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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":201241,"created_at":"2009-12-08T23:04:33.560-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T03:48:25.591-08:00","_data":{"more_info":"Published by Tempus, Stroud","ai_abstract":"Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have significantly transformed landscape archaeology by providing innovative methodologies for data management and analysis. This book explores the integration of GIS in landscape archaeology, emphasizing its role in addressing key archaeological questions, improving visibility and analysis of archaeological remains, and enhancing cartographic and spatial data techniques. Through practical examples and discussions of potential pitfalls, it presents GIS as a critical tool for both experienced and novice archaeologists in the field.","ai_title_tag":"GIS Enhancements in Landscape Archaeology","publication_date":"2006,,","publication_name":"Landscape Archaeology and GIS"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Landscape Archaeology and GIS (2006)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [97707]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card with-figures-carousel"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":110548301,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Landscape Archaeology and GIS (2006)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/110548301/mini_magick20240117-1-p2xb9p.png?1705501964" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Landscape Archaeology and GIS (2006)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="97707" href="https://bham.academia.edu/HenryChapman"><img alt="Profile image of Henry Chapman" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/97707/27018/116104177/s65_henry.chapman.jpg" />Henry Chapman</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2006, Landscape Archaeology and GIS</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">192 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 201241; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=201241"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have significantly transformed landscape archaeology by providing innovative methodologies for data management and analysis. This book explores the integration of GIS in landscape archaeology, emphasizing its role in addressing key archaeological questions, improving visibility and analysis of archaeological remains, and enhancing cartographic and spatial data techniques. Through practical examples and discussions of potential pitfalls, it presents GIS as a critical tool for both experienced and novice archaeologists in the field.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":110548301,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/201241/Landscape_Archaeology_and_GIS_2006_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":110548301,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/201241/Landscape_Archaeology_and_GIS_2006_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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(1) Giant’s Grave, Feltar, Shetland, (2) Loch Migdale, Highlands, (3) Applecross, Highlands, (4) Drumlanrig, Dumfries and Galloway, (5) Rudston, East Yorkshire, (6) Holderness, East Yorkshire, (7) Thorne Moors, South Yorkshire, (8) Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, (9) Hatfield Moors, South Yorkshire, (10) Carsington Pasture, Derbyshire, (11) Confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar, Nottinghamshire, (12) Glendon Hall, Northamptonshire, (13) Beaudesert Castle, Henley in Arden, Warwickshire, (14) Conderton Camp, Gloucestershire, (15) Chesham Bois, Hertfordshire, (16) Bath, (17) Esher, Surrey, (18) Meare, Somerset, (19) Dinnington, Somerset, (20) Breamore, Hampshire, (21) Cock Hill, Blackpatch, West Sussex, (22) Shorncliffe Redoubt, Folkestone, Kent, (23) Green Island, Poole Harbour, Dorset, (24) Merrivale, Dartmoor, Devon, (25) Gear Farm, Cornwall " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">1 Some of the sites mentioned in the text. (1) Giant’s Grave, Feltar, Shetland, (2) Loch Migdale, Highlands, (3) Applecross, Highlands, (4) Drumlanrig, Dumfries and Galloway, (5) Rudston, East Yorkshire, (6) Holderness, East Yorkshire, (7) Thorne Moors, South Yorkshire, (8) Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, (9) Hatfield Moors, South Yorkshire, (10) Carsington Pasture, Derbyshire, (11) Confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar, Nottinghamshire, (12) Glendon Hall, Northamptonshire, (13) Beaudesert Castle, Henley in Arden, Warwickshire, (14) Conderton Camp, Gloucestershire, (15) Chesham Bois, Hertfordshire, (16) Bath, (17) Esher, Surrey, (18) Meare, Somerset, (19) Dinnington, Somerset, (20) Breamore, Hampshire, (21) Cock Hill, Blackpatch, West Sussex, (22) Shorncliffe Redoubt, Folkestone, Kent, (23) Green Island, Poole Harbour, Dorset, (24) Merrivale, Dartmoor, Devon, (25) Gear Farm, Cornwall </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465506/figure-2-merrivale-stone-rows-dartmoor-landscape-archaeology"><img alt="2 Merrivale stone rows, Dartmoor. Landscape archaeology is about exploring sites and their landscape setting, but also the relationship between different landscape features " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">2 Merrivale stone rows, Dartmoor. Landscape archaeology is about exploring sites and their landscape setting, but also the relationship between different landscape features </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465510/figure-3-collecting-samples-for-palaeoenvironmental-analyses"><img alt="3 Collecting samples for palaeoenvironmental analyses using coring equipment " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_003.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">3 Collecting samples for palaeoenvironmental analyses using coring equipment </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465514/figure-4-layers-of-data-within-gis-incorporating-both"><img alt="4 Layers of data within a GIS incorporating both rasters and vectors " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_004.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">4 Layers of data within a GIS incorporating both rasters and vectors </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465520/figure-5-distribution-map-of-roman-period-villa-sites-along"><img alt="5 Distribution map of Roman-period villa sites along the Fosse Way, Somerset " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_005.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">5 Distribution map of Roman-period villa sites along the Fosse Way, Somerset </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465526/figure-6-viewshed-functions-calculate-which-cells-within-dem"><img alt="6 Viewshed functions calculate which cells within a DEM can be seen from a given location or locations. Here, the visible areas are shown in a darker grey " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_006.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">6 Viewshed functions calculate which cells within a DEM can be seen from a given location or locations. Here, the visible areas are shown in a darker grey </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465531/figure-7-above-historical-maps-are-fundamental-to-landscape"><img alt="7 Above: Historical maps are fundamental to landscape archaeology, such as this nineteenth-century Ordnance Survey map of the Stonehenge area on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire PROM VASES MAAR OM ARMY AMS MEE CEN EMRE) a Ae In addition to modern maps, historical maps can be extremely valuable to landscape archaeologists (7). For example, in the UK the early Ordnance Survey mapping can be extremely useful for providing a picture of a landscape around the year 1900, depending on the area being studied. However, earlier maps, such as tithe maps and estate maps, can often push back the dating to much earlier, providing snapshots into the past that would not be possible in any other way. It is the combination of mapping evidence that is arguably of most use to the landscape archaeologist. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_007.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">7 Above: Historical maps are fundamental to landscape archaeology, such as this nineteenth-century Ordnance Survey map of the Stonehenge area on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire PROM VASES MAAR OM ARMY AMS MEE CEN EMRE) a Ae In addition to modern maps, historical maps can be extremely valuable to landscape archaeologists (7). For example, in the UK the early Ordnance Survey mapping can be extremely useful for providing a picture of a landscape around the year 1900, depending on the area being studied. However, earlier maps, such as tithe maps and estate maps, can often push back the dating to much earlier, providing snapshots into the past that would not be possible in any other way. It is the combination of mapping evidence that is arguably of most use to the landscape archaeologist. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465538/figure-8-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_008.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465543/figure-9-fieldwalking-data-represented-in-gis"><img alt="9 Fieldwalking data represented in a GIS " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_009.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">9 Fieldwalking data represented in a GIS </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465548/figure-10-geophysical-raster-data-gear-farm-iron-age-fort"><img alt="10 Geophysical raster data — Gear Farm Iron Age fort interior, Cornwall " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_010.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">10 Geophysical raster data — Gear Farm Iron Age fort interior, Cornwall </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465553/figure-11-half-scale-replica-of-one-of-the-bronze-age"><img alt="11 Half-scale replica of one of the Bronze Age Ferriby Boats under sail. Navigation during prehistory is likely to have relied upon mental mapping of the relationship between waypoints " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_011.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">11 Half-scale replica of one of the Bronze Age Ferriby Boats under sail. Navigation during prehistory is likely to have relied upon mental mapping of the relationship between waypoints </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465558/figure-12-comparison-of-spherical-and-normal-grids"><img alt="12 Comparison of spherical and normal grids demonstrating the need for projections " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_012.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">12 Comparison of spherical and normal grids demonstrating the need for projections </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465562/figure-13-using-contours-to-represent-elevation-giants-grave"><img alt="13 Using contours to represent elevation — Giant’s Grave Viking burial, Fetlar, Shetland " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_013.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">13 Using contours to represent elevation — Giant’s Grave Viking burial, Fetlar, Shetland </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465567/figure-14-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_014.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465572/figure-15-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_015.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465577/figure-16-representing-elevation-within-raster-dataset-each"><img alt="16 Representing elevation within a raster dataset. Each cell covers a standard area and represents values according to height its location, with an attribute providing a value. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_016.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">16 Representing elevation within a raster dataset. Each cell covers a standard area and represents values according to height its location, with an attribute providing a value. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465582/figure-17-draping-geophysical-results-over-topographic-dem"><img alt="17 Draping geophysical results over a topographic DEM derived from GSP survey — Roman to medieval features at Glendon Hall, Northamptonshire (270 x 180m looking north-west) Geophysical data may be incorporated within a GIS in a number of ways. The nature of geophysical data can take different forms depending on the method being used and the software processing the data (see chapter 2). Normally, however, the results from geophysical survey are either in the form of an image (greyscale or colour), or as an interpreted plot.Alternative outputs can be digitised, interpreted plots that might be imported as vector layers, or as digital data files. In the case of images, plans can be imported into the GIS and spatially referenced to become a georeferenced raster layer. Once in this format, the geophysical data can be correlated and compared with other forms of georeferenced data (17). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_017.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">17 Draping geophysical results over a topographic DEM derived from GSP survey — Roman to medieval features at Glendon Hall, Northamptonshire (270 x 180m looking north-west) Geophysical data may be incorporated within a GIS in a number of ways. The nature of geophysical data can take different forms depending on the method being used and the software processing the data (see chapter 2). Normally, however, the results from geophysical survey are either in the form of an image (greyscale or colour), or as an interpreted plot.Alternative outputs can be digitised, interpreted plots that might be imported as vector layers, or as digital data files. In the case of images, plans can be imported into the GIS and spatially referenced to become a georeferenced raster layer. Once in this format, the geophysical data can be correlated and compared with other forms of georeferenced data (17). </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465588/figure-18-variety-of-different-equipment-may-be-used-for"><img alt="18 A variety of different equipment may be used for obtaining data for inputting into GIS. This figure shows Trimble’s survey grade differential GPS equipment " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_018.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">18 A variety of different equipment may be used for obtaining data for inputting into GIS. This figure shows Trimble’s survey grade differential GPS equipment </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465593/figure-19-raw-data-for-generating-dem-derived-from-gps"><img alt="19 Raw data for generating a DEM derived from GPS survey — Meare Village East, Somerset " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_019.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">19 Raw data for generating a DEM derived from GPS survey — Meare Village East, Somerset </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465598/figure-20-area-of-thorne-moors-south-yorkshire-showing-the"><img alt="20 Area of Thorne Moors, South Yorkshire, showing the peatland surface and the basal clay topography derived from borehole survey (150 x 190m viewed from the east) 5 Cen > ees We fe ea, oo a aaa, aaa As with other maps, geology and soils maps are often available digitally, though not universally, and often not at the range of scales available for other types of maps. Even where they are not available digitally, and copyright permitting, paper copies may be scanned and georeferenced. In this format they may either be used as a raster layer without further processing for comparative purposes, or else the different geological or soils units may be digitised to create a polygon layer. Using the latter approach, either single types of deposit, such as peat, can be digitised, or all features may be digitised to create topologically correct continuous coverages. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_020.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">20 Area of Thorne Moors, South Yorkshire, showing the peatland surface and the basal clay topography derived from borehole survey (150 x 190m viewed from the east) 5 Cen > ees We fe ea, oo a aaa, aaa As with other maps, geology and soils maps are often available digitally, though not universally, and often not at the range of scales available for other types of maps. Even where they are not available digitally, and copyright permitting, paper copies may be scanned and georeferenced. In this format they may either be used as a raster layer without further processing for comparative purposes, or else the different geological or soils units may be digitised to create a polygon layer. Using the latter approach, either single types of deposit, such as peat, can be digitised, or all features may be digitised to create topologically correct continuous coverages. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465684/table-1-typical-archaeological-database-of-sites-and-finds"><img alt="21 A typical archaeological database of sites and finds " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/table_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">21 A typical archaeological database of sites and finds </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465603/figure-21-comparing-the-results-of-raster-interpolation-and"><img alt="22 Comparing the results of raster interpolation and TINs on the Iron Age hillfort site of Conderton Camp, Gloucestershire (280 x 160m viewed from the south-west) TRIANGULATED IRREGULAR NETWORKS " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_021.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">22 Comparing the results of raster interpolation and TINs on the Iron Age hillfort site of Conderton Camp, Gloucestershire (280 x 160m viewed from the south-west) TRIANGULATED IRREGULAR NETWORKS </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465608/figure-22-the-results-from-different-interpolation-methods"><img alt="23 The results from different interpolation methods of an earthwork survey: (A) Triangular Irregular Network, (B) Regularised Spline, (C) Tension Spline, (D) Inverse Distance Weighting, (E) Ordinary Kriging, (F) Universal Kriging — Migdale henge, Highlands (area measures 20m across, looking north-west) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_022.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">23 The results from different interpolation methods of an earthwork survey: (A) Triangular Irregular Network, (B) Regularised Spline, (C) Tension Spline, (D) Inverse Distance Weighting, (E) Ordinary Kriging, (F) Universal Kriging — Migdale henge, Highlands (area measures 20m across, looking north-west) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465611/figure-23-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_023.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465615/figure-24-differences-between-different-interpolation"><img alt="25 Differences between different interpolation techniques. From a dataset with an elevation variation of 1.01m, the difference between Tension Spline and Ordinary Kriging is 0.07m (on the left), whereas the difference between Regular Spline and IDW is 0.29m (on the right) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_024.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">25 Differences between different interpolation techniques. From a dataset with an elevation variation of 1.01m, the difference between Tension Spline and Ordinary Kriging is 0.07m (on the left), whereas the difference between Regular Spline and IDW is 0.29m (on the right) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465619/figure-25-comparing-viewshed-grey-areas-and-line-of-sight-on"><img alt="26 Comparing viewshed (grey areas) and line of sight on a DEM. The lines of sight are divided into grey (invisible) and black (visible) areas " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_025.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">26 Comparing viewshed (grey areas) and line of sight on a DEM. The lines of sight are divided into grey (invisible) and black (visible) areas </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465623/figure-26-combining-topographic-modelling-from-gps-survey"><img alt="27 Combining topographic modelling (from GPS survey) with the results from geophysical survey at Drumlanrig Roman fort in Dumfries and Galloway (250 x 220m viewed from the east. The area of the fort measures approximately 190 x 120m) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_026.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">27 Combining topographic modelling (from GPS survey) with the results from geophysical survey at Drumlanrig Roman fort in Dumfries and Galloway (250 x 220m viewed from the east. The area of the fort measures approximately 190 x 120m) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465627/figure-27-cockhill-blackpatch-west-sussex-model-of-bronze"><img alt="28 Cockhill, Blackpatch, West Sussex. Model of a Bronze Age enclosure identifying morphologically diagnostic features " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_027.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">28 Cockhill, Blackpatch, West Sussex. Model of a Bronze Age enclosure identifying morphologically diagnostic features </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465631/figure-28-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_028.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465635/figure-29-features-from-variety-of-periods-represented-in"><img alt="30 Features from a variety of periods represented in a DEM of an area of Carsington pastures, Derbyshire (90 x 65m viewed from the south-east) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_029.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">30 Features from a variety of periods represented in a DEM of an area of Carsington pastures, Derbyshire (90 x 65m viewed from the south-east) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465639/figure-30-slope-model-of-beaudesert-castle-warwickshire-with"><img alt="31 Slope model of Beaudesert Castle, Warwickshire, with darker shades representing steeper slopes (450 x 130m looking east) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_030.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">31 Slope model of Beaudesert Castle, Warwickshire, with darker shades representing steeper slopes (450 x 130m looking east) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465643/figure-31-sutton-common-south-yorkshire-from-the-ground-the"><img alt="32 Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, from the ground. The remains of the enclosures are extremely difficult to identify " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_031.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">32 Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, from the ground. The remains of the enclosures are extremely difficult to identify </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465647/figure-32-hillshaded-dem-of-sutton-common-south-yorkshire"><img alt="33 Hillshaded DEM of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire showing the upstanding earthworks of he smaller enclosure and the ploughed-out features of the larger enclosure. Whilst the features of he larger enclosure were not visible on the ground, they could be identified from the GIS model lerived from high-resolution GPS survey " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_032.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">33 Hillshaded DEM of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire showing the upstanding earthworks of he smaller enclosure and the ploughed-out features of the larger enclosure. Whilst the features of he larger enclosure were not visible on the ground, they could be identified from the GIS model lerived from high-resolution GPS survey </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465649/figure-33-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_033.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465686/table-2-measuring-increased-effort-with-increased-slope-when"><img alt="35 Measuring increased effort with increased slope when moving through a landscape using the algorithm defined by Bell and Lock (2000) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/table_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">35 Measuring increased effort with increased slope when moving through a landscape using the algorithm defined by Bell and Lock (2000) </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465651/figure-34-hatfield-moors-south-yorkshire-this-wetland"><img alt="36 Hatfield Moors, South Yorkshire. This wetland landscape conceals a later Neolithic landscape buried beneath peat following extreme environmental change over the past 5000 years " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_034.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">36 Hatfield Moors, South Yorkshire. This wetland landscape conceals a later Neolithic landscape buried beneath peat following extreme environmental change over the past 5000 years </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465653/figure-35-hillshaded-dem-of-sutton-common-with-reconstructed"><img alt="37 Hillshaded DEM of Sutton Common with reconstructed alder carr vegetation and standing water " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_035.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">37 Hillshaded DEM of Sutton Common with reconstructed alder carr vegetation and standing water </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465655/figure-36-ji-ual-sl-sill-ds-the-palaeoenvironmental"><img alt="Ji UAL SL SILL DS. The palaeoenvironmental complexity of these landscapes means that the cannot be readily interpreted on the ground. Hence, GIS-based approaches 1 andscape reconstruction and visualisation become extremely relevant.The raise mires of Thorne and Hatfield Moors in South Yorkshire are the two large owland peat bogs in the UK, measuring 5.5 x 5.5km and 4.6 x 4.8km respectivel A GIS-based approach to interpreting the environmental development of the andscapes has been developed to provide a basis for interpreting and predictir irchaeological site locations within them (Chapman and Gearey 2003). Here th orocess was based upon the creation of a pre-peat land surface (38), based on variety of data sources including borehole data and geophysical survey (Grour Penetrating Radar(GPR)). The reconstruction of the pre-neat landscane presents an early drvlar " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_036.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Ji UAL SL SILL DS. The palaeoenvironmental complexity of these landscapes means that the cannot be readily interpreted on the ground. Hence, GIS-based approaches 1 andscape reconstruction and visualisation become extremely relevant.The raise mires of Thorne and Hatfield Moors in South Yorkshire are the two large owland peat bogs in the UK, measuring 5.5 x 5.5km and 4.6 x 4.8km respectivel A GIS-based approach to interpreting the environmental development of the andscapes has been developed to provide a basis for interpreting and predictir irchaeological site locations within them (Chapman and Gearey 2003). Here th orocess was based upon the creation of a pre-peat land surface (38), based on variety of data sources including borehole data and geophysical survey (Grour Penetrating Radar(GPR)). The reconstruction of the pre-neat landscane presents an early drvlar </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465657/figure-37-above-the-proxy-doggerland-landscape-using-section"><img alt="39 Above: The proxy ‘Doggerland’ landscape, using a section of Holderness, East Yorkshire " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_037.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">39 Above: The proxy ‘Doggerland’ landscape, using a section of Holderness, East Yorkshire </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465659/figure-38-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_038.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465661/figure-39-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_039.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465664/figure-40-changes-in-the-viewshed-when-walking-along-cursus"><img alt="42 Changes in the viewshed when walking along Cursus A within the Rudston landscape " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_040.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">42 Changes in the viewshed when walking along Cursus A within the Rudston landscape </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465667/figure-41-using-cumulative-viewshed-analysis-to-identify"><img alt="43 Using cumulative viewshed analysis to identify areas that overlap within the views from contemporary monuments. It may be argued that whilst such areas may be devoid of monuments, they may have been considered as culturally significant. Cf Llobera 1996 #3 Using cumulative viewshed analysis to identify areas that overlap within the views from " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_041.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">43 Using cumulative viewshed analysis to identify areas that overlap within the views from contemporary monuments. It may be argued that whilst such areas may be devoid of monuments, they may have been considered as culturally significant. Cf Llobera 1996 #3 Using cumulative viewshed analysis to identify areas that overlap within the views from </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465668/figure-42-excavations-of-the-later-neolithic-corduroy"><img alt="44 Excavations of the later Neolithic corduroy trackway and platform on Hatfield Moors, South WVaelbehi-va " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_042.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">44 Excavations of the later Neolithic corduroy trackway and platform on Hatfield Moors, South WVaelbehi-va </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465670/figure-43-the-birch-bark-material-which-appears-to-form"><img alt="45 The birch bark material which appears to form a ‘threshold’ between the trackway and platform of this later Neolithic site " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_043.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">45 The birch bark material which appears to form a ‘threshold’ between the trackway and platform of this later Neolithic site </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465672/figure-44-aerial-photograph-of-sutton-common-south-yorkshire"><img alt="46 Aerial photograph of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, during excavation " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_044.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">46 Aerial photograph of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, during excavation </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465674/figure-45-outline-plan-of-scom-enclosures-showing-route"><img alt="47 Outline plan of scom enclosures showing route through the site (after Parker Pearson and Sydes 1997) and highlighting the unusual arrangement of ditches forming part of the smaller enclosure " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_045.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">47 Outline plan of scom enclosures showing route through the site (after Parker Pearson and Sydes 1997) and highlighting the unusual arrangement of ditches forming part of the smaller enclosure </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465676/figure-46-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_046.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465678/figure-47-erosion-of-the-humber-foreshore-between-melton-and"><img alt="49 Erosion of the Humber foreshore between Melton and North Ferriby " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_047.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">49 Erosion of the Humber foreshore between Melton and North Ferriby </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465680/figure-48-exploring-spatial-and-temporal-erosion-rates-of"><img alt="50 Exploring spatial and temporal erosion rates of the Humber foreshore at North Ferriby first, at North Ferriby, covered a total length of 610m of the foreshore, and at the second, near Melton, a stretch of 140m was investigated. The peat/alluvium shelf was surveyed using GPS in 1997 and 2000. Additional layers of data were provided from vertical aerial photography, with each photograph scanned and georeferenced before digitising the position of the peat shelf. For North Ferriby. an additional layer of information was provided from the site plan during the excavations published in 1989 (Wright et al. 1989), although this data proved to be inaccurate and was omitted. At Melton, however, excavation plans from the 1980s proved to be more useful. Thus at North Ferriby, data were available for 1947 (aerial photography), 1997 and 2000 (differential GPS survey), whereas at Melton data were available for 1947 (aerial photography), 1987 (archaeological survey), 1997 and 2000 (differential GPS survey). The results of the analysis enabled the quantification of the resource, and made oo ce , a , a ee, ee: ee 2 oe ry Ae by ee " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_048.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">50 Exploring spatial and temporal erosion rates of the Humber foreshore at North Ferriby first, at North Ferriby, covered a total length of 610m of the foreshore, and at the second, near Melton, a stretch of 140m was investigated. The peat/alluvium shelf was surveyed using GPS in 1997 and 2000. Additional layers of data were provided from vertical aerial photography, with each photograph scanned and georeferenced before digitising the position of the peat shelf. For North Ferriby. an additional layer of information was provided from the site plan during the excavations published in 1989 (Wright et al. 1989), although this data proved to be inaccurate and was omitted. At Melton, however, excavation plans from the 1980s proved to be more useful. Thus at North Ferriby, data were available for 1947 (aerial photography), 1997 and 2000 (differential GPS survey), whereas at Melton data were available for 1947 (aerial photography), 1987 (archaeological survey), 1997 and 2000 (differential GPS survey). The results of the analysis enabled the quantification of the resource, and made oo ce , a , a ee, ee: ee 2 oe ry Ae by ee </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1465682/figure-49-landscape-archaeology-and-gis"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/110548301/figure_049.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs"></figcaption></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-loswp-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30734808" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30734808/Some_Reflections_on_the_Use_of_GIS_in_Landscape_Archaeology">Some Reflections on the Use of GIS in Landscape Archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1040075" href="https://rug.academia.edu/MartijnvanLeusen">Martijn van Leusen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ANEJOS DE AESPA LIX</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This brief contribution presents some reflexions on the papers, posters, and proceedings of the 5th International Merida conference on Archaeology. Technical and conceptual advances in the use of GIS by archaeologists are discussed in relation to the goals and needs of landscape archaeology, as understood by the author. To allow the reader some assessment of the value of these reflections, I have added some personal background.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Some Reflections on the Use of GIS in Landscape Archaeology","attachmentId":51181605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30734808/Some_Reflections_on_the_Use_of_GIS_in_Landscape_Archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30734808/Some_Reflections_on_the_Use_of_GIS_in_Landscape_Archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="95250850" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95250850/Advancing_Theory_Landscape_Archaeology_and_Geographical_Information_Systems">Advancing Theory? Landscape Archaeology and Geographical Information Systems</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22096" href="https://jmu.academia.edu/DiHu">Di Hu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper will focus on how Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been applied in Landscape Archaeology from the late 1980s to the present. GIS, a tool for organising and analysing spatial information, has exploded in popularity, but we still lack a systematic overview of how it has contributed to archaeological theory, specifically Landscape Archaeology. This paper will examine whether and how GIS has advanced archaeological theory through a historical review of its application in archaeology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Advancing Theory? Landscape Archaeology and Geographical Information Systems","attachmentId":97483973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95250850/Advancing_Theory_Landscape_Archaeology_and_Geographical_Information_Systems","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95250850/Advancing_Theory_Landscape_Archaeology_and_Geographical_Information_Systems"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="203042" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/203042/Trends_and_Problems_in_Archaeological_GIS_Applications">Trends and Problems in Archaeological GIS Applications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98987" href="https://upatras.academia.edu/MarkosKatsianis">Markos Katsianis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: Archaeology counts two decades of GIS applications. In terms of theory and practice it is time to evaluate GIS methods and explore ideas about future advancements. Two distinct research trends have been developed in Archaeology until now: landscape studies and intra-site applications. Each field still bears unresolved problems. In this paper we attempt a description of the major problems within these fields from an archaeological viewpoint and try to categorize them under three important notions that in our view should become of central focus in future research: Ontology, Visualization and Time. Key-Words: GIS applications, Archaeology, Intra-site, Landscape, Ontology, Visualization, Time</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trends and Problems in Archaeological GIS Applications","attachmentId":590238,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/203042/Trends_and_Problems_in_Archaeological_GIS_Applications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/203042/Trends_and_Problems_in_Archaeological_GIS_Applications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="14831617" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14831617/Geographical_Information_Systems_and_landscape_archaeology">Geographical Information Systems and landscape archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33715126" href="https://trentu.academia.edu/JamesConolly">James Conolly</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In B. David and J. Thomas (eds.) Handbook of Landscape Archaeology. World Archaeological Congress (WAC) Research Handbook Series. Left Coast Press. pp. 583-595, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Geographical Information Systems and landscape archaeology","attachmentId":38437736,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14831617/Geographical_Information_Systems_and_landscape_archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14831617/Geographical_Information_Systems_and_landscape_archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="19610982" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19610982/Working_the_Digital_Some_thoughts_from_Landscape_Archaeology">Working the Digital: Some thoughts from Landscape Archaeology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="299227" href="https://washington.academia.edu/MarcosLlobera">Marcos Llobera</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Digital information is nowadays pervasive to all aspects of archeology. Despite its ubiquity, many archaeologists still regard with some (or much!) suspicion studies that rely on the manipulation of digital representations questioning whether they have epistemic value and/or are appropriate within certain theoretical frameworks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Working the Digital: Some thoughts from Landscape Archaeology","attachmentId":40732281,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19610982/Working_the_Digital_Some_thoughts_from_Landscape_Archaeology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19610982/Working_the_Digital_Some_thoughts_from_Landscape_Archaeology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="4691210" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4691210/Laurenza_S_Putzolu_C_Farinetti_E_Re_thinking_landscape_archaeology_and_GIS_analyses_a_different_way_of_dealing_with_archaeological_landscapes_within_GIS">Laurenza S., Putzolu C., Farinetti E., Re-thinking landscape archaeology and GIS analyses: a different way of dealing with archaeological landscapes within GIS.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="414824" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/CristianoPutzolu">Cristiano Putzolu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">in M. Forte (ed.), The Reconstruction of Archaeological Landscapes through Digital Technologies. Proceedings of the 2nd Italy-United States Workshop, Rome, Italy, November 3-5, 2003 Berkeley, USA, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Our paper will start from exploring briefly the situation of GIS applications in the archaeological research fieldwork at the beginning of our century, looking at the capabilities and limits until now reached and discovered and will continue by proposing a new theoretical and practical Object-Oriented relational approach for the study of complex archaeological landscapes. Most of archaeologists have been captured finally by new computing technologies believing stili now that sophistication of powerful and expensive GIS software will be enough for high quality outputs and high levels of interpretation. For us, GIS is a set of techniques that at this stage help archaeologists to visualize and to manage huge amounts of georeferenced data and to execute some basic spatial analyses. Spatial Analysis offers several tools to allow archaeologists to move to more complex explanations. Therefore, the purpose of our paper will be to show how with well defined archaeological problems and starting from a well based theory, we can integrate some already existing tools in a GIS framework, moving in such way from beautiful images to complex analyses. Nowadays, most of GIS based archaeological projects are simple databases with a discrete representation of archaeological data in a 2D static space, with functionalities limited to primitive geometric operations used for the calculation of simple and basic relationships or for execute queries and summary descriptions between points (sites) or lines (ancient roads, streams, etc.) or areas (artifact concentrations) in a space. The result is that we have GIS used for the inputs of a huge quantities of data indiscriminately over a map, producing as final results a lot of maps but a lack of theories or hypotheses about the kind of problems archaeologists need to solve and about the relationships between spatial data.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Laurenza S., Putzolu C., Farinetti E., Re-thinking landscape archaeology and GIS analyses: a different way of dealing with archaeological landscapes within GIS.","attachmentId":32024244,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4691210/Laurenza_S_Putzolu_C_Farinetti_E_Re_thinking_landscape_archaeology_and_GIS_analyses_a_different_way_of_dealing_with_archaeological_landscapes_within_GIS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4691210/Laurenza_S_Putzolu_C_Farinetti_E_Re_thinking_landscape_archaeology_and_GIS_analyses_a_different_way_of_dealing_with_archaeological_landscapes_within_GIS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="98015018" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98015018/Mapping_the_Past_Plotting_the_Future_GIS_in_Archaeology_Programme_and_book_of_abstracts">Mapping the Past, Plotting the Future. GIS in Archaeology, Programme and book of abstracts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="503291" href="https://athena-innovation.academia.edu/VasilisEvangelidis">Vassilis Evangelidis</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="660501" href="https://athena-innovation.academia.edu/DespoinaTsiafakis">Despoina Tsiafakis</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12920748" href="https://athena-innovation.academia.edu/MelpomeniKarta">Melpomeni Karta</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3208404" href="https://athena-innovation.academia.edu/IoannisMourthos">Ioannis Mourthos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International Workshop organized by the Athena RC (and hosted by the British School at Athens) on the occasion of the establishment of the Archaeological GIS laboratory, AeGIS Athena at Xanthi (http://aegis.athenarc.gr/). Through selected case studies, each of which makes different use of the dynamic and flexible environment offered by GIS, the meeting aims to address some key issues in GIS application in archaeology. Participants Antoniadis V., Bonnier A., Boyd M.J., Campbell R., Donati J.C., Efkleidou K., Evangelidis V., Giannakoula G., Herbst J., Indjerd H., Karta M., Katevaini A., Katsianis M., Kennedy W., Kopanias K., Lolos Y., Loy M., Malaperdas G., Meyer N., Mourthos Y., Mousouris S., Nenci N., Orengo H., Renfrew C., Sarris A., Tsiafaki D., Tzavella E., Vassiliou A.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mapping the Past, Plotting the Future. GIS in Archaeology, Programme and book of abstracts","attachmentId":100363832,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98015018/Mapping_the_Past_Plotting_the_Future_GIS_in_Archaeology_Programme_and_book_of_abstracts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98015018/Mapping_the_Past_Plotting_the_Future_GIS_in_Archaeology_Programme_and_book_of_abstracts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="34225302" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34225302/Assessing_the_state_of_archaeological_GIS_research_Unbinding_analyses_of_past_landscapes">Assessing the state of archaeological GIS research: Unbinding analyses of past landscapes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24910158" href="https://unh.academia.edu/MeghanHowey">Meghan Howey</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1585062" href="https://vermont.academia.edu/MariekaBrouwerBurg">Marieka Brouwer Burg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The early pioneers of archaeological Geographic Information Systems (GIS) advocated for a future where this technology was more than a data-management tool. To this end, they emphasized harnessing the analytic power of GIS to advance innovative understandings of past social landscapes. This paper introduces the special issue, explaining its aims to offer a current assessment of how this vision has been realized. Three themes related to both persistent questions and emergent horizons in archaeological GIS are explored in the context of the contributions. We present our own set of ideas for how to unbind our analyses from some of the methodological and conceptual constraints inherent in the analytic GIS approaches on which we have long relied to explore past landscapes. We argue it is important to keep moving beyond analytic approaches tethered to discrete points, to push forward geospatial modeling of cultural processes across entire landscapes, and to incorporate uncertainty and iteration directly into our work. Through such efforts, we can develop robust insights into the ways past communities considered, reconfigured, and renewed patterns of social, economic, and ideological interaction, flow, and circulation through the variegated landscapes they inhabited. In doing this, we will get closer to realizing the ambitious vision early pioneers had for archaeological GIS e a technology they believed could let us ask entirely new questions about the past.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing the state of archaeological GIS research: Unbinding analyses of past landscapes","attachmentId":54140645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34225302/Assessing_the_state_of_archaeological_GIS_research_Unbinding_analyses_of_past_landscapes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34225302/Assessing_the_state_of_archaeological_GIS_research_Unbinding_analyses_of_past_landscapes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2950842" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2950842/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1996_A_critique_of_GIS_in_Archaeology_From_Visual_seduction_to_Spatial_Analysis">Barceló, J.A. Pallares,M. 1996 A critique of GIS in Archaeology. From Visual seduction to Spatial Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="957145" href="https://uab.academia.edu/JBARCELO">Joan Anton Barcelo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archeologia e Calcolatori No. 6, pp. 313-326.</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the role of Geographical Information Systems in the archaeological research. Currently some archaeologists seem largely captivated by new computing technologies believing that the sofisticacion of powerful software outputs will lend respectability by itself. In our opinion GIS is merely a set of techniques to visualize and manage large amounts of georeferenced data. There thus must be other tools to move from visualization to explanation, which fall within the domain of Spatial Analysis</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Barceló, J.A. Pallares,M. 1996 A critique of GIS in Archaeology. From Visual seduction to Spatial Analysis","attachmentId":31017416,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2950842/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1996_A_critique_of_GIS_in_Archaeology_From_Visual_seduction_to_Spatial_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2950842/Barcel%C3%B3_J_A_Pallares_M_1996_A_critique_of_GIS_in_Archaeology_From_Visual_seduction_to_Spatial_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="705835" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/705835/Going_over_old_ground_GIS_archaeological_theory_and_the_act_of_perception">Going over old ground: GIS, archaeological theory and the act of perception</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="521193" href="https://soton.academia.edu/DavidWheatley">David Wheatley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Computing the past: computer applications and …, 1993</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper is an attem pt to red irect and refocus the recent acad em ic d iscussion about the application of GIS technology onto som e broad er theoretical issues. These issues, it is argued , have tend ed to be obscured w ithin the d etailed m ethod ological d iscussions of the last few years, w ith the result that GIS applications in archaeology are now characterized by a largely hid d en agend a. This is found to encourage a functionalist approach to archaeological explanation, w ith all the associated explanatory w eaknesses w hich have caused m any archaeologists to reject sim ple functionalism . The notion of GIS as a `theoretically neutral' tool is consid ered and found to be untenable w hen the influence of sim ilarly im portant technological ad vances on archaeological theory is consid ered .</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Going over old ground: GIS, archaeological theory and the act of perception","attachmentId":3987279,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/705835/Going_over_old_ground_GIS_archaeological_theory_and_the_act_of_perception","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/705835/Going_over_old_ground_GIS_archaeological_theory_and_the_act_of_perception"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":110548301,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":110548301,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_110548301" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/WheatleyD">David Wheatley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Internet Archaeology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Making space for an archaeology of place","attachmentId":111945896,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115579223/Making_space_for_an_archaeology_of_place","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115579223/Making_space_for_an_archaeology_of_place"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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