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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Mumun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Mumun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Mumun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Mumun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Mumun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Mumun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Mumun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Mumun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Mumun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Mumun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Late Mumun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Mumun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mumun_cultural_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subsistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortuary_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortuary_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mortuary practices</span> </div> 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Mumun pottery period</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86" title="عصر فخار ممن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر فخار ممن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_de_la_cer%C3%A0mica_Mumun" title="Període de la ceràmica Mumun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període de la ceràmica Mumun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumun" title="Mumun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mumun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_de_la_cer%C3%A1mica_Mumun" title="Periodo de la cerámica Mumun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodo de la cerámica Mumun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دوره سفالی میومان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره سفالی میومان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique_Mumun" title="Période de la céramique Mumun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Période de la céramique Mumun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="민무늬토기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민무늬토기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Tembikar_Mumun" title="Zaman Tembikar Mumun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Tembikar Mumun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_della_ceramica_Mumun" title="Periodo della ceramica Mumun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo della ceramica Mumun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Tembikar_Mumun" title="Zaman Tembikar Mumun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Tembikar Mumun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%96%87%E5%9C%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="無文土器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無文土器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Период Мумун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Период Мумун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumunin_kulttuuri" title="Mumunin kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mumunin kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumun_Seramik_D%C3%B6nemi" title="Mumun Seramik Dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mumun Seramik Dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_g%E1%BB%91m_V%C3%B4_V%C4%83n" title="Thời kỳ đồ 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mumun pottery period</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Late Stone Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1500 – c. 300 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">무문토기시대</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">無文土器時代</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Mumun togi sidae</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Mumun t'ogi sidae</i></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Korea" title="Category:History of Korea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of <span class="fn org label">Korea</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png" class="mw-file-description" title="thum"><img alt="thum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/200px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/300px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/400px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic period">Palaeolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700,000 BC-8000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Neolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8000 BC–1500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500 BC–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mumun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <i><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning dagger</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2333 BC</abbr>–108 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dangun</span></a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon"><span style="font-size:85%;">Gija</span></a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon"><span style="font-size:85%;">Wiman</span></a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4th–2nd century BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo" title="Eastern Buyeo">Eastern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galsa_Buyeo" title="Galsa Buyeo">Galsa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">Ma</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy" title="Byeonhan confederacy">Byeon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jinhan_confederacy" title="Jinhan confederacy">Jin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangnang_Kingdom" title="Nangnang Kingdom">Nakrang</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BC–668 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 18 BC–660 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 57 BC–935 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 42–562</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Tributary of Baekje)</i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 498–660</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Usan" title="Usan">Usan</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 512–930</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Northern and Southern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">United Silla</a> (Unified Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 668–892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 698–926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 699–820</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Tributary of Silla)</i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 662–925</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 892–936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> (Later Goguryeo)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 901–918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Unified Silla</a> (Later Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 892–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Later_Sabeol" title="Later Sabeol">Later Sabeol</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 919–927</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 926–936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 927–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 938–986</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Dynastic period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 918–1392</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Vassal of Goryeo)</i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 938–1105</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Heungyo</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1029–1030</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1392–1897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1897–1910</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1910–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1948</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea#Post-World_War_II" title="Division of Korea">Military governments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">North-South division</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art#History" title="Korean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_cuisine" title="History of Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_currency" title="Korean currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Korea" title="History of education in Korea">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Korea" title="List of wars involving Korea">List</a></span> · <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo" title="Military history of Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">Monarchs</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Korean_monarchs" title="Family tree of Korean monarchs">Family tree</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Era names</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Korea" title="Naval history of Korea">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_newspapers_in_Korea" title="History of newspapers in Korea">Newspapers</a></li> <li>Politics (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty politics">Joseon</a></span> · <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North</a></span> · <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Korea">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Buddhism"><span style="font-size:85%;">Buddhism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Korea"><span style="font-size:85%;">Christianity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Korea"><span style="font-size:85%;">Islam</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Korea" title="History of science and technology in Korea">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Korea" title="History of women in Korea">Women</a></li> <li>World Heritage Sites (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Korea">North</a></span> · <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">South</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/16px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/24px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/32px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Korea" title="Template:History of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Korea" title="Template talk:History of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mumun pottery period</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> era in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Korean prehistory</a> that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahn2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahn2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bale2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> assemblage over the entire length of the period, but especially 850-550 BC. </p><p>The Mumun period is known for the origins of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a> and complex societies on both the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period or parts of it have sometimes been labelled as the "Korean <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>", after <a href="/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen_Thomsen" title="Christian Jürgensen Thomsen">Thomsen's</a> 19th century <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> classification of human prehistory. However, the application of such terminology in the Korean case may be misleading since local bronze production is not proven to have occurred until approximately the 13th century BCE, early bronze artifacts are rare, and the distribution of bronze is highly regionalized until after 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A boom in the archaeological excavations of Mumun Period sites since the mid-1990s has recently increased collective knowledge about this formative period in the prehistory of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. </p><p>The Mumun period is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_Pottery_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeulmun Pottery Period">Jeulmun Pottery Period</a> (c. 8000-1500 BC). The Jeulmun was a period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale cultivation of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of the Mumun Period are not well known, but the <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> burials, Mumun pottery, and large settlements found in the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> Basin and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> c. 1800-1500 probably indicate the origins of the Mumun Period of Southern Korea. <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a> cultivators who used Mumun pottery displaced people using Jeulmun Period subsistence patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Mumun">Early Mumun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Mumun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Early (or Formative) Mumun (c. 1500-850 BC) is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>, fishing, hunting, and discrete settlements with rectangular semi-subterranean pit-houses. The social scale of Early Mumun societies was egalitarian in nature, but the latter part of this period is characterized by increasing intra-settlement competition and perhaps the presence of part-time "big-man" leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Mumun settlements are relatively concentrated in the river valleys formed by tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Geum_River" title="Geum River">Geum River</a> in West-central Korea. However, one of the largest Early Mumun settlements, Eoeun (<a href="/wiki/Hangeul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangeul">Hangeul</a>: 어은), is located in the Middle Nam River valley in South-central Korea. In the latter Early Mumun, large settlements composed of many <a href="/wiki/Long_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Long house">long-houses</a> such as Baekseok-dong (Hangeul: 백석동) appeared in the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Cheonan" title="Cheonan">Cheonan</a> City, Chungcheong Nam-do. </p><p>Important long-term traditions related to Mumun ceremonial and mortuary systems originated in this sub-period. These traditions include the construction of <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">megalithic burials</a>, the production of red-burnished pottery, and production of polished groundstone daggers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Mumun">Middle Mumun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Mumun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg/200px-Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg/300px-Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg/400px-Korea-Ganghwado-Dolmen-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gochang,_Hwasun_and_Ganghwa_Dolmen_Sites" title="Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites">Ganghwa</a> dolmen, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg/200px-Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg/300px-Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg/400px-Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Large Middle Mumun (c. 8th century BC) storage vessel unearthed from a pit-house in or near <a href="/wiki/Daepyeong" title="Daepyeong">Daepyeong</a>, H= c. 60-70 cm.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Middle (or Classic) Mumun (c. 850-550 BC) is characterized by intensive agriculture, as evidenced by the large and expansive dry-field remains (c. 32,500 square metres) recovered at <a href="/wiki/Daepyeong" title="Daepyeong">Daepyeong</a>, a sprawling settlement with several multiple ditch enclosures, hundreds of pit-houses, specialized production, and evidence of the presence of incipient elites and social competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2001_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of wet-field features have been excavated in southern Korea, indicating that <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy field</a> rice-farming was also practiced. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg/125px-Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg/188px-Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Representations of a dagger (right)and two human figures, one of which is kneeling (left), carved into the capstone of Megalithic Burial No. 5, Orim-dong, <a href="/wiki/Yeosu" title="Yeosu">Yeosu</a>, Korea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Burials dating to the latter part of the Middle Mumun (c. 700-550 BC) contain a few high status mortuary offerings such as bronze artifacts. Bronze production probably began around this time in Southern Korea. Other high status burials contain greenstone (or <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>) ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of megalithic burials with deep shaft interments, substantial 'pavements' of rounded cobblestone, and prestige artifacts such as bronze daggers, jade, and red-burnished vessels were built in the vicinity of the southern coast in the Late Middle Mumun. High status megalithic burials and large raised-floor buildings at the Deokcheon-ni (Hangeul: 덕천리) and <a href="/wiki/Igeum-dong_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Igeum-dong site">Igeum-dong sites</a> in Gyeongsang Nam-do provide further evidence of the growth of social inequality and the existence of polities that were organized in ways that appear to be similar to simple "<a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Korean archaeologists sometimes refer to Middle Mumun culture as <i><a href="/wiki/Songguk-ri" title="Songguk-ri">Songguk-ri</a></i> Culture (Hanja: 松菊里文化; Hangeul: 송국리 문화).<sup id="cite_ref-Ahn2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahn2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-occurring artifacts and features that are grouped together as Songguk-ri Culture are found in settlement sites in the <a href="/wiki/Hoseo" title="Hoseo">Hoseo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honam" title="Honam">Honam</a> regions of southeast Korea, but Songguk-ri Culture settlements are also found in western Yeongnam. Excavations have also revealed Songguk-ri settlements in the Ulsan and Gimhae areas. In 2005 archaeologists uncovered Songguk-ri Culture pit-houses at a site deep in the interior of <a href="/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon-do (South Korea)">Gangwon Province</a>. The ultimate geographic reach of Songguk-ri Culture appears to have been <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p><p>Mumun culture is the beginning of a long-term tradition of rice-farming in Korea that links Mumun Culture with the present day, but evidence from the Early and Middle Mumun suggests that, although <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> was grown, it was not the dominant crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Mumun people grew <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, legumes, and continued to hunt and fish. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumunsitesmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mumunsitesmap.png/275px-Mumunsitesmap.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mumunsitesmap.png/413px-Mumunsitesmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Mumunsitesmap.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Settlement sites of the Mumun Period that are mentioned in the text of this article.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Mumun">Late Mumun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Mumun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Late (or Post-classic) Mumun (550-300 BC) is characterized by increasing conflict, fortified hilltop settlements, and a concentration of population in the southern coastal area. A Late Mumun occupation was found at the Namsan settlement, located on the top of a hill 100 m above sea level in modern <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a> City, Gyeongsang Nam-do. A shellmidden (<a href="/wiki/Shellmound" class="mw-redirect" title="Shellmound">shellmound</a>) was found in the vicinity of Namsan, indicating that, in addition to agriculture, shellfish exploitation was part of the Late Mumun subsistence system in some areas. Pit-houses at Namsan were located inside a ring-ditch that is some 4.2 m deep and 10 m in width. Why would such a formidable ring-ditch, so massive in size, have been necessary? One possible answer is intergroup conflict. Archaeologists propose that the Late Mumun was a period of conflict between groups of people. </p><p>The number of settlements in the Late Mumun is much lower than in the previous sub-period. This indicates that populations were reorganized and settlement was probably more concentrated in a smaller number of larger settlements. There are a number of reasons why this could have occurred. There are some indications that conflict increased or climatic change led to crop failures. </p><p>Notably, according to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Yayoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayoi">Yayoi</a> chronological sequence, Mumun-esque settlements appeared in Northern <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>) during the Late Mumun. The Mumun period ends when iron appeared in the archaeological record along with pit-houses that had interior composite hearth-ovens reminiscent of the historic period (<i><a href="/wiki/Agungi" title="Agungi">agungi</a></i>). </p><p>Some scholars suggest that the Mumun pottery period should be extended to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 0 BC because of the presence of an undecorated ware that was popular between 400 BC and 0 BC called <i>jeomtodae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">점토대</span></span>). However, bronze became very important in ceremonial and elite life from 300 BC. Additionally, iron tools are increasingly found in Southern Korea after 300 BC. These factors clearly differentiate the time period 300 BC - 0 from the cultural, technological, and social scale that was present in the Mumun pottery period. The unequal presence of bronze and iron in increased amounts from a few high status graves after 300 BC as sets this time apart from the Mumun pottery period. Thus, the Mumun is described as ending, as a cultural-technical period, by approximately 300 BC. </p><p>From about 300 BC, bronze objects became the most valued prestige mortuary goods, but iron objects were traded and then produced in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a> at that time. The Late Mumun-Early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Neuk-do Island Shellmidden Site yielded a small number of iron objects, <a href="/wiki/Lelang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lelang">Lelang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yayoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayoi">Yayoi</a> pottery, and other evidence showing that beginning in the Late Mumun, local societies were drawn into closer economic and political contact with the societies of the Late <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, Final <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a>, and Early <a href="/wiki/Yayoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayoi">Yayoi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mumun_cultural_traits">Mumun cultural traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mumun cultural traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a>, the Mumun is composed of the following elements: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Juha Janhunen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a> were spoken in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> before they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Whitman and several other researchers, Japonic/proto-Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by Yayoi <a href="/wiki/Wet-rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet-rice">wet-rice</a> farmers at some time between 700-300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerafim200898_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerafim200898-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitman and Miyamoto associate Japonic as the language family associated with both Mumun and Yayoi cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several linguists believe that speakers of Koreanic/proto-Koreanic arrived in the Korean Peninsula at some time after the Japonic/proto-Japonic speakers and coexisted with these peoples (i.e. the descendants of both the Mumun and Yayoi cultures) and possibly assimilated them. Both Koreanic and Japonic had prolonged influence on each other and a later <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> diminished the internal variety of both language families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger200987_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200987-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Broad-spectrum subsistence was practiced through the Early Mumun. That is to say, evidence excavated from pit-houses and other outdoor <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> features indicates that hunting, fishing, and <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> was occurring in addition to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2001_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> used in agricultural subsistence activities are common and include semi-lunar blades.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Intensive wet-field agriculture (paddy farming) was in place in the Middle Mumun.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even the pit-houses of settlements associated with wet-field archaeological features show evidence that people were also engaged to some degree in hunting and fishing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Large rectangular-shaped <a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">pit-houses</a> were used in Early Mumun. These pit-houses had one or more hearths, and pit-houses with up to 6 hearths indicate that such features were the living spaces for multiple generations of the same household.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some time after 900 BC, small pit-houses were the norm. The plan-shape of these pit-houses are square, circular and oval. They do not have interior <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearths</a> — instead, the central area of the pit-house floor is equipped with a shallow oval 'work-pit'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahn2000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahn2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Archaeologists see this change in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> as a social shift in the household. Namely, the tight and multi-generational unit housed under one roof in the Early Mumun changed fundamentally into households formed of groups of semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> units in separate pit-houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2006_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The average settlement in the Mumun was small, but settlements with as many as several hundred pit-houses emerged in the Middle Mumun.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2006_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Household production was the basic mode of the Mumun economy, but specialized craft production and a big-man-style redistributive prestige economy emerged in the Middle Mumun.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale2006_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Archaeological evidence has documented cases in which it appears that surplus production of crops, stone tools, and pottery occurred in the Middle Mumun.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Artifacts that illustrate regional redistributive systems and exchange include greenstone ornaments, bronze objects, and some kinds of red-burnished pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortuary_practices">Mortuary practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mortuary practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Megalithic burials, stone-cist burials, and jar burials are found.</li> <li>Some burials in the latter part of the Middle Mumun are especially large and required a significant amount of labour to construct. A small number of Middle Mumun burials contain prestige/ceremonial artifacts such as bronze, greenstone, groundstone daggers, and red-burnished ware.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bale_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery 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data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a> - master list</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Prehistoric Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ahn2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahn2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahn2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahn2000_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhn2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahn, Jae-ho (2000). "Hanguk Nonggyeongsahoe-eui Seongnib (The Formation of Agricultural Society in Korea)". <i>Hanguk Kogo-Hakbo</i> (in Korean). <b>43</b>: 41–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hanguk+Kogo-Hakbo&rft.atitle=Hanguk+Nonggyeongsahoe-eui+Seongnib+%28The+Formation+of+Agricultural+Society+in+Korea%29&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=41-66&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ahn&rft.aufirst=Jae-ho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bale2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bale2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bale2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bale2001_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBale2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bale, Martin T. 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"Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>77</b> (295): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00061378">10.1017/S0003598X00061378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163060564">163060564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Origins+in+the+Korean+Peninsula&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00061378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163060564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Gyoung-Ah+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhee1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee1992_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheeChoi,_M._L.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rhee, S. 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"Emergence of Complex Society in Prehistoric Korea". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>6</b>: 51–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00997585">10.1007/BF00997585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722584">145722584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+Complex+Society+in+Prehistoric+Korea&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=51-95&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00997585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145722584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft.au=Choi%2C+M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim1996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1996" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Seung Og (1996). <i>Political Competition and Social Transformation: The Development of Residence, Residential Ward, and Community in Prehistoric Taegongni of Southwestern Korea</i>. 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Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Shellfish+Gathering+to+Agriculture+in+Prehistoric+Korea%3A+The+Chulmun+to+Mumun+Transition&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=June-Jeong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim2003_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Jangsuk (2003). 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"Craft Production and Social Change in Mumun Period Korea". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 159–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2006.0019">10.1353/asi.2006.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17250">10125/17250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55944795">55944795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Craft+Production+and+Social+Change+in+Mumun+Period+Korea&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-187&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55944795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2006.0019&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=Martin+T.&rft.au=Min-jung+Ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson1999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1999_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Milledge_Nelson" title="Sarah Milledge Nelson">Nelson, Sarah M.</a> (1999). "Megalithic Monuments and the Introduction of Rice into Korea". In Gosden, C.; Hather, J. (eds.). <i>The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 147–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11765-4"><bdi>978-0-415-11765-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Megalithic+Monuments+and+the+Introduction+of+Rice+into+Korea&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Food%3A+Appetites+for+Change&rft.place=London&rft.pages=147-165&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11765-4&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia". <i>Studia Orientalia</i> (108): 281–304. <q>... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Language+Map+of+Prehistorical+Northeast+Asia&rft.issue=108&rft.pages=281-304&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". <i>Korean Linguistics</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 222–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitman2011">Whitman (2011)</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyamoto2016">Miyamoto (2016)</a>, pp. 69–70.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyamoto2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerafim200898-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerafim200898_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerafim2008">Serafim (2008)</a>, p. 98.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSerafim2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2017">Vovin (2017)</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVovin2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, John (2011-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0">"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"</a>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 149–158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..149W">2011Rice....4..149W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0">10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-8433">1939-8433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Northeast+Asian+Linguistic+Ecology+and+the+Advent+of+Rice+Agriculture+in+Korea+and+Japan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-158&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.issn=1939-8433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..149W&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9080-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2010">Janhunen (2010)</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2013">Vovin (2013)</a>, pp. 222, 237.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVovin2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200987-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger200987_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnger2009">Unger (2009)</a>, p. 87.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFUnger2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bale-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bale_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBale" class="citation web cs1">Bale, Martin T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~ekp/resources/studies/bale-yulha-ri.html">"Excavations of Large-scale Megalithic Burials at Yulha-ri, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsang Nam-do"</a>. Korea Institute, Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excavations+of+Large-scale+Megalithic+Burials+at+Yulha-ri%2C+Gimhae-si%2C+Gyeongsang+Nam-do&rft.pub=Korea+Institute%2C+Harvard+University&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=Martin+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~ekp%2Fresources%2Fstudies%2Fbale-yulha-ri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1993" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sarah M. (1993). <i>The Archaeology of Korea</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40443-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40443-3"><bdi>978-0-521-40443-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40443-3&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMumun+pottery+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumun_pottery_period&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194611/http://review.aks.ac.kr/AttachedFiles/7-1-kim%20gyongtaek.pdf">Paper on Boseong River excavations, by Kim Gyeongtaek</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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