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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century_and_earlier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century_and_earlier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>17th century and earlier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century_and_earlier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_mentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_mentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early mentions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale_of_tea_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_tea_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Sale of tea begins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_tea_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_as_a_medicinal_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_as_a_medicinal_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Tea as a medicinal drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_as_a_medicinal_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_among_aristocrats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_among_aristocrats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Popularity among aristocrats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_among_aristocrats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuing_sale_of_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_sale_of_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Continuing sale of tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_sale_of_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_milk_and_sugar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_milk_and_sugar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Introduction of milk and sugar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_milk_and_sugar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_among_the_middle_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_among_the_middle_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Popularity among the middle classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_among_the_middle_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_the_working_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_the_working_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Adoption by the working classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_the_working_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Cultivation in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brewing_the_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brewing_the_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Brewing the tea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brewing_the_tea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brewing the tea subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brewing_the_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milk_and_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_and_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Milk and tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_and_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinking_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Drinking etiquette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_rooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_rooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tea rooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_rooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_as_a_break" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_as_a_break"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tea as a break</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_as_a_break-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_as_a_meal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_as_a_meal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tea as a meal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_as_a_meal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tea cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Appliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tea in the United Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الشاي في المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشاي في المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant_te_Prydain" title="Diwylliant te Prydain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant te Prydain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_Teekultur" title="Britische Teekultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britische Teekultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9_au_Royaume-Uni" title="Thé au Royaume-Uni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thé au Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Чај во Обединетото Кралство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чај во Обединетото Кралство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aji_n%C3%AB_Mbret%C3%ABrin%C3%AB_e_Bashkuar" title="Çaji në Mbretërinë e Bashkuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çaji në Mbretërinë e Bashkuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tea in the United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98_%D1%83_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Чај у Уједињеном Краљевству – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чај у Уједињеном Краљевству" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ชาในสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาในสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%8C%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="英國茶文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國茶文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q492638#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of tea in the United Kingdom</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg/220px-Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg/330px-Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg/440px-Nice_Cup_of_Tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A ceramic <a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">teapot</a> on a metal trivet, a milk jug, and a full <a href="/wiki/Teacup" title="Teacup">teacup</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Saucer" title="Saucer">saucer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_box_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tea_box_hg.jpg/220px-Tea_box_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tea_box_hg.jpg/330px-Tea_box_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tea_box_hg.jpg/440px-Tea_box_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>An English <a href="/wiki/Tea_caddy" title="Tea caddy">tea caddy</a>, a box used to store loose tea leaves</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has been one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> consumers, with an average annual <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> supply of 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally an upper-class drink in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, tea gradually spread through all classes, eventually becoming a common drink. It is still considered an important part of the British identity<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Northern Ireland and in the rest of the United Kingdom, tea drinking blends and preferences vary.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although typically served with milk, it is also common to drink certain varieties black or with lemon. Sugar is a popular addition to any variety. Everyday tea, such as <a href="/wiki/English_breakfast_tea" title="English breakfast tea">English breakfast tea</a>, served in a <a href="/wiki/Mug" title="Mug">mug</a> with milk and sugar is a popular combination. Sandwiches, <a href="/wiki/Crumpet" title="Crumpet">crumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scones</a>, cake, or <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a> often accompany tea, which gave rise to the prominent British custom of <a href="/wiki/Dunking_(biscuit)" title="Dunking (biscuit)">dunking</a> a biscuit into tea. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise in popularity of tea between the 17th and 19th centuries had major social, political, and economic implications for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. Tea defined respectability and domestic rituals, supported the rise of the British Empire, and contributed to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> by supplying both the capital for factories and calories for labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-266_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also demonstrated the power of globalisation and its ability to transform a country and reshape its society.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ukers argues in <i>All About Tea: Volume I</i> that tea gained popularity in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> due to its reputation as a medicinal drink and its burgeoning presence in coffeehouses where elite men congregated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukers-23-46_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukers-23-46-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the popularity of tea among women, he briefly acknowledges that Princess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of England">queen consort of England</a>, made tea fashionable among aristocratic women, but largely attributes its popularity to its ubiquity in the medical discourse of the 17th century. In <i>Empire of Tea: The Asian Leaf that Conquered the World</i>, authors Ellis, Coulton and Mauger trace tea's popularity back to three distinct groups: virtuosi, merchants, and elite female aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-31-76_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-31-76-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that the influence of these three groups combined launched tea as a popular beverage in Britain. </p><p>Smith, in his article "Complications of the Commonplace: Tea, Sugar, and Imperialism", differs from the beliefs of the previous writers. He argues that tea only became popular once sugar was added to the drink and that the combination became associated with a domestic ritual that indicated respectability.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mintz, in both "The Changing Roles of Food in the Story of Consumption" and <i>Sweetness and Power</i>, agrees to an extent with Smith, acknowledging that sugar played a monumental role in the rise of tea, but he contradicts Smith's connection of tea to respectability.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-261-270_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-261-270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Smith argues that tea first became popular in the home, Mintz claims that tea was drunk during the workday for its warm sweetness and stimulating properties,<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-SP-110-117_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-SP-110-117-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elaborating that it was later that tea entered the home and became an "integral part of the social fabric".<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-266_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century_and_earlier">17th century and earlier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century and earlier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_mentions">Early mentions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early mentions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of European interactions with tea dates back to the mid-16th century. The earliest mention of tea in European literature was by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Ramusio" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista Ramusio">Giambattista Ramusio</a>, a Venetian explorer, as Chai Catai, or "Tea of China", in 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea was mentioned several more times in various European countries afterwards, but Jan Hugo van Linschooten, a Dutch navigator, was the first to write a printed reference of tea in English in 1598 in his <i>Voyages and Travels</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it was several years later, in 1615, that the earliest known reference to tea by an Englishman took place. In a letter, Mr. R. Wickham, an agent for the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> stationed at <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, asked a Mr. Eaton, who was stationed in then-Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao">Macao</a>, China,<sup id="cite_ref-Ukers-37_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukers-37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to send him "a pot of the best sort of chaw",<sup id="cite_ref-Ukers-37_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukers-37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> phonetically an approximation of <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">"chàh"</i></span>, the local <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> dialect word for tea. Another early reference to tea appears in the writings of trader <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a> in 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-Purchas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purchas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purchas described how the Chinese consumed tea as "the powder of a certaine herbe called chia of which they put as much as a walnut shell may contain, into a dish of Porcelane, and drink it with hot water".<sup id="cite_ref-Purchas_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purchas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1637, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mundy" title="Peter Mundy">Peter Mundy</a>, a traveller and merchant who came across tea in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, China, wrote, "<i>chaa</i> – only water with a kind of herb boyled in it".<sup id="cite_ref-chrystal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrystal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sale_of_tea_begins">Sale of tea begins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sale of tea begins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg/220px-Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg/330px-Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg/440px-Exchange_Alley_-_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4396" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>1746 map showing Exchange Alley, where tea was first sold in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Though there were a number of early mentions, it was several more years before tea was actually sold in England. <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> exported from China was first introduced in <a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">the coffeehouses of London</a> shortly before the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas Garway, a tobacconist and coffee house owner, was the first person in England to sell tea as a leaf and beverage at his London <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffeehouse</a> in Exchange Alley in 1657.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had to explain the new beverage in a pamphlet. Immediately after Garway began selling it, the Sultaness Head Coffee House began selling tea as a beverage and posted the first newspaper advertisement for tea in <i><a href="/wiki/Mercurius_Politicus" title="Mercurius Politicus">Mercurius Politicus</a></i> on 30 September 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukers-41_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukers-41-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement proclaimed, "That Excellent, and by all Physicians approved, <i>China</i> drink, called by the <i>Chinese</i>, <i>Tcha</i>, by other nations <i>Tay alias Tee</i>, ...sold at the Sultaness-head, ye <i>Cophee-house</i> in Sweetings-Rents, by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a>, <i>London</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ukers-41_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukers-41-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London, "[c]offee, chocolate and a kind of drink called <i>tee</i>" were "sold in almost every street in 1659", according to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rugge" title="Thomas Rugge">Thomas Rugge</a>'s <i>Diurnall</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tea was still mainly consumed by upper and mercantile classes. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>, curious for every novelty, tasted the new drink on 25 September 1660 and recorded the experience in his diary, writing, "I did send for a cup of tee, (a China drink) of which I had never had drunk before". </p><p>The East India Company made its first order for the importation of tea in 1667 to their agent in <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Bantam</a>, who then sent two canisters of tea weighing 143 pounds (2,290 oz) in 1669.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1672, a servant of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_3rd_Baron_Herbert_of_Chirbury" title="Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Chirbury">Baron Herbert</a> in London sent his instructions for tea making, and warming the delicate cups, to <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The directions for the tea are: a quart of spring water just boiled, to which put a spoonful of tea, and sweeten to the palate with candy sugar. As soon as the tea and sugar are in, the steam must be kept in as much as may be, and let it lie half or quarter of an hour in the heat of the fire but not boil. The little cups must be held over the steam before the liquid be put in.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The earliest English <a href="/wiki/Equipage" title="Equipage">equipages</a> for making tea date to the 1660s. Small porcelain <a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">tea bowls</a> were used by the fashionable and were occasionally shipped with the tea itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tea_as_a_medicinal_drink">Tea as a medicinal drink</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tea as a medicinal drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first factor that contributed to the rise in popularity of tea was its reputation as a medicinal drink. Tea first became labelled as a medical drink in 1641 by the Dutch physician and director of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> Nikolas Dirx, who wrote under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Tulp" title="Nicolaes Tulp">Nicolaes Tulp</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his book <i>Observationes Medicae</i>, he claimed that "nothing is comparable to this plant" and that those who use it are "exempt from all maladies and reach an extreme old age".<sup id="cite_ref-Tulp_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tulp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dirx went into considerable detail on the specific merits of tea, such as curing "headaches, colds, ophthalmia, catarrh, asthma, sluggishness of the stomach, and intestinal troubles".<sup id="cite_ref-Tulp_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tulp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Garway, the first English shopkeeper praised the medical benefits of tea in a broadsheet published in 1660 titled "An Exact Description of the Growth, Quality, and Vertues of the Leaf TEA". Garway claims that "the Drink is declared to be most wholesome, preserving in perfect health until extreme Old Age", as well as "maketh the body active and lusty", "helpeth the Headache", "taketh away the difficulty of breathing", "strengtheneth the Memory", and "expelleth infection".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were many more published works on the health benefits of tea, including those by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hartlib" title="Samuel Hartlib">Samuel Hartlib</a> in 1657, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Bontekoe" title="Cornelis Bontekoe">Cornelis Bontekoe</a> in 1678, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Povey" title="Thomas Povey">Thomas Povey</a> in 1686, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a> in the 1690s;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one satirist of the time asked if the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> could debate whether any of the exotic new hot drinks would "agree with the Constitutions of our <i>English</i> bodies".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1667, Pepys noted that his wife was taking tea on medical advice – "a drink which Mr Pelling the <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Pottecary</a> tells her is good for her colds and defluxions". English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> developed a fondness for tea after spending time with Dutch medical men in the 1680s.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-43_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-43-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men are the "virtuosi" referred to by Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger: scientists, philosophers, and doctors who first took an interest in tea and contributed to its early popularity as a pharmaceutical.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-31_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-31-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as with Dirx, some of these men may have been influenced by the Indies trading companies and merchants who wished to create a market for tea. Nevertheless, these writings about the perceived health benefits of tea contributed to the rise of the drink's popularity in England. </p><p>A 2022 study found that rising tea consumption during the 18th century in England had the unintended impact of reducing mortality rates, as it led more people to boil their water, thus reducing their vulnerability to waterborne diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popularity_among_aristocrats">Popularity among aristocrats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popularity among aristocrats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg/220px-Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg/330px-Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg/440px-Lady_drinking_tea_-_Lavreince.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Lady drinking tea by <a href="/wiki/Niclas_Lafrensen" title="Niclas Lafrensen">Niclas Lafrensen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger, "tea was six to ten times more expensive than coffee" in the 1660s, making it a costly and luxurious commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-36_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-36-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proliferation of works on the health benefits of tea came at a time when people in the upper classes of English society began to take an interest in their health, further bolstering its popularity. </p><p>In 1660, 2 pounds (0.91 kg) and 2 ounces (57 g) of tea bought from Portugal were formally presented to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> by the East India Company.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drink, already common in Europe, was a favourite of his new Portuguese bride, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>. She introduced it at <a href="/wiki/Domus_Dei" title="Domus Dei">Domus Dei</a> in Portsmouth<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during her wedding to Charles II in 1662 and made it fashionable among the ladies of the court as her temperance drink of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_268_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_268-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine of Braganza's use of tea as a court beverage rather than a medicinal drink influenced its popularity in literary circles around 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-kendra_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kendra-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever it was consumed in the court, it was "conspicuously on display" so as to show it off.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-31_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-31-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, tea drinking became a central aspect of aristocratic society in England by the 1680s, particularly among women who drank it while visiting in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-39_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-39-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine of Braganza's tea-drinking habit made tea an acceptable drink for both gentlemen and ladies. Wealthy ladies' desire to show off their luxurious commodities in front of other ladies also increased demand for tea and made it more popular. The addition of sugar was yet another factor that made tea desirable among the elite crowd, as it was another luxurious commodity already well-established among the upper classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuing_sale_of_tea">Continuing sale of tea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continuing sale of tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While tea slowly became more common in coffee houses during the second half of the 17th century, the first tea shop in London did not open until the early 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Twinings" title="Twinings">Thomas Twining</a>'s tea shop has been claimed as the first, opening in 1706, where it remains at 216 <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand, London</a>; however, 1717 has also been given as the date for the first tea shop.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In between tea's earliest mentions in Britain and its widespread popularity just over a century later, many factors contributed to the craze for this previously unknown foreign commodity. </p><p>Tea would not have become a British staple if not for the increase in its supply that made it more accessible. Between 1720 and 1750, the imports of tea to Britain through the East India Company more than quadrupled.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1766, exports from Canton stood at 6,000,000 pounds (2,700,000 kg) on British boats, compared with 4.5 on Dutch ships, 2.4 on Swedish, 2.1 on French.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veritable "tea fleets" grew up. Tea was particularly interesting to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic world">Atlantic world</a>, not only for its ease of cultivation but also its ease of preparation and its reputed medical benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the drink's supposed benefits, Francisca A. Antman has argued that the expansion of tea-drinking in eighteenth-century Britain meant that people were consuming more boiled water, which was less likely to carry pathogens, and that this explains a previously puzzling fall in mortality from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When tea was first introduced to Britain, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was not directly trading with China, and merchants relied on tea imports from <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECM-37_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-37-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because this tea was so expensive and difficult to get, there was very little demand for it, except among the elite who could afford it and made special orders. It was not until after 1700 that the East India Company began to trade regularly with China and ordered tea for export, though not in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_273_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_273-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith argues that the tea trade was actually a side effect of the silk and textile trade, the most desired Chinese commodities of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_273_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_273-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1720, however, <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> banned the importation of finished Asian textiles, and traders began to focus on tea instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_273_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_273-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new focus marked a turning point for the British tea trade and is arguably why tea became more popular than coffee. Once the East India company focused on tea as its main import, tea soon attained price stability. Conversely, the price of coffee remained unpredictable and high, allowing tea to grow in popularity before coffee became more accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the rising demand for tea and sugar was easily met with increased supply as the tea industry grew in India, which prevented sharp price increases that would have discouraged people from buying it.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_275_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_275-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the use of tea bowls, tea-drinking spurred the search for a European imitation of Chinese porcelain, which was first successfully produced in Britain at the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_manufactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea porcelain manufactory">Chelsea porcelain manufactory</a>, established around 1743–1745 and quickly imitated. </p><p>By the 1770s, all tea from foreign countries would first be imported and bought by London wholesalers or merchants before being exported by them. However, the taxes of importing tea to Britain were very high, resulting in tea being smuggled into Europe in significant quantities, forming an important aspect of the tea trade. Historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> found that, regarding the British tea trade before 1784, the estimated quantity of tea smuggled was roughly 7,500,000 pounds (3,400,000 kg) per year, although some believe the amount to be between 4,000,000–6,000,000 pounds (1,800,000–2,700,000 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with such levels of smuggling and unearned tax revenues, the British Parliament enacted the Commutation Act in 1784, slashing tea taxes from 119 percent to 12.5 percent, which effectively ended smuggling practices. The resulting reduction in tea prices allowed a larger population to purchase it, thereby spreading its use across social classes. </p><p>In the late 1770s, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Tea_Garden" title="Charleston Tea Garden">Charleston Tea Plantation</a> exported Chinese tea plants to his farm in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, with the intention of producing a number of varieties of tea, including <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oolong_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oolong tea">oolong tea</a>, a successful strategy resulting in significant sales to the British population.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_of_milk_and_sugar">Introduction of milk and sugar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Introduction of milk and sugar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg/220px-LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg/330px-LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg/440px-LangleyPrincessTeaset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>A modern British tea set, in which a sugar bowl and a milk jug accompany the teapot</figcaption></figure> <p>Though tea was gaining popularity on its own at the beginning of the 18th century, the addition of sugar to the drink aided its rise in popularity further, as the British began adding sugar to their tea between 1685 and the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, sugar was already used to enhance the flavour of other foods among the upper classes and had a reputation as an ostentatious luxury.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because both tea and sugar had status implications, it made sense to drink them together,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the growth in the import of tea parallels that of sugar in the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which itself was booming due to the growth of sugar plantations in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the upper classes of Britain began to care more about their health, and starting in the late 17th century, literature on the unhealthiness of sugar began to circulate.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_277_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_277-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding sugar to tea, however, was seen as an acceptable way to consume sugar, as it suggested that "one had the self-control to consume sugar in a healthy way."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_277_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_277-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar also masked the bitterness of tea, and made it more desirable to drink; as the supply of both tea and sugar grew during the early 18th century, the combination of the two became more universal, and increased popularity and demand for both products. Black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s when it became more common for both sugar and milk to be added to tea, a practice originating outside of China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popularity_among_the_middle_classes">Popularity among the middle classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popularity among the middle classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the popular English patriotic ballad "<a href="/wiki/The_Roast_Beef_of_Old_England" title="The Roast Beef of Old England">The Roast Beef of Old England</a>" was written in 1731, it portrayed tea (as well as coffee) as foreign and un-English, noting that they were rare during the time of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because tea began in Britain as a luxury for the upper classes, it had a reputation in the 18th century as a high-class commodity; however, as prices slowly fell, more people at the middle levels of society had access to it. Accordingly, drinking tea became associated with respectability among upwardly mobile middle-class people.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_276_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_276-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When people drank tea, they were expected to possess certain manners and behave in a particular way.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_276_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_276-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, drinking tea became a domestic ritual among families, colleagues, and friends who were just wealthy enough to afford it, which also increased demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_275_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_275-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association between tea and respectability became so ingrained in both British and Irish culture that it reached a point where it could not go out of fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_277_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_277-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea drinking among these groups was also soon considered patriotic. </p><p>Because the East India Company had a monopoly over the tea industry in Britain, tea became more popular than coffee, chocolate, and alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tea was seen as inherently British, and its consumption was encouraged by the British government because of the revenue gained from taxing tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-SP-114_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-SP-114-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike coffee and chocolate, which came from the colonies of Britain's rivals in various regions of the world, tea was produced in a single massive colony and served as a means of profit and colonial power.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_277_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_277-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-SP-114_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-SP-114-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mintz goes so far as to argue that the combination of ritualization and increased production in the British colonies was how tea became inherently British.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-SP-110_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-SP-110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the British continued to import more and more tea throughout the 18th century, tea slowly went from a respectable commodity consumed by the well-mannered classes in domestic rituals to an absolute necessity in the British diet, even among the poor working classes. John Hanway, an 18th-century social reformer, observed the widespread consumption of tea by the poor in 1767. He described "a certain lane ... where beggars are often seen ... drinking their tea", as well as "labourers mending their roads drinking their tea" and tea "in the cups of haymakers".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just two centuries after the first appearance of tea in British society as a beverage for aristocrats, tea had become so widely popular and available that those at the absolute bottom of the social hierarchy were consuming it as their beverage of choice. It was at this point that tea became universal among all levels of society. <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> asked, "is it true to say the new drink replaced <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> in England?"<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-6_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-6-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_by_the_working_classes">Adoption by the working classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adoption by the working classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION,_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION%2C_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg/220px-THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION%2C_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION%2C_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg/330px-THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION%2C_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION%2C_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg/440px-THE_WOMEN%27S_WORK_IN_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION%2C_1914-1918_Q107140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Workers taking a tea break during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the 19th century, tea had reached the working class, and it was soon considered an everyday necessity among poor labourers. According to the Scottish historian <a href="/wiki/David_Macpherson_(historian)" title="David Macpherson (historian)">David MacPherson</a>, tea had become cheaper than beer by the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, sugar had also become extremely cheap by this time, and the two were almost always consumed together.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the price of coffee had decreased by this point, tea was the preferred drink because, unlike coffee, it still tasted good when diluted, which is often how the poor consumed it to save money.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tea had other attractions as well. Drinking a hot, sweet beverage helped the meals of the lower classes, which generally consisted of dry bread and cheese, go down more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-266_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warm beverage was especially appealing given Britain's cold and wet climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-266_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-SP-110_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-SP-110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, tea helped alleviate some of the consequences of industrial <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>, as drinking tea required boiling the water, thereby killing water-borne diseases like <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-11_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-11-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the poor consumed tea very differently from the well-mannered ritual adopted by the upper classes. According to Mintz, "tea-drinking among the poor probably began in connection with work, not in the home".<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-265_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-265-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day labourers brewed their tea out in the open and brought their tea equipment with them to work, as opposed to the private, domestic ritual that had previously surrounded tea-drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-CR-266_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-CR-266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afternoon tea possibly became a way to increase the number of hours labourers could work; the stimulants in the tea, accompanied by the calorie boost from the sugar and accompanying snacks, would give workers energy to finish the day's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz-SP-110_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-SP-110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-11_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-11-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultivation_in_India">Cultivation in India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultivation in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The popularity of tea occasioned the furtive export of slips, a small shoot for planting or twig for grafting to tea plants, from China to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_India" title="History of tea in India">commercial cultivation there</a>, beginning in 1840. Between 1872 and 1884, the supply of tea to the British Empire increased with the expansion of the railway to the east. The demand, however, was not proportional, which caused prices to rise. Nevertheless, starting in 1884, innovations in tea preparation caused the price of tea to drop and remained relatively low through the first half of the 20th century. Soon afterwards, London became the centre of the international tea trade.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-9_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-9-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With high tea imports also came a large increase in the demand for porcelain. The demand for teacups, pots, and dishes increased to go along with the popular new drink.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoC0-10_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoC0-10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg/220px-The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg/330px-The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg/440px-The_Willow_Tearooms5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Willow_Tearooms" title="Willow Tearooms">Willow Tearooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, <i><a href="/wiki/DataMonitor" class="mw-redirect" title="DataMonitor">DataMonitor</a></i> reported that regular tea drinking in the United Kingdom was on the decline.<sup id="cite_ref-waning_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waning-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a 10.25% decline in the purchase of normal teabags in Britain between 1997 and 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-waning_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waning-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of ground coffee also fell during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-waning_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waning-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britons were instead drinking health-orientated beverages, like fruit or <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a>, consumption of which increased 50% from 1997 to 2002. A further unexpected statistic is that the sales of <a href="/wiki/Decaffination" class="mw-redirect" title="Decaffination">decaffeinated</a> tea and coffee fell faster than the sale of more common varieties during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-waning_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waning-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining tea sales were matched by an increase in espresso sales.<sup id="cite_ref-sales_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sales-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, tea remains an extremely popular drink and is still ingrained in British culture and society. </p><p>The first locally grown tea, from <a href="/wiki/Tregothnan" title="Tregothnan">Tregothnan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, was harvested in 2005. By 2019, the plantation produced 20 tonnes of tea annually.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brewing_the_tea">Brewing the tea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brewing the tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even semi-formal events can be reason enough to use cups and saucers rather than mugs. A typical British tea ritual might run as follows (the host performing all actions unless noted):<sup id="cite_ref-Infographic:_All_About_British_Tea_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infographic:_All_About_British_Tea-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kettle" title="Kettle">kettle</a> is boiled with fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a> water is swirled around the <a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">teapot</a> to warm it and is then poured out.</li> <li>Tea leaves – usually black tea, loose or in an <a href="/wiki/Infuser" title="Infuser">infuser</a> – or <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">tea bags</a> are added to the teapot.</li> <li>Fresh boiling water is poured into the pot over the tea leaves, infuser, or bags, and allowed to brew for two to five minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Alleyne_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alleyne-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The brewed tea is poured into the cup, through a <a href="/wiki/Tea_strainer" title="Tea strainer">tea strainer</a> placed over the top of the cup if loose tea is being used. Infusers or tea bags may be removed once desired strength is attained. A <a href="/wiki/Tea_cosy" title="Tea cosy">tea cosy</a> may be placed on the pot to keep the tea warm.</li> <li>White sugar and milk (in that order) may be added, usually by the guest, though milk may be put in the cup before the tea.</li></ol> <p>The pot will normally hold enough tea so that some remains after filling the cups of all the guests. If this is the case, the tea cosy is replaced after everyone has been served. Hot water may be provided in a separate pot and is used only for topping up the pot, never for individual cups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk_and_tea">Milk and tea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Milk and tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"By putting the tea in first and stirring as one pours, one can exactly regulate the amount of milk, whereas one is likely to put in too much milk if one does it the other way round" </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—One of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s eleven rules for making tea from his essay "<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>", appearing in the London <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i>, 12 January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div><p> Whether to put milk into the cup before or after the tea has been a matter of debate since at least the mid-20th century; in his 1946 essay "<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>", author <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> wrote, "tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in this country and causes violent disputes over how it should be made".<sup id="cite_ref-George_Orwell_1998_p._34_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Orwell_1998_p._34-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether to put the tea in the cup first and add the milk after or do the opposite has split public opinion, with Orwell stating, "indeed in every family in Britain there are probably two schools of thought on the subject".<sup id="cite_ref-George_Orwell_1998_p._34_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Orwell_1998_p._34-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another aspect of the debate is the claims that adding milk at different times alters the flavour of the tea (for instance, see <a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">ISO 3103</a> and the Royal Society of Chemistry's "How to make a Perfect Cup of Tea"<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Some studies suggest that heating milk above 75 °C (167 °F) when adding milk after the tea is poured does cause denaturation of the <a href="/wiki/Lactalbumin" title="Lactalbumin">lactalbumin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactoglobulin">lactoglobulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heat_Denaturation_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heat_Denaturation-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies argue that brewing time has a greater importance.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to considerations of flavour, the order of these steps is thought to have been, historically, an indication of class. Only those wealthy enough to afford good-quality <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubrin2010_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubrin2010-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further point of discussion on when to add milk is how it affects the time taken for the liquid to reach a drinkable temperature. While adding milk first will cause an initial drop in temperature, which leads to a more shallow <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_cooling" title="Newton's law of cooling">cooling curve</a> and slower cooling while also increasing volume (which would slightly increase the surface area through which the tea could lose heat), one study<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> noted that adding milk first leads to the tea retaining heat out of all proportion with these effects. The major mechanism by which hot tea cools is not conduction or radiation, but <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">evaporative loss</a>, which is affected by the physical properties of the milk. The study concluded that lipids in milk prevent water from evaporating rapidly, thus retaining heat longer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinking_etiquette">Drinking etiquette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drinking etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britons also hold opinions as to the proper manner in which to drink tea when using a cup and saucer.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapsted_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapsted-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, during the 1770s and 1780s, it was fashionable to drink tea from saucers. Saucers were deeper than is the current fashion, and therefore more similar to bowls like their Chinese antecedents.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one is seated at a table, the proper manner to drink tea is to raise the teacup only, placing it back into the saucer in between sips. When standing or sitting in a chair without a table, one holds the tea saucer with the off-hand and the teacup in the dominant hand. When not in use, the teacup is placed back in the tea saucer and held in one's lap or at waist height. In either event, the teacup should never be held or waved in the air. Fingers should be curled inwards; despite popular belief in the United States, no finger should extend away from the handle of the cup.<sup id="cite_ref-Infographic:_All_About_British_Tea_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infographic:_All_About_British_Tea-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tea_rooms">Tea rooms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tea rooms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Tea_room_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Some tea rooms in <a href="/wiki/Burley,_Hampshire" title="Burley, Hampshire">Burley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Tea rooms</a> resulted from societal concerns about the working class's consumption of alcohol. One response to the perception of widespread dissolution was the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, which promoted tea as a healthful alternative to alcohol of any sort. From the 1830s many new cafes and coffeehouses opened, as a place to socialise that was not a <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> or an inn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street,_London,_1942._D6573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street%2C_London%2C_1942._D6573.jpg/220px-Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street%2C_London%2C_1942._D6573.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street%2C_London%2C_1942._D6573.jpg/330px-Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street%2C_London%2C_1942._D6573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street%2C_London%2C_1942._D6573.jpg/440px-Customers_enjoying_afternoon_tea_at_Lyon%27s_Corner_House_on_Coventry_Street%2C_London%2C_1942._D6573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>A waitress in a <a href="/wiki/Nippy" title="Nippy">nippy</a> uniform brings cakes to the table of customers enjoying afternoon tea at a <a href="/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co." title="J. Lyons and Co.">Lyon's</a> Corner House in London, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Aerated_Bread_Company" title="Aerated Bread Company">Aerated Bread Company</a> opened the first of what would grow to be known as <a href="/wiki/Aerated_Bread_Company#Tea_shops_and_early_women's_issues" title="Aerated Bread Company">A.B.C. Tea Shops</a>. The idea came from a London-based "manageress" at ABC "who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tea room on the premises".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1923, the A.B.C. tea shops had 250 branches,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second only to <a href="/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co." title="J. Lyons and Co.">J. Lyons and Co.</a> Lyons Corner Houses started in 1894 and soon became the leading chain of tea rooms; their waitresses were known as "<a href="/wiki/Nippy" title="Nippy">nippies</a>" for the speed of their work. </p><p>In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cranston" title="Catherine Cranston">Catherine Cranston</a> opened the first of what became a chain of Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, providing elegant, well-designed social venues which, for the first time, provided for well-to-do women socialising without male company. They proved to be widely popular. She engaged up-and-coming designers and became a patron of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>. He designed the complete building of the <a href="/wiki/Willow_Tearooms" title="Willow Tearooms">Willow Tearooms</a>, which featured a strikingly modern exterior and a series of interesting interior designs. Similar establishments became popular throughout Scotland. The Glasgow Willow Tearooms building was fully restored between 2014 and its reopening in July 2018. </p><p>Tea rooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal without a male escort, without risk to their reputations. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Roger Fulford</a> argues that tea rooms benefitted women in that these neutral public spaces were instrumental in the "spread of independence" for women and their <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">struggle for the vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Women'_1957_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women'_1957-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Chrystal characterises tea rooms as "popular and fashionable, especially with women", providing them with a dignified and safe place to meet, eat, and strategise on political campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a long tradition of tea rooms within <a href="/wiki/Hotels_in_London#History" title="Hotels in London">London's hotels</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Hotel" title="Brown's Hotel">Brown's Hotel</a> has been serving tea for over 170 years.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1880s, fine hotels in both the UK and the US featured tea rooms and tea courts, and by 1910 they had begun to host afternoon <a href="/wiki/Tea_dance" title="Tea dance">tea dances</a> as dance crazes swept both countries. </p><p>Tea rooms of all kinds were widespread in Britain by the 1950s, but in the following decades cafés became more fashionable, and tea rooms became less common. Nonetheless, there are still plenty of places that offer the opportunity to enjoy <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">afternoon tea</a>, a luxurious light meal of savoury snacks (<a href="/wiki/Tea_sandwich" title="Tea sandwich">tea sandwiches</a>) and small pastries. A less formal alternative is a <a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">cream tea</a>, particularly popular in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Scone_(bread)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scone (bread)">scone</a> with jam and <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>. Another possibility is the <a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)#Evening_high_tea" title="Tea (meal)">high tea</a>, hot savoury food as the day's final (but relatively early) meal. There are plenty of regional variations. In Scotland, for instance, teas are usually served with scones, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crumpet" title="Crumpet">crumpets</a>, and other cakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tea_as_a_break">Tea as a break</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tea as a break"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British workers, by law, have the right to a minimum of a twenty-minute break in a shift of six hours; government guidelines describe this as "a tea or lunch break".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taken in the morning, this may be informally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">elevenses</a>, served around <span class="nowrap">11 a.m.</span> A mug of <a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_tea" title="Builder's tea">builder's tea</a> is a common beverage seen in a quick tea break in the working day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tea_as_a_meal">Tea as a meal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tea as a meal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea (meal)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg/220px-Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg/330px-Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg/440px-Bourton-on-the-water_1990_cream_tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>A cream tea underway at <a href="/wiki/Bourton-on-the-Water" title="Bourton-on-the-Water">Bourton-on-the-Water</a>, 1990</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Tea</i> is not only the name of the beverage but also of a light meal. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford" title="Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford">Anna Maria, Duchess of Bedford</a>, is credited with its creation, circa 1840. The notion of cakes or a light meal with tea passed to teahouses or tea rooms. In the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">cream teas</a> are a speciality: <a href="/wiki/Scone_(bread)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scone (bread)">scones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a> and jam accompany the drink. <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">Afternoon tea</a>, in contemporary <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British usage</a>, usually indicates a special occasion, perhaps in a hotel dining room, with savoury snacks (<a href="/wiki/Tea_sandwich" title="Tea sandwich">tea sandwiches</a>) as well as small sweet pastries. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was known to enjoy <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a> with her afternoon tea – after the invention of <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bird" title="Alfred Bird">Alfred Bird</a> in 1843 which allowed the sponge to rise higher in cakes, a patriotic cake, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria sponge">Victoria sponge</a>, was created, named after the Queen. </p><p>A social event to enjoy tea together, usually in a private home, is a <a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">tea party</a>. </p><p>Tea or high tea can also refer to a savoury, hot, early evening meal. This usage is common in working-class British English and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, Wales, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. Internationally, it has also seen usage in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tea_cards">Tea cards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tea cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, a number of varieties of loose tea sold in packets from the 1940s to the 1980s contained tea cards. These were illustrated cards roughly the same size as <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">cigarette cards</a> and intended to be collected by children. Some of the best known were <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_Tea" title="Red Rose Tea">Red Rose Tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoo_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoo tea">Typhoo tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Bond" title="Brooke Bond">Brooke Bond</a> cards, the last of whom also provided albums for collectors to keep their cards in. In the brand named <i>Brooke Bond Dividend D</i>, the card was a <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a> ("divvy") against the cost of the tea. </p><p>Some renowned artists were commissioned to illustrate the cards, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tunnicliffe" title="Charles Tunnicliffe">Charles Tunnicliffe</a>. Many of these card collections are now valuable collectors' items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinks">Drinks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea" title="Earl Grey tea">Earl Grey tea</a>, a classic English blended tea, flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Bergamot_essential_oil" title="Bergamot essential oil">bergamot essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_breakfast_tea" title="English breakfast tea">English breakfast tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Irish breakfast tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_tea_blend" title="Prince of Wales tea blend">Prince of Wales tea blend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfire_(drink)" title="Gunfire (drink)">Gunfire (drink)</a>, a cocktail made of tea and rum served in the British Army</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teacake" title="Teacake">Teacake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appliances">Appliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Appliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_vessel" title="Boiling vessel">Boiling vessel</a>, a water heater for use in cooking and preparing tea fitted to British Army battle tanks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Betty_(teapot)" title="Brown Betty (teapot)">Brown Betty</a>, an iconic type of teapot made from British red clay, known for being rotund and glazed with brown manganese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cube_teapot" title="Cube teapot">Cube teapot</a>, a heavy-duty type of teapot invented for making tea on ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasmade" title="Teasmade">Teasmade</a>, an English appliance that combines a kettle and a teapot to make tea automatically by alarm clock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_set" title="Tea set">Tea set</a>, a set consisting of a tea pot, sugar bowl and milk jug</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies#United_Kingdom" title="List of tea companies">List of tea companies in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Tea_Auction" title="London Tea Auction">London Tea Auction</a>, 1679–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_pickup" title="TV pickup">TV pickup</a>, a daily spike in power consumption in the UK due to the use of electric kettles in TV commercial breaks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_lady" title="Tea lady">Tea lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tea_Day" title="National Tea Day">National Tea Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture#Ireland" title="Tea culture">Tea culture in Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD">"Food Balance Sheets"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Balance+Sheets&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat3.fao.org%2Fhome%2Findex.html%23DOWNLOAD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodruff D. Smith, "Complications of the Commonplace: Tea, Sugar, and Imperialism". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> (Autumn 1992), 259–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/food/529175/Why-Brits-love-a-cup-of-tea">"A very British beverage: Why us Brits just love a cuppa"</a>. Express. 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+very+British+beverage%3A+Why+us+Brits+just+love+a+cuppa&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood%2F529175%2FWhy-Brits-love-a-cup-of-tea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irish-at-heart.com/blogs/news/a-history-of-ireland-and-tea">"A History of Ireland and Tea"</a>. <i>Irish at Heart</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaking+Blue&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+tea+in+the+British+culture&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreakingblueresearch.com%2Fourthinking%2Fits-a-bri-tea-sh-thing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukers-23-46-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ukers-23-46_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, pp. 23–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-31-76-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECM-31-76_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisCoultonMauger2015">Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015</a>, pp. 31–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mintz-CR-261-270-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mintz-CR-261-270_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMintz1993">Mintz 1993</a>, pp. 261–270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mintz-SP-110-117-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mintz-SP-110-117_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMintz1985">Mintz 1985</a>, pp. 110–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giambattista Ramusio, <i>Navigatione et Viaggi</i>, Vol. II, Venice, 1559, in <a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Hugo Van Linschooten, <i>Voyages and Travels</i>, London, 1598, in <a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukers-37-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukers-37_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukers-37_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purchas-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purchas_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purchas_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Purchas, <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, Vol. III, London, 1625, in <a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrystal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chrystal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrystal2014" class="citation book cs1">Chrystal, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXYFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><i>Tea: A Very British Beverage</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea%3A+A+Very+British+Beverage&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Chrystal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXYFBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/history-and-types-of-british-tea-435180">"The Different Types of Tea in Britain - There Are Many"</a>. <i>The Spruce Eats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Eats&rft.atitle=The+Different+Types+of+Tea+in+Britain+-+There+Are+Many&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruceeats.com%2Fhistory-and-types-of-british-tea-435180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairHoh2009" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TR_PQAACAAJ&pg=PA169"><i>The True History of Tea</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25146-1"><bdi>978-0-500-25146-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+History+of+Tea&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-500-25146-1&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft.au=Hoh%2C+Erling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TR_PQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukers-41-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukers-41_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukers-41_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoC0-1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial"><i>Empire: the rise and demise of the British world order</i></a></span>. Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465023295" title="Special:BookSources/9780465023295"><bdi>9780465023295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+the+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780465023295&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoC0-2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rugge's <i>Diurnall</i> is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> (Add MS 10116-10117); it was published as <i>The diurnal of Thomas Rugg, 1659-1661</i>, William Lewis Sachse ed., (1961).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_MacGregor1850" class="citation book cs1">John MacGregor (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLkTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Commercial Statistics. a Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs, Navigation, Port, and Quarantine Laws, and Charges, Shipping, Imports and Exports, and the Monies, Weights, and Measures of All Nations</i></a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1130006230" title="Special:BookSources/978-1130006230"><bdi>978-1130006230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Statistics.+a+Digest+of+the+Productive+Resources%2C+Commercial+Legislation%2C+Customs+Tariffs%2C+Navigation%2C+Port%2C+and+Quarantine+Laws%2C+and+Charges%2C+Shipping%2C+Imports+and+Exports%2C+and+the+Monies%2C+Weights%2C+and+Measures+of+All+Nations&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1850&rft.isbn=978-1130006230&rft.au=John+MacGregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVLkTAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, W. J., ed., <i>Herbert Correspondence</i>, University of Wales (1963), pp. 204–205 no. 353, John Read to Richard Herbert of Oakly Park, <a href="/wiki/Ludlow" title="Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, 29 June 1672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tulp-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tulp_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tulp_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas Tulp, <i>Obersaciones Medicae</i>, Amsterdam, 1641, in <a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, pp. 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Garway, "An Exact Description of the Growth, Quality, and Vertues of the Leaf TEA", 1660, preserved in the British Museum, in <a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisCoultonMauger2015">Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015</a>, pp. 32, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Povey, Esq., "A Famous Tea Manuscript of 1686", 20 October 1686, in <a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shapin, Steven (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n15/steven-shapin/pretence-for-prattle">"Pretence for Prattle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Review of Books">The London Review of Books</a></i>. <b>37</b> (15): 17–18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Pretence+for+Prattle&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.aulast=Shapin&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv37%2Fn15%2Fsteven-shapin%2Fpretence-for-prattle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-43-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECM-43_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisCoultonMauger2015">Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-31-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECM-31_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECM-31_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisCoultonMauger2015">Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Antman, Francisca M. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01158">"For Want of a Cup: The Rise of Tea in England and the Impact of Water Quality on Mortality"</a>. <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>105</b> (6): 1352–1365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Frest_a_01158">10.1162/rest_a_01158</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F250677">10419/250677</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6535">0034-6535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218593795">218593795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=For+Want+of+a+Cup%3A+The+Rise+of+Tea+in+England+and+the+Impact+of+Water+Quality+on+Mortality&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1352-1365&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F250677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218593795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-6535&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Frest_a_01158&rft.aulast=Antman&rft.aufirst=Francisca+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%2Frest_a_01158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-36-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECM-36_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisCoultonMauger2015">Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoC0-3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-3_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard, Lord Braybrooke, ed., note in <i>The Diary and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys, F.R.S</i>., vol. I :109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/very-royal-wedding-charles-ii-and-catherine-braganza">"A very Royal Wedding - Charles II and Catherine of Braganza"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+very+Royal+Wedding+-+Charles+II+and+Catherine+of+Braganza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fbehind-the-scenes%2Fblog%2Fvery-royal-wedding-charles-ii-and-catherine-braganza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_268-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_268_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMintz1993">Mintz 1993</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kendra-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kendra_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm" class="citation web cs1">Wilhelm, Kendra Hunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panix.com/~kendra/tea/tea_to_england.html">"Tea Comes to England"</a>. <i>Tea</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tea&rft.atitle=Tea+Comes+to+England&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Kendra+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panix.com%2F~kendra%2Ftea%2Ftea_to_england.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-39-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECM-39_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisCoultonMauger2015">Ellis, Coulton & Mauger 2015</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUkers1935">Ukers 1935</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoC0-5-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-5_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Staunton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Staunton, 1st Baronet">Sir George Staunton</a>'s figure, starting in 1693, is quoted, e.g., in Walvin, James. 1997. "A taste of empire, 1600-1800". (cover story). <i>History Today</i> <b>47</b>.1 (2001: 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoC0-7-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-7_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel 1981:251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoC0-10-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-10_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutoC0-10_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuertySwitaj2004" class="citation journal cs1">Guerty, P. M.; Switaj, Kevin (1 April 2004). "Tea, porcelain, and sugar in the British Atlantic world". <i>OAH Magazine of History</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 56–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F18.3.56">10.1093/maghis/18.3.56</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Tea%2C+porcelain%2C+and+sugar+in+the+British+Atlantic+world&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=56-59&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F18.3.56&rft.aulast=Guerty&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Switaj%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Antman, Francisca M. 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Charlesbridge Publishing. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60734-363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60734-363-9"><bdi>978-1-60734-363-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tea%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.aulast=Titus&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancenturies.mass.edu%2Fclassroom%2Fcurriculum_12th%2Funit3%2Flesson8%2Fbkgdessay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandt, Pamela Robin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2002-10-17/restaurants/tea-for-view-view-for-tea/">Tea for View, View for Tea</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_New_Times" title="Miami New Times">Miami New Times</a></i>. October 17, 2002. (Retrieved 2009-05-08). See also: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/2007-08/08/content_6018021.htm">英格兰饮茶风俗由何而来？（二）</a>," <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council China</a>. August 8, 2007. (Retrieved 2009-05-08).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=074-acc2910&cid=0">"Aerated Bread Company (ABC)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archives">National Archives</a>. ACC/2910, 1869–1885. (Retrieved 2009-05-08).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women'_1957-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Women'_1957_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Votes for Women</i> 1957, quoted in <i>Tea: A Very British Beverage</i> by Paul Chrystal 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrystal2014" class="citation book cs1">Chrystal, Paul (2014). <i>Tea: A Very British Beverage</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea%3A+A+Very+British+Beverage&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Chrystal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028161313/http://www.brownshotel.com/dining/english_tea_room.htm">"Luxury Hotels - 5 Star Hotels and Resorts - Rocco Forte"</a>. 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New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Roles+of+Food+in+the+Study+of+Consumption&rft.btitle=Consumption+and+the+World+of+Goods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Sidney+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz1985" class="citation book cs1">Mintz, Sidney W. (1985). <i>Sweetness and Power</i>. New York: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweetness+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Sidney+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkers1935" class="citation book cs1">Ukers, William H. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AllAboutTeaV2"><i>All About Tea: Vol. I</i></a>. New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+Tea%3A+Vol.+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Tea+and+Coffee+Trade+Journal&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Ukers&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAllAboutTeaV2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Julie E. Fromer. <i>A Necessary Luxury: Tea in Victorian England</i> (Ohio University Press, 2008), 375pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1987" class="citation book cs1">Hobhouse, Henry (1987). <i>Seeds of Change: Six Plants that Transformed Mankind</i>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060914400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060914400"><bdi>978-0060914400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Change%3A+Six+Plants+that+Transformed+Mankind&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0060914400&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATea+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y24y">Tea</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Huw Bowen, James Walvin & Amanda Vickery (<i>In Our Time</i>, 29 April 2004)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teas" title="Template:Teas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Teas" title="Template talk:Teas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Teas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Teas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <br />varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_tea" title="Wuyi tea">Bohea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka#Ceylon_black_tea" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congou" title="Congou">Congou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianhong" title="Dianhong">Dianhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Monkey_tea" title="Golden Monkey tea">Golden Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Jun_Mei_tea" title="Jin Jun Mei tea">Jin Jun Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_tea" title="Kangra tea">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keemun" title="Keemun">Keemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tea" title="Nilgiri tea">Nilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_tea" title="Sikkim tea">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeti" title="Tibeti">Tibeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_tea" title="Rize tea">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingdehong_tea" title="Yingdehong tea">Yingdehong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oolong" title="Oolong">Oolong tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Jiguan_tea" title="Bai Jiguan tea">Bai Jiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Tian_Yao_tea" title="Ban Tian Yao tea">Ban Tian Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baozhong_tea" title="Baozhong tea">Baozhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi_Chun_tea" title="Bu Zhi Chun tea">Bu Zhi Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Hong_Pao" title="Da Hong Pao">Da Hong Pao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Ding_tea" title="Dong Ding tea">Dong ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_meiren" title="Dongfang meiren">Dongfang meiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Shou_tea" title="Fo Shou tea">Fo Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_tea" title="High-mountain tea">Gaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjin_Gui" title="Huangjin Gui">Huangjin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Meigui_tea" title="Huang Meigui tea">Huang Meigui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xuan_tea" title="Jin Xuan tea">Jin Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilan_tea" title="Qilan tea">Qilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougui_tea" title="Rougui tea">Rougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_zhi" title="Ruan zhi">Ruan zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Jin_Gui_tea" title="Shui Jin Gui tea">Shui Jin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Xian" title="Shui Xian">Shui Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieluohan_tea" title="Tieluohan tea">Tieluohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieguanyin" title="Tieguanyin">Tieguanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anji_bai_cha" title="Anji bai cha">Anji bai cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracha" title="Aracha">Aracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baimao_Hou" title="Baimao Hou">Baimao Hou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biluochun" title="Biluochun">Biluochun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Mee" title="Chun Mee">Chun Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafang_tea" title="Dafang tea">Dafang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an_Melon_Seed_tea" title="Lu'an Melon Seed tea">Lu'an Melon Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_houkui" title="Taiping houkui">Taiping houkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_Maofeng" title="Huangshan Maofeng">Huangshan Maofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyson" title="Hyson">Hyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Kabusecha" title="Sencha">Kabusecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamairicha" title="Kamairicha">Kamairicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konacha" title="Konacha">Konacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang_Maojian_tea" title="Xinyang Maojian tea">Maojian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_(tea)" title="Mecha (tea)">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengding_Ganlu_tea" title="Mengding Ganlu tea">Mengding Ganlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Shincha" title="Sencha">Shincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaryokucha" title="Tamaryokucha">Tamaryokucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_tea" title="White tea">White tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baimudan_tea" title="Baimudan tea">Bai Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihao_Yinzhen" title="Baihao Yinzhen">Baihao Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoumei_tea" title="Shoumei tea">Shoumei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_tea" title="Yellow tea">Yellow tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junshan_Yinzhen" title="Junshan Yinzhen">Junshan Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshan_Huangya_tea" title="Huoshan Huangya tea">Huoshan Huangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">Pu-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncha" title="Doncha">Doncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">Lahpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_blending_and_additives" title="Tea blending and additives">Blended or <br />flavoured teas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea" title="Earl Grey tea">Earl Grey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Grey_(tea)" title="Lady Grey (tea)">Lady Grey</a>)</li> <li>Breakfast tea (<a href="/wiki/English_breakfast_tea" title="English breakfast tea">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Irish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_tea" title="Jasmine tea">Jasmine tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapsang_souchong" title="Lapsang souchong">Lapsang souchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">Masala chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea" title="Maghrebi mint tea">Maghrebi mint tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_tea_blend" title="Prince of Wales tea blend">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Caravan" title="Russian Caravan">Russian Caravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strobilanthes_tonkinensis" title="Strobilanthes tonkinensis">Strobilanthes tonkinensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Australia" title="Tea in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_tea" title="Ceylon tea">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea" title="Korean tea">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_tea" title="Nepali tea">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_tea" title="Vietnamese tea">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_tea_ceremony" title="East Asian tea ceremony">East Asian tea ceremony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongfu_tea" title="Gongfu tea">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_tea_ceremony" title="Ryukyuan tea ceremony">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse or tearoom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">Cha chaan teng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tea_culture" title="Argentine tea culture">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_tea_culture" title="Brazilian tea culture">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_tea_culture" title="Dominican tea culture">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_tea_culture" title="Hong Kong tea culture">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_tea_culture" title="Indian tea culture">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture_in_Japan" title="Tea culture in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_tea_culture" title="Mexican tea culture">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_tea_culture" title="Senegalese tea culture">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tea in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_India" title="History of tea in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production and <br />distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_grading" title="Tea leaf grading">Leaf grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_processing" title="Tea processing">Processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tasting" title="Tea tasting">Tasting</a></li> <li>Cultivation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_diseases" title="List of tea diseases">Diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies" title="List of tea companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tea_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by tea consumption per capita">Consumption by country</a></li> <li>Auctions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Tea_Auction" title="London Tea Auction">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Tea_Auction" title="Chittagong Tea Auction">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Tea_Auction_Centre" title="Guwahati Tea Auction Centre">Guwahati</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Indonesia" title="Tea production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya" title="Tea production in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Rwanda" title="Tea production in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_tea" title="Flowering tea">Flowering teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">Compressed tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">ISO procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_lady" title="Tea lady">Tea lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tea" title="Health effects of tea">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_tea" title="Phenolic content in tea">Phenolic content</a></li> <li>Compounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">Epigallocatechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaflavin" title="Theaflavin">Theaflavin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea-based <br />drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">Bubble tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_tea" title="Builder's tea">Builder's tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_milk_tea" title="Burmese milk tea">Burmese milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifir" title="Chifir">Chifir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodh_pati_chai" title="Doodh pati chai">Doodh pati chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93style_milk_tea" title="Hong Kong–style milk tea">Hong Kong–style milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">Iced tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_(drink)" title="Arnold Palmer (drink)">Arnold Palmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">Kahwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_cha" title="Lei cha">Lei cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_tea" title="Milk tea">Milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_chai" title="Noon chai">Noon chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-color_tea" title="Seven-color tea">Seven-color tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_haleeb" title="Shahi haleeb">Shahi haleeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suutei_tsai" title="Suutei tsai">Suutei tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">Teh tarik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaware" title="Teaware">Teaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_chest" title="Tea chest">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_caddy" title="Tea caddy">Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infuser" title="Infuser">Infuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_strainer" title="Tea strainer">Strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacup" title="Teacup">Teacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">Teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiwan" title="Gaiwan">Gaiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_set" title="Tea set">Tea set</a></li></ul></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_classics" title="Tea classics">Tea classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">List of Chinese teas</a></li> <li>Teas of related species <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia japonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua" title="Camellia sasanqua">Camellia sasanqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_taliensis" title="Camellia taliensis">Camellia taliensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tea research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipton_Institute_of_Tea" title="Lipton Institute of Tea">Lipton Institute of Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Research_and_Extension_Station" title="Tea Research and Extension Station">Tea Research and Extension Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Herbal_tea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime_tea" title="Dried lime tea">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_tea" title="Ginger tea">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa">Guayusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koththamalli" title="Koththamalli">Koththamalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuding" title="Kuding">Kuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (drink)">Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooibos" title="Rooibos">Rooibos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tea" title="Category:Tea">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tea_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tea_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tea in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_France" title="Tea in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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