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href="#Activity_and_changes_over_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Activity and changes over time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity_and_changes_over_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_de_Regulacions_Federals" title="Codi de Regulacions Federals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi de Regulacions Federals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Code of Federal Regulations" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_Regulaciones_Federales" title="Código de Regulaciones Federales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código de Regulaciones Federales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodo_de_Federaciaj_Regularoj" title="Kodo de Federaciaj Regularoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kodo de Federaciaj Regularoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_des_r%C3%A8glements_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9raux" title="Code des règlements fédéraux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code des règlements fédéraux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%91" title="미국연방규정집 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국연방규정집" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_Peraturan_Federal" title="Kode Peraturan Federal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode Peraturan Federal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Code of Federal Regulations" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אסופת התקינה הפדרלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסופת התקינה הפדרלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E9%9B%86" title="連邦規則集 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦規則集" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Свод федеральных нормативных актов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свод федеральных нормативных актов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Code of Federal Regulations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Code of Federal Regulations" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_D%C3%BCzenlemeler_Kanunu" title="Federal Düzenlemeler Kanunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federal Düzenlemeler Kanunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8" title="聯邦規則彙編 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聯邦規則彙編" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Codification of US federal regulations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The CFR is not to be confused with the USC, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>, which represents statutory law, not regulatory law.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic journal</div><div class="infobox-journal-search" style="display:none;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><i><span class="fn">Code of Federal Regulations</span></i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.stitle=Code+Fed.+Regul.&rft.issn=1946-4975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Fcfr%2Fabout.html"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu/page1-200px-Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu/page1-300px-Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu/page1-400px-Title_3_CFR_2005_Compilation.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">English</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;">Publication details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Publisher</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Federal_Register" title="Office of the Federal Register">Office of the Federal Register</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature#Frequency" title="Periodical literature">Frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Annually</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Copyright#Transfer,_assignment_and_licensing" title="Copyright">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;">Standard abbreviations<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Code_of_Federal_Regulations">ISO 4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Bluebook_journals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Academic Journals/Bluebook journals">Bluebook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1946-4975%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Code+of+Federal+Regulations%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf">MathSciNet</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=1946-4975&Submit=Search">alt</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span>)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a></th><td class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">C.F.R.</span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">ISO 4</a></th><td class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;"><i>Code Fed. Regul.</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;">Indexing<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1946-4975">CODEN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=">alt</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Code+of+Federal+Regulations">alt2</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journals/19464975">JSTOR</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=1946-4975&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2">LCCN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Code+of+Federal+Regulations&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miar.ub.edu/issn/1946-4975">MIAR</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1946-4975%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Code+of+Federal+Regulations%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=1946-4975">Scopus</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span class="value"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1946-4975">1946-4975</a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;">Links</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/about.html">Journal homepage</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.gov/">Online access</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law" title="United States administrative law">United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law#Rulemaking" title="United States administrative law">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notice_of_proposed_rulemaking" title="Notice of proposed rulemaking">Notice of proposed rulemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law#Adjudication" title="United States administrative law">Adjudication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Code of Federal Regulations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Statutory framework</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_the_Sunshine_Act" title="Government in the Sunshine Act">Government in the Sunshine Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergencies_Act" title="National Emergencies Act">National Emergencies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_Act_of_1978" title="Inspector General Act of 1978">Inspector General Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act_of_1995" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Vacancies_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998">Federal Vacancies Reform Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regulatory coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12866" title="Executive Order 12866">Executive Order 12866</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judicial review of agency action</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)#Standard_of_judicial_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Arbitrary and capricious</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicles_Manufacturers_Ass%27n_v._State_Farm_Mutual_Automobile_Insurance_Co." title="Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Ass'n v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.">State Farm</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc."><i>Chevron</i> deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins"><i>Auer</i> deference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loper_Bright_Enterprises_v._Raimondo" title="Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo">Loper Bright</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_v._Chaney" title="Heckler v. Chaney">Committed to agency discretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due process</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Londoner_v._City_and_County_of_Denver" title="Londoner v. City and County of Denver">Londoner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bi-Metallic_Investment_Co._v._State_Board_of_Equalization" title="Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization">Bi-Metallic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_v._Kelly" title="Goldberg v. Kelly">Goldberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustion_of_remedies" title="Exhaustion of remedies">Exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_questions_doctrine" title="Major questions doctrine">Major questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_injunction" title="Nationwide injunction">Nationwide injunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Labs</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Separation of powers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Freytag_v._Commissioner" title="Freytag v. Commissioner">Freytag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Noel_Canning" title="NLRB v. Noel Canning">Noel Canning</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Congressional oversight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorization_bill" title="Authorization bill">Authorization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_statute_(United_States)" title="Organic statute (United States)">Organic statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation" title="List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation">Senate confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seila_Law_LLC_v._Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">Seila Law</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Legislative veto in the United States">Legislative veto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha">Chadha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regulated fields (and agencies)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">Antitrust and competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" title="U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission">CPSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">CFPB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Bank regulation in the United States">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">OCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">FDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">FRB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">FERC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">FWS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">FDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">HHS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Immigration policy of the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">EOIR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">DOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">NLRB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">Patent</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_trademark_law" title="United States trademark law">trademark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">PTO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_securities_regulation" title="United States securities regulation">Securities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">CFTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tax_Court" title="United States Tax Court">TC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">DOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" title="United States International Trade Commission">ITC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_transportation" title="Department of transportation">DOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Board" title="Surface Transportation Board">STB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">NTSB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">SSA</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">Statutory interpretation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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administrative law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_administrative_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US administrative law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg/220px-Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg/330px-Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg/440px-Code_of_Federal_Regulations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A few volumes of the CFR at a law library (titles 12–26)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">law of the United States</a>, the <i><b>Code of Federal Regulations</b></i> (<i><b>CFR</b></i>) is the codification of the general and permanent <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_law" title="Regulatory law">regulations</a> promulgated by the executive departments and agencies of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a>. The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to federal regulation. </p><p>The CFR annual edition is published as a special issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i> by the Office of the Federal Register (part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this annual edition, the CFR is published online on the Electronic CFR (eCFR) website, which is updated daily. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress frequently delegates authority to an executive branch agency to issue regulations to govern some sphere. These statutes are called "authorizing statute" or "enabling statute" (or "authorizing legislation"). Authorizing statutes typically have two parts: a substantive scope (typically using language such as "The Secretary shall promulgate regulations to [accomplish some purpose or within some scope]" and (b) procedural requirements (typically to invoke <a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a> (APA), <a href="/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> (PRA, codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_44_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 44 of the United States Code">44 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/44/3501">§§ 3501</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/44/3521">3521</a>), <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> (RFA, codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code">5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/601">§§ 601</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/612">612</a>), and several executive orders (primarily <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12866" title="Executive Order 12866">Executive Order 12866</a>)).<sup id="cite_ref-duke_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, each of these laws requires a process that includes (a) publication of the proposed rules in a <a href="/wiki/Notice_of_proposed_rulemaking" title="Notice of proposed rulemaking">notice of proposed rulemaking</a> (NPRM), (b) certain cost-benefit analyses, and (c) request for public comment and participation in the decision-making, and (d) adoption and publication of the final rule, via the <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> culminates in the inclusion of a regulation in the Code of Federal Regulations. Such regulations are often referred to as "implementing regulations" vis-a-vis the authorizing statute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_procedure">Publication procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rules and regulations are first promulgated or published in the <i>Federal Register</i>. The CFR is structured into 50 subject matter titles. Agencies are assigned chapters within these titles. The titles are broken down into chapters, parts, sections and paragraphs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, 42 C.F.R. § 260.11(a)(1) would indicate "title 42, part 260, section 11, paragraph (a)(1)." Conversationally, it would be read as "forty-two C F R two-sixty point eleven a one" or similar. </p><p>While new regulations are continually becoming effective, the printed volumes of the CFR are issued once each calendar year, on this schedule: </p> <ul><li>Titles 1–16 are updated as of January 1</li> <li>Titles 17–27 are updated as of April 1</li> <li>Titles 28–41 are updated as of July 1</li> <li>Titles 42–50 are updated as of October 1</li></ul> <p>The Office of the Federal Register also keeps an unofficial, online version of the CFR, the e-CFR, which is normally updated within two days after changes that have been published in the <i>Federal Register</i> become effective.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules lists rulemaking authority for regulations codified in the CFR.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_CFR_titles">List of CFR titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of CFR titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG/220px-Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG/330px-Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG/440px-Code_of_Federal_Regulations_Mid-Manhattan_Library.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Code of Federal Regulations, seen at the Mid-Manhattan Library. Editions of Title 3, on the President, are kept on archive. Notice that for the first year of each new presidency, the volume is thicker.</figcaption></figure> <p>The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad subject areas:<sup id="cite_ref-duke_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_1_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 1 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 1: General Provisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 2 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 2: Grants and Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 3: The President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 4 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 4: Accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 5: Administrative Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_6_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 6 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 6: Domestic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_7_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 7: Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 8: Aliens and Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_9_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 9: Animals and Animal Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 10: Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_11_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 11 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 11: Federal Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_12_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 12: Banks and Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_13_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 13: Business Credit and Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations" title="Federal Aviation Regulations">Title 14: Aeronautics and Space</a> (also known as the Federal Aviation Regulations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 15: Commerce and Foreign Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_16_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 16: Commercial Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 17: Commodity and Securities Exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 18: Conservation of Power and Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 19: Customs Duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_20_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 20: Employees' Benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_21_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 21: Food and Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_22_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 22: Foreign Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_23_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 23 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 23: Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_24_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 24: Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_25_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 25 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 25: Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_regulations" title="Treasury regulations">Title 26: Internal Revenue</a> (also known as the Treasury Regulations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_27_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 28: Judicial Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 29: Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_30_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 30 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 30: Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_31_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 31: Money and Finance: Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 32: National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 33: Navigation and Navigable Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_34_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 34 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 34: Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 35 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 35: Reserved</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 36: Parks, Forests, and Public Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_37_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 37: Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_38_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 38: Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_39_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 39 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 39: Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 40: Protection of Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_41_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 41 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 41: Public Contracts and Property Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 42: Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_43_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 43 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 43: Public Lands: Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_44_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 44: Emergency Management and Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_45_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 45: Public Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_46_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 46: Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 47: Telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_48_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 48: Federal Acquisition Regulations System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_49_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 49: Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Register Act">Federal Register Act</a> originally provided for a complete compilation of all existing regulations promulgated prior to the first publication of the <i>Federal Register</i>, but was amended in 1937 to provide a codification of all regulations every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-llsdc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llsdc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition of the CFR was published in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-llsdc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llsdc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1963 for some titles and for all titles in 1967, the Office of the Federal Register began publishing yearly revisions, and beginning in 1972 published revisions in staggered quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-llsdc_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llsdc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 11, 2014, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register_Modernization_Act_(H.R._4195;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)">Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)</a>, a bill that would revise requirements for the filing of documents with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Federal_Register" title="Office of the Federal Register">Office of the Federal Register</a> for inclusion in the <i>Federal Register</i> and for the publication of the <i>Code of Federal Regulations</i> to reflect the changed publication requirement in which they would be available online but would not be required to be printed.<sup id="cite_ref-4195sum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4195sum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Law_Libraries" title="American Association of Law Libraries">American Association of Law Libraries</a> (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-AALLoppose_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AALLoppose-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the <i>Federal Register</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AALLoppose_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AALLoppose-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the <i>Federal Register</i> and <i>CFR</i> would mean the 15 percent of Americans who do not use the internet would lose their access to that material.<sup id="cite_ref-AALLoppose_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AALLoppose-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House voted on July 14, 2014, to pass the bill 386–0.<sup id="cite_ref-FTbillpassage_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTbillpassage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4195allactions_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4195allactions-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the bill failed to come to a vote in the Senate, and died upon the start of the 114th Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity_and_changes_over_time">Activity and changes over time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activity and changes over time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Code of Federal Regulations is a dynamic document with many changes and edits over time; however, tracking the edits and their impact is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro,2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro,2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFR,2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR,2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple counts of the number of rules, words, or pages is insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro,2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro,2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulations.gov" title="Regulations.gov">Regulations.gov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Code_of_Regulations" title="California Code of Regulations">California Code of Regulations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Administrative_Code" title="Florida Administrative Code">Florida Administrative Code</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Administrative_Code" title="Illinois Administrative Code">Illinois Administrative Code</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Massachusetts_Regulations" title="Code of Massachusetts Regulations">Code of Massachusetts Regulations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_CFR_Sections_Affected" title="List of CFR Sections Affected">List of CFR Sections Affected</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Code_of_Administrative_Rules" title="New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules">New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Administrative_Code" title="New Jersey Administrative Code">New Jersey Administrative Code</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Codes,_Rules_and_Regulations" title="New York Codes, Rules and Regulations">New York Codes, Rules and Regulations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Administrative_Rules" title="Oregon Administrative Rules">Oregon Administrative Rules</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Code" title="Pennsylvania Code">Pennsylvania Code</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR">"Browse Code of Federal Regulations (Annual Edition)"</a>. <i>FDsys</i>. US Government Publishing Office Federal Digital System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDsys&rft.atitle=Browse+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%28Annual+Edition%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fbrowse%2FcollectionCfr.action%3FcollectionCode%3DCFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duke-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duke_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duke_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duke_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.duke.edu/lib/researchguides/fedadminlaw/">"Federal Administrative Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Administrative+Law&rft.pub=Duke+University+School+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.duke.edu%2Flib%2Fresearchguides%2Ffedadminlaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span>. A summary of the statutes, regulations, and executive orders that govern rulemaking may be found at <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_E._Boundy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David E. Boundy (page does not exist)">David E. Boundy</a>, <i>The PTAB is Not an Article III Court, Part 1: A Primer on Federal Agency Rulemaking</i>, American Bar Ass’n, Landslide, vol. 10 no. 2 pp. 9–13 (Nov-Dec 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/landslide/2017-nov-dec/ptab-not-article-iii-court.authcheckdam.pdf">here</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3258044">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code">5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/553">§ 553</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=3a6887235fe0ca1c4417ea10463861d6&node=1:1.0.1.5.17.1.11.7&rgn=div8">"eCFR – Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. <i>FDsys – US Government Publishing Office Federal Digital System</i>. 2014-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDsys+%E2%80%93+US+Government+Publishing+Office+Federal+Digital+System&rft.atitle=eCFR+%E2%80%93+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftext-idx%3FSID%3D3a6887235fe0ca1c4417ea10463861d6%26node%3D1%3A1.0.1.5.17.1.11.7%26rgn%3Ddiv8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=userinfo">"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Federal_Register" title="Office of the Federal Register">Office of the Federal Register</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Federal+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FECFR%3Fpage%3Duserinfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/help/about_code_of_federal_regulations.htm">"About Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Fhelp%2Fabout_code_of_federal_regulations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-llsdc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llsdc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llsdc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llsdc_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide">"A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Research+Guide+to+the+Federal+Register+and+the+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=Law+Librarians%27+Society+of+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llsdc.org%2Ffr-cfr-research-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4195sum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4195sum_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195">"H.R. 4195 – Summary"</a>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+4195+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F4195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AALLoppose-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AALLoppose_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AALLoppose_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AALLoppose_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715020300/http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf">"The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Association of Law Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Register+and+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Law+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faallnet.org%2FDocuments%2FGovernment-Relations%2FIssue-Briefs-and-Reports%2F2014%2FFRonepager.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTbillpassage-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTbillpassage_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedici2014" class="citation news cs1">Medici, Andy (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140726053819/http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016">"House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections"</a>. Federal Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016">the original</a> on 26 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+passes+bills+to+change+TSP+default+fund%2C+extend+whistleblower+protections&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=Medici&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federaltimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D2014307150016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4195allactions-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4195allactions_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions">"H.R. 4195 – All Actions"</a>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+4195+%E2%80%93+All+Actions&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F4195%2Fall-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro,2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro,2014_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro,2014_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2024" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Stuart (2024-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-024-03982-7">"Counting regulations and measuring regulatory impact: a call for nuance"</a>. <i>Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-024-03982-7">10.1057/s41599-024-03982-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9992">2662-9992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Counting+regulations+and+measuring+regulatory+impact%3A+a+call+for+nuance&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-024-03982-7&rft.issn=2662-9992&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-024-03982-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFR,2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFR,2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongressional_Research_Service2019" class="citation cs2">Congressional Research Service (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R43056"><i>Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+Regulations%3A+An+Overview+of+Rulemaking%2C+Types+of+Federal+Regulations%2C+and+Pages+in+the+Federal+Register&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Congressional+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fdetails%3Fprodcode%3DR43056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/help/about_code_of_federal_regulations.htm">"About Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a>. 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Fhelp%2Fabout_code_of_federal_regulations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide">"A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C. July 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Research+Guide+to+the+Federal+Register+and+the+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=Law+Librarians%27+Society+of+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2012-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llsdc.org%2Ffr-cfr-research-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/omb/inforeg/chap1.html">"Report to Congress on the Costs and Benefits of Federal Regulations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>. September 30, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+Congress+on+the+Costs+and+Benefits+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.pub=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft.date=1997-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Finforeg%2Fchap1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/tutorial/">"The Federal Register Tutorial / The Federal Register: What It Is and How to Use It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Federal_Register" title="Office of the Federal Register">Office of the Federal Register</a>. 2016-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Register+Tutorial+%2F+The+Federal+Register%3A+What+It+Is+and+How+to+Use+It&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Federal+Register&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Ftutorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+of+Federal+Regulations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Federal_Regulations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" class="extiw" title="q:Code of Federal Regulations">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" class="extiw" title="s:Code of Federal Regulations">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.gov/">Electronic Code of Federal Regulations</a> (eCFR) from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cfr/"><i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></a> (annual edition) on <a href="/wiki/GovInfo" title="GovInfo">GovInfo</a> from the GPO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookstore.gpo.gov/CFR"><i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></a> in the GPO's <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Bookstore" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Bookstore">U.S. Government Bookstore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/"><i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></a> (cross-referenced to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S. Code</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">Cornell LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govregs.com/regulations"><i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></a> (cross-referenced to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S. Code</a>) from GovRegs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llsdc.org/sources-and-tools-to-the-code-of-federal-regulations">Sources and Tools to the <i>Code of Federal Regulations</i></a> free and commercial from LLSDC.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law" title="United States administrative law">United States administrative law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_of_proposed_rulemaking" title="Notice of proposed rulemaking">Notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Federal legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_the_Sunshine_Act" title="Government in the Sunshine Act">Government in the Sunshine Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Code of Federal Regulations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Federal_Register" title="Emergency Federal Register">Emergency Federal Register</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulations.gov" title="Regulations.gov">Regulations.gov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Justice_Manual" title="Justice Manual">Justice Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Manual" title="Foreign Affairs Manual">Foreign Affairs Manual</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_administrative_law_cases" title="List of United States administrative law cases">Supreme Court decisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Due Process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee_%26_St._Paul_Railway_Co._v._Minnesota" title="Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota">CMSPR v. Minnesota</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Londoner_v._City_and_County_of_Denver" title="Londoner v. City and County of Denver">Londoner v. Denver</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bi-Metallic_Investment_Co._v._State_Board_of_Equalization" title="Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization">Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_v._Kelly" title="Goldberg v. Kelly">Goldberg v. Kelly</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardson_v._Perales" title="Richardson v. Perales">Richardson v. Perales</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_State_Colleges_v._Roth" title="Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth">Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Florida_East_Coast_Railway_Co." title="United States v. Florida East Coast Railway Co.">United States v. FECRC</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews v. Eldridge</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Califano_v._Yamasaki" title="Califano v. Yamasaki">Califano v. Yamasaki</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logan_v._Zimmerman_Brush_Co." title="Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.">Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Judicial Review</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Reviewability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heckler_v._Chaney" title="Heckler v. Chaney">Heckler v. Chaney</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Doe" title="Webster v. Doe">Webster v. Doe</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. SUWA</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Post,_Inc._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Corner Post v. FRB</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Hearst_Publications" title="NLRB v. Hearst Publications">NLRB v. Hearst Publications</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Camera_Corp._v._NLRB" title="Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB">Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicles_Manufacturers_Ass%27n_v._State_Farm_Mutual_Automobile_Insurance_Co." title="Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Ass'n v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.">MVMA v. State Farm</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">BGLC v. NRDC</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. NRDC</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christensen_v._Harris_County" title="Christensen v. Harris County">Christensen v. Harris County</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Brown_%26_Williamson_Tobacco_Corp." title="FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.">FDA v. BWTC</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Mead_Corp." title="United States v. Mead Corp.">United States v. Mead Corp.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kisor_v._Wilkie" title="Kisor v. Wilkie">Kisor v. Wilkie</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loper_Bright_Enterprises_v._Raimondo" title="Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo">Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Agency Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha">INS v. Chadha</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">CFTC v. Schor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Georgetown_University_Hospital" title="Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital">Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gade_v._National_Solid_Wastes_Management_Ass%27n" title="Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass'n">Gade v. NSWMA</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. ATA</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Cable_%26_Telecommunications_Ass%27n_v._Brand_X_Internet_Services" title="National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services">NCTA v. Brand X</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata779" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata779" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065972#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/292148995948859751645">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/399152261514817180006">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1924159474206327661395">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115511938X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90754332">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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