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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#540"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>540</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-540-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-541" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#541"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>541</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-541-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-542" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#542"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>542</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-542-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-543" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#543"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>543</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-543-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.3</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.1</span> <span>Learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-544" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#544"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>544</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-544-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-the_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#the_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>the Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-the_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-545" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#545"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>545</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-545-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.4</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-546" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#546"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>546</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-546-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.3</span> <span>Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-547" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#547"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>547</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-547-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-548" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#548"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>548</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-548-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-549" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#549"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>549</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-549-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">540s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_540" title="عقد 540 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 540" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_540" title="Anyos 540 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 540" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_540" title="Década del 540 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 540" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-an" title="540-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="540-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="৫৪০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="৫৪০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/540_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="540 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="540 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D1%8F" title="540-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="540-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D1%8F" title="540-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="540-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-e" title="540-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="540-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_540" title="Bloavezhioù 540 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 540" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_540" title="Dècada del 540 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 540" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="540-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="540-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/540au" title="540au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="540au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%27erne" title="540'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="540'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_540" title="عوام 540 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 540" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/540er" title="540er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="540er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/540._aastad" title="540. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="540. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_540" title="An 540 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 540" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_540" title="Años 540 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 540" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/540ko_hamarkada" title="540ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="540ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B5%DB%B4%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۵۴۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۵۴۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%C3%A1rini" title="540-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="540-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_540" title="Années 540 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 540" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/540id%C3%AD" title="540idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="540idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/540an" title="540an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="540an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_540" title="Década de 540 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 540" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="540年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="540年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="540년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="540년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-an" title="540-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="540-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_540" title="Anni 540 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 540" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-6" title="שנות ה-40 של המאה ה-6 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-40 של המאה ה-6" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-an" title="540-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="540-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="540-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="540-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_540" title="Miaka ya 540 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 540" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="540-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="540-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_540" title="Anni 540 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 540" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-es_%C3%A9vek" title="540-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="540-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="540-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="540-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे ५४० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे ५४० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="540-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="540-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_540" title="عقد 540 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 540" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-an" title="540-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="540-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/540_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="540 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="540 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/540_xihuitl" title="540 xihuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="540 xihuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-549" title="540-549 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="540-549" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="540年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="540年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%C3%A5rene" title="540-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="540-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/540_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="540 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="540 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-lar" title="540-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="540-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_540" title="Década de 540 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 540" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_540" title="Anii 540 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 540" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/540_watakuna" title="540 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="540 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="540-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="540-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/540s" title="540s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="540s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_540" title="Vitet 540 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 540" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/540ini" title="540ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="540ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96_540%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ක්‍රිපූ 540ගණන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිපූ 540ගණන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/540s" title="540s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="540s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/40._roky_6._storo%C4%8Dia" title="40. roky 6. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="40. roky 6. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/540." title="540. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="540." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D0%B5" title="540-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="540-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-e" title="540-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="540-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-an" title="540-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="540-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-luku" title="540-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="540-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-talet" title="540-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="540-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="540-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="540-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_540_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 540 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 540 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="540ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="540ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/540-%D0%B2%D1%96" title="540-ві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="540-ві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="540ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="540ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_540" title="Thập niên 540 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 540" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/540_nga_dekada" title="540 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="540 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="540年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="540年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="540年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="540年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/540%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="540年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="540年代" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decade</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/520s" title="520s">520s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/530s" title="530s">530s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">540s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/550s" title="550s">550s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/560s" title="560s">560s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_540" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 540">540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_541" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 541">541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_542" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 542">542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_543" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 543">543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_544" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 544">544</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_545" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 545">545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_546" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 546">546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_547" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 547">547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_548" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 548">548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_549" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 549">549</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:540s_births" title="Category:540s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:540s_deaths" title="Category:540s deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:540s_establishments" title="Category:540s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:540s_disestablishments" title="Category:540s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>หะะพฟ่างภีๆพั </p><p>The <b>540s</b> decade ranถ ไม่ร/ะพระกะ from January 1, 540, to December 31, ไม่พุไม่549. พ </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="540">540</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_540" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 540">AD 540</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_540&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_540&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> offers to make peace with <a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> refuses to transmit the message. The <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> then offer to support Belisarius as emperor of the West.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535-554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (535-554)">Gothic War</a>: Belisarius conquers <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. Vitiges and his wife <a href="/wiki/Matasuntha" class="mw-redirect" title="Matasuntha">Matasuntha</a> are taken as captives to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.</li> <li>Belisarius consolidates <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and begins mopping-up operations, capturing the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>. The cities <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">River Po</a> remain in Gothic hands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad</a> succeeds Vitiges as king of the Ostrogoths, and installs his nephew <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> as commander of the Gothic army. He recaptures <a href="/wiki/Venetia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetia (region)">Venetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Britain</a> various kingdoms are united by a ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/High_King" class="mw-redirect" title="High King">High King</a></i>) or overlord, while wars are fought between others.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Dumnonia" title="List of kings of Dumnonia">Custennin ap Cado</a> is deposed, and returns to <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">south-west</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Persia"> Persia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> breaks the "Eternal Peace" treaty with the Byzantine Empire after eight years. Responding to an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassy</a> from the Ostrogoths urging action against Emperor Justinian I's expanding power, he leads the Persian army up the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">River Euphrates</a>. Extracting tributes from towns along the way, <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> besieges and captures <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. He plunders the city extensively, transporting valuable artworks, including marble statues and mosaics, back to <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persia</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> captures the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and extends <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> authority over <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania Sitifensis</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Theveste" title="Theveste">Theveste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>) is restored and fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinheung_of_Silla" title="Jinheung of Silla">Jinheung</a> becomes king of the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman</a> statesman, establishes a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Estate_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate (house)">estate</a> in Italy. The Vivarium "monastery school" is for highly <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educated</a> and sophisticated men, who copy <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> and secular <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>, intending for this to be their sole occupation (approximate date).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Pope Vigilius</a> rejects <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a> in letters to Justinian I and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Menas_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Menas of Constantinople">patriarch Menas of Constantinople</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> writes his <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">monastic rules</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">precepts</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="World"> World</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_variable" title="Global variable">Global environmental</a> cooling occurs, due either to a <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">comet impact</a> or volcanic eruption in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, evidenced by global tree ring growth diminution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent evidence from Swiss ice core points to volcanic eruptions in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical evidence records this earlier as the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="541">541</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_541" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 541">AD 541</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_541&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_541&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_2"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Faustus_Albinus_Basilius" title="Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius">Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius</a> is appointed as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the last person to hold this office.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a> appears suddenly in the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>, spreading to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and, the following year, to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> that will devastate <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.</li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> recalls <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to handle the situation in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. He arrives in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> and attacks the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisbis</a>. After an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> he ravages the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Cappadocian" title="John the Cappadocian">John the Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">praetorian prefect of the East</a>, is dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. He is banished to <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estates</a> are <a href="/wiki/Confiscation" title="Confiscation">confiscated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Autumn – <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> is elected king by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogothic</a> nobles after the death of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad</a>. He wins the support of the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">lower classes</a> by liberating <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> and distributing land to the peasants.</li> <li>Winter – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Verona" title="Siege of Verona">Siege of Verona</a>: Totila defends the city of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> against a numerically superior <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a>. He gains control over the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and prepares a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> offensive in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Persia_2"> Persia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> intervenes in <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>), and supports the weakened king <a href="/wiki/Gubazes_II_of_Lazica" title="Gubazes II of Lazica">Gubazes II</a> against a full-scale uprising. He sends an expeditionary force under <a href="/wiki/Mihr-Mihroe" title="Mihr-Mihroe">Mermeroes</a> and captures the Byzantine stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Petra,_Lazica" title="Petra, Lazica">Petra</a>, located on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, which provides the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persians</a> a strategic port.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> come under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalites</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=541&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="542">542</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_542" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 542">AD 542</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_542&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_542&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=542&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_3"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=542&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a>, spread from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, kills at least 230,000 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (before counting stops), and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the empire. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> contracts the disease but recovers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a> – Justinian I sends a Byzantine army (30,000 men) to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persians</a>, severely outnumbered, are forced to retreat, but at <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a> the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantines</a> are defeated by a force of 4,000 men in an <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a>, and are completely routed.<sup id="cite_ref-farrokh3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrokh3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/542_Sea_of_Marmara_earthquake" title="542 Sea of Marmara earthquake">542 Sea of Marmara earthquake</a> takes place in the winter of 542, in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. It also affects the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edremit_Gulf" title="Edremit Gulf">Edremit Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonopoulos_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonopoulos-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=542&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faventia" title="Battle of Faventia">Battle of Faventia</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> scatters the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> forces near Faventia (modern <a href="/wiki/Faenza" title="Faenza">Faenza</a>) with 5,000 men, beginning the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Gothic</a> resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">reconquest of Italy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mucellium" title="Battle of Mucellium">Battle of Mucellium</a>: Totila marches down into <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and defeats the Byzantines at <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Mugello_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugello region">Mugello</a>. He treats his prisoners well, and many are induced to join his <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banner</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – Totila bypasses <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and begins his expedition in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He captures <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventum</a> and receives the submission of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Bruttium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%93543)" title="Siege of Naples (542–543)">Siege of Naples</a>: Totila <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">besieges</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. A Byzantine relief force from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> is intercepted and almost destroyed by Gothic <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a> invade <a href="/wiki/Visigoth_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth Kingdom">Visigothic Spain</a>. They capture <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> withstands a siege and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> retreat to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. From this expedition Childebert brings back to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> a <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Saint Vincent</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=542&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=542&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a> establishes a monastic settlement on <a href="/wiki/Eileach_an_Naoimh" title="Eileach an Naoimh">Eileach an Naoimh</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=542&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>, writes his work <i>"<a href="/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae" title="De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae">De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae</a>"</i> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="543">543</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_543" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 543">AD 543</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_543&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_543&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%93543)" title="Siege of Naples (542–543)">Siege of Naples (542–543)</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> garrison (1,000 men) in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> surrenders to the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, pressed by <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city walls</a> are partly razed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_2"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Old_Dongola" title="Old Dongola">Old Dongola</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>) along the River <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> becomes the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Makuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Makuria">Kingdom of Makuria</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> are built, including the "Old Church" (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Persia_3"> Persia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, invades <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> again, and turns south towards <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Besiege" class="mw-redirect" title="Besiege">besiege</a> the fortress city.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalites</a> threaten the Sasanian Empire from the East. They extend their domain in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (approximate date).</li> <li>A Byzantine invasion of <a href="/wiki/Persarmenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persarmenia">Persarmenia</a> is defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglon_(543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Anglon (543)">Battle of Anglon</a> by a much smaller force from the Sasanian Empire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_I" title="Pulakeshin I">Pulakeshin I</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. He extends his kingdom by conquering <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka</a> and the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, giving him access to the valuable <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Learning"> Learning</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Approximate date – The <i><a href="/wiki/Yupian" title="Yupian">Yupian</a></i> (玉篇) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dictionary" title="Chinese dictionary">Chinese dictionary</a> is edited by Gu Yewang.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=543&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">apocatastasis</a> is condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Constantinople_(543)" title="Synod of Constantinople (543)">Synod of Constantinople</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="544">544</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_544" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 544">AD 544</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_544&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_544&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=544&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="the_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East"><span id="the_Mediterranean_World.2C_Europe.2C_and_the_Middle_East"></span> the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> World, Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=544&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: the Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> sends <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> (Italy) with an inadequate <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> expeditionary force (4,000 men and 200 ships).<sup id="cite_ref-Norw_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norw-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belisarius defeats the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> army under King <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>, who unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">besieges</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> (southern Italy). After their retreat, the <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">Byzantines</a> march towards the <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">city of Rome</a>.</li> <li>Justinian I issues a new edict <a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">condemning the Three Chapters</a>. In Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Pope Vigilius</a> refuses to acknowledge the imperial edict and is ordered to summon to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> unsuccessfully attacks the Byzantine fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(544)" title="Siege of Edessa (544)">siege of Edessa</a> is repulsed, and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a> are forced into a stalemate.</li> <li>Battle of <a href="/wiki/Kasserine" title="Kasserine">Cillium</a>: A medium-sized Byzantine army under <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> is defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> on the border of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>. Solomon and his bodyguard are forced to retreat and are later killed.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_4"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=544&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February – <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_B%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Lý Bí">Lý Bí</a> is declared emperor and establishes the empire Van Xuân (modern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>). His armies repel attacks from the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>.</li> <li>October – The <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> retaliates against Van Xuân, and sends an imperial army (120,000 men) under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Chen" title="Emperor Wu of Chen">Chen Baxian</a> to re-occupy the region.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=544&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=544&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a> consecrates Sergius of Tella as <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">patriarch of Antioch</a>, opening a permanent <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="545">545</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_545" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 545">AD 545</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_545&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_545&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_4"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> sends <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a>, Byzantine general, to the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, to recruit troops for the campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535-554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (535-554)">Gothic War</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> establishes his military base at <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>), and prepares a campaign to reconquer the region of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a> is founded in Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Ciarán of Clonmacnoise">Ciarán Mac a tSaor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_5"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangwon_of_Goguryeo" title="Yangwon of Goguryeo">Yangwon</a> becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Persia_4"> Persia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> signs a five year truce with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but war continues to ravage the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, especially in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_6"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=545&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Brefi" title="Synod of Brefi">Synod of Brefi</a> is held at <a href="/wiki/Llanddewi_Brefi" title="Llanddewi Brefi">Llanddewi Brefi</a>, to condemn the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagian</a> heresy. <a href="/wiki/Dubricius" title="Dubricius">Dubricius</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, resigns his position in favour of <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">David</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="546">546</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_546" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 546">AD 546</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_546&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_546&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=546&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_5"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=546&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">Sack of Rome</a>: After almost a year's siege, the capture of a grain fleet sent by the exiled <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Pope Vigilius</a> near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, and failure of troops of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> to relieve the city, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> plunder <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and destroy its <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then withdraws to <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>).</li> <li>Winter – Pope Vigilius arrives in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, to meet with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. The future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pope Pelagius</a> is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=546&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audoin" title="Audoin">Audoin</a> murders and succeeds <a href="/wiki/Walthari" title="Walthari">Walthari</a> as king of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>.</li> <li>Audoin receives subsidies from Justinian I, to encourage him to battle the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.</li> <li>Audoin leads the Lombards across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a>, and becomes an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantines</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Central_America"> Central America</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=546&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – After a victory by <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Tikal-Calakmul_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Tikal-Calakmul War">First Tikal-Calakmul War</a>, Aj Wosal Chan K'inich is installed as the new <a href="/wiki/Maya_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya rulers">ruler of the Mayan city state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naranjo" title="Naranjo">Naranjo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and reigns until his death in <a href="/wiki/615" title="615">615</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_7"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=546&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_7"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=546&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>) is completed by bishop <a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna" title="Maximianus of Ravenna">Maximianus</a>, during the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>.</li> <li>Approximate date – The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bangor" title="Bishop of Bangor">Diocese of Bangor</a> is established in the <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">kingdom of Gwynedd</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Deiniol" title="Deiniol">Deiniol</a> consecrated as first <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="547">547</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_547" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 547">AD 547</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_547&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_547&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_8"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> recaptures Rome from the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, but his Italian campaign is unsuccessful (he is starved of supplies and reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> panels of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora I</a> with <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">attendants</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>), are made (approximate date).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudebald" title="Theudebald">Theudebald</a>, age 13, succeeds his father <a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a> after a reign of 14 years, and becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (or 548).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Ida_of_Bernicia" title="Ida of Bernicia">Ida</a> establishes the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>. He builds <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle" title="Bamburgh Castle">Bamburgh Castle</a> (northeast England) as a fortress that will become the seat of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> kings (according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_3"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marta" title="Battle of Marta">Battle of Marta</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> army under <a href="/wiki/John_Troglita" title="John Troglita">John Troglita</a> is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> tribes in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>. He flees to Lunci (9 km south of <a href="/wiki/Mahares" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahares">Mahares</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and is forced to withdraw north to the <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laribus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laribus">Laribus</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">El Kef</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_6"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> revolt (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a>), led by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Lý Nam Đế">Lý Nam Đế</a>, is suppressed by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_8"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_8"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=547&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> (Ravenna) is consecrated by bishop <a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna" title="Maximianus of Ravenna">Maximianus of Ravenna</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="548">548</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_548" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 548">AD 548</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_548&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_548&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_9"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_6"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – Empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora I</a> dies at age 48, probably of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> (according to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Victor_of_Tunnuna" title="Victor of Tunnuna">Victor of Tunnuna</a>). Her body is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> relieves <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> from military service, in favour of 70-year-old <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> general <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theudigisel" title="Theudigisel">Theudigisel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> general, proclaims himself ruler over the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, after King <a href="/wiki/Theudis" title="Theudis">Theudis</a> is assassinated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Persia_5"> Persia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Gubazes_II_of_Lazica" title="Gubazes II of Lazica">Gubazes II</a> revolts against the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a>, and requests aid from Justinian I. He sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (8,000 men) to <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>).</li> <li>Gubazes II besieges the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Petra,_Lazica" title="Petra, Lazica">Petra</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The Persian army under <a href="/wiki/Mihr-Mihroe" title="Mihr-Mihroe">Mermeroes</a> defeats a small Byzantine force guarding the mountain passes, and relieves Petra.</li> <li>Mermeroes stations a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> of 3,000 men in the stronghold of Petra, and marches to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, lacking sufficient supplies, secure the supply routes and plunder Lazica.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_4"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Fields_of_Cato" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Fields of Cato">Battle of the Fields of Cato</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/John_Troglita" title="John Troglita">John Troglita</a>, crushes the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> revolt in <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_7"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Lý Nam Đế">Lý Nam Đế</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> is killed by <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Laotian</a> tribesmen, while on retreat from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Hong River Plain</a>. He is succeeded by his elder brother <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Thi%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Lý Thiên Bảo">Lý Thiên Bảo</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_9"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Commerce"> Commerce</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>, Alexandrian merchant, writes his work <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Topography" title="Christian Topography">Christian Topography</a></i>. He describes the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> and sweet <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloes</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>, and the harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> in India (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_9"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=548&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> is established in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="549">549</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/AD_549" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 549">AD 549</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_549&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_549&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_10"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_7"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549-550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (549-550)">Siege of Rome</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> under <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> besiege <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> for the third time, after <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> has returned to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He offers a peace agreement, but this is rejected by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.</li> <li>Totila conquers the city of <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>) and stations a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> garrison. He takes bishop <a href="/wiki/Herculanus_of_Perugia" title="Herculanus of Perugia">Herculanus</a> prisoner, and orders him to be completely <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed</a>. The Ostrogoth soldier asked to perform this gruesome execution shows pity, and <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitates</a> Herculanus before the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> on every part of his body is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, first and largest <a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a> in Rome, the last <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot races</a> are held.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_9"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> - Battle of Ciiil Conaire, Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Ailill_Inbanda" title="Ailill Inbanda">Ailill Inbanda</a> and his brother are defeated and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles-Edwards2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-Edwards2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agila_I" title="Agila I">Agila I</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Theudigisel" title="Theudigisel">Theudigisel</a> as king of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, after he is murdered by a group of conspirators during a <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Persia_6"> Persia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bessas_(magister_militum)" title="Bessas (magister militum)">Bessas</a> combines forces with King <a href="/wiki/Gubazes_II_of_Lazica" title="Gubazes II of Lazica">Gubazes II</a>, and defeats the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) in a surprise attack. The survivors retreat into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Caucasian Iberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The Romans unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petra_(549)" title="Siege of Petra (549)">besiege Petra, Lazica</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_8"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jianwen_of_Liang" title="Emperor Jianwen of Liang">Jianwen Di</a> succeeds his father <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Wu Di</a> as emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liang Dynasty">Liang Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_10"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_10"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=549&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>c. 549–<a href="/wiki/564" title="564">564</a> – Transfiguration of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, is made.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Fifth Council of Orléans">Fifth Council of Orléans</a>: Nine <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> and forty-one <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> pronounce an <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> against the errors of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna" title="Maximianus of Ravenna">Maximianus of Ravenna</a> consecrates the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ossory" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory">Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory</a> (which still exists) is founded in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.ๅี</li></ul> <p>หะะพฟ่ค </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=540s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Quhafa" title="Abu Quhafa">Abu Quhafa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/540" title="540">540</a>, <a href="/wiki/541" title="541">541</a>, <a href="/wiki/542" title="542">542</a>, <a href="/wiki/543" title="543">543</a>, <a href="/wiki/544" title="544">544</a>, <a href="/wiki/545" title="545">545</a>, <a href="/wiki/546" title="546">546</a>, <a href="/wiki/547" title="547">547</a>, <a href="/wiki/548" title="548">548</a>, and <a href="/wiki/549" title="549">549</a></div> <p><b>540</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Irish missionary</a> (or <a href="/wiki/543" title="543">543</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galswintha" title="Galswintha">Galswintha</a>, Neustrian queen, married to <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/568" title="568">568</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria" title="Garibald I of Bavaria">Garibald I</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">duke of Bavaria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/591" title="591">591</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (<b>the Great</b>) (d. <a href="/wiki/604" title="604">604</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclaro" title="John of Biclaro">John of Biclaro</a>, Visigoth <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicler</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh legend</a> (approximate date)</li></ul> <p><b>541</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/604" title="604">604</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>542</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_Wei_(politician)" title="Su Wei (politician)">Su Wei</a>, high official of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/623" title="623">623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaomin_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou">Xiao Min Di</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/557" title="557">557</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Western_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ming of Western Liang">Xiao Ming Di</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/585" title="585">585</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>543</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a>, Irish <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/615" title="615">615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Liang" title="Emperor Jing of Liang">Jing Di</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/558" title="558">558</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Wu Di</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/578" title="578">578</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>544</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a>, empress of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/602" title="602">602</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Liang" title="Emperor Jing of Liang">Jing Di</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/558" title="558">558</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Xian" title="Yuwen Xian">Yuwen Xian</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/578" title="578">578</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>545</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al_Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib">Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/570" title="570">570</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Northern_Qi" title="Emperor Fei of Northern Qi">Fei Di</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/561" title="561">561</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_(curopalates)" title="Peter (curopalates)">Peter</a>, Byzantine general (d. <a href="/wiki/602" title="602">602</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>547</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Ju" title="Pei Ju">Pei Ju</a>, official of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/627" title="627">627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Manyue" title="Zhu Manyue">Zhu Manyue</a>, empress of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/586" title="586">586</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>548</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zhuang" title="Xiao Zhuang">Xiao Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern Dynasties</a> (approximate date)</li></ul> <p><b>549</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a>, uncle and staunch critic of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/619" title="619">624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monk (d. <a href="/wiki/623" title="623">623</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/540" title="540">540</a>, <a href="/wiki/541" title="541">541</a>, <a href="/wiki/542" title="542">542</a>, <a href="/wiki/543" title="543">543</a>, <a href="/wiki/544" title="544">544</a>, <a href="/wiki/545" title="545">545</a>, <a href="/wiki/546" title="546">546</a>, <a href="/wiki/547" title="547">547</a>, <a href="/wiki/548" title="548">548</a>, and <a href="/wiki/549" title="549">549</a></div> <p><b>540</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> founder of <a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Indian logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridolin_of_S%C3%A4ckingen" title="Fridolin of Säckingen">Fridolin of Säckingen</a> Irish missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedast" title="Vedast">Vedast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yifu" title="Empress Yifu">Yifu</a>, empress of <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/510" title="510">510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yujiul%C3%BC" title="Empress Yujiulü">Yujiulü</a>, empress of Western Wei (b. <a href="/wiki/525" title="525">525</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>541</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhurgunbadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhurgunbadh">Adhurgunbadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persian</a> general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tzibus" title="John Tzibus">John Tzibus</a>, Byzantine governor-merchant in Lazica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad</a>, king of the Ostrogoths</li></ul> <p><b>542</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3gan_B%C3%A9l" title="Eógan Bél">Eógan Bél</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>543</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">king of Kent</a> (approximate date) (b. <a href="/wiki/AD_500" title="AD 500">500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolius" title="Adolius">Adolius</a>, Byzantine officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Prophet" title="John the Prophet">John the Prophet</a>, Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Father</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seridus_of_Gaza" title="Seridus of Gaza">Seridus of Gaza</a>, Palestinian abbot<sup id="cite_ref-Chryssavgis_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chryssavgis-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>544</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Wenna" title="Saint Wenna">Wenna</a>, Cornish saint (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> era (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a>, Byzantine general and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">prefect of Africa</a></li></ul> <p><b>545</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a>, Christian wife of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> and ancestress of the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a> (b.<a href="/wiki/474" title="474">474</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mobh%C3%AD_Cl%C3%A1rainech" title="Mobhí Clárainech">Mobhí Clárainech</a>, Irish abbot and saint</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotzas" title="Stotzas">Stotzas</a>, Byzantine rebel leader</li> <li>Approximate date <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Budic II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Siponto" title="Laurence of Siponto">Laurence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Manfredonia-Vieste-S._Giovanni_Rotondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manfredonia-Vieste-S. Giovanni Rotondo">bishop of Sipontum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medardus" title="Medardus">Medardus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>546</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walthari" title="Walthari">Walthari</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a></li></ul> <p><b>547</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a>, Christian <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a></li> <li>March 21, death of twin brother of St Scholastica, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict</a>, famous for building the Monastery of Mt Cassino and for his Benedictine Monastic Rule, Patron Saint of Europe, dies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Huan" title="Gao Huan">Gao Huan</a>, general of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/496" title="496">496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (or 548)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribonian" title="Tribonian">Tribonian</a>, Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Codex Justinianus</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>548</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Lý Nam Đế">Lý Nam Đế</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora I</a>, Byzantine Empress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Carcasan</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifuraces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li>Chen Daoten, father of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen" title="Emperor Xuan of Chen">Xuan Di</a> (or <a href="/wiki/549" title="549">549</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (or <a href="/wiki/547" title="547">547</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudis" title="Theudis">Theudis</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul> <p><b>549</b> </p> <ul><li>January – <a href="/wiki/Ailill_Inbanda" title="Ailill Inbanda">Ailill Inbanda</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>) (killed in battle)<sup id="cite_ref-Charles-Edwards2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-Edwards2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yi_(Liang_dynasty)" title="Zhu Yi (Liang dynasty)">Zhu Yi</a>, official of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/483" title="483">483</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian of Clonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Irish monastic</a> saint (b. <a href="/wiki/470" title="470">470</a>)</li> <li><i>exact date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Ciarán of Clonmacnoise">Ciarán of Clonmacnoise</a>, Irish monastic saint<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Cheng" title="Gao Cheng">Gao Cheng</a>, official and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/521" title="521">521</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculanus_of_Perugia" title="Herculanus of Perugia">Herculanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Perugia-Citt%C3%A0_della_Pieve" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perugia-Città della Pieve">bishop of Perugia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Welch2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudigisel" title="Theudigisel">Theudigisel</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> (assassinated)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf1999_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf1999-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_M%C3%A1elgarb" title="Túathal Máelgarb">Túathal Máelgarb</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Tara</a> (Ireland)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Wu Di</a>, emperor of the Liang dynasty (b. <a href="/wiki/464" title="464">464</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zhengde" title="Xiao Zhengde">Xiao Zhengde</a>, prince of the Liang dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Xu_Zhaopei" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Xu Zhaopei">Xu Zhaopei</a>, princess of the Liang dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=540s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a>, <i>History of the Goths</i> (University of California Press), 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rome at War (p. 56). Michael Whitby, 2002. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-359-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-359-4">1-84176-359-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2002" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Alexander (2002) [1902]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luzyhkMxwScC"><i>Roman Africa</i></a>. North Stratford, New Hampshire: Ayer Publishing, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-8807-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-8807-8"><bdi>0-8369-8807-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Africa&rft.place=North+Stratford%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8369-8807-8&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluzyhkMxwScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/koru/hd_koru.htm">"List of Rulers of Korea"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=List+of+Rulers+of+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fkoru%2Fhd_koru.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aryabhata.de/illig/baillie2.doc">"In 1986 I discovered that a series of Irish oaks exhibited their narrowest rings in the immediate vicinity of."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+1986+I+discovered+that+a+series+of+Irish+oaks+exhibited+their+narrowest+rings+in+the+immediate+vicinity+of..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aryabhata.de%2Fillig%2Fbaillie2.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span> 080205 aryabhata.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baillie, M.G.L. (2007). Tree-Rings Indicate Global Environmental Downturns that could have been Caused by Comet Debris, Chap. 5 in Bobrowsky, Peter T. and Hans Rickman (eds.), <i>Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i>, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-32709-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-32709-6">3-540-32709-6</a>, pp. 105–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfieldUhligDerbyshire2000" class="citation news cs1">Highfield, Roger; Uhlig, Robert; Derbyshire, David (9 Sep 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1354622/Comet-caused-Dark-Ages-says-tree-ring-expert.html">"Comet caused Dark Ages, says tree ring expert"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Comet+caused+Dark+Ages%2C+says+tree+ring+expert&rft.date=2000-09-09&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Uhlig%2C+Robert&rft.au=Derbyshire%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1354622%2FComet-caused-Dark-Ages-says-tree-ring-expert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36086096">"El Chichon eruption implicated in Mayan upheaval - BBC News"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. April 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=El+Chichon+eruption+implicated+in+Mayan+upheaval+-+BBC+News&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-36086096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2018" class="citation web cs1">Gibbons, Ann (November 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/why-536-was-worst-year-be-alive">"Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science | AAAS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%7C+AAAS&rft.atitle=Why+536+was+%27the+worst+year+to+be+alive%27&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwhy-536-was-worst-year-be-alive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancient-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancient_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancient_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frye Ancient Iran</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, pp. Volume 2, p. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, pp. 633, 815, 915</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farrokh3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farrokh3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrokh 2007, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonopoulos-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonopoulos_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonopoulos, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Bury, 1923. <i>History of the later Roman Empire</i>, chapter XIX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923). Vol. <b>II</b>, Chapter XIX, p. 231-233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). <i>The History of the Medieval World: "From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade"</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5">978-0-393-05975-5</a> p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norw-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norw_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Norwich, <i>A Short History of Byzantium</i>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, "Solomon", pp. 1925–1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, pp. 1175–1176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1958">Bury 1958</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius. <i>History</i>. XXV. 26 Vol. IV 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/koru/hd_koru.htm">"List of Rulers of Korea"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306811316" title="Special:BookSources/0306811316"><bdi>0306811316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Traveller+in+Rome&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0306811316&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjU3mJ7BJggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1981">Pringle 1981</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1981">Pringle 1981</a>, pp. 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2006" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Fred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Breast_Cancer/0h2gDLv3MOEC?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Breast Cancer: Cause, Prevention, Cure</i></a>. Tekline Publishing. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955422102" title="Special:BookSources/9780955422102"><bdi>9780955422102</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breast+Cancer%3A+Cause%2C+Prevention%2C+Cure&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Tekline+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780955422102&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FBreast_Cancer%2F0h2gDLv3MOEC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085435/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1107.shtml#herc">Saint of the Day, November 7: Herculanus of Perugia</a>, archived by <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, James (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinofromanempir00odon/page/266"><i>The Ruin of the Roman Empire</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinofromanempir00odon/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-078737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-078737-0"><bdi>978-0-06-078737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruin+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-078737-0&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruinofromanempir00odon%2Fpage%2F266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles-Edwards2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles-Edwards2006_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles-Edwards2006_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._M._Charles-Edwards2006" class="citation book cs1">T. M. Charles-Edwards (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-zb0polW4wC&pg=PA99"><i>The Chronicle of Ireland: Introduction, text</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. pp. 99–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-959-8"><bdi>978-0-85323-959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Ireland%3A+Introduction%2C+text&rft.pages=99-&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-959-8&rft.au=T.+M.+Charles-Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-zb0polW4wC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isidore of Seville, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_regibus_Gothorum,_Vandalorum_et_Suevorum" title="Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum">Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum</a></i>, chapter 44. Translation by Guido Donini and Gordon B. Ford, <i>Isidore of Seville's History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi</i>, second revised edition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970), p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, pp. 381–382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11318a.htm">Council of Orléans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921221138/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11318a.htm">Archived</a> September 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssavgis2017" class="citation book cs1">Chryssavgis, John (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amhBDgAAQBAJ"><i>John Climacus From the Egyptian Desert to the Sinaite Mountain</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351925211" title="Special:BookSources/9781351925211"><bdi>9781351925211</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Climacus+From+the+Egyptian+Desert+to+the+Sinaite+Mountain&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-03&rft.isbn=9781351925211&rft.aulast=Chryssavgis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamhBDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chryssavgis-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chryssavgis_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssavgis2017" class="citation book cs1">Chryssavgis, John (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amhBDgAAQBAJ"><i>John Climacus From the Egyptian Desert to the Sinaite Mountain</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351925211" title="Special:BookSources/9781351925211"><bdi>9781351925211</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Climacus+From+the+Egyptian+Desert+to+the+Sinaite+Mountain&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-03&rft.isbn=9781351925211&rft.aulast=Chryssavgis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamhBDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.W._Joyce2018" class="citation book cs1">P.W. Joyce (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ9aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97"><i>A Concise History of Ireland</i></a>. Charles River Editors. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61430-701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61430-701-3"><bdi>978-1-61430-701-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Ireland&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Charles+River+Editors&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.isbn=978-1-61430-701-3&rft.au=P.W.+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZ9aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWLPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1697"><i>Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four</i></a>. BRILL. 22 September 2014. p. 1697. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27185-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Literature+%28vol.3+%26+4%29%3A+A+Reference+Guide%2C+Part+Three+%26+Four&rft.pages=1697&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27185-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWLPBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welch2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Welch2015" class="citation book cs1">Anna Welch (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76u8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188"><i>Liturgy, Books and Franciscan Identity in Medieval Umbria</i></a>. BRILL. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30467-3"><bdi>978-90-04-30467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgy%2C+Books+and+Franciscan+Identity+in+Medieval+Umbria&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30467-3&rft.au=Anna+Welch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76u8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf1999-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf1999_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Baxter_Wolf1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baxter_Wolf" title="Kenneth Baxter Wolf">Kenneth Baxter Wolf</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B05kwHFOnMC&pg=PA99"><i>Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-554-5"><bdi>978-0-85323-554-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors+and+Chroniclers+of+Early+Medieval+Spain&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-554-5&rft.au=Kenneth+Baxter+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B05kwHFOnMC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPádraig_Ó_Riain1985" class="citation book cs1">Pádraig Ó Riain (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ScbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Corpus genealogiarum sanctorum Hiberniae</i></a>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901282804" title="Special:BookSources/9780901282804"><bdi>9780901282804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+genealogiarum+sanctorum+Hiberniae&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780901282804&rft.au=P%C3%A1draig+%C3%93+Riain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ScbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_ConnollyJohn_GillinghamJohn_Lazenby2016" class="citation book cs1">Peter Connolly; John Gillingham; John Lazenby (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLYoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191"><i>The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare</i></a>. Routledge. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93674-7"><bdi>978-1-135-93674-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Dictionary+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Warfare&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93674-7&rft.au=Peter+Connolly&rft.au=John+Gillingham&rft.au=John+Lazenby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLYoDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWLPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1552"><i>Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four</i></a>. BRILL. 22 September 2014. p. 1552. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27185-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Literature+%28vol.3+%26+4%29%3A+A+Reference+Guide%2C+Part+Three+%26+Four&rft.pages=1552&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27185-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWLPBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUC9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Wanton Women in Late-Imperial Chinese Literature: Models, Genres, Subversions and Traditions</i></a>. BRILL. 27 March 2017. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34062-6"><bdi>978-90-04-34062-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wanton+Women+in+Late-Imperial+Chinese+Literature%3A+Models%2C+Genres%2C+Subversions+and+Traditions&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34062-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUC9DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bagnell Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1923) [1889]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire: From Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)</i></a>. Vol. II. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Macmillan & Company Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+Arcadius+to+Irene+%28395+A.D.+to+800+A.D.%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxWifqqPtUcC"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2</i></a>. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20399-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20399-9"><bdi>0-486-20399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-486-20399-9&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxWifqqPtUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElkwedRWCXkC"><i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5"><bdi>978-0-521-20160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+Volume+III%3A+A.D.+527%E2%80%93641&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20160-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElkwedRWCXkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1981" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Denys (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DIjAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest: An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces in the Sixth and Seventh Century</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86054-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86054-119-3"><bdi>0-86054-119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+Byzantine+Africa+from+Justinian+to+the+Arab+Conquest%3A+An+Account+of+the+Military+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+African+Provinces+in+the+Sixth+and+Seventh+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86054-119-3&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DIjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A540s" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=540s&oldid=1245910944">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=540s&oldid=1245910944</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:540s" title="Category:540s">540s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2023">Articles with dead external links from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2020">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2019">Articles to be expanded from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 September 2024, at 20:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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