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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology and terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_and_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_and_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition and properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition_and_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition and properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nutritional Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard_kombucha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_kombucha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hard kombucha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_kombucha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health claims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_claims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health claims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caffeine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caffeine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Caffeine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caffeine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kombucha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="كومبوتشا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كومبوتشا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1" title="Чайны грыб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чайны грыб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Комбуча – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комбуча" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombutxa" title="Kombutxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kombutxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeseenejook" title="Teeseenejook – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teeseenejook" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Κομπούχα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομπούχα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu%C4%89o" title="Kombuĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kombuĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbutxa" title="Konbutxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konbutxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7" title="کامبوچا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامبوچا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%EB%B6%80%EC%B0%A8" title="콤부차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콤부차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="कोम्बुचा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोम्बुचा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucho" title="Kombucho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kombucho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppate" title="Sveppate – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppate" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%94" title="פטריית תה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריית תה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ჩაის სოკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩაის სოკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu%C4%8Da" title="Kombuča – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kombuča" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu%C4%8Dia" title="Kombučia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kombučia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Комбуча – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комбуча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="كومبوتشا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كومبوتشا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komboecha" title="Komboecha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komboecha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8C%B6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B3" title="紅茶キノコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紅茶キノコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucza" title="Kombucza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kombucza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Чайный гриб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чайный гриб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Комбуча – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Комбуча" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu%C4%8Da" title="Kombuča – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kombuča" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu%C4%8Da" title="Kombuča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kombuča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kombucha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fermented tea beverage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fermented tea. For the East Asian drink "konbu-cha", made from dried seaweed, see <a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">kelp tea</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tea mushroom" redirects here. For the tea tree mushroom used in Chinese cooking, see <a href="/wiki/Cyclocybe_aegerita" title="Cyclocybe aegerita">Cyclocybe aegerita</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Kombucha</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kombucha_Mature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glass jar filled with brown kombucha beverage, including the floating culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kombucha_Mature.jpg/220px-Kombucha_Mature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kombucha_Mature.jpg/330px-Kombucha_Mature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kombucha_Mature.jpg/440px-Kombucha_Mature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kombucha tea, including the culture of bacteria and yeast, which is not usually consumed</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Flavored cold <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> drink with <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> byproducts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><0.5% (commercial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Proof (US)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><1 (commercial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Cloudy, commonly pale or dark brown and sometimes green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flavor</th><td class="infobox-data">Fermented, effervescent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">Fruit juices</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> added</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Water_kefir" class="mw-redirect" title="Water kefir">Water kefir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">iced tea</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kombucha</b> (also <b>tea mushroom</b>, <b>tea fungus</b>, or <b>Manchurian mushroom</b> when referring to the <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a>; Latin name <i>Medusomyces gisevii</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented</a>, lightly <a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">effervescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">sweetened</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black tea</a> drink. Sometimes the beverage is called <b>kombucha tea</b> to distinguish it from the culture of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juice, spices, fruit or other flavorings are often added. </p><p>Kombucha is thought to have originated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where the drink is traditional.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 20th century it spread to Russia, then other parts of Eastern Europe and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Troitino2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troitino2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kombucha is now <a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">homebrewed</a> globally, and also bottled and sold commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global kombucha market was worth approximately <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.7</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>billion as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-big-kombu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-kombu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kombucha is produced by <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_fermentation" title="Symbiotic fermentation">symbiotic fermentation</a> of sugared <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> culture of bacteria and yeast (<a href="/wiki/SCOBY" title="SCOBY">SCOBY</a>) commonly called a "mother" or "mushroom". The <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> populations in a SCOBY vary. The yeast component generally includes <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, along with other species; the bacterial component almost always includes <i><a href="/wiki/Gluconacetobacter_xylinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluconacetobacter xylinus">Gluconacetobacter xylinus</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidize</a> yeast-produced <a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">alcohols</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> (and other acids).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the SCOBY is commonly called "tea fungus" or "mushroom", it is actually "a symbiotic growth of acetic acid bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Osmophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmophilic">osmophilic</a> yeast species in a zoogleal mat [<a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>]".<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living bacteria are said to be <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotic</a>, one of the reasons for the popularity of the drink.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous health benefits have been claimed to correlate with drinking kombucha;<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is little <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence</a> to support any of these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-bauer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beverage has caused rare serious <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a>, possibly arising from <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">contamination</a> during <a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">home preparation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mskcc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskcc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not recommended for <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic">therapeutic purposes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombucha most likely originated in the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> district in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drink was consumed in Russia and from there entered the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Sreermalu2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sreermalu2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its consumption increased in the United States during the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-hamblin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamblin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katz2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having an alcohol content of less than 0.5%, kombucha is not a federally regulated beverage in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2015, some commercially available kombucha brands were found to contain alcohol content exceeding this threshold, sparking the development of new testing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With rising popularity in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> in the early 21st century, kombucha sales increased after it was marketed as an alternative to beer and other alcoholic drinks in restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the market research firm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_View_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand View Research (page does not exist)">Grand View Research</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> kombucha had a global market size of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.67</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>billion, as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and this is expected to grow to <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$9.7</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>billion by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-big-kombu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-kombu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japanese, the term <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">konbu-cha</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昆布茶</span></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">kelp tea</a>')</span> refers to a <a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">kelp tea</a> made with powdered <i><a href="/wiki/Konbu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbu">konbu</a></i> (an edible <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> from the family <a href="/wiki/Laminariaceae" title="Laminariaceae">Laminariaceae</a>) and is a completely different beverage from the fermented tea usually associated with <i>kombucha</i> elsewhere in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of <i>kombucha</i> is uncertain; however, it is speculated that it is a misapplied <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Algeo97_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeo97-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hypothesized that English speakers mistook the Japanese word <i>kombucha</i> to mean fermented tea, when in fact, this type of fermented tea in Japanese is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōcha kinoko</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8C%B6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:紅茶キノコ">紅茶キノコ</a></span></span>, 'black tea mushroom')</span> which became popular around <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i> says the use of <i>kombucha</i> in English likely stems from the misapplication of Japanese words: <i>kombucha, kobucha</i> '<a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">tea made from kelp</a>', <i>kobu, konbu</i> 'kelp', and <i>cha</i> 'tea'.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_of_KOMBUCHA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_KOMBUCHA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary</a></i> states that it was "perhaps<span class="nowrap"> </span>... used by English speakers to designate fermented tea due to confusion or because the thick gelatinous film produced by the kombucha culture was thought to resemble seaweed."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known use in the English language of the word to describe "a gelatinous mass of symbiotic bacteria (as <i>Acetobacter xylinum</i>) and yeasts (as of the genera <i>Brettanomyces</i> and <i>Saccharomyces</i>) grown to produce a fermented beverage held to confer health benefits" was in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_of_KOMBUCHA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_KOMBUCHA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_properties">Composition and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kombuchacultsm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kombuchacultsm.jpg/220px-Kombuchacultsm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kombuchacultsm.jpg/330px-Kombuchacultsm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Kombuchacultsm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Yeast and bacteria in kombucha magnified 400 times</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCOBY_mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SCOBY_mushroom.jpg/220px-SCOBY_mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SCOBY_mushroom.jpg/330px-SCOBY_mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SCOBY_mushroom.jpg/440px-SCOBY_mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/SCOBY" title="SCOBY">SCOBY</a> used for brewing kombucha</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological">Biological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A kombucha culture is a <a href="/wiki/SCOBY" title="SCOBY">symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast</a> (SCOBY), similar to <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_vinegar" title="Mother of vinegar">mother of vinegar</a>, containing one or more species each of bacteria and yeasts, which form a <a href="/wiki/Zoogleal_mat" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogleal mat">zoogleal mat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Blanc_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as a "mother".<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a broad spectrum of yeast species spanning several genera reported to be present in kombucha culture including species of <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i>, <i>Candida, Kloeckera/Hanseniaspora</i>, <i>Torulaspora</i>, <i>Pichia</i>, <i>Brettanomyces/Dekkera</i>, <i>Saccharomyces</i>, <i>Lachancea</i>, <i>Saccharomycoides</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces</i>, <i>Kluyveromyces, Starmera, Eremothecium, Merimbla, Sugiyamaella.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Villarreal-Soto_2018_580–588_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villarreal-Soto_2018_580–588-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bacterial component of kombucha comprises several species, almost always including the <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid_bacteria" title="Acetic acid bacteria">acetic acid bacteria</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Komagataeibacter_xylinus" title="Komagataeibacter xylinus">Komagataeibacter xylinus</a></i> (formerly <i>Gluconacetobacter xylinus</i>), which ferments alcohols produced by the yeasts into <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a> and other acids, increasing the acidity and limiting <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The population of bacteria and yeasts found to produce acetic acid has been reported to increase for the first 4 days of fermentation, decreasing thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>K. xylinus</i> produces <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose" title="Bacterial cellulose">bacterial cellulose</a>, and is reportedly responsible for most or all of the physical structure of the "mother", which may have been selectively encouraged over time for firmer (denser) and more robust cultures by brewers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nguyen2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nguyen2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2015)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The highest diversity of Kombucha bacteria was found to be on the 7th day of fermentation with the diversity being less in the SCOBY. Acetobacteraceae dominate 88 percent of the bacterial community of the SCOBY.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acetic acid bacteria in kombucha are <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>, meaning that they require oxygen for their growth and activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Villarreal-Soto_2018_580–588_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villarreal-Soto_2018_580–588-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the bacteria initially migrate and assemble at the air interface, followed by the excretion of bacterial cellulose after about 2 days.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mixed, presumably <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> culture has been further described as being lichenous, in accord with the reported presence of the known lichenous natural product <a href="/wiki/Usnic_acid" title="Usnic acid">usnic acid</a>, though as of 2015, no report appears indicating the standard cyanobacterial species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> in association with kombucha fungal components.<sup id="cite_ref-LiverToxUsnic_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiverToxUsnic-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombucha is made by adding the kombucha culture into a broth of sugared tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sugar serves as a nutrient for the SCOBY that allows for bacterial growth in the tea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sucrose is converted, biochemically, into fructose and glucose, and these into <a href="/wiki/Gluconic_acid" title="Gluconic acid">gluconic acid</a> and acetic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Sreermalu2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sreermalu2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, kombucha contains <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, and various other <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a> which vary between preparations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other specific components include <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (see below), <a href="/wiki/Glucuronic_acid" title="Glucuronic acid">glucuronic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usnic_acid" title="Usnic acid">usnic acid</a> (a hepatotoxin, see above).<sup id="cite_ref-Teoh_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teoh-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alcohol content of kombucha is usually less than 0.5%, but increases with extended fermentation times.<sup id="cite_ref-bccdc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bccdc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concentration of alcohol specifically ethanol increases initially but then begins to decrease when acetic acid bacteria utilize it to produce acetic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over-fermentation generates high amounts of acids similar to vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pH of the drink is typically about 3.5.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_Content">Nutritional Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nutritional Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombucha tea is 95% water, contains 4% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and several <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B-6">Vitamin B-6</a><sup id="cite_ref-fdc_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdc-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg/220px-Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg/330px-Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg/440px-Kombucha_Store_Shelves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Several brands of commercial kombucha on store shelves, Eastern Pennsylvania, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Kombucha can be prepared at home or commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made by dissolving sugar in non-chlorinated boiling water. Tea leaves are then steeped in the hot sugar water and discarded. The sweetened tea is cooled and the SCOBY culture is added. The mixture is then poured into a sterilized beaker along with previously fermented kombucha tea to lower the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. This technique is known as "backslopping".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The container is covered with a paper towel or breathable fabric to prevent insects, such as fruit flies, from contaminating the kombucha. </p><p>The tea is left to ferment for a period of up to 10 to 14 days at room temperature (18 °C to 26 °C). A new "daughter" SCOBY will form on the surface of the tea to the diameter of the container. After fermentation is completed, the SCOBY is removed and stored along with a small amount of the newly fermented tea. The remaining kombucha is strained and bottled for a secondary ferment for a few days or stored at a temperature of 4 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kombucha_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/220px-Kombucha_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/330px-Kombucha_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kombucha_jar.jpg/440px-Kombucha_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Kombucha culture fermenting in a jar, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Commercially bottled kombucha became available in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Wollan2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollan2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, elevated alcohol levels were found in many bottled kombucha products, leading retailers including <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Foods">Whole Foods</a> to pull the drinks from store shelves temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, kombucha suppliers reformulated their products to have lower alcohol levels.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2014, US sales of bottled kombucha were $400 million, $350 million of which was by Millennium Products, Inc. which sells <a href="/wiki/GT%27s_Kombucha" class="mw-redirect" title="GT's Kombucha">GT's Kombucha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, several companies that make and sell kombucha formed a <a href="/wiki/Trade_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade organization">trade organization</a>, Kombucha Brewers International.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> purchased kombucha maker KeVita for approximately $200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, sales of kombucha and other fermented drinks rose by 37 percent in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beer companies like <a href="/wiki/Full_Sail_Brewing_Company" title="Full Sail Brewing Company">Full Sail Brewing Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molson_Coors_Beverage_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Molson Coors Beverage Company">Molson Coors Beverage Company</a> produce kombucha by themselves or via subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-boozy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boozy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, the drink had some popularity in India's <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">National Capital Region</a>, partly due to its success in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-TNIE_2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNIE_2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_kombucha">Hard kombucha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hard kombucha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some commercial kombucha producers sell what they call "hard kombucha" with an alcohol content of over 5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-boozy_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boozy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_claims">Health claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png/150px-300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png/225px-300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png/300px-300ml_glass_of_kombucha_with_ice.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Kombucha tea with ice cubes</figcaption></figure> <p>Kombucha is promoted with many claims for health benefits, from alleviating <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhoids">hemorrhoids</a> to combatting <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-piles_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piles-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although people may drink kombucha for such supposed health effects<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, there is no <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">clinical proof</a> that it provides any benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bauer_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villarreal-SotoBeaufort2018_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villarreal-SotoBeaufort2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kapp_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapp-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2003 review, physician <a href="/wiki/Edzard_Ernst" title="Edzard Ernst">Edzard Ernst</a> characterized kombucha as an "extreme example" of an unconventional remedy because of the disparity between implausible, wide-ranging health claims and the potential risks of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that the proposed, unsubstantiated therapeutic claims did not outweigh known risks, and that kombucha should not be recommended for <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">therapeutic use</a>, being in a class of "remedies that only seem to benefit those who sell them".<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reports of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> related to kombucha consumption are rare, but may be underreported, according to a 2003 review.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst2003_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> said in 2009 that "serious side effects and occasional deaths have been associated with drinking Kombucha tea."<sup id="cite_ref-acs_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because kombucha is a commonly homemade fermentation, caution should be taken because pathogenic microorganisms can contaminate the tea during preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villarreal-Soto_2018_580–588_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villarreal-Soto_2018_580–588-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adverse effects associated with kombucha consumption may include severe <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> (liver) and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">renal</a> (kidney) toxicity as well as <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta11_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta11-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta13_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta13-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbdualmjidSergi13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbdualmjidSergi13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some adverse health effects may arise from the acidity of the tea causing <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, and brewers are cautioned to avoid over-fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-mskcc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskcc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bccdc_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bccdc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other adverse effects may be a result of bacterial or fungal contamination during the brewing process.<sup id="cite_ref-bccdc_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bccdc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have found the <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">hepatotoxin</a> <a href="/wiki/Usnic_acid" title="Usnic acid">usnic acid</a> in kombucha, although it is not known whether the cases of liver damage are due to <a href="/wiki/Usnic_acid" title="Usnic acid">usnic acid</a> or to some other toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta13_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta13-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiverToxUsnic_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiverToxUsnic-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drinking kombucha can be harmful for people with preexisting ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenwaltSteinkraus2000_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenwaltSteinkraus2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its microbial sourcing and possible non-sterile packaging, kombucha is not recommended for people with poor immune function,<sup id="cite_ref-mskcc_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskcc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> women who are pregnant or nursing, or children under 4 years old:<sup id="cite_ref-bccdc_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bccdc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may compromise <a href="/wiki/Immune_responses" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune responses">immune responses</a> or stomach acidity in these susceptible populations.<sup id="cite_ref-mskcc_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskcc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are certain drugs that one should not take with kombucha because of the small percentage of alcohol content.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 review enumerated numerous potential health risks<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, but said "kombucha is not considered harmful if about 4 oz [120 mL] per day is consumed by healthy individuals; potential risks are associated with a low pH brew <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leaching</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> from containers, excessive consumption of highly acidic kombucha, or consumption by individuals with pre-existing health conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-kapp_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapp-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caffeine">Caffeine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Caffeine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombucha contains a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombucha culture, when dried, becomes a leather-like textile known as a <a href="/wiki/Microbial_cellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial cellulose">microbial cellulose</a> that can be molded onto forms to create seamless clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using different broth media such as coffee, black tea, and green tea to grow the kombucha culture results in different textile colors, although the textile can also be dyed using other plant-based dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinchliffe_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinchliffe-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different growth media and dyes also change the textile's feel and texture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinchliffe_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinchliffe-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the SCOBY itself can be dried and eaten as a sweet or savory snack.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a>, a cannabis-infused drink prepared by steeping various parts of the cannabis plant in hot or cold water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviga" title="Enviga">Enviga</a>, a carbonated green tea drink promoted with bogus health claims</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_(drink)" title="Jun (drink)">Jun</a>, a fermented drink made from green tea and honey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a>, a fermented dairy product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a>, a traditional fermented drink made from bread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_and_disproven_cancer_treatments" title="List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments">List of unproven or disproven cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_tea" title="Mushroom tea">Mushroom tea</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of mushrooms in water, made by using <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">edible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medicinal_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal mushrooms">medicinal mushrooms</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingzhi mushroom">lingzhi mushroom</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic mushroom">psychedelic mushrooms</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis">Psilocybe cubensis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibicos" title="Tibicos">Tibicos</a>, or "water kefir"</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombucha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jayabalan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayabalan_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJayabalan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jayabalan, Rasu (21 June 2014). "A Review on Kombucha Tea—Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus". <i>Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 538–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1541-4337.12073">10.1111/1541-4337.12073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33412713">33412713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62789621">62789621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Food+Safety&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+Kombucha+Tea%E2%80%94Microbiology%2C+Composition%2C+Fermentation%2C+Beneficial+Effects%2C+Toxicity%2C+and+Tea+Fungus&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=538-550&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62789621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33412713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1541-4337.12073&rft.aulast=Jayabalan&rft.aufirst=Rasu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/kombucha-tea/faq-20058126">"A mug of kombucha for your health?"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=A+mug+of+kombucha+for+your+health%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-lifestyle%2Fconsumer-health%2Fexpert-answers%2Fkombucha-tea%2Ffaq-20058126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/kombucha">"kombucha | Description, History, & Nutrition"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=kombucha+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Nutrition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fkombucha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex.2016" class="citation book cs1">Alex., LaGory (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1051088525"><i>The Big Book of Kombucha</i></a>. Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61212-435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61212-435-3"><bdi>978-1-61212-435-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051088525">1051088525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Kombucha&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1051088525&rft.isbn=978-1-61212-435-3&rft.aulast=Alex.&rft.aufirst=LaGory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1051088525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troitino2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troitino2017_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroitino" class="citation news cs1">Troitino, Christina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinatroitino/2017/02/01/kombucha-101-demystifying-the-past-present-and-future-of-the-fermented-tea-drink/">"Kombucha 101: Demystifying The Past, Present And Future Of The Fermented Tea Drink"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Kombucha+101%3A+Demystifying+The+Past%2C+Present+And+Future+Of+The+Fermented+Tea+Drink&rft.aulast=Troitino&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fchristinatroitino%2F2017%2F02%2F01%2Fkombucha-101-demystifying-the-past-present-and-future-of-the-fermented-tea-drink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-big-kombu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-big-kombu_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-big-kombu_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/kombucha-market">"Kombucha Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Flavor (Original, Flavored), By Distribution Channel (Supermarkets, Health Stores, Online Stores), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2020 - 2027"</a>. Grandview Research. February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kombucha+Market+Size%2C+Share+%26+Trends+Analysis+Report+By+Flavor+%28Original%2C+Flavored%29%2C+By+Distribution+Channel+%28Supermarkets%2C+Health+Stores%2C+Online+Stores%29%2C+By+Region%2C+And+Segment+Forecasts%2C+2020+-+2027&rft.pub=Grandview+Research&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandviewresearch.com%2Findustry-analysis%2Fkombucha-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonasFarah1998" class="citation journal cs1">Jonas, Rainer; Farah, Luiz F. (1998). 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Does it have any health benefits?"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/629">629–633</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780944235713" title="Special:BookSources/9780944235713"><bdi>9780944235713</bdi></a>. <q>Serious side effects and occasional deaths have been associated with drinking Kombucha tea</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kombucha+tea&rft.btitle=American+Cancer+Society+Complete+Guide+to+Complementary+and+Alternative+Cancer+Therapies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=629-633&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780944235713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancancerso0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKombucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Brent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/kombucha-tea/faq-20058126">"What is kombucha tea? 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teas" title="Template:Teas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Teas" title="Template talk:Teas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Teas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Teas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <br />varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_tea" title="Wuyi tea">Bohea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka#Ceylon_black_tea" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congou" title="Congou">Congou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianhong" title="Dianhong">Dianhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Monkey_tea" title="Golden Monkey tea">Golden Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Jun_Mei_tea" title="Jin Jun Mei tea">Jin Jun Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_tea" title="Kangra tea">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keemun" title="Keemun">Keemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tea" title="Nilgiri tea">Nilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_tea" title="Sikkim tea">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeti" title="Tibeti">Tibeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_tea" title="Rize tea">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingdehong_tea" title="Yingdehong tea">Yingdehong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oolong" title="Oolong">Oolong tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Jiguan_tea" title="Bai Jiguan tea">Bai Jiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Tian_Yao_tea" title="Ban Tian Yao tea">Ban Tian Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baozhong_tea" title="Baozhong tea">Baozhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi_Chun_tea" title="Bu Zhi Chun tea">Bu Zhi Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Hong_Pao" title="Da Hong Pao">Da Hong Pao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Ding_tea" title="Dong Ding tea">Dong ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_meiren" title="Dongfang meiren">Dongfang meiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Shou_tea" title="Fo Shou tea">Fo Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_tea" title="High-mountain tea">Gaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjin_Gui" title="Huangjin Gui">Huangjin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Meigui_tea" title="Huang Meigui tea">Huang Meigui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xuan_tea" title="Jin Xuan tea">Jin Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilan_tea" title="Qilan tea">Qilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougui_tea" title="Rougui tea">Rougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_zhi" title="Ruan zhi">Ruan zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Jin_Gui_tea" title="Shui Jin Gui tea">Shui Jin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Xian" title="Shui Xian">Shui Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieluohan_tea" title="Tieluohan tea">Tieluohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieguanyin" title="Tieguanyin">Tieguanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anji_bai_cha" title="Anji bai cha">Anji bai cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracha" title="Aracha">Aracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baimao_Hou" title="Baimao Hou">Baimao Hou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biluochun" title="Biluochun">Biluochun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Mee" title="Chun Mee">Chun Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafang_tea" title="Dafang tea">Dafang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an_Melon_Seed_tea" title="Lu'an Melon Seed tea">Lu'an Melon Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_houkui" title="Taiping houkui">Taiping houkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_Maofeng" title="Huangshan Maofeng">Huangshan Maofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyson" title="Hyson">Hyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Kabusecha" title="Sencha">Kabusecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamairicha" title="Kamairicha">Kamairicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konacha" title="Konacha">Konacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang_Maojian_tea" title="Xinyang Maojian tea">Maojian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_(tea)" title="Mecha (tea)">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengding_Ganlu_tea" title="Mengding Ganlu tea">Mengding Ganlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Shincha" title="Sencha">Shincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaryokucha" title="Tamaryokucha">Tamaryokucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_tea" title="White tea">White tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baimudan_tea" title="Baimudan tea">Bai Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihao_Yinzhen" title="Baihao Yinzhen">Baihao Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoumei_tea" title="Shoumei tea">Shoumei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_tea" title="Yellow tea">Yellow tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junshan_Yinzhen" title="Junshan Yinzhen">Junshan Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshan_Huangya_tea" title="Huoshan Huangya tea">Huoshan Huangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">Pu-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncha" title="Doncha">Doncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">Lahpet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kombucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_blending_and_additives" title="Tea blending and additives">Blended or <br />flavoured teas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea" title="Earl Grey tea">Earl Grey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Grey_(tea)" title="Lady Grey (tea)">Lady Grey</a>)</li> <li>Breakfast tea (<a href="/wiki/English_breakfast_tea" title="English breakfast tea">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Irish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_tea" title="Jasmine tea">Jasmine tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapsang_souchong" title="Lapsang souchong">Lapsang souchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">Masala chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea" title="Maghrebi mint tea">Maghrebi mint tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_tea_blend" title="Prince of Wales tea blend">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Caravan" title="Russian Caravan">Russian Caravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strobilanthes_tonkinensis" title="Strobilanthes tonkinensis">Strobilanthes tonkinensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Australia" title="Tea in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_tea" title="Ceylon tea">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea" title="Korean tea">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_tea" title="Nepali tea">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_tea" title="Vietnamese tea">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_tea_ceremony" title="East Asian tea ceremony">East Asian tea ceremony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongfu_tea" title="Gongfu tea">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_tea_ceremony" title="Ryukyuan tea ceremony">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse or tearoom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">Cha chaan teng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tea_culture" title="Argentine tea culture">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_tea_culture" title="Brazilian tea culture">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_tea_culture" title="Dominican tea culture">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_tea_culture" title="Hong Kong tea culture">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_tea_culture" title="Indian tea culture">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture_in_Japan" title="Tea culture in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_tea_culture" title="Mexican tea culture">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_tea_culture" title="Senegalese tea culture">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tea in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_India" title="History of tea in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production and <br />distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_grading" title="Tea leaf grading">Leaf grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_processing" title="Tea processing">Processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tasting" title="Tea tasting">Tasting</a></li> <li>Cultivation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_diseases" title="List of tea diseases">Diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies" title="List of tea companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tea_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by tea consumption per capita">Consumption by country</a></li> <li>Auctions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Tea_Auction" title="London Tea Auction">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Tea_Auction" title="Chittagong Tea Auction">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Tea_Auction_Centre" title="Guwahati Tea Auction Centre">Guwahati</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Indonesia" title="Tea production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya" title="Tea production in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Rwanda" title="Tea production in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_tea" title="Flowering tea">Flowering teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">Compressed tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">ISO procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_lady" title="Tea lady">Tea lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tea" title="Health effects of tea">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_tea" title="Phenolic content in tea">Phenolic content</a></li> <li>Compounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">Epigallocatechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaflavin" title="Theaflavin">Theaflavin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea-based <br />drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">Bubble tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_tea" title="Builder's tea">Builder's tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_milk_tea" title="Burmese milk tea">Burmese milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifir" title="Chifir">Chifir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodh_pati_chai" title="Doodh pati chai">Doodh pati chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93style_milk_tea" title="Hong Kong–style milk tea">Hong Kong–style milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">Iced tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_(drink)" title="Arnold Palmer (drink)">Arnold Palmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">Kahwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_cha" title="Lei cha">Lei cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_tea" title="Milk tea">Milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_chai" title="Noon chai">Noon chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-color_tea" title="Seven-color tea">Seven-color tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_haleeb" title="Shahi haleeb">Shahi haleeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suutei_tsai" title="Suutei tsai">Suutei tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">Teh tarik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaware" title="Teaware">Teaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_chest" title="Tea chest">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_caddy" title="Tea caddy">Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infuser" title="Infuser">Infuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_strainer" title="Tea strainer">Strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacup" title="Teacup">Teacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">Teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiwan" title="Gaiwan">Gaiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_set" title="Tea set">Tea set</a></li></ul></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_classics" title="Tea classics">Tea classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">List of Chinese teas</a></li> <li>Teas of related species <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia japonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua" title="Camellia sasanqua">Camellia sasanqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_taliensis" title="Camellia taliensis">Camellia taliensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tea research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipton_Institute_of_Tea" title="Lipton Institute of Tea">Lipton Institute of Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Research_and_Extension_Station" title="Tea Research and Extension Station">Tea Research and Extension Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Herbal_tea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime_tea" title="Dried lime tea">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_tea" title="Ginger tea">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa">Guayusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koththamalli" title="Koththamalli">Koththamalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuding" title="Kuding">Kuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (drink)">Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooibos" title="Rooibos">Rooibos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tea" title="Category:Tea">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125906-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96005234">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150033530">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150033530">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kombucha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph165203&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX552301">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000331437&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551641505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kombucha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/090263200">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thé kombucha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/191210102">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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