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aria-controls="toc-Color_vision-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Color vision subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Color_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_theories_of_color_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_theories_of_color_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Development of theories of color vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_theories_of_color_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_in_the_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_in_the_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Color in the eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_in_the_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_in_the_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_in_the_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Color in the brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_in_the_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonstandard_color_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonstandard_color_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nonstandard color perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonstandard_color_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_vision_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_vision_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Color vision deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_vision_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetrachromacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetrachromacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Tetrachromacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetrachromacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synesthesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synesthesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Synesthesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synesthesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterimages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterimages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Afterimages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterimages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_constancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_constancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Color constancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_constancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additive_coloring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additive_coloring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Additive coloring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additive_coloring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtractive_coloring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtractive_coloring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subtractive coloring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtractive_coloring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Structural color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimal_colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimal_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Optimal colors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optimal_colors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optimal colors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optimal_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maximum_chroma_colors,_semichromes,_or_full_colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximum_chroma_colors,_semichromes,_or_full_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Maximum chroma colors, semichromes, or full colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximum_chroma_colors,_semichromes,_or_full_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural perspective</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_perspective-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural perspective subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Color</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 197 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-197" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">197 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleur" title="Kleur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kleur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbe" title="Farbe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Farbe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D" title="ቀለም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀለም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रंग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleoh" title="Bleoh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bleoh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="لون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܓܘܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܘܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrom%C3%A2" title="Hromâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hromâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors" title="Colors – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Colors" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%82" title="ৰং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicipekahikan" title="Aicipekahikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Aicipekahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27y" title="Sa'y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sa'y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami" title="Sami – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Sami" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99ng" title="Rəng – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəng" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رنگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رنگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Warna" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82" title="রং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek" title="Sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D2%AB" title="Төҫ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төҫ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Колер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Колер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arok" title="Arok – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arok" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Цвят (оптика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цвят (оптика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja" title="Boja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Үнгэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үнгэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%97%D1%81" title="Тӗс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тӗс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolor" title="Kolor – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kolor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barva" title="Barva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muvara" title="Muvara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muvara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cho mw-list-item"><a href="https://cho.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Choctaw" lang="cho" hreflang="cho" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Chahta anumpa" data-language-local-name="Choctaw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chahta anumpa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliw" title="Lliw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lliw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farve" title="Farve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Farve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbe" title="Farbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Nidaashchʼąąʼígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Nidaashchʼąąʼígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%99" title="रङ्ङ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रङ्ङ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvus" title="Värvus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Χρώμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρώμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Тюс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тюс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloro" title="Koloro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koloro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colol" title="Colol – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Colol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolore" title="Kolore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang" title="Rang – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rang" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleur" title="Kleur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kleur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4r" title="Colôr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Colôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dath" title="Dath – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dath" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dath" title="Dath – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dath" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2" title="色 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="色" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n-set" title="Ngân-set – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngân-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89" title="색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launi" title="Launi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Launi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala" title="Kala – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kala" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Գույն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գույն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja" title="Boja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloro" title="Koloro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koloro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80gw%C3%A0" title="Àgwà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Àgwà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maris" title="Maris – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Maris" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala" title="Kala – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kala" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litur" title="Litur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Litur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colore" title="Colore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2" title="צבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Warna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3" title="ಬಣ್ಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಣ್ಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="رنٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رنٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Түс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibara" title="Ibara – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibara" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangi" title="Rangi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rangi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koul%C3%A8" title="Koulè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koulè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koul%C3%B2" title="Koulò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Koulò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reng" title="Reng – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reng" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Түс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolor" title="Kolor – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kolor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ранг – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ранг" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%81sa" title="Krāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faarf" title="Faarf – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faarf" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ранг – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ранг" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalva" title="Spalva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spalva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%27a-la%27a" title="La'a-la'a – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="La'a-la'a" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4" title="Cô – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cô" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluuer" title="Kluuer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kluuer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ngi" title="Lángi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lángi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ri" title="Väri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Väri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/skari" title="skari – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="skari" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langi" title="Langi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Langi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culur" title="Culur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Culur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADn" title="Szín – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szín" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rna" title="Bârna – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bârna" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रङ्ग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रङ्ग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Боја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="നിറം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിറം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewn" title="Lewn – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lewn" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="لون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯃꯆꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯆꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0ng-s%C3%A1ik" title="Ngàng-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngàng-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelor" title="Quelor – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quelor" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Тюс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тюс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9" title="Өнгө – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өнгө" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အရောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roka" title="Roka – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Roka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleur" title="Kleur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasin%C3%A2sowin" title="Itasinâsowin – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Itasinâsowin" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99" title="रङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रङ्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रङ्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2" title="色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farge" title="Farge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Farge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farge" title="Farge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Farge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couole%C3%BB" title="Couoleû – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Couoleû" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halluu" title="Halluu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Halluu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang" title="Rang – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਰੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengel" title="Cengel – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Cengel" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رنگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola" title="Kola – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kola" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Couleur" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala" title="Kala – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kala" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B6%C3%B6r" title="Klöör – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klöör" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa" title="Barwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCs" title="Tüs – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tüs" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Culoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llimphi" title="Llimphi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llimphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Фарба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фарба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Цвет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulit" title="kulit – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kulit" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="वर्णः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्णः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour" title="Colour – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Colour" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faawe" title="Faawe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Faawe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjyra" title="Ngjyra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjyra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culuri" title="Culuri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culuri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7" title="පාට – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2la" title="Bâla – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bâla" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farba_(fyzika)" title="Farba (fyzika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Farba (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barva" title="Barva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midab" title="Midab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ڕەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Боја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja" title="Boja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Warna" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ri" title="Väri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rg" title="Färg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Färg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulay" title="Kulay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kulay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிறம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklu" title="Aklu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aklu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini" title="Ini – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ini" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Төс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="రంగు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రంగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="สี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ранг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ранг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᎧᏃᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᏃᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renk" title="Renk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D2%A3" title="Өң – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Өң" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Буёл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Буёл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Колір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="رنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C5%82ore" title="Cołore – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cołore" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muju" title="Muju – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Muju" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFc" title="Màu sắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Màu sắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rm" title="Värm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Värm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleur" title="Coleur – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Coleur" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A9" title="彩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="彩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolor" title="Kolor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kolor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melo" title="Melo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Melo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2" title="顏色 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="顏色" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muvala" title="Muvala – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Muvala" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A8" title="קאליר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאליר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2" title="色 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="色" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleur" title="Kleur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kleur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalva" title="Spalva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Spalva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2" title="颜色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="颜色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwen" title="Unwen – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Unwen" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chura" title="Chura – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Chura" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Warna" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Color" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Фарба – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Фарба" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%8B" title="ꠞꠋ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠞꠋ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Visual perception of the light spectrum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Colorful" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Color_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Color (disambiguation)">Color (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorful_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colorful (disambiguation)">Colorful (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colouring_pencils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Colouring_pencils.jpg/330px-Colouring_pencils.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Colouring_pencils.jpg/500px-Colouring_pencils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Colouring_pencils.jpg/960px-Colouring_pencils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colored_pencil" title="Colored pencil">Colored pencils</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Color</b> (or <b>colour</b> in <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-our,_-or" title="American and British English spelling differences">see spelling differences</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Though color is not an inherent property of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, color perception is related to an object's <a href="/wiki/Light_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Light absorption">light absorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission spectra">emission spectra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a>. For most humans, colors are perceived in the visible <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> spectrum with three types of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trichromacy" title="Trichromacy">trichromacy</a>). Other animals may have a different number of cone cell types or have eyes sensitive to different wavelengths, such as bees that can distinguish <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, and thus have a different color sensitivity range. Animal perception of color originates from different light <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">spectral sensitivity</a> in cone cell types, which is then processed by the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. </p><p>Colors have perceived properties such as <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">colorfulness</a> (saturation), and <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>. Colors can also be <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additively mixed</a> (commonly used for actual light) or <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractively mixed</a> (commonly used for materials). If the colors are mixed in the right proportions, because of <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metamerism</a>, they may look the same as a single-wavelength light. For convenience, colors can be organized in a <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>, which when being abstracted as a mathematical <a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">color model</a> can assign each region of color with a corresponding set of numbers. As such, color spaces are an essential tool for <a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">color reproduction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">print</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">photography</a>, computer monitors, and <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">television</a>. Some of the most well-known color models and color spaces are <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a>, <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL/HSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIE_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE Lab">CIE Lab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a>/<a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a>. </p><p>Because the perception of color is an important aspect of human life, different colors have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a>, activity, and <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>. Names of <a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">color regions</a> in different cultures can have different, sometimes overlapping areas. In <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">color theory</a> is used to govern the use of colors in an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetically pleasing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmony_(color)" title="Harmony (color)">harmonious</a> way. The theory of color includes the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">color complements</a>; <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">color balance</a>; and classification of <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a> (traditionally <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>), <a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">secondary colors</a> (traditionally <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary color">tertiary colors</a>. The study of colors in general is called <a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">color science</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="gray fading to rainbow colors (red to violet), then fade back to gray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg/600px-Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg/900px-Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg/1200px-Visible_spectrum_390-710_nm_linear_perceptual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="56" /></a><figcaption>The visible spectrum perceived from 390 to 710 nm <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a> is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>) and its <a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">intensity</a>. When the wavelength is within the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> to 700 nm), it is known as "visible <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bettini_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bettini-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most light sources emit light at many different wavelengths; a source's <i>spectrum</i> is a distribution giving its intensity at each wavelength. Although the spectrum of light arriving at the eye from a given direction determines the color <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation" class="extiw" title="wikt:sensation">sensation</a> in that direction, there are many more possible spectral combinations than color sensations. In fact, one may formally define a color as a class of spectra that give rise to the same color sensation, although such classes would vary widely among different species, and to a lesser extent among individuals within the same species. In each such class, the members are called <i><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metamers</a></i> of the color in question. This effect can be visualized by comparing the light sources' <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distributions</a> and the resulting colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectral_colors">Spectral colors<span class="anchor" id="Spectral_colours"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral color</a></div> <p>The familiar colors of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrum</a>—named using the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for <i>appearance</i> or <i>apparition</i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> in 1671—include all those colors that can be produced by visible <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> of a single wavelength only, the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color"><i>pure spectral</i> or <i>monochromatic</i> colors</a>. The spectrum above shows approximate wavelengths (in <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>) for spectral colors in the visible range. Spectral colors have 100% <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Excitation_purity" title="Colorfulness">purity</a>, and are fully <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturated</a>. A complex mixture of spectral colors can be used to describe any color, which is the definition of a light <a href="/wiki/Power_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Power spectrum">power spectrum</a>. </p><p>The spectral colors form a continuous spectrum, and how it is divided into <a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">distinct colors linguistically</a> is a matter of culture and historical contingency.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/ROYGBIV" title="ROYGBIV">ROYGBIV</a> mnemonic used to remember the spectral colors in English, the inclusion or exclusion of colors is contentious, with disagreement often focused on <a href="/wiki/Indigo#Classification_as_a_spectral_color" title="Indigo">indigo</a> and cyan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if the subset of color terms is agreed, their wavelength ranges and borders between them may not be. </p><p>The <i>intensity</i> of a spectral color, relative to the context in which it is viewed, may alter its perception considerably. For example, a low-intensity orange-yellow is <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a>, and a low-intensity yellow-green is <a href="/wiki/Olive_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive green">olive green</a>. Additionally, hue shifts towards yellow or blue happen if the intensity of a spectral light is increased; this is called <a href="/wiki/Bezold%E2%80%93Br%C3%BCcke_shift" title="Bezold–Brücke shift">Bezold–Brücke shift</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Color_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Color models">color models</a> capable of representing spectral colors,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/CIELUV" title="CIELUV">CIELUV</a>, a spectral color has the maximal saturation. In <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz%E2%80%93Kohlrausch_effect#Helmholtz_color_coordinates" title="Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect">Helmholtz coordinates</a>, this is described as 100% <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Excitation_purity" title="Colorfulness">purity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_of_objects">Color of objects<span class="anchor" id="Colour_of_objects"></span></h3></div> <p>The physical color of an object depends on how it <a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scatters</a> light. Most objects scatter light to some degree and do not reflect or transmit light <a href="/wiki/Specular" class="mw-redirect" title="Specular">specularly</a> like <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glasses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> object allows almost all light to <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmit</a> or pass through, thus transparent objects are perceived as colorless. Conversely, an <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a> object does not allow light to transmit through and instead absorbs or <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflects</a> the light it receives. Like transparent objects, <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a> objects allow light to transmit through, but translucent objects are seen colored because they scatter or absorb certain wavelengths of light via internal scattering. The absorbed light is often dissipated as <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_vision">Color vision<span class="anchor" id="Colour_vision"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_theories_of_color_vision">Development of theories of color vision<span class="anchor" id="Development_of_theories_of_colour_vision"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg/250px-Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg/375px-Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg/500px-Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>The upper disk and the lower disk have exactly the same objective color, and are in identical gray surroundings; based on context differences, humans perceive the squares as having different reflectances, and may interpret the colors as different color categories; see <a href="/wiki/Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">checker shadow illusion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and other ancient scientists had already written on the nature of light and <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a>, it was not until <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> that light was identified as the source of the color sensation. In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> published his comprehensive <i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Colors">Theory of Colors</a></i> in which he provided a rational description of color experience, which 'tells us how it originates, not what it is'. (Schopenhauer) </p><p>In 1801 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> proposed his <a href="/wiki/Trichromacy" title="Trichromacy">trichromatic theory</a>, based on the observation that any color could be matched with a combination of three lights. This theory was later refined by <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>. As Helmholtz puts it, "the principles of Newton's law of mixture were experimentally confirmed by Maxwell in 1856. Young's theory of color sensations, like so much else that this marvelous investigator achieved in advance of his time, remained unnoticed until Maxwell directed attention to it."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time as Helmholtz, <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Hering" title="Ewald Hering">Ewald Hering</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">opponent process</a> theory of color, noting that <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a> and afterimages typically come in opponent pairs (red-green, blue-orange, yellow-violet, and black-white). Ultimately these two theories were synthesized in 1957 by Hurvich and Jameson, who showed that retinal processing corresponds to the trichromatic theory, while processing at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a> corresponds to the opponent theory.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, an international group of experts known as the <i>Commission internationale de l'éclairage</i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a>) developed a mathematical color model, which mapped out the space of observable colors and assigned a set of three numbers to each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_in_the_eye">Color in the eye<span class="anchor" id="Colour_in_the_eye"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_vision#Cone_cells_in_the_human_eye" title="Color vision">Color vision § Cone cells in the human eye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cones_SMJ2_E.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/260px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/390px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/520px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Normalized typical human <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cell</a> responses (<i>S</i>, <i>M</i>, and <i>L types</i>) to monochromatic spectral stimuli</figcaption></figure> <p>The ability of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> to light of different <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>. Humans are <a href="/wiki/Trichromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromatic">trichromatic</a>—the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>. One type, relatively distinct from the other two, is most responsive to light that is perceived as blue or blue-violet, with wavelengths around 450 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>; cones of this type are sometimes called <i>short-wavelength cones</i> or <i>S cones</i> (or misleadingly, <i>blue cones</i>). The other two types are closely related genetically and chemically: <i>middle-wavelength cones</i>, <i>M cones</i>, or <i>green cones</i> are most sensitive to light perceived as green, with wavelengths around 540 nm, while the <i>long-wavelength cones</i>, <i>L cones</i>, or <i>red cones</i>, are most sensitive to light that is perceived as greenish yellow, with wavelengths around 570 nm. </p><p>Light, no matter how complex its composition of wavelengths, is reduced to three color components by the eye. Each cone type adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_univariance" title="Principle of univariance">principle of univariance</a>, which is that each cone's output is determined by the amount of light that falls on it over all wavelengths. For each location in the visual field, the three types of cones yield three signals based on the extent to which each is stimulated. These amounts of stimulation are sometimes called <i>tristimulus values</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The response curve as a function of wavelength varies for each type of cone. Because the curves overlap, some tristimulus values do not occur for any incoming light combination. For example, it is not possible to stimulate <i>only</i> the mid-wavelength (so-called "green") cones; the other cones will inevitably be stimulated to some degree at the same time. The set of all possible tristimulus values determines the human <i>color space</i>. It has been estimated that humans can distinguish roughly 10 million different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-business_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other type of light-sensitive cell in the eye, the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a>, has a different response curve. In normal situations, when light is bright enough to strongly stimulate the cones, rods play virtually no role in vision at all.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in dim light, the cones are understimulated leaving only the signal from the rods, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">colorless</a> response (furthermore, the rods are barely sensitive to light in the "red" range). In certain conditions of intermediate illumination, the rod response and a weak cone response can together result in color discriminations not accounted for by cone responses alone. These effects, combined, are summarized also in the <a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a>, which describes the change of color perception and pleasingness of light as a function of temperature and intensity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_in_the_brain">Color in the brain<span class="anchor" id="Colour_in_the_brain"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_vision#Color_in_the_primate_brain" title="Color vision">Color vision § Color in the primate brain</a></div> <p>While the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> are well-described in terms of tristimulus values, color processing after that point is organized differently. A dominant theory of color vision proposes that color information is transmitted out of the eye by three <a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">opponent processes</a>, or opponent channels, each constructed from the raw output of the cones: a red–green channel, a blue–yellow channel, and a black–white "luminance" channel. This theory has been supported by neurobiology, and accounts for the structure of our subjective color experience. Specifically, it explains why humans cannot perceive a "reddish green" or "yellowish blue", and it predicts the <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheel</a>: it is the collection of colors for which at least one of the two color channels measures a value at one of its extremes. </p><p>The exact nature of color perception beyond the processing already described, and indeed the status of color as a feature of the perceived world or rather as a feature of our <i>perception</i> of the world—a type of <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>—is a matter of complex and continuing philosophical dispute.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg/280px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg/420px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg/560px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The visual <a href="/wiki/Two-streams_hypothesis#Dorsal_stream" title="Two-streams hypothesis">dorsal stream</a> (green) and <a href="/wiki/Ventral_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral stream">ventral stream</a> (purple) are shown; the ventral stream is responsible for color perception</figcaption></figure> <p>From the V1 blobs, color information is sent to cells in the second visual area, V2. The cells in V2 that are most strongly color tuned are clustered in the "thin stripes" that, like the blobs in V1, stain for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase (separating the thin stripes are interstripes and thick stripes, which seem to be concerned with other visual information like motion and high-resolution form). Neurons in V2 then synapse onto cells in the extended V4. This area includes not only V4, but two other areas in the posterior inferior temporal cortex, anterior to area V3, the dorsal posterior inferior temporal cortex, and posterior TEO.<sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Area V4 was initially suggested by <a href="/wiki/Semir_Zeki" title="Semir Zeki">Semir Zeki</a> to be exclusively dedicated to color,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he later showed that V4 can be subdivided into subregions with very high concentrations of color cells separated from each other by zones with lower concentration of such cells though even the latter cells respond better to some wavelengths than to others,<sup id="cite_ref-Zeki_1983_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeki_1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a finding confirmed by subsequent studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence in V4 of orientation-selective cells led to the view that V4 is involved in processing both color and form associated with color<sup id="cite_ref-Zeki_2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeki_2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is worth noting that the orientation selective cells within V4 are more broadly tuned than their counterparts in V1, V2, and V3.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeki_1983_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeki_1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color processing in the extended V4 occurs in millimeter-sized color modules called <a href="/wiki/Glob_(visual_system)" title="Glob (visual system)">globs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2007_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2009_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the part of the brain in which color is first processed into the full range of <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hues</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2007_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conway_2009_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conway_2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonstandard_color_perception">Nonstandard color perception<span class="anchor" id="Nonstandard_colour_perception"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_vision_deficiency">Color vision deficiency<span class="anchor" id="Colour_vision_deficiency"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></div> <p>A color vision deficiency causes an individual to perceive a smaller <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of colors than the standard observer with normal color vision. The effect can be mild, having lower "color resolution" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Anomalous_trichromacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalous trichromacy">anomalous trichromacy</a>), moderate, lacking an entire dimension or channel of color (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromacy</a>), or complete, lacking all color perception (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">monochromacy</a>). Most forms of color blindness derive from one or more of the three classes of cone cells either being missing, having a shifted <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">spectral sensitivity</a> or having lower responsiveness to incoming light. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_achromatopsia" title="Cerebral achromatopsia">cerebral achromatopsia</a> is caused by neural anomalies in those parts of the brain where visual processing takes place. </p><p>Some colors that appear distinct to an individual with normal color vision will appear <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metameric</a> to the color blind. The most common form of color blindness is <a href="/wiki/Congenital_red%E2%80%93green_color_blindness" title="Congenital red–green color blindness">congenital red–green color blindness</a>, affecting ~8% of males. Individuals with the strongest form of this condition (<a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromacy</a>) will experience blue and purple, green and yellow, teal, and gray as colors of confusion, i.e. metamers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></div> <p>Outside of humans, which are mostly <i>trichromatic</i> (having three types of cones), most mammals are dichromatic, possessing only two cones. However, outside of mammals, most vertebrates are <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrachromatic">tetrachromatic</a></i>, having four types of cones. This includes most <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">bony fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowm1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowm1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extra dimension of color vision means these vertebrates can see two distinct colors that a normal human would view as <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metamers</a>. Some invertebrates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a>, have an even higher number of cones (12) that could lead to a richer color <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> than even imaginable by humans. </p><p>The existence of human tetrachromats is a contentious notion. As many as <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy#Tetrachromacy_in_carriers_of_CVD" title="Tetrachromacy">half of all human females have 4 distinct cone classes</a>, which could enable tetrachromacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a distinction must be made between <i>retinal</i> (or <i>weak</i>) <i>tetrachromats</i>, which express four cone classes in the retina, and <i>functional</i> (or <i>strong</i>) <i>tetrachromats</i>, which are able to make the enhanced color discriminations expected of tetrachromats. In fact, there is only one peer-reviewed report of a functional tetrachromat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that while the average person is able to see one million colors, someone with functional tetrachromacy could see a hundred million colors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a></div> <p>In certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>, perceiving letters and numbers (<a href="/wiki/Grapheme%E2%80%93color_synesthesia" title="Grapheme–color synesthesia">grapheme–color synesthesia</a>) or hearing sounds (<a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">chromesthesia</a>) will evoke a perception of color. Behavioral and <a href="/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging" title="Functional neuroimaging">functional neuroimaging</a> experiments have demonstrated that these color experiences lead to changes in behavioral tasks and lead to increased activation of brain regions involved in color perception, thus demonstrating their reality, and similarity to real color percepts, albeit evoked through a non-standard route. Synesthesia can occur genetically, with 4% of the population having variants associated with the condition. Synesthesia has also been known to occur with brain damage, drugs, and sensory deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosopher Pythagoras experienced synesthesia and provided one of the first written accounts of the condition in approximately 550 BCE. He created mathematical equations for musical notes that could form part of a scale, such as an octave.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterimages">Afterimages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></div> <p>After exposure to strong light in their sensitivity range, <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> of a given type become desensitized.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a few seconds after the light ceases, they will continue to signal less strongly than they otherwise would. Colors observed during that period will appear to lack the color component detected by the desensitized photoreceptors. This effect is responsible for the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">afterimages</a>, in which the eye may continue to see a bright figure after looking away from it, but in a <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary color</a>. Afterimage effects have also been used by artists, including <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_constancy">Color constancy<span class="anchor" id="Colour_constancy"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></div> <p>When an artist uses a limited <a href="/wiki/Color_palette" class="mw-redirect" title="Color palette">color palette</a>, the human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> tends to compensate by seeing any gray or neutral color as the color which is missing from the color wheel. For example, in a limited palette consisting of red, yellow, black, and white, a mixture of yellow and black will appear as a variety of green, a mixture of red and black will appear as a variety of purple, and pure gray will appear bluish.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trichromatic theory is strictly true when the visual system is in a fixed state of adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the visual system is constantly adapting to changes in the environment and compares the various colors in a scene to reduce the effects of the illumination. If a scene is illuminated with one light, and then with another, as long as the difference between the light sources stays within a reasonable range, the colors in the scene appear relatively constant to us. This was studied by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a> in the 1970s and led to his retinex theory of <a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">color constancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both phenomena are readily explained and mathematically modeled with modern theories of chromatic adaptation and color appearance (e.g. <a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a>, iCAM).<sup id="cite_ref-CAM_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no need to dismiss the trichromatic theory of vision, but rather it can be enhanced with an understanding of how the visual system adapts to changes in the viewing environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png/330px-CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png/500px-CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png/960px-CIE_chromaticity_diagram_2012_version.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</a> xy <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">chromaticity</a> diagram with the visual locus plotted using the CIE (2006) physiologically relevant LMS fundamental color matching functions transformed into the CIE 1931 xy <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> and converted into <a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe RGB">Adobe RGB</a>; the triangle shows the <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of Adobe RGB, the <a href="/wiki/Planckian_locus" title="Planckian locus">Planckian locus</a> is shown with color temperatures labeled in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvins</a>, the outer curved boundary is the spectral (or monochromatic) locus, with wavelengths shown in nanometers, the colors in this file are being specified using Adobe RGB, areas outside the triangle cannot be accurately rendered since they are outside the gamut of Adobe RGB, therefore they have been interpreted, the colors depicted depend on the gamut and color accuracy of your display</figcaption></figure> <p>Color reproduction is the science of creating colors for the human eye that faithfully represent the desired color. It focuses on how to construct a spectrum of wavelengths that will best evoke a certain color in an observer. Most colors are not <a href="#Spectral_colors">spectral colors</a>, meaning they are mixtures of various wavelengths of light. However, these non-spectral colors are often described by their <a href="/wiki/Dominant_wavelength" title="Dominant wavelength">dominant wavelength</a>, which identifies the single wavelength of light that produces a sensation most similar to the non-spectral color. Dominant wavelength is roughly akin to <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>. </p><p>There are many color perceptions that by definition cannot be pure spectral colors due to <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">desaturation</a> or because they are <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purples</a> (mixtures of red and violet light, from opposite ends of the spectrum). Some examples of necessarily non-spectral colors are the achromatic colors (<a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray">gray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>) and colors such as <a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tan_(color)" title="Tan (color)">tan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>. </p><p>Two different light spectra that have the same effect on the three color receptors in the human eye will be perceived as the same color. They are <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">metamers</a> of that color. This is exemplified by the white light emitted by fluorescent lamps, which typically has a spectrum of a few narrow bands, while daylight has a continuous spectrum. The human eye cannot tell the difference between such light spectra just by looking into the light source, although the <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> of each light source may affect the color of objects illuminated by these metameric light sources. </p><p>Similarly, most human color perceptions can be generated by a mixture of three colors called <i>primaries</i>. This is used to reproduce color scenes in photography, printing, television, and other media. There are a number of methods or <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a> for specifying a color in terms of three particular <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a>. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the particular application. </p><p>No mixture of colors, however, can produce a response truly identical to that of a spectral color, although one can get close, especially for the longer wavelengths, where the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</a> chromaticity diagram has a nearly straight edge. For example, mixing green light (530 nm) and blue light (460 nm) produces cyan light that is slightly desaturated, because response of the red color receptor would be greater to the green and blue light in the mixture than it would be to a pure cyan light at 485 nm that has the same intensity as the mixture of blue and green. </p><p>Because of this, and because the <i>primaries</i> in <a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">color printing</a> systems generally are not pure themselves, the colors reproduced are never perfectly saturated spectral colors, and so spectral colors cannot be matched exactly. However, natural scenes rarely contain fully saturated colors, thus such scenes can usually be approximated well by these systems. The range of colors that can be reproduced with a given color reproduction system is called the <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a> chromaticity diagram can be used to describe the gamut. </p><p>Another problem with color reproduction systems is connected with the initial measurement of color, or <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a>. The characteristics of the color sensors in measurement devices (e.g. cameras, scanners) are often very far from the characteristics of the receptors in the human eye. </p><p>A color reproduction system "tuned" to a human with normal color vision may give very inaccurate results for other observers, according to color vision deviations to the standard observer. </p><p>The different color response of different devices can be problematic if not properly managed. For color information stored and transferred in digital form, <a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">color management</a> techniques, such as those based on <a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profiles</a>, can help to avoid distortions of the reproduced colors. Color management does not circumvent the gamut limitations of particular output devices, but can assist in finding good mapping of input colors into the gamut that can be reproduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additive_coloring">Additive coloring<span class="anchor" id="Additive_colouring"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AdditiveColor.svg/220px-AdditiveColor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AdditiveColor.svg/330px-AdditiveColor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AdditiveColor.svg/440px-AdditiveColor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Additive color mixing: combining red and green yields yellow; combining all three primary colors together yields white</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">Additive color</a> is light created by mixing together <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> of two or more different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-briggs_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> are the additive <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a> normally used in additive color systems such as projectors, televisions, and computer terminals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtractive_coloring">Subtractive coloring<span class="anchor" id="Subtractive_colouring"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SubtractiveColor.svg/220px-SubtractiveColor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SubtractiveColor.svg/330px-SubtractiveColor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SubtractiveColor.svg/440px-SubtractiveColor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Subtractive color mixing: combining yellow and magenta yields red; combining all three primary colors together yields black</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_Classification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Color_Classification.jpg/250px-Color_Classification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Color_Classification.jpg/330px-Color_Classification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Color_Classification.jpg/500px-Color_Classification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption>Twelve main pigment colors</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">Subtractive coloring</a> uses dyes, inks, pigments, or filters to absorb some wavelengths of light and not others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color that a surface displays comes from the parts of the visible spectrum that are not absorbed and therefore remain visible. Without pigments or dye, fabric fibers, paint base and paper are usually made of particles that scatter white light (all colors) well in all directions. When a pigment or ink is added, wavelengths are absorbed or "subtracted" from white light, so light of another color reaches the eye. </p><p>If the light is not a pure white source (the case of nearly all forms of artificial lighting), the resulting spectrum will appear a slightly different color. <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> paint, viewed under <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> light, may appear <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>. Red paint is red because it scatters only the red components of the spectrum. If red paint is illuminated by blue light, it will be absorbed by the red paint, creating the appearance of a black object. </p><p>The subtractive model also predicts the color resulting from a mixture of paints, or similar medium such as fabric dye, whether applied in layers or mixed together prior to application. In the case of paint mixed before application, incident light interacts with many different pigment particles at various depths inside the paint layer before emerging.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_color">Structural color<span class="anchor" id="Structural_colour"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></div> <p>Structural colors are colors caused by interference effects rather than by pigments. Color effects are produced when a material is scored with fine parallel lines, formed of one or more parallel thin layers, or otherwise composed of microstructures on the scale of the color's <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>. If the microstructures are spaced randomly, light of shorter wavelengths will be scattered preferentially to produce <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a> colors: the blue of the sky (Rayleigh scattering, caused by structures much smaller than the wavelength of light, in this case, air molecules), the luster of <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opals</a>, and the blue of human irises. If the microstructures are aligned in arrays, for example, the array of pits in a CD, they behave as a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a>: the grating reflects different wavelengths in different directions due to <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a> phenomena, separating mixed "white" light into light of different wavelengths. If the structure is one or more thin layers then it will reflect some wavelengths and transmit others, depending on the layers' thickness. </p><p>Structural color is studied in the field of <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_optics" title="Thin-film optics">thin-film optics</a>. The most ordered or the most changeable structural colors are <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a>. Structural color is responsible for the blues and greens of the feathers of many birds (the blue jay, for example), as well as certain butterfly wings and beetle shells. Variations in the pattern's spacing often give rise to an iridescent effect, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> feathers, <a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble" title="Soap bubble">soap bubbles</a>, films of oil, and <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>, because the reflected color depends upon the viewing angle. Numerous scientists have carried out research in butterfly wings and beetle shells, including Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Since 1942, <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron micrography</a> has been used, advancing the development of products that exploit structural color, such as "<a href="/wiki/Photonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photonic">photonic</a>" cosmetics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optimal_colors">Optimal colors</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamut#Surfaces_(optimal_colors)" title="Gamut">Gamut § Surfaces (optimal colors)</a></div> <p>Optimal colors are the most chromatic colors that surfaces can have. That is, optimal colors are the theoretical limit for the color of objects*.<sup id="cite_ref-new_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For now, we are unable to produce objects with such colors, at least not without recurring to more complex physical phenomena. </p><p><i>*(with classical reflection. Phenomena like fluorescence or structural color may produce objects whose color lies outside the optimal color solid)</i> </p><p>The plot of the gamut bounded by optimal colors in a color space is called the optimal <a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">color solid</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_R%C3%B6sch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Rösch (page does not exist)">Rösch</a>–<a href="/wiki/David_MacAdam" title="David MacAdam">MacAdam</a> color solid. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflectance spectrum</a> of a color is the amount of light of each wavelength that it reflects, in proportion to a given maximum, which is total reflection of light of that wavelength, and has the value of 1 (100%). If the reflectance spectrum of a color is 0 (0%) or 1 (100%) across the entire visible spectrum, and it has no more than two transitions between 0 and 1, or 1 and 0, then it is an optimal color. With the current state of technology, we are unable to produce any material or pigment with these properties.<sup id="cite_ref-sch_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sch-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg/268px-Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg/402px-Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg/536px-Rechteckspektrum_sRGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Reflectance spectrum of a color-optimal reflective material. There is no known material with these properties, they are, for what we know, only theoretical.<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Thus four types of "optimal color" spectra are possible: </p> <ul><li>The transition goes from zero at both ends of the spectrum to one in the middle, as shown in the image at right.</li> <li>It goes from one at the ends to zero in the middle.</li> <li>It goes from 1 at the start of the visible spectrum to 0 in some point in the middle until its end.</li> <li>It goes from 0 at the start of the visible spectrum to 1 at some point in the middle until its end.</li></ul> <p>The first type produces colors that are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral colors">spectral colors</a> and follow roughly the horseshoe-shaped portion of the <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity_diagram#The_CIE_xy_chromaticity_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromaticity diagram">CIE xy chromaticity diagram</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_locus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral locus">spectral locus</a>), but are, in surfaces, more <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">chromatic</a>, although less <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrally</a> pure. The second type produces colors that are similar to (but, in surfaces, more chromatic and less spectrally pure than) the colors on the straight line in the CIE xy chromaticity diagram (the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_purples" title="Line of purples">line of purples</a>), leading to <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a> or purple-like colors. The third type produces the colors located in the "warm" sharp edge of the optimal color solid (this will be explained later in the article). The fourth type produces the colors located in the "cold" sharp edge of the optimal color solid. </p><p>In optimal color solids, the colors of the visible spectrum are theoretically black, because their reflectance spectrum is 1 (100%) in only one wavelength, and 0 in all of the other infinite visible wavelengths that there are, meaning that they have a lightness of 0 with respect to white, and will also have 0 chroma, but, of course, 100% of spectral purity. In short: In optimal color solids, spectral colors are equivalent to black (0 lightness, 0 chroma), but have full spectral purity (they are located in the horseshoe-shaped spectral locus of the chromaticiy diagram).<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In linear color spaces that contain all colors visible by humans, such as <a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a> or <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 XYZ</a>, the set of <a href="/wiki/Half-line_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-line (geometry)">half-lines</a> that start at the origin (black, (0, 0, 0)) and pass through all the points that represent the colors of the visible spectrum, and the portion of a plane that passes through the violet half-line and the red half-line (both ends of the visible spectrum), generate the "spectrum cone". The black point (coordinates (0, 0, 0)) of the optimal color solid (and only the black point) is tangent to the "spectrum cone", and the white point ((1, 1, 1)) (only the white point) is tangent to the "inverted spectrum cone", with the "inverted spectrum cone" being <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetrical</a> to the "spectrum cone" with respect to the middle gray point ((0.5, 0.5, 0.5)). This means that, in linear color spaces, the optimal color solid is centrally symmetric.<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/185px--Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="185" height="185" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="512" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIEXYZ_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Optimal color solid or Rösch–MacAdam color solid (with <a href="/wiki/Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminant D65">D65</a> <a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</a>) plotted within <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 XYZ color space</a>. Notice the central symmetry of the solid, and the two sharp edges, one with warm colors and the other one with cold colors.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most color spaces, the surface of the optimal color solid is smooth, except for two points (black and white); and two sharp edges: the "<a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">warm</a>" edge, which goes from black, to red, to orange, to yellow, to white; and the "cold" edge, which goes from black, to deep <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>, to blue, to <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>, to white. This is due to the following: If the portion of the reflectance spectrum of a color is spectral red (which is located at one end of the spectrum), it will be seen as black. If the size of the portion of total reflectance is increased, now covering from the red end of the spectrum to the yellow wavelengths, it will be seen as red or orange. If the portion is expanded even more, covering some green wavelengths, it will be seen as yellow. If it is expanded even more, it will cover more wavelengths than the yellow <a href="/wiki/Color_solid#Maximum_chroma_colors,_semichromes,_or_full_colors" title="Color solid">semichrome</a> does, approaching white, until it is reached when the full spectrum is reflected. The described process is called "cumulation". Cumulation can be started at either end of the visible spectrum (we just described cumulation starting from the red end of the spectrum, generating the "warm" sharp edge), cumulation starting at the violet end of the spectrum will generate the "cold" sharp edge.<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/200px--Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="200" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="512" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm/Visible_gamut_within_CIELUV_color_space_D65_whitepoint_mesh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Optimal color solid plotted within the <a href="/wiki/CIELUV_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELUV color space">CIE L* u* v* color space</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminant D65">D65</a> <a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</a>. Notice that it has two sharp edges, one with warm colors, and the other one with cold colors.</figcaption></figure> <p>On modern computers, it is possible to calculate an optimal color solid with great precision in seconds. Usually, only the MacAdam limits (the optimal colors, the boundary of the Optimal color solid) are computed, because all the other (non-optimal) possible surface colors exist inside the boundary. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optimal-color-solid,FL4,XYZ.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Optimal-color-solid%2CFL4%2CXYZ.gif/250px-Optimal-color-solid%2CFL4%2CXYZ.gif" decoding="async" width="185" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Optimal-color-solid%2CFL4%2CXYZ.gif/278px-Optimal-color-solid%2CFL4%2CXYZ.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Optimal-color-solid%2CFL4%2CXYZ.gif 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>MacAdam limits for illuminant <a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant#Illuminant_series_F" title="Standard illuminant">CIE F4</a> in <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_xyY_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE xyY color space</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum_chroma_colors,_semichromes,_or_full_colors"><span id="Maximum_chroma_colors.2C_semichromes.2C_or_full_colors"></span>Maximum chroma colors, semichromes, or full colors</h3></div> <p>Each hue has a maximum chroma point, semichrome, or full color; objects cannot have a color of that hue with a higher chroma. They are the most chromatic, vibrant colors that objects can have. They were called <b>semichromes</b> or <b>full colors</b> by the German chemist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ost_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ost-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If B is the complementary wavelength of wavelength A, then the straight line that connects A and B passes through the achromatic axis in a linear color space, such as LMS or CIE 1931 XYZ. If the reflectance spectrum of a color is 1 (100%) for all the wavelengths between A and B, and 0 for all the wavelengths of the other <a href="/wiki/Half" class="mw-redirect" title="Half">half</a> of the color space, then that color is a maximum chroma color, semichrome, or full color (this is the explanation to why they were called <b>semi</b>chromes). Thus, maximum chroma colors are a type of optimal color.<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ost_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ost-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As explained, full colors are far from being monochromatic (physically, not perceptually). If the spectral purity of a semichrome is increased, its <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a> decreases, because it will approach the visible spectrum, ergo, it will approach black.<sup id="cite_ref-thi_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In perceptually uniform color spaces, the lightness of the full colors varies from around 30% in the violetish blue hues, to around 90% in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellowish</a> hues. The chroma of each maximum chroma point also varies depending on the hue; in optimal color solids plotted in perceptually uniform color spaces, semichromes like red, green, violet, and <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a> have a high chroma, while semichromes like yellow, orange, and <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> have a slightly lower chroma. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png/200px-Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png/300px-Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png/400px-Munsell_5_PB_5Y.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Slice of the Munsell color space in the hues of 5PB and 5Y. The point farthest from the achromatic axis in each of these two hue slices is the maximum chroma color, semichrome, or full color of that hue</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_perspective">Cultural perspective</h2></div> <p>The meanings and associations of colors can play a major role in works of art, including literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfahl2005_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations">Associations</h3></div> <p>Individual colors have a variety of cultural associations such as <a href="/wiki/National_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="National colors">national colors</a> (in general described in individual color articles and <a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">color symbolism</a>). The field of <a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">color psychology</a> attempts to identify the effects of color on human emotion and activity. <a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> attributed to various Eastern traditions. Colors have different associations in different countries and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different colors have been demonstrated to have effects on cognition. For example, researchers at the University of Linz in Austria demonstrated that the color red significantly decreases cognitive functioning in men.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of the colors red and yellow together can induce hunger, which has been capitalized on by a number of chain restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Color plays a role in memory development too. A photograph that is in black and white is slightly less memorable than one in color.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies also show that wearing bright colors makes one more memorable to people they meet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color term</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists of colors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></div> <p>Colors vary in several different ways, including <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> (shades of <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a>. Some color words are derived from the name of an object of that color, such as "<a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">salmon</a>", while others are abstract, like "red". </p><p>In the 1969 study <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms" title="Basic Color Terms">Basic Color Terms</a>: Their Universality and Evolution</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Brent Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Paul Kay</a> describe a pattern in naming "basic" colors (like "red" but not "red-orange" or "dark red" or "blood red", which are "shades" of red). All languages that have two "basic" color names distinguish dark/cool colors from bright/warm colors. The next colors to be distinguished are usually red and then yellow or green. All languages with six "basic" colors include black, white, red, green, blue, and yellow. The pattern holds up to a set of twelve: black, gray, white, pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, and <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a> (distinct from blue in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, but not English). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists of colors</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">(compact version)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral color">Neutral color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearlescent_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearlescent coating">Pearlescent coating</a> including Metal effect pigments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocolor">Pseudocolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary color">tertiary colors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bettini-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bettini_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBettini2016" class="citation book cs1">Bettini, Alessandro (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip9xDQAAQBAJ&q=%22electromagnetic+waves%22+charges+accelerating&pg=PA95"><i>A Course in Classical Physics, Vol. 4 – Waves and Light</i></a>. Springer. pp. 95, 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-48329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-48329-0"><bdi>978-3-319-48329-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Classical+Physics%2C+Vol.+4+%E2%80%93+Waves+and+Light&rft.pages=95%2C+103&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-48329-0&rft.aulast=Bettini&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIp9xDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522electromagnetic%2Bwaves%2522%2Bcharges%2Baccelerating%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Berlin, B.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Kay, P.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution">Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution</a></i>, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Gary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbsoAXWbnr4C&pg=PA193"><i>Introduction to light: the physics of light, vision, and color</i></a>. 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(2019). <i>Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology</i>. Fred W. Billmeyer, Max Saltzman (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>9, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119366683" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119366683"><bdi>978-1119366683</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1080250734">1080250734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billmeyer+and+Saltzman%27s+Principles+of+Color+Technology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E9%2C+12&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1080250734&rft.isbn=978-1119366683&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Roy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann von Helmholtz, <i>Physiological Optics: The Sensations of Vision</i>, 1866, as translated in <i>Sources of Color Science</i>, David L. MacAdam, ed., Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, S.E. (1999). <i>Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology</i>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262161834" title="Special:BookSources/0262161834">0262161834</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Nicola Jones, Knowable. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/color-is-in-the-eye-and-brain-of-the-beholder/">"Color Is in the Eye, and Brain, of the Beholder"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Color+Is+in+the+Eye%2C+and+Brain%2C+of+the+Beholder&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Nicola+Jones%2C+Knowable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fcolor-is-in-the-eye-and-brain-of-the-beholder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-business-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-business_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuddWyszecki1975" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Deane B.; Wyszecki, Günter (1975). <i>Color in Business, Science and Industry</i>. Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics (3rd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Interscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley-Interscience">Wiley-Interscience</a>. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471452126" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471452126"><bdi>978-0471452126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+in+Business%2C+Science+and+Industry&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Wiley+Series+in+Pure+and+Applied+Optics&rft.pages=388&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0471452126&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Deane+B.&rft.au=Wyszecki%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Under well-lit viewing conditions (photopic vision), cones  ...are highly active and rods are inactive."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirakawaParks,_T.W.2005" class="citation conference cs1">Hirakawa, K.; Parks, T.W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128184104/http://www.accidentalmark.com/research/papers/Hirakawa05WBICIP.pdf">"Chromatic Adaptation and White-Balance Problem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005</i>. IEEE ICIP. pp. iii-984. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICIP.2005.1530559">10.1109/ICIP.2005.1530559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0780391349" title="Special:BookSources/0780391349"><bdi>0780391349</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=There%27s+a+sneaky+reason+why+you+always+see+red+and+yellow+on+fast+food+logos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ffast-food-colors-make-you-hungry-2018-9%3Fr%3DMX%26IR%3DT%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThere%27s%2520a%2520sneaky%2520reason%2520why%2Cyellow%2520on%2520fast%2520food%2520logos%26text%3DFast%2520food%2520chains%252C%2520from%2520McDonald%27s%2Cfeel%2520more%2520hungry%2520and%2520impulsive.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGnambsAppelBatinic2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gnambs, Timo; Appel, Markus; Batinic, Bernad (2010). "Color red in web-based knowledge testing". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>26</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1625–</span>1631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2010.06.010">10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17764339">17764339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Color+red+in+web-based+knowledge+testing&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1625-%3C%2Fspan%3E1631&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2010.06.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17764339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gnambs&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Appel%2C+Markus&rft.au=Batinic%2C+Bernad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/126658">Color</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaund" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maund, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/">"Color"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Color&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Maund&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcolor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/color">"Color"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Color&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fcolor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/40px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="artist's palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/20px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/40px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_classifications281" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_classifications" title="Template:Color classifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_classifications" title="Template talk:Color classifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_classifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color classifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_classifications281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Color classifications</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems,<br />standards and palettes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">Color palettes</a> (computer graphics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> (CI <a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">list of dyes</a>)</li> <li>Crayola <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Crayons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone#Pantone_Color_Matching_System" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X11_color_names" title="X11 color names">X11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color names (alphabetic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations of base colors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Shades of red</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shades_of_red.png/120px-Shades_of_red.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shades_of_red.png/250px-Shades_of_red.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Shades of yellow</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Color_icon_yellow.svg/90px-Color_icon_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Color_icon_yellow.svg/135px-Color_icon_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Color_icon_yellow.svg/180px-Color_icon_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Shades of green</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Color_icon_green.svg/90px-Color_icon_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Color_icon_green.svg/135px-Color_icon_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Color_icon_green.svg/180px-Color_icon_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Shades of cyan</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CyanIcon.png/90px-CyanIcon.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CyanIcon.png/135px-CyanIcon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CyanIcon.png/180px-CyanIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Shades of blue</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Color_icon_blue.svg/120px-Color_icon_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Color_icon_blue.svg/250px-Color_icon_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Shades of magenta</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MagentaIcon.png/90px-MagentaIcon.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MagentaIcon.png/135px-MagentaIcon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MagentaIcon.png/180px-MagentaIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Shades of orange</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shades_of_orange.svg/90px-Shades_of_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shades_of_orange.svg/135px-Shades_of_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shades_of_orange.svg/180px-Shades_of_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_chartreuse" title="Shades of chartreuse">Shades of chartreuse</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_chartreuse" title="Shades of chartreuse"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shades_of_chartreuse.svg/120px-Shades_of_chartreuse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shades_of_chartreuse.svg/250px-Shades_of_chartreuse.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_spring_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of spring green">Shades of spring green</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spring_green" title="Spring green"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shades_of_spring_green.svg/90px-Shades_of_spring_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shades_of_spring_green.svg/135px-Shades_of_spring_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shades_of_spring_green.svg/180px-Shades_of_spring_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Shades of azure</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure" title="Shades of azure"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shades_of_azure.svg/120px-Shades_of_azure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shades_of_azure.svg/250px-Shades_of_azure.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Shades of violet</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Color_icon_violet_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_violet_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Color_icon_violet_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_violet_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Color_icon_violet_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_violet_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose" title="Shades of rose">Shades of rose</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose" title="Shades of rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Color_icon_pink.svg/120px-Color_icon_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Color_icon_pink.svg/250px-Color_icon_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Shades of brown</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Color_icon_brown_v2.svg/120px-Color_icon_brown_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Color_icon_brown_v2.svg/250px-Color_icon_brown_v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Shades of purple</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Color_icon_purple_v2.svg/120px-Color_icon_purple_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Color_icon_purple_v2.svg/250px-Color_icon_purple_v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Shades of pink</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Color_icon_pink_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_pink_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Color_icon_pink_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_pink_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Color_icon_pink_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_pink_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">Shades of white</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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