter absence of any military plan." He told his staff that the whole attack was, "simply an order to slaughter my best troops."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert E. Lee took advantage of the Union delays to bolster his defenses. When Hancock departed Totopotomoy Creek, Lee was free to shift Breckinridge's division to his far right flank, where he would once again face Hancock. Breckinridge drove a small Union force off Turkey Hill, which dominated the southern part of the battlefield. Lee also moved troops from A.P. Hill's Third Corps, the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a>, to support Breckinridge, and stationed cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee to guard the army's right flank. The result was a curving line on low ridges, 7 miles (11 km) long, with the left flank anchored on Totopotomoy Creek, the right on the Chickahominy River, making any flanking moves impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee's engineers used their time effectively and constructed the "most ingenious defensive configuration the war had yet witnessed." Barricades of earth and logs were erected. Artillery was posted with converging fields of fire on every avenue of approach, and stakes were driven into the ground to aid gunners' range estimates. A newspaper correspondent wrote that the works were, "Intricate, zig-zagged lines within lines, lines protecting flanks of lines, lines built to enfilade an opposing line, ... [It was] a maze and labyrinth of works within works." Heavy skirmish lines suppressed any ability of the Union to determine the strength or exact positions of the Confederate entrenchments.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they did not know the details of their objectives, the Union soldiers who had survived the frontal assaults at Spotsylvania Court House seemed to be in no doubt as to what they would be up against in the morning. Grant's aide, Lt. Col. Horace Porter, wrote in his memoirs that he saw many men writing their names on papers that they pinned inside their uniforms, so their bodies could be identified. (The accuracy of this story is disputed as Porter is the only source.) One blood-spattered diary from a Union soldier found after the battle included a final entry: "June 3. Cold Harbor. I was killed."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_3">June 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: June 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColdHarbor-June3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ColdHarbor-June3.png/330px-ColdHarbor-June3.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ColdHarbor-June3.png/495px-ColdHarbor-June3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ColdHarbor-June3.png/660px-ColdHarbor-June3.png 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="2159" /></a><figcaption>Cold Harbor, June 3</figcaption></figure> <p>At 4:30 a.m. on June 3, the three Union corps began to advance through a thick ground fog. Massive fire from the Confederate lines quickly caused heavy casualties and the survivors were pinned down. Although the results varied in different parts of the line, the overall repulse of the Union advance resulted in the most lopsided casualties since the assault on Marye's Heights at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most effective performance of the day was on the Union left flank, where Hancock's corps was able to break through a portion of Breckinridge's front line and drive those defenders out of their entrenchments in <a href="/wiki/Hand_to_hand_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand to hand combat">hand-to-hand fighting</a>. Several hundred prisoners and four guns were captured. However, nearby Confederate artillery was brought to bear on the entrenchments, turning them into a death trap for the Federals. Breckinridge's reserves counterattacked these men from the division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Francis C. Barlow</a> and drove them off. Hancock's other advanced division, under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a>, became disordered in swampy ground and could not advance through the heavy Confederate fire, with two brigade commanders (Cols. <a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter_(colonel)" title="Peter A. Porter (colonel)">Peter A. Porter</a> and H. Boyd McKeen) lost as casualties. One of Gibbon's men, complaining of a lack of reconnaissance, wrote, "We felt it was murder, not war, or at best a very serious mistake had been made."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the center, Wright's corps was pinned down by the heavy fire and made little effort to advance further, still recovering from their costly charge on June 1. The normally aggressive Emory Upton felt that further movement by his division was "impracticable." Confederate defenders in this part of the line were unaware that a serious assault had been made against their position.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg/220px-7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg/330px-7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg/440px-7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9279" data-file-height="6414" /></a><figcaption>7th New York Heavy Artillery (serving as infantry) preparing to leave the trenches and charge the Confederate line, sketched by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._(19948752786).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._%2819948752786%29.jpg/220px-Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._%2819948752786%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._%2819948752786%29.jpg/330px-Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._%2819948752786%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._%2819948752786%29.jpg/440px-Unburied_Dead_on_Battlefield._%2819948752786%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>"Unburied Dead on Battlefield" by <a href="/wiki/John_Reekie" class="mw-redirect" title="John Reekie">John Reekie</a>; issued as Stero #914 being taken on the 1862 Battlefield of Gaines Mills aka First Cold Harbor April 1865; taken near the Adams Farm where 7th New York artillery was stationed June 1864 see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwartalk.com/threads/april-1865-gaines-mills-cold-harbor-picture.88976/">Civil war Talk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the Union right, Smith's men advanced through unfavorable terrain and were channeled into two ravines. When they emerged in front of the Confederate line, rifle and artillery fire mowed them down. A Union officer wrote, "The men bent down as they pushed forward, as if trying, as they were, to breast a tempest, and the files of men went down like rows of blocks or bricks pushed over by striking against one another." A Confederate described the carnage of double-canister artillery fire as "deadly, bloody work." The artillery fire against Smith's corps was heavier than might have been expected because Warren's V Corps to his right was reluctant to advance and the Confederate gunners in Warren's sector concentrated on Smith's men instead.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only activity on the northern end of the field was by Burnside's IX Corps, facing Jubal Early. He launched a powerful assault at 6 a.m. that overran the Confederate skirmishers but mistakenly thought he had pierced the first line of earthworks and halted his corps to regroup before moving on, which he planned for that afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 7 a.m. Grant advised Meade to vigorously exploit any successful part of the assault. Meade ordered his three corps commanders on the left to assault at once, without regard to the movements of their neighboring corps. But all had had enough. Hancock advised against the move. Smith, calling a repetition of the attack a "wanton waste of life," refused to advance again. Wright's men increased their rifle fire but stayed in place. By 12:30 p.m. Grant conceded that his army was done. He wrote to Meade, "The opinion of the corps commanders not being sanguine of success in case an assault is ordered, you may direct a suspension of further advance for the present." Union soldiers still pinned down before the Confederate lines began entrenching, using cups and bayonets to dig, sometimes including bodies of dead comrades as part of their improvised earthworks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade inexplicably bragged to his wife the next day that he was in command for the assault. But his performance had been poor. Despite orders from Grant that the corps commanders were to examine the ground, their reconnaissance was lax and Meade failed to supervise them adequately, either before or during the attack. He was able to motivate only about 20,000 of his men to attack—the II Corps and parts of the XVIII and IX—failing to achieve the mass he knew he required to succeed. His men paid heavily for the poorly coordinated assault. Estimates of casualties that morning are from 3,000 to 7,000 on the Union side, no more than 1,500 on the Confederate.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant commented after the war: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made. I might say the same thing of the assault of the 22d of May, 1863, at Vicksburg. At Cold Harbor no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained. Indeed, the advantages other than those of relative losses, were on the Confederate side. Before that, the Army of Northern Virginia seemed to have acquired a wholesome regard for the courage, endurance, and soldierly qualities generally of the Army of the Potomac. They no longer wanted to fight them "one Confederate to five Yanks." Indeed, they seemed to have given up any idea of gaining any advantage of their antagonist in the open field. They had come to much prefer breastworks in their front to the Army of the Potomac. This charge seemed to revive their hopes temporarily; but it was of short duration. The effect upon the Army of the Potomac was the reverse. When we reached the James River, however, all effects of the battle of Cold Harbor seemed to have disappeared.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ulysses S. Grant, <i>Personal Memoirs</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>At 11 a.m. on June 3, the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster general">postmaster general</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henninger_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henninger Reagan">John Henninger Reagan</a>, arrived with a delegation from Richmond. He asked Robert E. Lee, "General, if the enemy breaks your line, what reserve have you?" Lee provided an animated response: "Not a regiment, and that has been my condition ever since the fighting commenced on the Rappahannock. If I shorten my lines to provide a reserve, he will turn me; if I weaken my lines to provide a reserve, he will break them."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship has shown Lee had ample reserves unengaged. His comments likely were to persuade Richmond to send more troops.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_4–12"><span id="June_4.E2.80.9312"></span>June 4–12</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: June 4–12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg/220px-Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg/330px-Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg/440px-Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Union <a href="/wiki/Coehorn" title="Coehorn">Coehorn mortars</a> in action, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Grant and Meade launched no more attacks on the Confederate defenses at Cold Harbor. The two opposing armies faced each other for nine days of trench warfare, in some places only yards apart. Sharpshooters worked continuously, killing many. Union artillery bombarded the Confederates with a battery of eight <a href="/wiki/Coehorn" title="Coehorn">Coehorn mortars</a>; the Confederates responded by depressing the trail of a 24-pound <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> and lobbing shells over the Union positions. Although there were no more large-scale attacks, casualty figures for the entire battle were twice as large as from the June 3 assault alone.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trenches were hot, dusty, and miserable, but conditions were worse between the lines, where thousands of wounded Federal soldiers suffered horribly without food, water, or medical assistance. Grant was reluctant to ask for a formal truce that would allow him to recover his wounded because that would be an acknowledgment he had lost the battle. He and Lee traded notes across the lines from June 5 to 7 without coming to an agreement, and when Grant formally requested a two-hour cessation of hostilities, it was too late for most of the unfortunate wounded, who were now bloated corpses. Grant was widely criticized in the Northern press for this lapse of judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Every corpse I saw was as black as coal. It was not possible to remove them. They were buried where they fell. ... I saw no live man lying on this ground. The wounded must have suffered horribly before death relieved them, lying there exposed to the blazing southern sun o' days, and being eaten alive by beetles o' nights. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Union artillery officer, Frank Wilkeson<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>On June 4 Grant tightened his lines by moving Burnside's corps behind Matadequin Creek as a reserve and moving Warren leftward to connect with Smith, shortening his lines about 3 miles (4.8 km). On June 6 Early probed Burnside's new position but could not advance through the impassable swamps.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant realized that, once again in the campaign, he was in a stalemate with Lee and additional assaults were not the answer. He planned three actions to make some headway. First, in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a> was making progress against Confederate forces, and Grant hoped that by interdicting Lee's supplies, the Confederate general would be forced to dispatch reinforcements to the Valley. Second, on June 7 Grant dispatched his cavalry under Sheridan (the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a>) to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad near <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>. Third, he planned a stealthy operation to withdraw from Lee's front and move across the James River. Lee reacted to the first two actions as Grant had hoped. He pulled Breckinridge's division from Cold Harbor and sent it toward <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a> to parry Hunter. By June 12 he followed this by assigning Jubal Early permanent command of the Second Corps and sending them to the Valley as well. And he sent two of his three cavalry divisions in pursuit of Sheridan, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Battle of Trevilian Station</a>. However, despite anticipating that Grant might shift across the James, Lee was taken by surprise when it occurred. On June 12 the Army of the Potomac finally disengaged to march southeast to cross the James and threaten <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>, a crucial rail junction south of Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Battle of Cold Harbor was the final victory won by Lee's army during the war (part of his forces won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a> the following month, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>, but this did not represent a general engagement between the armies), and its most decisive in terms of casualties. The Union army, in attempting the futile assault, lost 10,000 to 13,000 men over twelve days. The battle brought the toll in Union casualties since the beginning of May to a total of more than 52,000, compared to 33,000 for Lee. Although the cost was great, Grant's larger army finished the campaign with lower relative casualties than Lee's.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates vary as to the casualties at Cold Harbor. The following table summarizes estimates from a variety of popular sources:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption><b>Casualty Estimates for the Battle of Cold Harbor</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Source </th> <th colspan="4">Union </th> <th colspan="4">Confederate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Killed </th> <th>Wounded </th> <th>Captured/<br />Missing </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Killed </th> <th>Wounded </th> <th>Captured/<br />Missing </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>National Park Service </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">13,000 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kennedy, <i>Civil War Battlefield Guide</i> </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">13,000 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>King, <i>Overland Campaign Staff Ride</i> </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">12,738 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">3,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bonekemper, <i>Victor, Not a Butcher</i> </td> <td align="right">1,844 </td> <td align="right">9,077 </td> <td align="right">1,816 </td> <td align="right">12,737 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td align="right">3,380 </td> <td align="right">1,132 </td> <td align="right">4,595 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eicher, <i>Longest Night</i> </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">12,000 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">"few<br />thousand" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhea, <i>Cold Harbor</i> </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">3,500–4,000<br />(June 3 only) </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">1,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trudeau, <i>Bloody Roads South</i> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">12,475 </td> <td align="right">2,456 </td> <td align="right">14,931 </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">3,765 </td> <td align="right">1,082 </td> <td align="right">4,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Young, <i>Lee's Army</i> </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">788 </td> <td align="right">3,376 </td> <td align="right">1,123 </td> <td align="right">5,287 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some authors (Catton, Esposito, Foote, McPherson, Grimsley) estimate the casualties for the major assault on June 3 and all agree on approximately 7,000 total Union casualties, 1,500 Confederate. Gordon Rhea, considered the preeminent modern historian of Grant's <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, has examined casualty lists in detail and has published a contrarian view in his 2002 book, <i>Cold Harbor</i>. For the morning assault on June 3, he can account for only 3,500 to 4,000 Union killed, wounded, and missing, and estimates that for the entire day the Union suffered about 6,000 casualties, compared to Lee's 1,000 to 1,500. Rhea noted that although this was a horrific loss, Grant's main attack on June 3 was dwarfed by Lee's daily losses at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, and is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> McPherson states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In that [Cold Harbor] attack, ordered by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, fifty thousand Union soldiers suffered seven thousand casualties, most of them in less than half an hour. For this mistake, which he admitted, Grant has been branded a 'butcher' careless of the lives of his men, and Cold Harbor has become a symbol of mule-headed futility. At Gettysburg, Lee's men also sustained almost seven thousand casualties in the Pickett-Pettigrew assault, most of them also within a half hour. Yet this attack is perceived as an example of great courage and honor. This contrast speaks volumes about the comparative images of Grant and Lee, North and South, Union and Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The battle caused a rise in anti-war sentiment in the Northern states. Grant became known as the "fumbling butcher" for his poor decisions. It also lowered the <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> of his remaining troops. But the campaign had served Grant's purpose—as ill-advised as his attack on Cold Harbor was, Lee had lost the initiative and was forced to devote his attention to the defense of Richmond and Petersburg. He beat Grant to Petersburg, barely, but spent the remainder of the war (save its final week) defending Richmond behind a fortified trench line. Although Southerners realized their situation was desperate, they hoped that Lee's stubborn (and bloody) resistance would have political repercussions by causing <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to lose the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 presidential election</a> to a more peace-friendly candidate. The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">taking of Atlanta</a> in September dashed these hopes, and the end of the Confederacy was just a matter of time.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_Harbor_Tavern_and_Garthright_House">Cold Harbor Tavern and Garthright House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cold Harbor Tavern and Garthright House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the battle, Burnett's tavern (no longer standing) was used as a hospital. Union soldiers carried away all items of value, except for a crystal <a href="/wiki/Compote" title="Compote">compote</a> bowl saved by Mrs. Burnett. The Garthright House was also used as a field hospital, the exterior of which is now preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_preservation">Battlefield preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battlefield preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a> (a division of the <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a>) placed the Cold Harbor battlefield on its Ten Most Endangered Battlefields list. Development pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> area was so great that only about 300 acres (1.2 km<sup>2</sup>) of what was once at least a 7,500-acre (30 km<sup>2</sup>) battlefield are currently preserved as part of the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Richmond National Battlefield Park">Richmond National Battlefield Park</a>. Hanover County also maintains a small 50 acre park adjacent to the NPS's Cold Harbor holdings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 280 acres (1.1 km<sup>2</sup>) of the battlefield through early 2024.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armies_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Armies in the American Civil War">Armies in the American Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/cold-harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor Facts & Summary</a> American Battlefield Trust</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurgurson2000525-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurgurson2000525_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurgurson2000">Furgurson 2000</a>, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea2002357-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea2002357_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhea2002">Rhea 2002</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/rich/learn/historyculture/cold-harbor.htm">Cold Harbor</a> National Park Service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Catton, <i>Never Call Retreat</i> (Doubleday, New York, 1965) pp. 363–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelby Foote <i>The Civil War: Yellow Tavern to Cold Harbor</i> (Time Life Edition, 2000) pp. 87–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/12/14/lees-last-great-victory-clash-at-cold-harbor/">"Robert e. Lee's Last Great Victory: Clash at Cold Harbor"</a>. December 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+e.+Lee%27s+Last+Great+Victory%3A+Clash+at+Cold+Harbor&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2F2016%2F12%2F14%2Flees-last-great-victory-clash-at-cold-harbor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/battle-of-Cold-Harbor">"Battle of Cold Harbor | Summary"</a>. May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Cold+Harbor+%26%23124%3B+Summary&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2Fbattle-of-Cold-Harbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Further information:</i><br />Organization of Army of the Potomac, May 31, 1864: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0067&node=waro0067%3A4&view=image&seq=216&size=100">pp. 198–209</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temporarily attached to the Army of the Potomac from the Army of the James. See: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0067&node=waro0067%3A4&view=image&seq=196&size=100">page 178 </a><b>(note at the bottom of the page)</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strength-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strength_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strength_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strength_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strength_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strength_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 685; Esposito, text for map 136. Salmon, p. 295, cites Confederate strength of 62,000. Kennedy, p. 294, cites 117,000 Union, 60,000 Confederate. McPherson, p. 733, cites 109,000 Union, 59,000 Confederate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Return of Casualties in the Union forces, Battle of Cold Harbor, June 2–15, 1864 (Recapitulation)</i>: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;idno=waro0067;node=waro0067%3A4;view=image;seq=198;size=100;page=root">p. 180</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Union casualties are from Bonekemper, p. 311, Confederate from Young, p. 240. Estimates from other authors are summarized in the <a href="#Aftermath"><b>Aftermath</b> section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattaway & Jones, p. 525; Trudeau, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 661–662; Kennedy, p. 282; Jaynes, pp. 25–26; Rhea, p. 369; Grimsley, pp. 94–110, 118–129, provides details on the failed campaigns (the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Hundred Campaign">Bermuda Hundred Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">campaign in the Shenandoah Valley</a>) that were part of Grant's "peripheral strategy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 253; Kennedy, pp. 280–282; Eicher, pp. 663–671; Jaynes, pp. 56–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl J. Hess, <i>Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign</i> (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, pp. 82–86, 114–124; Eicher, pp. 673–674; Salmon, pp. 270–271, 279–283; Kennedy, pp. 283, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 271–275; Kennedy, p. 285; Eicher, pp. 671–673, 675–676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 275–279; Kennedy, pp. 285–286; Eicher, pp. 676–679; Jaynes, pp. 124–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welcher, 980; Grimsley, p. 141; Salmon, p. 285; Kennedy, p. 289; Trudeau, pp. 236, 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, p. 137; Trudeau, p. 239; Grimsley, pp. 145–148; Esposito, text for map 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 32–37, 41–44, 50–57; Eicher, pp. 671, 679, 683; Salmon, p. 288; Furgurson, pp. 43–47; Grimsley, pp. 149–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, p. 149; Furgurson, pp. 49–52; Salmon, p. 288; Grimsley, pp. 151–152; Rhea, pp. 68–71, 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley, pp. 156–159; Kennedy, pp. 290–291; Salmon, pp. 290–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, pp. 295–296; Welcher, pp. 986–987; Kennedy, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furgurson, pp. 58–60; Rhea, pp. 13, 162; Kennedy, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welcher, pp. 994–997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 410–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an example reference to the First Battle of Cold Harbor, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125061/battles-of-Cold-Harbor">"battles of Cold Harbor"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> online, accessed May 30, 2012; McPherson, p. 733; Foote, p. 281; Kennedy, p. 291; Eicher, p. 685.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley, pp. 196–199; Furgurson, pp. 81–82; Kennedy, pp. 291–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 262–263; King, p. 296; Kennedy, p. 293; Grimsley, pp. 199–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, pp. 291–293; Grimsley, pp. 202–203; Trudeau, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, p. 152; Welcher, p. 986; Trudeau, pp. 266–267; Grimsley, p. 201; Furgurson, pp. 89–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furgurson, pp. 94–95; Welcher, pp. 986–987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, p. 241; Furgurson, p. 99; Grimsley, pp. 203–206; Welcher, p. 988; Trudeau, p. 269, states that Smith's assault began at 5 p.m.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley, pp. 204–206; Welcher, p. 988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 256–59; Grimsley, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 259–260; Furgurson, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, p. 154; Rhea, pp. 266–268; Trudeau, p. 273, states that the fighting stopped by 10 p.m.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 293; Grimsley, pp. 207–208; Welcher, p. 989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, p. 156; Furgurson, pp. 120–121; Grimsley, p. 207; Trudeau, pp. 276–277; King, p. 297; Welcher, p. 989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welcher, p. 989; Salmon, p. 295; Grimsley, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, p. 735; Jaynes, p. 156; Grimsley, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foote, p. 290; Salmon, p. 296; Grimsley, p. 210; Trudeau, pp. 280, 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 296; Trudeau, p. 284; Catton, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 360–361; Grimsley, pp. 211–212; Trudeau, pp. 285–286, 289–290; King, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley, pp. 214–215; Trudeau, pp. 286, 290; King, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 353, 356; Grimsley, p. 215; Trudeau, pp. 286, 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welcher, p. 992; Grimsley, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, pp. 374–379; Grimsley, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, p. 234; Catton, p. 265. See additional casualty estimates in the <a href="#Aftermath"><b>Aftermath</b> section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, vol. 2, pp. 276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley, p. 220; Foote, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catton, p. 267; Furgurson, pp. 181–182; Trudeau, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p. 311: "Under the accepted rules of warfare of the 19th century, the losing side in a battle was supposed to send a flag of truce to the victor to ask for a cease-fire that would allow both sides to recover their dead and wounded." Grimsley, p. 220; Trudeau, pp. 304–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furgurson, pp. 206–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, p. 737; Trudeau, pp. 305–306; Eicher, pp. 686–687; Salmon, pp. 258–259; Grimsley, p. 223; Esposito, text for map 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 259, 296, cites 55,000 total Union campaign casualties, 27,000 Confederate. Esposito, text to map 137, cites 55,000 Union, 20–40,000 Confederate. Trudeau, p. 341, cites 54,000 Union, 32,000 Confederate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va062.htm">National Park Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618232825/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va062.htm">Archived</a> June 18, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (also Salmon, p. 296); Bonekemper, p. 311; Eicher, p. 686; Kennedy, p. 294; King, p. 307; Rhea, p. 386; Trudeau, p. 341; Young, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhea, p. 386. Claims for Union June 3 casualties in the 7,000 range can be found in Grimsley, p. 219, McPherson, p. 735, Catton, p. 267, and Esposito, text for map 136. Shelby Foote, p. 292, claims that the 7,000 casualties were suffered in the first 8 minutes of the battle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2003" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (2003). <i>Unhallowed Ground: A Walk at Gettysburg</i>. New York: Crown Publishers. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-61023-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-61023-6"><bdi>0-609-61023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unhallowed+Ground%3A+A+Walk+at+Gettysburg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-609-61023-6&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 294; Salmon, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richmondthenandnow.com/Cold-Harbor.html">Richmond Then and Now website.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518044125/http://richmondthenandnow.com/Cold-Harbor.html">Archived</a> May 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonekemper_III2010" class="citation book cs1">Bonekemper III, Edward H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y3mAgAAQBAJ&q=cold+harbor"><i>Ulysses S. Grant: A Victor, Not a Butcher: The Military Genius of the Man Who Won the Civil War Ulysses S. Grant: A Victor, Not a Butcher</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-8641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-8641-1"><bdi>978-1-5969-8641-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses+S.+Grant%3A+A+Victor%2C+Not+a+Butcher%3A+The+Military+Genius+of+the+Man+Who+Won+the+Civil+War+Ulysses+S.+Grant%3A+A+Victor%2C+Not+a+Butcher&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-5969-8641-1&rft.aulast=Bonekemper+III&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Y3mAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcold%2Bharbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatton2015" class="citation book cs1">—— (2015) [1968]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/granttakescomman00bruc_0"><i>Grant Takes Command</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13210-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13210-7"><bdi>978-0-316-13210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant+Takes+Command&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-316-13210-7&rft.aulast=Catton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgranttakescomman00bruc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li> <li>Esposito, Vincent J. <i>West Point Atlas of American Wars</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890637">5890637</a>. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214132603/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/American%20Civil%20War.aspx">West Point website</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Foote, Shelby</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War:_A_Narrative" title="The Civil War: A Narrative">The Civil War: A Narrative</a></i>. Vol. 3, <i>Red River to Appomattox</i>. New York: Random House, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74913-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74913-8">0-394-74913-8</a>.</li> <li>Fuller, J.F.C. <i>Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurgurson2000" class="citation book cs1">Furgurson, Ernest B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHV3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Not War But Murder: Cold Harbor, 1864</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45517-2"><bdi>978-0-679-45517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+War+But+Murder%3A+Cold+Harbor%2C+1864&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-679-45517-2&rft.aulast=Furgurson&rft.aufirst=Ernest+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHV3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grimsley, Mark. <i>And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-2162-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-2162-2">0-8032-2162-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2007" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Earl J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jksx6u51oaMC"><i>Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3154-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-3154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trench+Warfare+Under+Grant+and+Lee%3A+Field+Fortifications+in+the+Overland+Campaign&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill%3A+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3154-0&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Earl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djksx6u51oaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hogan, David W. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/075/75-12/index.html"><i>The Overland Campaign</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422174451/http://history.army.mil/html/books/075/75-12/index.html">Archived</a> April 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160925177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160925177">978-0160925177</a>.</li> <li>Jaynes, Gregory, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>The Killing Ground: Wilderness to Cold Harbor</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4768-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4768-1">0-8094-4768-1</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, Frances H., ed. <i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6">0-395-74012-6</a>.</li> <li>King, Curtis S., William G. Robertson, and Steven E. Clay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p16040coll3/id/66"><i>Staff Ride Handbook for the Overland Campaign, Virginia, 4 May to 15 June 1864: A Study on Operational-Level Command</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503164937/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p16040coll3/id/66">Archived</a> May 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/overland.pdf">PDF document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115112802/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/overland.pdf">Archived</a> November 15, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62535944">62535944</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-3863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-3863-7"><bdi>978-0-1950-3863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-1950-3863-7&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3nX48n4oeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhea2002" class="citation book cs1">Rhea, Gordon C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4nYCwAAQBAJ"><i>Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26–June 3, 1864</i></a>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2803-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2803-9"><bdi>978-0-8071-2803-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Harbor%3A+Grant+and+Lee%2C+May+26%E2%80%93June+3%2C+1864&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2803-9&rft.aulast=Rhea&rft.aufirst=Gordon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4nYCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Salmon, John S. <i>The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4">0-8117-2868-4</a>.</li> <li>Trudeau, Noah Andre. <i>Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864</i>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-85326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-85326-2">978-0-316-85326-2</a>.</li> <li>Welcher, Frank J. <i>The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations</i>. Vol. 1, <i>The Eastern Theater</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-36453-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-36453-1">0-253-36453-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2013" class="citation book cs1">Young, Alfred C. III (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iBfDwAAQBAJ&q=cold+harbor"><i>Lee's Army during the Overland Campaign: A Numerical Study</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5172-3"><bdi>978-0-8071-5172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee%27s+Army+during+the+Overland+Campaign%3A+A+Numerical+Study&rft.pub=Baton+Rouge%3A+Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5172-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alfred+C.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iBfDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcold%2Bharbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cold+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va062.htm">National Park Service battle description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/VirginiaBattlefieldProfiles/Chantilly%20to%20Cold%20Harbor.pdf">CWSAC Report Update</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs_and_primary_sources">Memoirs and primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Memoirs and primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkinson, Charles Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6taQUe3X-7MC"><i>Grant's Campaigns of 1864 and 1865: The Wilderness and Cold Harbor (May 3 – June 3, 1864)</i></a>. The Pall Mall military series. London: H. Rees, 1908. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2698769">2698769</a>.</li> <li>Badeau, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grantmilitaryhist03badeuoft"><i>Military History of Ulysses S. Grant</i></a> (Vol. III). New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1881.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant, Ulysses S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4367"><i>Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant</i></a>. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914427-67-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-914427-67-9">0-914427-67-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet, James</a>. <i>From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80464-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80464-6">0-306-80464-6</a>. First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Porter" title="Horace Porter">Porter, Horace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxJCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Campaigning with Grant</i></a>. New York: Century Co., 1897. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913186">913186</a>.</li> <li>U.S. War Department, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/sources/records/list.cfm"><i>The War of the Rebellion</i></a>: <i>a Compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Records of the American Civil War">Official Records</a> of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davis, Daniel T., and Phillip S. Greenwalt. <i>Hurricane from the Heavens: The Battle of Cold Harbor, May 26–June 5, 1864</i>. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-187-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-187-0">978-1-61121-187-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121141752/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/cold-harbor.html">Battle of Cold Harbor</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/coldharbor/cold-harbor-maps/battle-of-cold-harbor.html"><b>Battle Maps</b></a>, histories, photos, and preservation news (<a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708160955/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/overland/maps/overland-animated-map.html"><b>Animated map</b> of the Overland Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/rich/historyculture/cold-harbor.htm">National Park Service battlefield site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalatomic.com/PerrysSaints/chapter15.html">48th New York Infantry account of battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomaslegion.net/battleofcoldharborunionaccount.html">Union Army Battle Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/the-crossroads-at-cold-harbor/">NYTimes remembrance of 150th anniversary of the battle</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template talk:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater of the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1861" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861">1861</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">Campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Virginia_campaign" title="Western Virginia campaign">Western Virginia</a> (Jun–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manassas_campaign" title="Category:Manassas campaign">Manassas</a> (Jul)</li> <li>Carolina coast blockade (Aug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_for_McClellan%27s_Operations_in_Northern_Virginia_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles for McClellan's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War">McClellan's operations</a> (Oct–Dec)</li> <li>Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1862" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862">1862</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burnside%27s_North_Carolina_Expedition" title="Category:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition">Burnside's NC Expedition</a> (Feb–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Category:Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a> (Mar–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a> (Mar–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a> (Jul-Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maryland_campaign" title="Category:Maryland campaign">Maryland</a> (Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fredericksburg_campaign" title="Category:Fredericksburg campaign">Fredericksburg</a> (Nov–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Goldsboro_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox Goldsboro Expedition">Goldsboro Expedition</a> (Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oak_Grove" title="Battle of Oak Grove">Oak Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dam_Creek" title="Battle of Beaver Dam Creek">Beaver Dam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Gaines' Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garnett%27s_%26_Golding%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm">Garnett's & Golding's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station" title="Battle of Savage's Station">Savage's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Oak_Swamp" title="Battle of White Oak Swamp">White Oak Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1863" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863">1863</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Longstreet%27s_Tidewater_Campaign_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign of the American Civil War">Tidewater operations</a> (Mar–Apr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellorsville_Campaign" title="Category:Chancellorsville Campaign">Chancellorsville</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg </a> (Jun–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bristoe_campaign" title="Category:Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a> (Oct–Nov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mine_Run_Campaign" title="Category:Mine Run Campaign">Mine Run</a> (Nov–Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864">1864</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Category:Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley campaigns</a> (May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Operations_against_Plymouth_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of the Operations against Plymouth of the American Civil War">Operations against Plymouth</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Category:Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a> (May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overland_Campaign" title="Category:Overland Campaign">Overland</a> (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petersburg_Campaign" title="Category:Petersburg Campaign">Petersburg</a> (Jun–Mar 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Anna" title="Battle of North Anna">North Anna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Trevilian Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">2nd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="Second Battle of Deep Bottom">2nd Deep Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Globe Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">3rd Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Chaffin's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boydton_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Boydton Plank Road">Boydton Plank Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1865" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865">1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wilmington_campaigns" title="Category:Wilmington campaigns">Wilmington</a> (Dec–Feb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a> (Mar–Apr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">2nd Fort Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stedman" title="Battle of Fort Stedman">Fort Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">3rd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sailor%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Sailor's Creek">Sailor's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Shenandoah_(Union)" title="Army of the Shenandoah (Union)">Shenandoah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania#Gettysburg-Newark_Lowlands" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027921">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283895105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&oldid=1259184576">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cold_Harbor&oldid=1259184576</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overland_Campaign" title="Category:Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confederate_victories_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Confederate victories of the American Civil War">Confederate victories of the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanover_County,_Virginia,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Hanover County, Virginia, in the American Civil War">Hanover County, Virginia, in the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_in_Virginia" title="Category:1864 in Virginia">1864 in Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1864" title="Category:Conflicts in 1864">Conflicts in 1864</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_American_Civil_War_in_Virginia" title="Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia">Battles of the American 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