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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محاكمة غيابية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاكمة غيابية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontumaco" title="Kontumaco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontumaco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="محاکمه غیابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاکمه غیابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contumace" title="Contumace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contumace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%90%EC%84%9D%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90" title="궐석재판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궐석재판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedimento_in_contumacia" title="Procedimento in contumacia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Procedimento in contumacia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstek_(procesrecht)" title="Verstek (procesrecht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstek (procesrecht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A0%E5%B8%AD%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4" title="欠席裁判 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欠席裁判" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4_in_absentia" title="Суд in absentia – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Суд in absentia" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Заочное решение суда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заочное решение суда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trial in absentia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="In absentia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and Europe and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trial_in_absentia" title="Talk:Trial in absentia">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trial in absentia</b> is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">In absentia</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "in (the) absence". Its interpretation varies by jurisdiction and legal system. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> legal systems, the phrase is more than a spatial description. In these systems, it suggests a recognition of a violation of a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Conviction in a trial in which a defendant is not present to answer the charges is held to be a violation of natural justice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, it violates the second <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_natural_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of natural justice">principle of natural justice</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Audi_alteram_partem" title="Audi alteram partem">audi alteram partem</a></i></span> (hear the other party). </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law legal systems</a>, such as that of Italy, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">absentia</i></span> is a recognized and accepted defense strategy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such trials may require the presence of the defendant's lawyer, depending on the country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Europe_(blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg/220px-Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg/330px-Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg/440px-Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Member states of the Council of Europe</a> that are party to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> are bound to adhere to <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 6</a> of the convention, which protects the right to a fair trial. </p><p>Trials in absentia are banned in some member states of the EU and permitted in others, posing significant problems for the fluidity of mutual recognition of these judicial judgments. The executing member state possesses some degree of discretion, and is not obliged to execute a <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a> if the country that is making the request has already tried that person in absentia. </p><p>Conditions under which trials in absentia must be recognised include: if the person can be said to have been aware of the trial; if a counsellor took their place at the trial; if they do not request an appeal in due time; and if they are to be offered an appeal. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The framework decision on the <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a> provides for the legal guarantees relevant to trials in absentia. While the framework decision explicitly refers to <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a>, its purpose is not to harmonise national laws on trials in absentia but to provide terms for the non-recognition of a European Arrest Warrant and other cooperative tools. The framework decision provides detailed conditions and requirements on which a trial in absentia can be considered compatible with Article 6, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Pieter Cleppe of the think-tank <a href="/wiki/Open_Europe" title="Open Europe">Open Europe</a>, in parts of Europe, in absentia trials essentially give defendants the ability to appeal twice—asking for a retrial at which they would be present and then potentially appealing the second verdict. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are some guarantees in the legal system that make sure that it's fair, that the rights of the defense are not being violated, while still making sure that justice is being done. In absentia judgments are common ... you can criticize that, but it's quite common.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Cleppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Cleppe (page does not exist)">Pieter Cleppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Europe" title="Open Europe">Open Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Council of Europe">The Council of Europe</a> has made commentary on judgments that are made in absentia. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Ministers">Committee of Ministers</a>, in Resolution (75) 11, of 21 May 1975, stated that an individual must first be effectively served with a summons prior to being tried. In this sense, the ministers are emphasizing that it is not the presence of the accused at the hearing that is of importance, rather the focus should be on whether or not the individual was informed of the trial in time. </p><p>In a 1985 judgement in the case <i>Colozza v Italy</i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> stressed that a person charged with a criminal offence is entitled to take part in the hearings. This entitlement is based on the right to a fair trial and the right to a defence, both of which are required by the convention (articles 6(1) and 6(3)). Furthermore, the court stressed that a person convicted in absentia shall be entitled to a fresh trial once he becomes aware of the proceedings:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When domestic law permits a trial to be held notwithstanding the absence of a person "charged with a criminal offence" who is in Mr. Colozza’s position, that person should, once he becomes aware of the proceedings, be able to obtain, from a court which has heard him, a fresh determination of the merits of the charge.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, <i>Colozza vs. Italy</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Committee">Human Rights Committee</a> (HRC) examined <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monguya_Mbenge_v._Zaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monguya Mbenge v. Zaire (page does not exist)">Monguya Mbenge v. Zaire</a></i> (1990) in which the applicant was sentenced to death while exiled in Belgium and was only able to learn of the case against him through the media. Due to these circumstances, the committee found that a number of the applicant's procedural rights had been violated, especially in consideration of the fact that the Zairean authorities had hardly attempted to contact the applicant despite possible knowledge of the applicant's address. This highly impeded the applicant's capacity to prepare any form of defense. Failed evidence to support the case that a court had tried to inform the accused of proceedings against him/her provides the committee with the opinion that the right to be tried in one's presence was violated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Article 8(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Basic_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, which has the same legal standing as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Constitution</a>, no one may be prosecuted or deprived of their liberty except on grounds and in a manner specified by law.<sup id="cite_ref-psp.cz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psp.cz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the Czech Criminal Procedural Code requires the presence of the defendant in any criminal proceedings. The code recognizes the following exemptions from this rule, when criminal proceedings may be conducted without the presence of the person charged:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Where a defendant has died</i> (involving the continuation or reopening of proceedings in order to clear a deceased defendant's name).</li> <li><i>Where a defendant is unknown:</i> <ul><li>This may arise before charges against a person are brought, normally in respect of pre-trial proceedings. For example, if police conclude that a crime has been committed and that action needs to be taken to identify the perpetrator, such as the interrogation of a witness or an identity parade, such an action is taken in the presence of a judge because the rights of the (still unidentified) criminal suspect cannot otherwise be adequately protected during the evidence gathering. Normally, a defendant enjoys the right to be present or represented by an attorney during the interrogation or identity parade. But where the defendant is not yet identified, in order to secure full legality and impartiality, a judge is present. This ensures the admissibility of the resulting evidence will not be successfully challenged during the trial. Typically, this situation might involve a dying witness, not expected to be available later for cross-examination at a trial by or on behalf of the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When confiscating property involved in criminal case from an unknown owner, the property confiscated will remain the property of the unknown owner pending a trial and a court decision to transfer the property confiscated to the state. An example could arise where the property to be confiscated might endanger people, property or society, or might be used for commission of a felony. Typically, this concerns prohibited weapons or ammunition, explosives, narcotics, poisons, etc., seized by the police without, at the time of the seizure, knowing the owner's identity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Where a defendant is known:</i> <ul><li><i>Where an accused person is evading proceedings</i> by being either abroad or in hiding, the proceedings may be conducted in absentia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proceedings are then officially started by the formal delivery of charges to the defendant's attorney. If the defendant does not have an attorney, the court will appoint one.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attorney must in these circumstances be appointed throughout the entire proceedings, and will have all the defendant's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All documents intended for the defendant will be delivered to the attorney and the court must take "appropriate measures" to announce the trial publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the absent defendant subsequently appears during the trial, the proceedings shall continue in the normal way. The defendant may request that any evidence that had been presented in his absence be presented again; where this is not possible, he will be shown records of it and may comment on it. Where the case has ended with an enforceable judgment, the convicted party may request a fresh trial within eight days of the delivery of the judgment to him. The fresh trial may not lead to an outcome that would be less favorable to the defendant than the outcome of the previous in absentia trial.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Apart from the aforementioned cases of in absentia proceedings in the narrow sense, the defendant may also be absent during the trial under following circumstances: </p> <ul><li><i>When the defendant fails to appear for the trial</i>: only if<sup id="cite_ref-a202_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a202-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>the indictment was duly delivered <i>and</i></li> <li>the defendant was duly summoned for the trial (i.e. is not in hiding) <i>and</i></li> <li>the defendant has already been formally questioned during pre-trial proceedings (whether or not they elected to remain silent) <i>and</i></li> <li>the defendant has been alerted about their right to study the case file and to put forward motions for investigation <i>and</i></li> <li>the court determines that, despite the defendant's absence from the trial, the case can be reliably decided and the purposes of the trial achieved.</li></ul></li> <li><i>When the defendant requests that the trial takes place in their absence</i>: if the defendant is being held <a href="/wiki/Remand_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand in the Czech Republic">on remand</a>, a simple failure to appear is not permitted: the defendant must formally request that the proceedings to take place in their absence<sup id="cite_ref-a202_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a202-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>When the defendant is disrupting the proceedings</i>: trial in absentia is possible only on basis of a formal ruling of, and subject to previous warning by, the court, and only for the necessary period of time. Immediately after allowing the defendant back into the courtroom, the presiding judge must convey the essential content of the proceedings taken in the defendant's absence, so as allow them to comment on it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is one of several countries in Europe that allow trials in absentia,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are a regular occurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Maleki v Italy</i> (1997), the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Committee">Human Rights Committee</a> held that the Italian policy on trials in absentia was a breach of the right to fair trial under Article 14 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. Italy argued that where a defendant in absentia is represented by court-appointed counsel and where he or she has an opportunity to be re-tried, the right to a fair trial will not be violated. The committee disagreed, describing Italy's position as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>clearly insufficient to lift the burden placed on the State party if it is to justify trying an accused in absentia. It was incumbent on the court that tried the case to verify that [Maleki] had been informed of the pending case before proceeding to hold the trial in absentia. Failing evidence that the court did so, the [HRC] is of the opinion that [Maleki's] right to be tried in his presence was violated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2009, a former <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> station chief and two other Americans were tried and convicted in absentia by a Milan appeals court for the abduction of Egyptian terror suspect Osama Hassan Mustafa Nasr. The decision meant that 26 Americans tried in absentia for the abduction were found guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trial of American <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Knox" title="Amanda Knox">Amanda Knox</a> for the 2007 murder of British student <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Kercher" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith Kercher">Meredith Kercher</a> highlighted the issue of Italy's willingness to try defendants in absentia. In 2013 Italy's highest court, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Court of Cassation</a>, decided to annul Knox's appeal (alongside the co-accused, Italian Raffaele Sollecito), thus overturning their previous acquittals, declaring the acquittal as "full of deficiencies, contradictions and illogical conclusions".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Amanda Knox remained at her home in the United States, her appeal was heard in absentia, in Florence, Italy. On 30 January 2014 her guilty verdict was re-instated for the murder of Kercher and her sentence set at 28 years and six months imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews.go.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <i>Goddi v. Italy</i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that the failure of Italy's judiciary to inform the officially appointed lawyer of the applicant in regards to the correct date of the trial hearing deprived the applicant of an effective defence, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 6</a> (3) (c) had been violated.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain case law supports the notion that in some circumstances representation by counsel at the trial will not be enough to make an in absentia conviction conclusive enough for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a>. In <i>Gallina v Fraser</i>, the appellant Vincenzo Gallina was convicted in absentia according to established Italian procedure for two robberies. The verdict in Gallina has been since interpreted to suggest that the presence of legal counsel alone is, in certain cases, insufficient to give an in absentia conviction that establishes probable cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For more than 100 years, courts in the United States have held that the United States Constitution protects a criminal defendant's right to appear in person at their trial, as a matter of <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendments</a>. </p><p>In 1884, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> held that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the legislature has deemed it essential to the protection of one whose life or liberty is involved in a prosecution for felony, that he shall be personally present at the trial, that is, at every stage of the trial when his substantial rights may be affected by the proceedings against him. If he be deprived of his life or liberty without being so present, such deprivation would be without that due process of law required by the Constitution.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopt_v._Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopt v. Utah (page does not exist)">Hopt v. Utah</a></i> 110 US 574, 28 L Ed 262, 4 S Ct 202 (1884).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A similar holding was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Arizona Court of Appeals</a> in 2004 (based on Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A voluntary waiver of the right to be present requires true freedom of choice. A trial court may infer that a defendant's absence from trial is voluntary and constitutes a waiver if a defendant had personal knowledge of the time of the proceeding, the right to be present, and had received a warning that the proceeding would take place in their absence if they failed to appear. The courts indulge every reasonable presumption against the waiver of fundamental constitutional rights.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_v._Whitley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State v. Whitley (page does not exist)">State v. Whitley</a></i>, 85 P.3d 116 (2004) (Depublished Opinion).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> codified this right by approving Rule 43 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Criminal_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a> in 1946 and amended the Rule in 1973, the right is not absolute. </p><p>Rule 43 provides that a defendant shall be present </p> <ul><li>at the arraignment,</li> <li>at the time of the plea,</li> <li>at every stage of the trial including the impaneling of the jury and the return of the verdict and</li> <li>at the imposition of sentence.</li></ul> <p>However, the following exceptions are included in the Rule: </p> <ul><li>the defendant waives his or her right to be present if he or she voluntarily leaves the trial after it has commenced,</li> <li>if he or she persists in disruptive conduct after being warned that such conduct will cause him or her to be removed from the courtroom,</li> <li>a corporation need not be present, but may be represented by counsel,</li> <li>in prosecutions for misdemeanors, the court may permit arraignment, plea, trial, and imposition of sentence in the defendant's absence with his or her written consent, and</li> <li>the defendant need not be present at a conference or argument upon a question of law or at a reduction of sentence under Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.</li></ul> <p>Indeed, several U.S. Supreme Court decisions have recognized that a defendant may forfeit the right to be present at trial through <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">disruptive behavior</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or through his or her voluntary absence after trial has begun.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the Supreme Court revisited Rule 43 in the case of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crosby_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crosby v. United States (page does not exist)">Crosby v. United States</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court unanimously held, in an opinion written by Justice <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a>, that Rule 43 does not permit the trial in absentia of a defendant who is absent at the beginning of trial. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This case requires us to decide whether Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 43 permits the trial in absentia of a defendant who absconds prior to trial and is absent at its beginning. We hold that it does not. ...The Rule declares explicitly: "The defendant shall be present...at every stage of the trial...<i>except as otherwise provided by this rule</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (emphasis added). The list of situations in which the trial may proceed without the defendant is marked as exclusive not by the "expression of one" circumstance, but rather by the express use of a limiting phrase. In that respect the language and structure of the Rule could not be more clear. </p></blockquote> <p>However, in <i>Crosby</i>, the Rehnquist Court reiterated an 80-year-old precedent that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where the offense is not capital and the accused is not in custody, ...if, <i>after the trial has begun in his presence</i>, he voluntarily absents himself, this does not nullify what has been done or prevent the completion of the trial, but, on the contrary, operates as a waiver of his right to be present and leaves the court free to proceed with the trial in like manner and with like effect as if he were present."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Diaz v. United States</i>, 223 U.S. at 455 [1912] (emphasis added). </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_convicted_in_absentia" title="Category:People convicted in absentia">Category:People convicted in absentia</a></div> <p>Examples of people convicted <i>in absentia</i> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> was removed from his trial due to his disruptive behavior, and sentenced to death by beheading without being in the room.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(born_1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesare Battisti (born 1954)">Cesare Battisti</a>, thriller author and former member of the Italian terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Armed_Proletarians_for_Communism" title="Armed Proletarians for Communism">Armed Proletarians for Communism</a>, sentenced to life. (Arrested on March 18, 2007, in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and then released on 9 June 2011.)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bailey_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Bailey (journalist)">Ian Bailey</a>, a British man convicted <i>in absentia</i> by a French court of the murder of a French woman in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a>, was convicted in July 1997 <i>in absentia</i> by a Yugoslav court after several unsuccessful attempts to capture or kill him.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krim_Belkacem" title="Krim Belkacem">Krim Belkacem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> resistance fighter and politician. (Assassinated on October 18, 1970, in West Germany.)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Boere" title="Heinrich Boere">Heinrich Boere</a>, a Dutch or German convicted by a Dutch court in 1949 of murders on the part of the World War II German occupation authorities in the Netherlands. German courts refused to extradite Boere to the Netherlands due to his possibly having German citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>, Nazi official and Hitler's private secretary, convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg war crimes trials</a>. (Disappeared on May 2, 1945, his remains were uncovered in late 1972 in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, and conclusively identified as those of Bormann in 1998.)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9si_Bouterse" title="Dési Bouterse">Dési Bouterse</a>, Suriname's former military leader, sentenced to 16 years in prison and fined $2.18 million in the Netherlands for cocaine trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Chalabi" title="Ahmed Chalabi">Ahmed Chalabi</a>, former Iraqi oil minister, convicted in Jordan for bank fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a>, Italian former prime minister, sentenced <i>in absentia</i> to 27 years in jail in Italy, who previously fled to <a href="/wiki/Hammamet,_Tunisia" title="Hammamet, Tunisia">Hammamet</a> in Tunisia in 1994, and remained a fugitive there, protected by <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a>'s regime.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a>, Belgian Nazi collaborator sentenced to death by firing squad while he lived in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kukli%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kukliński">Ryszard Kukliński</a>, a Polish colonel, Cold War spy and communist whistleblower, sentenced <i>in absentia</i> to death as a traitor in 1984 by a communist court in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>. He was finally acquitted in 1997. It was said his activity was in a State of Necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Einhorn" title="Ira Einhorn">Ira Einhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murderer" class="mw-redirect" title="Murderer">murderer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> activist, who challenged his conviction in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. (Escaped to Europe, but was extradited from France back to the US on July 20, 2001.)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Factor" title="John Factor">John Factor</a>, a British-born American <a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con man</a>, charged with <a href="/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">securities fraud</a> in England and tried and sentenced to 24 years in prison <i>in absentia</i> after fleeing back to the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, sentenced first to four years in prison and later to death in 1940 for treason against the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky" title="Oleg Gordievsky">Oleg Gordievsky</a>, sentenced to death by the Soviet Union for treason after fleeing to the United Kingdom in 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%BCeslavs_Maikovskis" title="Boļeslavs Maikovskis">Boļeslavs Maikovskis</a>, Latvian Nazi collaborator sentenced to death by a Soviet court in 1965 (while living in the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_McG._Thomas_1996_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_McG._Thomas_1996-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> sentenced to death in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> for genocide in May 2008.</li> <li>Jamal Jafaar Mohammed aka <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mahdi_al-Muhandis" title="Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis">Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis</a>, sentenced to death by a Kuwaiti court for the <a href="/wiki/1983_Kuwait_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Kuwait bombings">1983 Kuwait bombings</a>. He served in Iraq's parliament (2006–2007) as a member of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was killed in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike</a> by a United States drone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>, sentenced to death in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. (Killed on June 7, 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Luster" title="Andrew Luster">Andrew Luster</a>, convicted of rape after fleeing mid-trial.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiberto_Ojeda_R%C3%ADos" title="Filiberto Ojeda Ríos">Filiberto Ojeda Ríos</a>, convicted in the US after fleeing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a>, former president of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, sentenced to life in prison along with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Ben_Ali" title="Leïla Ben Ali">Leïla Ben Ali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Provenzano" title="Bernardo Provenzano">Bernardo Provenzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> boss convicted of numerous murders during his 42 years as a fugitive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">DINA</a> agent, has been convicted in 1993 by an Italian court in carrying out the 1975 Rome murder attempt on <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Leighton" title="Bernardo Leighton">Bernardo Leighton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Currently living under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program" title="United States Federal Witness Protection Program">United States Federal Witness Protection Program</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholam_Weiss" title="Sholam Weiss">Sholam Weiss</a>, sentenced to the longest federal prison term in United States history (835 years) for fraud, money laundering and other crimes, jumped bail mid-trial. (Extradited by Austria on June 20, 2002.)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Shevchenko" title="Arkady Shevchenko">Arkady Shevchenko</a>, high ranking <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a> official of the USSR, sentenced to death in Moscow <i>in absentia</i> after defecting to the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Okruashvili" title="Irakli Okruashvili">Irakli Okruashvili</a>, Defense Minister of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> from 2004 to 2006 and a personal friend of Georgian president <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a>. Okruashvili returned to prominence when he formed an opposition party to the Georgian government and accused it of corruption and plotting assassinations. He was arrested days later on charges of extortion, bribe taking, and abuse of power, and released on $6 million bail pending trial. He flew to Europe, supposedly to seek medical treatment, but tried to find political asylum. He was denied <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Germany" title="Asylum in Germany">asylum in Germany</a>, but received it in France, which refused an extradition request from Georgia. He was tried <i>in absentia</i>, found guilty, and sentenced to 11 years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Koffi_Adoboli" title="Eugene Koffi Adoboli">Eugene Koffi Adoboli</a> was sentenced to five years in jail <i>in absentia</i> stemming from an embezzlement scandal while he was Prime Minister of Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, radical <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> cleric assassinated by drone by the United States in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in 2011, was tried in abseentia by the Yemeni government.<sup id="cite_ref-www.msnbc.com_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.msnbc.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poteyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Poteyev">Alexander Poteyev</a>, ex-colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a>, was sentenced <i>in absentia</i> to 25 years of imprisonment on the charge of high treason by Moscow court in 2011. His whereabouts are unknown; presumably he lives in the United States under protection of the US government.</li> <li>Kent Kristensen, Danish businessman was sentenced in Romania <i>in absentia</i> to seven years for not paying an official in a building project. He was arrested in Spain in 2011 when he tried to save his child who was abducted by her mother. He is serving his time at the Giurgiu maximum security prison. In March 2012 it was reported that the Romania denied him his medication.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Knox" title="Amanda Knox">Amanda Knox</a>, tried <i>in absentia</i> and convicted in 2013 (later cleared), for the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Meredith_Kercher" title="Murder of Meredith Kercher">murder of Meredith Kercher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews.go.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marshal">Soviet Marshal</a> convicted <i>in absentia</i> by Lithuania for deadly <a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">military crackdown</a> in 1991 and sentenced to 10 years in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_d%27Aubigny" title="Julie d'Aubigny">Julie d'Aubigny</a>, 17th-century French duelist charged with <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_snatching" title="Body snatching">body snatching</a> <i>in absentia</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaidan" title="Muhammad Zaidan">Muhammad Zaidan</a> (aka. Abu Abbas), leader of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Front">Palestine Liberation Front</a>, was charged in Italy <i>in absentia</i> to five terms of life imprisonment for his role as mastermind in the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking">hijacking</a> of the Italian cruise ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Achille_Lauro" title="MS Achille Lauro">MS <i>Achille Lauro</i></a>, which resulted in the murder of 69-year-old <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jewish</a> passenger <a href="/wiki/Leon_Klinghoffer" title="Leon Klinghoffer">Leon Klinghoffer</a>. He was captured by American forces on April 14, 2003, during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and died on March 8, 2004, of natural causes, while in American custody.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Funes" title="Mauricio Funes">Mauricio Funes</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">president of El Salvador</a> (2009–2014), was convicted and sentenced <i>in absentia</i> to 14 years imprisonment in May 2023 for his role in organizing a <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932014_Salvadoran_gang_truce" title="2012–2014 Salvadoran gang truce">gang truce between 2012 and 2014</a>. At the time of his sentencing, Funes was living in exile in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Latif_(cricketer)" title="Khalid Latif (cricketer)">Khalid Latif</a>, a former Pakistani cricketer, was convicted <i>in absentia</i> to 12 years imprisonment by a Dutch court in September 2023 for attempting to provoke the murder of Dutch politician <a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a>, for incitement, and for making threats.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Ovsyannikova" title="Marina Ovsyannikova">Marina Ovsyannikova</a>, a Russian journalist, was sentenced in absentia to 8.5 years in prison in October 2023 for <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">spreading "false information"</a> about the Russian armed forces in Ukraine. Ovsyannikova called the sentence "politically motivated" and "absurd".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Audi_alteram_partem" title="Audi alteram partem">Audi alteram partem</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declared_death_in_absentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Declared death in absentia">Declared death in absentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">Default judgment</a> (a civil counterpart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_absentia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="In absentia (disambiguation)">In absentia (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases" title="List of Latin phrases">List of Latin phrases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrimusJerold_IsraelKingKerr2015" class="citation book cs1">Primus, Eve Brensike; 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Prague: Linde Praha a.s.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trestn%C3%AD+pr%C3%A1vo+procesn%C3%AD&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Linde+Praha+a.s.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=C%C3%ADsa%C5%99ov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠámal2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šámal, Pavel (2013). <i>Trestní řád I., II., III</i> [<i>Criminal Procedure Code I., II., III.</i>] (in Czech) (7th ed.). Prague: C. H. Beck. pp. 1977–1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trestn%C3%AD+%C5%99%C3%A1d+I.%2C+II.%2C+III.&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=1977-1983&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%C5%A0%C3%A1mal&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠámal" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šámal, Pavel. <i>Trestní zákoník</i> [<i>Criminal Code</i>] (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: C. H. Beck. pp. 1195–1209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trestn%C3%AD+z%C3%A1kon%C3%ADk&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=1195-1209&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.aulast=%C5%A0%C3%A1mal&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=430&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090556/https://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=430&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D4%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D430%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=431&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091320/https://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=431&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D4%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D431%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=432&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091345/https://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=432&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D4%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D432%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=434&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091431/https://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=434&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D4%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D434%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=435&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090924/https://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=4&idBiblio=30139&recShow=435&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D4%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D435%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §306a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a202-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a202_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a202_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=3&idBiblio=30139&recShow=308&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091502/https://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=3&idBiblio=30139&recShow=308&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D3%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D308%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203145405/http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=3&idBiblio=30139&recShow=310&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">"Criminal Procedural Code of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Collection of the Laws of the Czech Republic</i> (in Czech). <b>141</b> (1961). Prague. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=3&idBiblio=30139&recShow=310&fulltext=trestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk&nr=141~2F1961&part=&name=&rpp=100#parCnt">the original</a> on 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+the+Laws+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=Criminal+Procedural+Code+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.gov.cz%2Fapp%2Fzakony%2FzakonPar.jsp%3Fpage%3D3%26idBiblio%3D30139%26recShow%3D310%26fulltext%3Dtrestn~C3~AD~20z~C3~A1kon~C3~ADk%26nr%3D141~2F1961%26part%3D%26name%3D%26rpp%3D100%23parCnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span> §204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prisonersabroad.org.uk/uploads/documents/prisoners/Trials_in_absentia.pdf">"General Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prisoners Abroad</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215190404/http://www.prisonersabroad.org.uk/uploads/documents/prisoners/Trials_in_absentia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prisoners+Abroad&rft.atitle=General+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonersabroad.org.uk%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2Fprisoners%2FTrials_in_absentia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v4i1/schwar41.htm">"Trials in Absentia"</a>. <i>Washington College of Law</i>. American University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623004403/http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v4i1/schwar41.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+College+of+Law&rft.atitle=Trials+in+Absentia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcl.american.edu%2Fhrbrief%2Fv4i1%2Fschwar41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jenks, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2176&context=ilj">"Notice Otherwise Given: Will in Absentia Trials at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon Violate Human Rights?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fordham_International_Law_Journal" title="Fordham International Law Journal">Fordham International Law Journal</a></i>. <b>33</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105224941/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2176&context=ilj">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Notice+Otherwise+Given%3A+Will+in+Absentia+Trials+at+the+Special+Tribunal+for+Lebanon+Violate+Human+Rights%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2176%26context%3Dilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/italian-court-convicts-cia-trio-kidnap-article-1.1253324">"Italian court convicts CIA trio in kidnap"</a>. NY Daily News. February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207071111/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/italian-court-convicts-cia-trio-kidnap-article-1.1253324">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+court+convicts+CIA+trio+in+kidnap&rft.pub=NY+Daily+News&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fitalian-court-convicts-cia-trio-kidnap-article-1.1253324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2013" class="citation web cs1">Austin, Henry (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/amanda-knox-no-show-new-trial-murder-begins-italy-f8C11294149">"Amanda Knox is a no-show as new trial for murder begins in Italy"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105190147/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/amanda-knox-no-show-new-trial-murder-begins-italy-f8C11294149">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+military%3A+Iraqi+lawmaker+is+U.S.+Embassy+bomber&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F02%2F05%2Firaq.lawmaker%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/militants-sentenced-to-death-1.1016154">"Militants sentenced to death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927105936/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/militants-sentenced-to-death-1.1016154">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Militants+sentenced+to+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fmilitants-sentenced-to-death-1.1016154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Agent of Chilean Secret Service Convicted of Murder Attempt". <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a>. 11 March 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agent+of+Chilean+Secret+Service+Convicted+of+Murder+Attempt&rft.date=1993-03-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare2007" class="citation news cs1">Ware, Michael (22 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/05/iraq.lawmaker/index.html">"U.S. military: Iraqi lawmaker is U.S. Embassy bomber"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Abu+Abbas&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.aulast=Joffe&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fmar%2F11%2Fguardianobituaries.israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemán2023" class="citation web cs1">Alemán, Marcos (30 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/el-salvador-president-mauricio-funes-sentenced-70a77555aa50ac517be659b65cab6d1a">"Ex-El Salvador President Mauricio Funes Sentenced to 14 Years for Negotiating with Gangs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530192843/https://apnews.com/article/el-salvador-president-mauricio-funes-sentenced-70a77555aa50ac517be659b65cab6d1a">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Ex-El+Salvador+President+Mauricio+Funes+Sentenced+to+14+Years+for+Negotiating+with+Gangs&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft.aulast=Alem%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fel-salvador-president-mauricio-funes-sentenced-70a77555aa50ac517be659b65cab6d1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/11/pakistani-ex-cricketer-sentenced-to-12-years-for-threatening-dutch-mp">"Dutch court sentences Pakistani ex-cricketer who threatened Geert Wilders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></i>. 11 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320104651/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/11/pakistani-ex-cricketer-sentenced-to-12-years-for-threatening-dutch-mp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.atitle=Dutch+court+sentences+Pakistani+ex-cricketer+who+threatened+Geert+Wilders&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F9%2F11%2Fpakistani-ex-cricketer-sentenced-to-12-years-for-threatening-dutch-mp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/10/04/russia-jails-state-tv-protester-85-years-in-absentia-a82653">"Russia Jails State TV Protester 8.5 Years in Absentia"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Jails+State+TV+Protester+8.5+Years+in+Absentia&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F04%2Frussia-jails-state-tv-protester-85-years-in-absentia-a82653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+in+absentia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_in_absentia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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