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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cephalothorax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cephalothorax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cephalothorax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cephalothorax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesosoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesosoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mesosoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesosoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metasoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metasoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Metasoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metasoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mortality_and_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality_and_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mortality and defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality_and_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Birth and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fluorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Stings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Potential medical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scorpion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skerpioen" title="Skerpioen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skerpioen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5" title="ጊንጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጊንጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="عقرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܥܩܪܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܩܪܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japeusaroto" title="Japeusaroto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Japeusaroto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajarankhu" title="Ajarankhu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ajarankhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fqr%C9%99bl%C9%99r" title="Əqrəblər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əqrəblər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1" title="عقربلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عقربلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celedu" title="Celedu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Celedu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87)" title="বৃশ্চিক (কাঁকড়াবিছে) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃশ্চিক (কাঁকড়াবিছে)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giat-%C3%A1" title="Giat-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giat-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саяндар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Саяндар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Скарпіёны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скарпіёны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Скарпіёны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скарпіёны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamatak" title="Amamatak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amamatak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Скорпиони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скорпиони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0korpija" title="Škorpija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Škorpija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krug" title="Krug – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krug" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorpins" title="Escorpins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escorpins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Скорпионсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Скорпионсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangla_(murag-kaka)" title="Tangla (murag-kaka) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tangla (murag-kaka)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%AD%C5%99i" title="Štíři – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Štíři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinyaridi" title="Chinyaridi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chinyaridi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgorpion" title="Sgorpion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgorpion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%94%C5%8Ba" title="Nɔŋa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nɔŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpioner" title="Skorpioner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skorpioner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpione" title="Skorpione – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skorpione" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9igo%CA%BC" title="Séigoʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séigoʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpionilised" title="Skorpionilised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skorpionilised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF)" title="Σκορπιός (αρθρόποδο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκορπιός (αρθρόποδο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpio" title="Skorpio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skorpio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskorpioi" title="Eskorpioi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskorpioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%98%D8%AF%D9%85" title="کژدم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کژدم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spor%C3%B0drekar" title="Sporðdrekar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sporðdrekar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scairp" title="Scairp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scairp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorpi%C3%B3ns" title="Escorpións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escorpións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%9F%B2" title="剪人蟲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="剪人蟲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9B%E0%AB%80_(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80)" title="વિંછી (પ્રાણી) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિંછી (પ્રાણી)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B0%88%EB%AA%A9" title="전갈목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전갈목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunama" title="Kunama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kunama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարիճներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարիճներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%82" title="बिच्छू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिच्छू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tipavci" title="Štipavci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Štipavci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpiono" title="Skorpiono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skorpiono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalajengking" title="Kalajengking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalajengking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Къæдздым – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къæдздым" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spor%C3%B0drekar" title="Sporðdrekar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sporðdrekar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עקרבאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עקרבאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalajengking" title="Kalajengking – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalajengking" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9c%C9%A9ka" title="Pɩcɩka – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩcɩka" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81,_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಚೇಳು, ವೃಶ್ಚಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೇಳು, ವೃಶ್ಚಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მორიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მორიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%90%DA%86%DA%BE" title="بِچھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بِچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Сарышаян – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сарышаян" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpyon" title="Skorpyon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Skorpyon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nge" title="Nge – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nge" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BBpi%C5%9Fk_(k%C3%AAz%C3%AE)" title="Dûpişk (kêzî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dûpişk (kêzî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чаяндар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чаяндар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Скорпион – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Скорпион" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpioni" title="Skorpioni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skorpioni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpionai" title="Skorpionai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skorpionai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongo" title="Tongo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tongo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scorpion" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpi%C3%B3k" title="Skorpiók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skorpiók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Скорпија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скорпија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maingoka" title="Maingoka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maingoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BE" title="തേൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തേൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="विंचू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विंचू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="عقرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_jengking" title="Kala jengking – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kala jengking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A9k" title="Giék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကင်းမြီးကောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်းမြီးကောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schorpioenen_(dieren)" title="Schorpioenen (dieren) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schorpioenen (dieren)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80" title="बिच्छी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बिच्छी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA" title="サソリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サソリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpioonen" title="Skorpioonen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skorpioonen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpioner" title="Skorpioner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skorpioner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpionar" title="Skorpionar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skorpionar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Scorpiones" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaajjibuu" title="Qaajjibuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qaajjibuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayonlar" title="Chayonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chayonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%82" title="ਬਿੱਛੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿੱਛੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88" title="بچھو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بچھو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%93%D9%85" title="لړم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لړم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpiony" title="Skorpiony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skorpiony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorpi%C3%A3o" title="Escorpião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escorpião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scorpion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira-sira" title="Sira-sira – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sira-sira" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Скорпионы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скорпионы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="वृश्चिकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वृश्चिकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱠᱤᱫᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱴᱠᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱤᱫᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱴᱠᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scorpion" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrepi" title="Akrepi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akrepi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurpiuni" title="Scurpiuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scurpiuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scorpion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="وڇون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڇون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%A5%C3%BAry" title="Šťúry – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šťúry" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%8Dipalci" title="Ščipalci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ščipalci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dib_Qallooc" title="Dib Qallooc – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dib Qallooc" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="دووپشک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دووپشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Шкорпије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шкорпије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0korpion" title="Škorpion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škorpion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langir" title="Langir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Langir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpionit" title="Skorpionit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skorpionit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorpioner" title="Skorpioner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skorpioner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakdan" title="Alakdan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alakdan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தேள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C9%A3irdemt" title="Tiɣirdemt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiɣirdemt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="తేలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తేలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="แมงป่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมงป่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Каждум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Каждум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrep" title="Akrep – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akrep" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Скорпіони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скорпіони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88" title="بچھو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بچھو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8D_c%E1%BA%A1p" title="Bọ cạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bọ cạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoirpion" title="Scoirpion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scoirpion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%27yulu" title="Je'yulu – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Je'yulu" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipit-sipit" title="Sipit-sipit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sipit-sipit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%8E%E5%AD%90" title="蝎子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蝎子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9" title="עקדיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עקדיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%A0%8D" title="蜂蠍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蜂蠍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A0%8D%E5%AD%90" title="蠍子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蠍子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eferen%CC%84" title="Eferen̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Eferen̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94nklekle" title="Hɔnklekle – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Hɔnklekle" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19125#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Predatory order of arachnids</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the arthropod. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scorpion (disambiguation)">Scorpion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scorpion tail" and "scorpion's tail" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_tail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scorpion tail (disambiguation)">Scorpion tail (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Scorpions<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">435–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:72.769230769231px; width:147.23076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:72.769230769231px; width:147.23076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:73.769230769231px; width:145.23076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><small><a href="/wiki/Early_Silurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Silurian">Early Silurian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg/220px-Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg/330px-Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg/440px-Scorpion_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="457" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hottentotta_tamulus" title="Hottentotta tamulus">Hottentotta tamulus</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Mangaon" title="Mangaon">Mangaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Scorpiones" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">Arachnida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">Arachnopulmonata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scorpiones</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/C._L._Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="C. L. Koch">C. L. Koch</a>, 1837</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>see</i> <a href="#Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpiones_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Scorpiones_distribution.png/220px-Scorpiones_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Scorpiones_distribution.png/330px-Scorpiones_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Scorpiones_distribution.png/440px-Scorpiones_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Native range of Scorpiones </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Scorpions</b> are <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Scorpiones</b>. They have eight legs and are easily recognized by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Chela_(organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chela (organ)">grasping pincers</a> and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back and always ending with a <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</a>. The evolutionary history of scorpions goes back <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">435 million years</a>. They mainly live in <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> but have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, and can be found on all continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. There are over 2,500 described <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, with 22 extant (living) families recognized to date. Their <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> is being revised to account for 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Genomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomic">genomic</a> studies. </p><p>Scorpions primarily prey on <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, but some species hunt <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. They use their pincers to restrain and kill prey, or to prevent their own predation. The <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_sting" title="Scorpion sting">venomous sting</a> is used for offense and defense. During courtship, the male and female grasp each other's pincers and dance while he tries to move her onto his <a href="/wiki/Sperm_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm packet">sperm packet</a>. All known species give <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">live birth</a> and the female cares for the young as their <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a> harden, transporting them on her back. The exoskeleton contains <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> chemicals and glows under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. </p><p>The vast majority of species do not seriously threaten humans, and healthy adults usually do not need medical treatment after a sting. About 25 species (fewer than one <a href="/wiki/Percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent">percent</a>) have venom capable of killing a human, which happens frequently in the parts of the world where they live, primarily where access to medical treatment is unlikely. </p><p>Scorpions appear in art, folklore, mythology, and commercial brands. <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_motif" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion motif">Scorpion motifs</a> are woven into <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a> carpets for protection from their sting. <a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a> is the name of a constellation; the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">astrological sign is Scorpio</a>. A classical myth about Scorpius tells how the giant scorpion and its enemy <a href="/wiki/Orion_(mythology)" title="Orion (mythology)">Orion</a> became constellations on opposite sides of the sky. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>scorpion</i> originated in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> between 1175 and 1225 AD from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">scorpion</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from Italian <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">scorpione</i></span></i>, both derived from the Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scorpio</i></span></i>, equivalent to <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scorpius</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:σκορπίος">σκορπίος</a></span></span> – <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">skorpíos</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with no native IE etymology (cfr. Arabic <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:العقرب">ʕaqrab</a></i> 'scorpion', Proto-Germanic <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crab#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:crab">*krabbô</a></i> 'crab'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg/220px-Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg/330px-Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg/440px-Palaeophonus_nuncius_NRM_PAL_Ar0032235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeophonus" title="Palaeophonus">Palaeophonus nuncius</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> scorpion from Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>Scorpion <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> have been found in many <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a>, including marine <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> and estuarine <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> deposits, coal deposits from the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Period">Carboniferous Period</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>. Whether the early scorpions were marine or terrestrial has been debated, and while they had <a href="/wiki/Book_lung" title="Book lung">book lungs</a> like modern terrestrial species,<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Edgecombe_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Edgecombe_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most basal such as <i><a href="/wiki/Eramoscorpius" title="Eramoscorpius">Eramoscorpius</a></i> were originally considered as still aquatic,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although later study found that <i>Eramoscorpius</i> also had book lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100 fossil species of scorpion have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-Siri_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siri-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest found as of 2021 is <i><a href="/wiki/Dolichophonus" title="Dolichophonus">Dolichophonus loudonensis</a></i>, which lived during the Silurian, in present-day Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Gondwanascorpio" title="Gondwanascorpio">Gondwanascorpio</a></i> from the Devonian is among the earliest-known terrestrial animals on the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> supercontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Palaeozoic scorpions possessed <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> similar to those of eurypterids.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> fossils <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protochactas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protochactas (page does not exist)">Protochactas</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protobuthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protobuthus (page does not exist)">Protobuthus</a></i> belong to the modern clades <a href="/wiki/Chactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buthoidea" title="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</a> respectively, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of modern scorpions had emerged by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>The Scorpiones are a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> within the pulmonate <a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a> (those with book lungs). Arachnida is placed within the <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a>, a subphylum of <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> that contains <a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">sea spiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crabs</a>, alongside terrestrial animals without book lungs such as <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvestmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvestmen">harvestmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Edgecombe_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Edgecombe_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinct <a href="/wiki/Eurypterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterida">Eurypterida</a>, sometimes called sea scorpions, though they were not all marine, are not scorpions; their grasping pincers were <a href="/wiki/Chelicerae" title="Chelicerae">chelicerae</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> with the pincers (second appendages) of scorpions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpiones is <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapulmonata" title="Tetrapulmonata">Tetrapulmonata</a>, a terrestrial group of pulmonates containing the <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> and whip scorpions. This 2019 <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> summarizes:<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Edgecombe_2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Edgecombe_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pycnogonida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnogonida">Pycnogonida</a> (sea spiders) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nymphon_signatum_194389384_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg/135px-Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg/180px-Nymphon_signatum_194389384_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Prosomapoda" title="Prosomapoda">Prosomapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura</a> (horseshoe crabs) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limulus_polyphemus_(aquarium)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Limulus_polyphemus_%28aquarium%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Eurypterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterida">Eurypterida</a> (sea scorpions) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurypterus_Paleoart_(no_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eurypterus_Paleoart_%28no_background%29.png/70px-Eurypterus_Paleoart_%28no_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eurypterus_Paleoart_%28no_background%29.png/105px-Eurypterus_Paleoart_%28no_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eurypterus_Paleoart_%28no_background%29.png/140px-Eurypterus_Paleoart_%28no_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Non‑pulmonates </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Ticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticks">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvestmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvestmen">harvestmen</a>, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_%28white_background%29.png/70px-Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_%28white_background%29.png/105px-Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_%28white_background%29.png/140px-Ixodes_scapularis_P1170301a_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">pulmonates </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Scorpiones</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buthus_mariefranceae_(10.3897-zookeys.686.12206)_Figure_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg/65px-Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg/98px-Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg/130px-Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapulmonata" title="Tetrapulmonata">Tetrapulmonata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Araneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Araneae">Araneae</a> (spiders) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/70px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/105px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/140px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Pedipalpi (<a href="/wiki/Whip_scorpions" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip scorpions">whip scorpions</a>, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whip_Scorpion_body_(9672115742)_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Whip_Scorpion_body_%289672115742%29_%28white_background%29.png/80px-Whip_Scorpion_body_%289672115742%29_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Whip_Scorpion_body_%289672115742%29_%28white_background%29.png/120px-Whip_Scorpion_body_%289672115742%29_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Whip_Scorpion_body_%289672115742%29_%28white_background%29.png/160px-Whip_Scorpion_body_%289672115742%29_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5036" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Recent studies place <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscorpion" title="Pseudoscorpion">pseudoscorpions</a> as the sister group of scorpions in the clade Panscorpiones, which together with Tetrapulmonata makes up the clade Arachnopulmonata.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the scorpions has been debated,<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Edgecombe_2019_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Edgecombe_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Genomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomic">genomic</a> analysis consistently places the <a href="/wiki/Bothriuridae" title="Bothriuridae">Bothriuridae</a> as sister to a clade consisting of Scorpionoidea and <a href="/wiki/Chactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</a>. The scorpions diversified between the Devonian and the early <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>. The main division is into the clades Buthida and Iurida. The Bothriuridae diverged starting before temperate Gondwana broke up into separate land masses, completed by the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. The Iuroidea and Chactoidea are both seen not to be single clades, and are shown as "<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>" (with quotation marks) in this 2018 cladogram.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_Baker_2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_Baker_2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Scorpiones</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Buthida </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chaeriloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaeriloidea">Chaeriloidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_%28cropped%29.jpg/55px-Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_%28cropped%29.jpg/83px-Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-Chaerilus_pseudoconchiformus_male_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pseudochactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudochactoidea">Pseudochactoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietbocap_canhi_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vietbocap_canhi_%28white_background%29.jpg/45px-Vietbocap_canhi_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vietbocap_canhi_%28white_background%29.jpg/68px-Vietbocap_canhi_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vietbocap_canhi_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Vietbocap_canhi_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="839" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Buthoidea" title="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buthus_mariefranceae_(10.3897-zookeys.686.12206)_Figure_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg/65px-Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg/98px-Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg/130px-Buthus_mariefranceae_%2810.3897-zookeys.686.12206%29_Figure_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Iurida </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Iuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</a>" (part) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bothriuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bothriuroidea">Bothriuroidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/80px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/120px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/160px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Chactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</a>" (part) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Iuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</a>" (part) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Chactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</a>" (part) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scorpionoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg/75px-Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg/113px-Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg/150px-Female_Emperor_Scorpion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_scorpions" title="Taxonomy of scorpions">Taxonomy of scorpions</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> described six species of scorpion in his genus <i>Scorpio</i> in 1758 and 1767; three of these are now considered <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">valid</a> and are called <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_maurus" title="Scorpio maurus">Scorpio maurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Androctonus_australis" title="Androctonus australis">Androctonus australis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Euscorpius_carpathicus" title="Euscorpius carpathicus">Euscorpius carpathicus</a></i>; the other three are dubious names. He placed the scorpions among his "Insecta aptera" (wingless insects), a group that included <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a>, Arachnida and <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> divided up the "Insecta aptera", creating the <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> Arachnides for spiders, scorpions, and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">acari (mites and ticks)</a>, though it also contained the <a href="/wiki/Thysanura" title="Thysanura">Thysanura</a>, Myriapoda and parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burmeister_1836_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burmeister_1836-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German <a href="/wiki/Arachnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnologist">arachnologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Koch" title="Carl Ludwig Koch">Carl Ludwig Koch</a> created the order Scorpiones in 1837. He divided it into four families, the six-eyed scorpions "Scorpionides", the eight-eyed scorpions "Buthides", the ten-eyed scorpions "Centrurides", and the twelve-eyed scorpions "Androctonides".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, some twenty-two families containing over 2,500 species of scorpions have been <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a>, with many additions and much reorganization of taxa in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Rein_2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rein_2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Edgecombe_2019_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Edgecombe_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are over 100 described taxa of fossil scorpions.<sup id="cite_ref-Siri_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siri-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classification is based on Soleglad and Fet (2003),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaced Stockwell's older, unpublished classification.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further taxonomic changes are from papers by Soleglad et al. (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-Soleglad2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soleglad2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extant taxa to the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">rank</a> of <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> (numbers of species in parentheses<sup id="cite_ref-Rein_2020_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rein_2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are: </p> <dl><dt>Order Scorpiones</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StripedBarkScorpion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/StripedBarkScorpion.jpg/170px-StripedBarkScorpion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/StripedBarkScorpion.jpg/255px-StripedBarkScorpion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/StripedBarkScorpion.jpg/340px-StripedBarkScorpion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Striped_Bark_Scorpion" class="mw-redirect" title="Striped Bark Scorpion">Centruroides vittatus</a></i>, the striped bark scorpion, a member of <a href="/wiki/Buthidae" title="Buthidae">Buthidae</a>, the largest family of scorpions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG/130px-Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG/195px-Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG/260px-Asian_forest_scorpion_in_Khao_Yai_National_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Heterometrus_laoticus" title="Heterometrus laoticus">Heterometrus laoticus</a></i>, the Vietnam forest scorpion, a member of the family <a href="/wiki/Scorpionidae" title="Scorpionidae">Scorpionidae</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Pseudochactida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudochactida">Pseudochactida</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Soleglad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael E. Soleglad (page does not exist)">Soleglad</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Fet (page does not exist)">Fet</a>, 2003</small> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Pseudochactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudochactoidea">Pseudochactoidea</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_V._Gromov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander V. Gromov (page does not exist)">Gromov</a>, 1998</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Pseudochactidae" title="Pseudochactidae">Pseudochactidae</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_V._Gromov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander V. Gromov (page does not exist)">Gromov</a>, 1998</small> (1 sp.) (Central Asian scorpions of semi-<a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> habitats)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Buthida" class="mw-redirect" title="Buthida">Buthida</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Soleglad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael E. Soleglad (page does not exist)">Soleglad</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Fet (page does not exist)">Fet</a>, 2003</small> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Buthoidea" title="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</a> <small><a href="/wiki/C._L._Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="C. L. Koch">C. L. Koch</a>, 1837</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Buthidae" title="Buthidae">Buthidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/C._L._Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="C. L. Koch">C. L. Koch</a>, 1837</small> (1209 spp.) (thick-tailed scorpions, including the most dangerous species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Microcharmidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcharmidae">Microcharmidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Wilson_R._Louren%C3%A7o" title="Wilson R. Lourenço">Lourenço</a>, 1996, 2019</small> (17 spp.) (African scorpions of humid forest leaf litter)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Chaerilida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaerilida">Chaerilida</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Soleglad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael E. Soleglad (page does not exist)">Soleglad</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Fet (page does not exist)">Fet</a>, 2003</small> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Chaeriloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaeriloidea">Chaeriloidea</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1893</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Chaerilidae" title="Chaerilidae">Chaerilidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1893</small> (51 spp.) (South and Southeast Asian scorpions of non-arid places)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Parvorder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iurida (page does not exist)">Iurida</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Soleglad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael E. Soleglad (page does not exist)">Soleglad</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Fet (page does not exist)">Fet</a>, 2003</small> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Chactoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1893</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Akravidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Akravidae">Akravidae</a> <small>Levy, 2007</small> (1 sp.) (cave-dwelling scorpions of Israel)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Belisariidae" title="Belisariidae">Belisariidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Wilson_R._Louren%C3%A7o" title="Wilson R. Lourenço">Lourenço</a>, 1998</small> (3 spp.) (cave-related scorpions of Southern Europe)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Chactidae" title="Chactidae">Chactidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1893</small> (209 spp.) (New World scorpions, membership under revision)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Euscorpiidae" title="Euscorpiidae">Euscorpiidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Laurie" title="Malcolm Laurie">Laurie</a>, 1896</small> (170 spp.) (harmless scorpions of the Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Superstitioniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitioniidae">Superstitioniidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stahnke" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Stahnke">Stahnke</a>, 1940</small> (1 sp.) (cave scorpions of Mexico and Southwestern United States)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Troglotayosicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglotayosicidae">Troglotayosicidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Wilson_R._Louren%C3%A7o" title="Wilson R. Lourenço">Lourenço</a>, 1998</small> (4 spp.) (cave-related scorpions of South America)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Typhlochactidae" title="Typhlochactidae">Typhlochactidae</a> <small>Mitchell, 1971</small> (11 spp.) (cave-related scorpions of Eastern Mexico)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Vaejovidae" title="Vaejovidae">Vaejovidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Tord_Tamerlan_Teodor_Thorell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell">Thorell</a>, 1876</small> (222 spp.) (New World scorpions)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Iuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Tord_Tamerlan_Teodor_Thorell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell">Thorell</a>, 1876</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Caraboctonidae" title="Caraboctonidae">Caraboctonidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraepelin" title="Karl Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a>, 1905</small> (23 spp.) (hairy scorpions)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hadruridae" title="Hadruridae">Hadruridae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stahnke" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Stahnke">Stahnke</a>, 1974</small> (9 spp.) (large North American scorpions)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Iuridae" title="Iuridae">Iuridae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Tord_Tamerlan_Teodor_Thorell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell">Thorell</a>, 1876</small> (21 spp.) (scorpions with a large tooth on inner side of moveable claw)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Scorpionoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Latreille" class="mw-redirect" title="Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Bothriuridae" title="Bothriuridae">Bothriuridae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Simon" title="Eugène Simon">Simon</a>, 1880</small> (158 spp.) (Southern hemisphere tropical and temperate scorpions)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hemiscorpiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiscorpiidae">Hemiscorpiidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1893</small> (16 spp.) (rock, creeping, or tree scorpions of the Middle East)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hormuridae" title="Hormuridae">Hormuridae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Laurie" title="Malcolm Laurie">Laurie</a>, 1896</small> (92 spp.) (flattened, crevice-living scorpions of Southeast Asia and Australia)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Rugodentidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugodentidae">Rugodentidae</a> <small>Bastawade et al., 2005</small> (1 sp.) (burrowing scorpions of India)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Scorpionidae" title="Scorpionidae">Scorpionidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Latreille" class="mw-redirect" title="Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> (183 spp.) (burrowing or pale-legged scorpions)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Diplocentridae" title="Diplocentridae">Diplocentridae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karsch" title="Ferdinand Karsch">Karsch</a>, 1880</small> (134 spp.) (closely related to and sometimes placed in Scorpionidae, but have spine on telson)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Heteroscorpionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteroscorpionidae">Heteroscorpionidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraepelin" title="Karl Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a>, 1905</small> (6 spp.) (scorpions of Madagascar)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2></div> <p>Scorpions are found on all continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The diversity of scorpions is greatest in subtropical areas; it decreases toward the poles and equator, though scorpions are found in the tropics. Scorpions did not occur naturally in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> but were accidentally <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> by humans, and have now established a population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990249_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990249-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and some of the islands in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, have in the past had small populations of introduced scorpions, but they were exterminated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990249_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990249-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five colonies of <i><a href="/wiki/Euscorpius_flavicaudis" class="mw-redirect" title="Euscorpius flavicaudis">Euscorpius flavicaudis</a></i> have established themselves since the late 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Sheerness" title="Sheerness">Sheerness</a> in England at 51°N,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i><a href="/wiki/Paruroctonus_boreus" title="Paruroctonus boreus">Paruroctonus boreus</a></i> lives as far north as <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer, Alberta</a>, at 52°N.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species are on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Afrolychas_braueri" title="Afrolychas braueri">Afrolychas braueri</a></i> is classed as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> (2012), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isometrus_deharvengi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isometrus deharvengi (page does not exist)">Isometrus deharvengi</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> (2016) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiromachus_ochropus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiromachus ochropus (page does not exist)">Chiromachus ochropus</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scorpions are <a href="/wiki/Xerocole" title="Xerocole">xerocoles</a>, meaning they primarily live in <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, but they can be found in virtually every terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> including high-elevation mountains, caves, and <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zones</a>. They are largely absent from <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal ecosystems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, and mountain tops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990251–253_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990251–253-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Edgecombe_2019_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Edgecombe_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest altitude reached by a scorpion is 5,500 meters (18,000 ft) in the Andes, for <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobothriurus_crassimanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orobothriurus crassimanus (page does not exist)">Orobothriurus crassimanus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010151_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As regards <a href="/wiki/Microhabitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Microhabitat">microhabitats</a>, scorpions may be ground-dwelling, <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">tree-loving</a>, rock-loving or <a href="/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">sand-loving</a>. Some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vaejovis_janssi" title="Vaejovis janssi">Vaejovis janssi</a></i>, are versatile and are found in all habitats on <a href="/wiki/Socorro_Island" title="Socorro Island">Socorro Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, while others such as <i><a href="/wiki/Euscorpius_carpathicus" title="Euscorpius carpathicus">Euscorpius carpathicus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a> of rivers in Romania, occupy specialized niches.<sup id="cite_ref-Earthlife_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earthlife-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scorpion_anatomy.svg/220px-Scorpion_anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scorpion_anatomy.svg/330px-Scorpion_anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Scorpion_anatomy.svg/440px-Scorpion_anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Scorpion anatomy (dorsal view of <i><a href="/wiki/Cheloctonus_jonesii" title="Cheloctonus jonesii">Cheloctonus jonesii</a></i>):<br /> 1 = Cephalothorax or <a href="/wiki/Prosoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosoma">prosoma</a>;<br /> 2 = Preabdomen or <a href="/wiki/Mesosoma" title="Mesosoma">mesosoma</a>;<br /> 3 = Tail or <a href="/wiki/Metasoma" title="Metasoma">metasoma</a>;<br /> 4 = Claws or <a href="/wiki/Pedipalp" title="Pedipalp">pedipalps</a>;<br /> 5 = Legs;<br /> 6 = Mouth parts or <a href="/wiki/Chelicerae" title="Chelicerae">chelicerae</a>;<br /> 7 = Pincers or <a href="/wiki/Chelae" title="Chelae">chelae</a>;<br /> 8 = Moveable claw or tarsus;<br /> 9 = Fixed claw or manus;<br /> 10 = <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">Stinger</a> or aculeus;<br /> 11 = <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">Telson</a> (anus in previous joint);<br /> 12 = Opening of book lungs</figcaption></figure> <p>Scorpions range in size from the 8.5 mm (0.33 in) <i><a href="/wiki/Typhlochactas_mitchelli" title="Typhlochactas mitchelli">Typhlochactas mitchelli</a></i> of Typhlochactidae,<sup id="cite_ref-Earthlife_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earthlife-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 23 cm (9.1 in) <i><a href="/wiki/Heterometrus_swammerdami" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterometrus swammerdami">Heterometrus swammerdami</a></i> of Scorpionidae.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body of a scorpion is divided into two parts or <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">tagmata</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prosoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosoma">prosoma</a>, and the abdomen or <a href="/wiki/Opisthosoma" title="Opisthosoma">opisthosoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opisthosoma is subdivided into a broad anterior portion, the <a href="/wiki/Mesosoma" title="Mesosoma">mesosoma</a> or pre-abdomen, and a narrow tail-like posterior, the <a href="/wiki/Metasoma" title="Metasoma">metasoma</a> or post-abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199010–11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199010–11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External differences between the sexes are not obvious in most species. In some, the metasoma is more elongated in males than females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier201076_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier201076-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cephalothorax">Cephalothorax</h3></div> <p>The cephalothorax comprises the <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a>, eyes, chelicerae (mouth parts), <a href="/wiki/Pedipalp" title="Pedipalp">pedipalps</a> (which have <a href="/wiki/Chelae" title="Chelae">chelae</a>, commonly called claws or pincers) and four pairs of <a href="/wiki/Walking_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking leg">walking legs</a>. Scorpions have two eyes on the top of the cephalothorax, and usually two to five pairs of eyes along the front corners of the cephalothorax. While unable to form sharp images, their central eyes are amongst the most light sensitive in the animal kingdom, especially in dim light, which makes it possible for nocturnal species to use starlight to navigate at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarthy_Sridhara_2016_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarthy_Sridhara_2016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chelicerae are at the front and underneath the carapace. They are pincer-like and have three segments and sharp "teeth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199016–17_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199016–17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201526_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201526-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain of a scorpion is in the back of the cephalothorax, just above the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199038_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199038-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other arachnids, the nervous system is highly concentrated in the cephalothorax, but has a long ventral nerve cord with segmented <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> which may be a <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">primitive</a> trait.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990342_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990342-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pedipalp is a segmented, clawed <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendage</a> used for prey immobilization, defense and sensory purposes. The segments of the pedipalp (from closest to the body outward) are coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia (including the fixed claw and the manus) and tarsus (moveable claw). A scorpion has darkened or granular raised linear ridges, called "keels" or "carinae" on the pedipalp segments and on other parts of the body; these are useful as taxonomic <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">characters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike those of some other arachnids, the legs have not been modified for other purposes, though they may occasionally be used for digging, and females may use them to catch emerging young. The legs are covered in <a href="/wiki/Proprioceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptor">proprioceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">bristles</a> and sensory <a href="/wiki/Setae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setae">setae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199020_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199020-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the species, the legs may have spines and spurs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199074_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199074-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesosoma">Mesosoma</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg/170px-Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg/255px-Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg/340px-Vista_ventral_de_un_escorpi%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Ventral view: the <a href="/wiki/Pectines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectines">pectines</a> have a comblike structure in an inverted V shape.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mesosoma or preabdomen is the broad part of the opisthosoma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199010–11_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199010–11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early stages of embryonic development the mesosoma consist of eight segments, but the first segment disappear before birth, so the mesosoma in scorpions actually consist of segments 2-8.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> seven <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somites</a> (segments) of the opisthosoma are each covered <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsally</a> by a sclerotized plate called the <a href="/wiki/Tergite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tergite">tergite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">Ventrally</a>, somites 3 to 7 are armored with matching plates called <a href="/wiki/Sternites" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternites">sternites</a>. The ventral side of somite 1 has a pair of genital <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(animal)" title="Operculum (animal)">opercula</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Gonopore" title="Gonopore">gonopore</a>. Sternite 2 forms the basal plate bearing the <a href="/wiki/Pectines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectines">pectines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199013–14_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199013–14-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which function as sensory organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowlton_Gaffin_2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowlton_Gaffin_2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next four somites, 3 to 6, all bear pairs of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>. They serve as openings for the scorpion's respiratory organs, known as <a href="/wiki/Book_lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Book lungs">book lungs</a>. The spiracle openings may be slits, circular, elliptical or oval according to the species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199015_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wanninger_2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wanninger_2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are thus four pairs of book lungs; each consists of some 140 to 150 thin <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(surface_anatomy)" title="Lamella (surface anatomy)">lamellae</a> filled with air inside a pulmonary chamber, connected on the ventral side to an atrial chamber which opens into a spiracle. Bristles hold the lamellae apart. A muscle opens the spiracle and widens the atrial chamber; dorsoventral muscles contract to compress the pulmonary chamber, forcing air out, and relax to allow the chamber to refill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199042–44_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199042–44-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7th and last somite does not bear appendages or any other significant external structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199015_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mesosoma contains the heart or "dorsal vessel" which is the center of the scorpion's <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open circulatory system</a>. The heart is continuous with a deep arterial system which spreads throughout the body. Sinuses return deoxygenated blood (<a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a>) to the heart; the blood is re-oxygenated by cardiac pores. The mesosoma also contains the reproductive system. The female <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> are made of three or four tubes that run parallel to each other and are connected by two to four transverse <a href="/wiki/Anastomoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastomoses">anastomoses</a>. These tubes are the sites for both <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a> formation and embryonic development. They connect to two <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviducts</a> which connect to a single atrium leading to the genital orifice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201545–46_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201545–46-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males have two gonads made of two cylindrical tubes with a ladder-like configuration; they contain cysts which produce <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>. Both tubes end in a <a href="/wiki/Spermiduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermiduct">spermiduct</a>, one on each side of the mesosoma. They connect to glandular symmetrical structures called paraxial organs, which end at the genital orifice. These secrete <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>-based structures which come together to form the <a href="/wiki/Spermatophore" title="Spermatophore">spermatophore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201547_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201547-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metasoma">Metasoma</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScorpionBarb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ScorpionBarb.jpg/170px-ScorpionBarb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ScorpionBarb.jpg/255px-ScorpionBarb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ScorpionBarb.jpg/340px-ScorpionBarb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Stinger of an <a href="/wiki/Arizona_bark_scorpion" title="Arizona bark scorpion">Arizona bark scorpion</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The "tail" or metasoma consists of five segments and the <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">telson</a>, which is not strictly a segment. The five segments are merely body rings; they lack apparent sterna or terga, and become larger distally. These segments have keels, setae and bristles which may be used for taxonomic classification. The anus is at the distal and ventral end of the last segment, and is encircled by four anal papillae and the anal arch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199015_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tails of some species contain light receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarthy_Sridhara_2016_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarthy_Sridhara_2016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The telson includes the <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)" title="Vesicle (biology and chemistry)">vesicle</a>, which contains a symmetrical pair of <a href="/wiki/Venom_gland" title="Venom gland">venom glands</a>. Externally it bears the curved stinger, the hypodermic aculeus, equipped with sensory hairs. Each of the venom glands has its own duct to convey its secretion along the aculeus from the bulb of the gland to immediately near of the tip, where each of the paired ducts has its own venom pore.<sup id="cite_ref-Yigit_Benli_2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yigit_Benli_2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extrinsic muscle system in the tail moves it forward and propels and penetrates with the aculeus, while an intrinsic muscle system attached to the glands pumps venom through the stinger into the intended victim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201530_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201530-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stinger contains <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a> with zinc, hardening the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimal stinging angle is around 30 degrees relative to the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_(14587304901).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_%2814587304901%29.jpg/220px-Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_%2814587304901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_%2814587304901%29.jpg/330px-Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_%2814587304901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_%2814587304901%29.jpg/440px-Scorpion_Centruroides_limpidus_%2814587304901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centruroides_limpidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centruroides limpidus (page does not exist)">Centruroides limpidus</a></i> in its rocky shelter</figcaption></figure> <p>Most scorpion species are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>, finding shelter during the day in burrows, cracks in rocks and tree bark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201540–41_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201540–41-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species dig a shelter underneath stones a few centimeters long. Some may use burrows made by other animals including spiders, reptiles and small mammals. Other species dig their own burrows which vary in complexity and depth. <i><a href="/wiki/Hadrurus" title="Hadrurus">Hadrurus</a></i> species dig burrows as over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep. Digging is done using the mouth parts, claws and legs. In several species, particularly of the family Buthidae, individuals may gather in the same shelter; bark scorpions may aggregate up to 30 individuals. In some species, families of females and young sometimes aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010146,_153–154_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010146,_153–154-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scorpions prefer areas where the temperature remains in the range of 11–40 °C (52–104 °F), but may survive temperatures from well below freezing to desert heat.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpions can withstand intense heat: <i><a href="/wiki/Leiurus_quinquestriatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiurus quinquestriatus">Leiurus quinquestriatus</a></i>, <i>Scorpio maurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hadrurus_arizonensis" title="Hadrurus arizonensis">Hadrurus arizonensis</a></i> can live in temperatures of 45–50 °C (113–122 °F) if they are sufficiently hydrated. Desert species must deal with the extreme changes in temperature from day to night or between seasons; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectinibuthus_birulai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pectinibuthus birulai (page does not exist)">Pectinibuthus birulai</a></i> lives in a temperature range of −30–50 °C (−22–122 °F). Scorpions that live outside deserts prefer lower temperatures. The ability to resist cold may be related to the increase in the sugar <a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a> when the temperature drops. Some species <a href="/wiki/Hibernate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernate">hibernate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201542–43_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201542–43-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpions appear to have resistance to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>. This was discovered in the early 1960s when scorpions were found to be among the few animals to survive nuclear tests at <a href="/wiki/Reggane" title="Reggane">Reggane</a>, Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010157_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010157-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desert scorpions have several adaptations for water conservation. They excrete insoluble compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, not requiring water for their removal from the body. Guanine is the main component and maximizes the amount of nitrogen excreted. A scorpion's cuticle holds in moisture via <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and waxes from epidermal glands, and protects against <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a>. Even when dehydrated, a scorpion can tolerate high <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a> in its blood.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desert scorpions get most of their moisture from the food they eat but some can absorb water from the humid soil. Species that live in denser vegetation and in more moderate temperatures will drink water on plants and in puddles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010156_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010156-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg/200px-Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg/300px-Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg/400px-Venom_Squirting_in_Scorpions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>A few scorpions squirt <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> to deter predators.</figcaption></figure> <p>A scorpion uses its stinger both for killing prey and defense. Some species make direct, quick strikes with their tails while others make slower, more circular strikes which can more easily return the stinger to a position where it can strike again. <i>Leiurus quinquestriatus</i> can whip its tail at a speed of up to 128 cm/s (50 in/s) in a defensive strike.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality_and_defense">Mortality and defense</h3></div> <p>Scorpions may be attacked by other arthropods like ants, spiders, <a href="/wiki/Solifugids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solifugids">solifugids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>. Major <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> include frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201536–37_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201536–37-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkats</a> are somewhat specialized in preying on scorpions, biting off their stingers and being immune to their venom.<sup id="cite_ref-ms_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other predators adapted for hunting scorpions include the <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_mouse" title="Grasshopper mouse">grasshopper mouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_long-eared_bat" title="Desert long-eared bat">desert long-eared bat</a>, which are also immune to their venom.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Predator_of_Scorpions_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Predator_of_Scorpions-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study, 70% of the latter's droppings contained scorpion fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-Predator_of_Scorpions_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Predator_of_Scorpions-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpions host parasites including <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scuttle_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttle flies">scuttle flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and some bacteria. The <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> of scorpions gives them resistance to infection by many types of bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201538,_45_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201538,_45-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When threatened, a scorpion raises its claws and tail in a defensive posture. Some species <a href="/wiki/Stridulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stridulate">stridulate</a> to warn off predators by rubbing certain hairs, the stinger or the claws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201536–37_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201536–37-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain species have a preference for using either the claws or stinger as defense, depending on the size of the appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few scorpions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Parabuthus" title="Parabuthus">Parabuthus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centruroides_margaritatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centruroides margaritatus (page does not exist)">Centruroides margaritatus</a></i>, and <i>Hadrurus arizonensis</i>, squirt venom in a narrow jet as far as 1 meter (3.3 ft) to warn off potential predators, possibly injuring them in the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier201090_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier201090-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <i><a href="/wiki/Ananteris" title="Ananteris">Ananteris</a></i> species can <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">shed parts of their tail</a> to escape predators. The parts do not grow back, leaving them unable to sting and defecate, but they can still catch small prey and reproduce for at least eight months afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_eating_solifugid_(Marshal_Hedin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Scorpion_eating_solifugid_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg/220px-Scorpion_eating_solifugid_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Scorpion_eating_solifugid_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg/330px-Scorpion_eating_solifugid_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Scorpion_eating_solifugid_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg/440px-Scorpion_eating_solifugid_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Scorpion feeding on a <a href="/wiki/Solifugid" class="mw-redirect" title="Solifugid">solifugid</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Scorpions generally prey on insects, particularly <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>. Other prey include spiders, <a href="/wiki/Solifugid" class="mw-redirect" title="Solifugid">solifugids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a> and even small <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> including lizards, snakes and mammals. Species with large claws may prey on earthworms and mollusks. The majority of species are opportunistic and consume a variety of prey though some may be highly specialized; <i><a href="/wiki/Isometroides_vescus" title="Isometroides vescus">Isometroides vescus</a></i> specializes on burrowing spiders. Prey size depends on the size of the species. Several scorpion species are <a href="/wiki/Sit-and-wait_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-and-wait predator">sit-and-wait predators</a>, which involves them waiting for prey at or near the entrance to their burrow. Others actively seek them out. Scorpions detect their prey with <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreceptive">mechanoreceptive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreceptive">chemoreceptive</a> hairs on their bodies and capture them with their claws. Small animals are merely killed with the claws, particularly by large-clawed species. Larger and more aggressive prey is given a sting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201535–38_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201535–38-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scorpions, like other arachnids, digest their food externally. The chelicerae, which are very sharp, are used to pull small amounts of food off the prey item into a pre-oral cavity below the chelicerae and carapace. The digestive juices from the gut are egested onto the food, and the digested food is then sucked into the gut in liquid form. Any solid indigestible matter (such as <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> fragments) is trapped by <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a> in the pre-oral cavity and ejected. The sucked-in food is pumped into the midgut by the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, where it is further digested. The waste passes through the hindgut and out of the anus. Scorpions can consume large amounts of food during one meal. They have an efficient food storage organ and a very low <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a>, and a relatively inactive lifestyle. This enables some to survive six to twelve months of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990296–298_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990296–298-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating">Mating</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg/220px-Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg/330px-Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg/440px-Dancing_scorpions-66970ep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Male and female scorpion during <i>promenade à deux</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Most scorpions reproduce sexually, with male and female individuals; species in some genera, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hottentotta" title="Hottentotta">Hottentotta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tityus_(genus)" title="Tityus (genus)">Tityus</a></i>, and the species <i><a href="/wiki/Centruroides_gracilis" title="Centruroides gracilis">Centruroides gracilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liocheles_australasiae" title="Liocheles australasiae">Liocheles australasiae</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ananteris_coineaui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ananteris coineaui (page does not exist)">Ananteris coineaui</a></i> have been reported, not necessarily reliably, to reproduce through <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>, in which unfertilized eggs develop into living <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lourenço_2008_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lourenço_2008-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Receptive females produce <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> which are picked up by wandering males using their pectines to comb the substrate. Males begin courtship by moving their bodies back and forth, without moving the legs, a behavior known as juddering. This appears to produce ground vibrations that are picked up by the female.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201547_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201547-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pair then make contact using their pedipalps, and perform a <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> called the <i>promenade à deux</i> (French for "a walk for two"). In this dance, the male and female move back and forth while facing each other, as the male searches for a suitable place to deposit his spermatophore. The courtship ritual can involve several other behaviors such as a cheliceral kiss, in which the male and female grasp each other's mouth-parts, <i>arbre droit</i> ("upright tree") where the partners elevate their posteriors and rub their tails together, and sexual stinging, in which the male stings the female in the chelae or mesosoma to subdue her. The dance can last from a few minutes to several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201547–50_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201547–50-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010126–128_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010126–128-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the male has located a suitably stable substrate, such as hard ground, agglomerated sand, rock, or tree bark, he deposits the spermatophore and guides the female over it. This allows the spermatophore to enter her genital opercula, which triggers release of the sperm, thus fertilizing the female. A <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a> then forms in the female to prevent her from mating again before the young are born. The male and female then abruptly separate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201549–50_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201549–50-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010129_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010129-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism" title="Sexual cannibalism">Sexual cannibalism</a> after mating has only been reported anecdotally in scorpions.<sup id="cite_ref-Peretti1999_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peretti1999-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_development">Birth and development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpionwithyoung.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scorpionwithyoung.JPG/220px-Scorpionwithyoung.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scorpionwithyoung.JPG/330px-Scorpionwithyoung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Scorpionwithyoung.JPG/440px-Scorpionwithyoung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Compsobuthus_werneri" title="Compsobuthus werneri">Compsobuthus werneri</a></i> female with <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">young</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> in scorpions can last for over a year in some species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990161_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990161-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have two types of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>; apoikogenic and katoikogenic. In the apoikogenic system, which is mainly found in the Buthidae, embryos develop in yolk-rich eggs inside <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">follicles</a>. The katoikogenic system is documented in Hemiscorpiidae, Scorpionidae and Diplocentridae, and involves the embryos developing in a <a href="/wiki/Diverticulum" title="Diverticulum">diverticulum</a> which has a teat-like structure for them to feed through.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the majority of arachnids, which are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, hatching from eggs, scorpions seem to be universally <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a>, with live births.<sup id="cite_ref-Warburg_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warburg-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are unusual among terrestrial arthropods in the amount of care a female gives to her offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis19906_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis19906-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of a brood varies by species, from 3 to over 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharff_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharff-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body size of scorpions is not correlated either with brood size or with life cycle length.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before giving birth, the female elevates the front of her body and positions her pedipalps and front legs under her to catch the young ("birth basket"). The young emerge one by one from the genital opercula, expel the embryonic membrane, if any, and are placed on the mother's back where they remain until they have gone through at least one <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">molt</a>. The period before the first molt is called the pro-juvenile stage; the young are unable to feed or sting, but have <a href="/wiki/Sucker_(zoology)" title="Sucker (zoology)">suckers</a> on their tarsi, used to hold on to their mother. This period lasts 5 to 25 days, depending on the species. The brood molt for the first time simultaneously in a process that lasts 6 to 8 hours, marking the beginning of the juvenile stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharff_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharff-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juvenile stages or <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a> generally resemble smaller versions of adults, with fully developed pincers, hairs and stingers. They are still soft and lack pigments, and thus continue to ride on their mother's back for protection. They become harder and more pigmented over the next couple of days. They may leave their mother temporarily, returning when they sense potential danger. Once the exoskeleton is fully hardened, the young can hunt prey on their own and may soon leave their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmann201554_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmann201554-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scorpion may molt six times on average before reaching maturity, which may not occur until it is 6 to 83 months old, depending on the species. Some species may live up to 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990161_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990161-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:321px;max-width:321px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg/200px-Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg/300px-Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg/400px-Sorpion_Under_Blacklight_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This black <a href="/wiki/Emperor_scorpion" title="Emperor scorpion">emperor scorpion</a> (<i>Pandinus imperator</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fluoresce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoresce">fluoresces</a> light blue.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg/113px-Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg/170px-Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg/226px-Scorpion_with_babies_in_UV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The mother glows bright teal, the young a dull grey.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Scorpions glow a vibrant blue-green when exposed to certain wavelengths of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, such as that produced by a <a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">black light</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Beta-carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carboline">beta-carboline</a> in the cuticle. Accordingly, a hand-held ultraviolet lamp has long been a standard tool for nocturnal field surveys of these animals. Fluorescence occurs as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sclerotization" title="Sclerotization">sclerotization</a> and increases in intensity with each successive instar.<sup id="cite_ref-Stachel_1999_531–539_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachel_1999_531–539-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fluorescence may have an active role in the scorpion's ability to detect light.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="In_culture"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_scorpions" title="Human uses of scorpions">Human uses of scorpions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stings">Stings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scorpionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionism">Scorpionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg/170px-Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg/255px-Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg/340px-Bbasgen-scorpion-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arizona_bark_scorpion" title="Arizona bark scorpion">Arizona bark scorpion</a>, one of the few species whose venom is deadly to humans</figcaption></figure> <p>Scorpion venom serves to kill or paralyze prey rapidly. The <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_sting" title="Scorpion sting">stings</a> of many species are uncomfortable, but only 25 species have venom that is deadly to humans. Those species belong to the family Buthidae, including <i><a href="/wiki/Leiurus_quinquestriatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiurus quinquestriatus">Leiurus quinquestriatus</a></i>, <i>Hottentotta</i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/Centruroides" title="Centruroides">Centruroides</a></i> spp., and <i><a href="/wiki/Androctonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Androctonus">Androctonus</a></i> spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Earthlife_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earthlife-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a> are especially at risk;<sup id="cite_ref-niosh_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niosh-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> otherwise, <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> is <a href="/wiki/Symptomatic_treatment" title="Symptomatic treatment">symptomatic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">Cases of very high blood pressure</a> are treated with medications that <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">relieve anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">relax the blood vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic activity</a> and cardiovascular toxic effects, or neuromuscular toxic effects. <a href="/wiki/Antivenom" title="Antivenom">Antivenom</a> is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects, and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> when there is neuromuscular involvement. Although rare, severe <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersensitivity reaction">hypersensitivity reactions</a> including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> to scorpion antivenin are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-10.4103/0972-5229.164807_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.4103/0972-5229.164807-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scorpion stings are a public health problem, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, North Africa, the Middle East and India. Around 1.5 million scorpion envenomations occur each year with around 2,600 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Feola_2020_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feola_2020-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010163–164_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010163–164-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santos_Silva_2016_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos_Silva_2016-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico is one of the most affected countries, with the highest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of scorpions in the world, some 200,000 envenomations per year and at least 300 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Dehesa-DávilaPossani1994_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dehesa-DávilaPossani1994-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santibáñez-LópezFrancke2015_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santibáñez-LópezFrancke2015-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts are made to prevent envenomation and to control scorpion populations. Prevention encompasses personal activities such as checking shoes and clothes before putting them on, not walking in bare feet or sandals, and filling in holes and cracks where scorpions might nest. Street lighting reduces scorpion activity. Control may involve the use of <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrethroids">pyrethroids</a>, or gathering scorpions manually with the help of ultraviolet lights. Domestic predators of scorpions, such as chickens and turkeys, can help to reduce the risk to a household.<sup id="cite_ref-Feola_2020_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feola_2020-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010163–164_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010163–164-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_medical_use">Potential medical use</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorotoxin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chlorotoxin.png/170px-Chlorotoxin.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chlorotoxin.png/255px-Chlorotoxin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chlorotoxin.png/340px-Chlorotoxin.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Deathstalker" title="Deathstalker">deathstalker</a>'s powerful venom contains the 36-<a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> peptide <a href="/wiki/Chlorotoxin" title="Chlorotoxin">chlorotoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ribbon_diagram" title="Ribbon diagram">ribbon diagram</a> shown). This blocks small-conductance <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">chloride channels</a>, immobilizing its prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmadi_Knerr_Argemi_Bordon_p=118_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmadi_Knerr_Argemi_Bordon_p=118-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Scorpion venom is a mixture of neurotoxins; most of these are <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, chains of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodríguez_2013_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez_2013-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them interfere with <a href="/wiki/Membrane_channel" title="Membrane channel">membrane channels</a> that <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">transport sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">chloride</a> ions. These channels are essential for <a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve conduction">nerve conduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contraction</a> and many other biological processes. Some of these molecules may be useful in medical research and might lead to the development of new disease treatments. Among their potential therapeutic uses are as analgesic, <a href="/wiki/Anti-cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-cancer">anti-cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiviral">antiviral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">antiparasitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a>-potentiating, and <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressive">immunosuppressive</a> drugs. As of 2020, no scorpion toxin-based drug is for sale, though <a href="/wiki/Chlorotoxin" title="Chlorotoxin">chlorotoxin</a> is being trialled for use against <a href="/wiki/Glioma" title="Glioma">glioma</a>, a brain cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmadi_Knerr_Argemi_Bordon_p=118_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmadi_Knerr_Argemi_Bordon_p=118-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3></div> <p>Scorpions are eaten by people in West Africa, Myanmar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010147_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010147-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and East Asia. Fried scorpion is traditionally eaten in <a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, scorpions can be cooked and eaten in a variety of ways, including roasting, frying, grilling, raw, or alive. The stingers are typically not removed, since direct and sustained heat negates the harmful effects of the venom.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Thailand, scorpions are not eaten as often as other arthropods, such as grasshoppers, but they are sometimes fried as street food.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used in Vietnam to make <a href="/wiki/Snake_wine" title="Snake wine">snake wine</a> (scorpion wine).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pets">Pets</h3></div> <p>Scorpions are often kept as pets. They are relatively simple to keep, the main requirements being a secure enclosure such as a glass <a href="/wiki/Terrarium" title="Terrarium">terrarium</a> with a lockable lid and the appropriate temperature and humidity for the chosen species, which typically means installing a heating mat and spraying regularly with a little water. The substrate needs to resemble that of the species' natural environment, such as <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> for forest species, or <a href="/wiki/Lateritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateritic">lateritic</a> sand for burrowing desert species. Scorpions in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Pandinus" title="Pandinus">Pandinus</a></i> and <i>Heterometrus</i> are docile enough to handle. A large <i>Pandinus</i> may consume up to three <a href="/wiki/Crickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Crickets">crickets</a> each week. <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> is more common in captivity than in the wild and can be minimized by providing many small shelters within the enclosure and ensuring there is plenty of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010144,_173–177_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010144,_173–177-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pet trade has threatened wild populations of some scorpion species, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Androctonus_australis" title="Androctonus australis">Androctonus australis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pandinus_imperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandinus imperator">Pandinus imperator</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late period bronze figure of Isis-Serket"><img alt="Late period bronze figure of Isis-Serket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Egyptian_-_Figure_of_Isis-Serget_as_Scorpion_-_Walters_54546_-_Side_A_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late period bronze figure of Isis-<a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Scorpion and snake fighting", Anglo-Saxon Herbal, c. 1050"><img alt=""Scorpion and snake fighting", Anglo-Saxon Herbal, c. 1050" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg/142px-Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg/213px-Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg/283px-Scorpion_and_snake_fighting_Anglo-Saxon_c_1050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Scorpion and snake fighting", <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Vitellius" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Vitellius"><i>Anglo-Saxon Herbal</i></a>, c. 1050</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The constellation Scorpius, depicted in Urania's Mirror as "Scorpio", London, c. 1825"><img alt="The constellation Scorpius, depicted in Urania's Mirror as "Scorpio", London, c. 1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg/122px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg/183px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg/244px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="3573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The constellation <a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a>, depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Urania%27s_Mirror" title="Urania's Mirror">Urania's Mirror</a></i> as "Scorpio", London, c. 1825</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A scorpion motif (two types shown) was often woven into Turkish kilim flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting.[123]"><img alt="A scorpion motif (two types shown) was often woven into Turkish kilim flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting.[123]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg/175px-Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg/263px-Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg/350px-Scorpion_kilim_motif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_motif" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion motif">scorpion motif</a> (two types shown) was often woven into Turkish <i><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a></i> flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting.<sup id="cite_ref-Erbek_1998_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erbek_1998-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The scorpion is a culturally significant animal, appearing as a <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a> in art, especially in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Frembgen_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frembgen-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_motif" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion motif">scorpion motif</a> is often woven into Turkish <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a> flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting.<sup id="cite_ref-Erbek_1998_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erbek_1998-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scorpion is perceived both as an embodiment of evil and as a protective force such as a <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a>'s powers to combat evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Frembgen_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frembgen-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Muslim folklore, the scorpion portrays <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frembgen_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frembgen-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpions are used in <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a> in South Asia, especially in <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidotes</a> for scorpion stings.<sup id="cite_ref-Frembgen_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frembgen-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest occurrences of the scorpion in culture is its inclusion, as <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a></i>, in the 12 <a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_Zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the Zodiac">signs of the Zodiac</a> by <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian astronomers">Babylonian astronomers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Chaldean period</a>. This was then taken up by western <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>; in astronomy the corresponding constellation is named <a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990462_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990462-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a>, who protected the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>, was often depicted as a scorpion.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, a warrior's shield sometimes carried a scorpion device, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure pottery</a> from the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a> sent a giant scorpion to kill the hunter <a href="/wiki/Orion_(mythology)" title="Orion (mythology)">Orion</a>, who had said he would kill all the world's animals. Orion and the scorpion both became constellations; as enemies they were placed on opposite sides of the world, so when one rises in the sky, the other sets.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerényi_1974_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerényi_1974-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpions are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> as symbols of danger and maliciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">fable</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_and_the_Frog" title="The Scorpion and the Frog">The Scorpion and the Frog</a></i> has been interpreted as showing that vicious people cannot resist hurting others, even when it is not in their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the action in <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s 1947 novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pearl (novel)">The Pearl</a></i> centers on a poor pearl fisherman's attempts to save his infant son from a scorpion sting, only to lose him to human violence.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scorpions have equally appeared in western artforms including film and poetry: the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealist</a> <a href="/wiki/Filmmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmmaker">filmmaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> made symbolic use of scorpions in his 1930 classic <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Age_d%27or" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Age d'or">L'Age d'or</a></i> (<i>The Golden Age</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Smith" title="Stevie Smith">Stevie Smith</a>'s last collection of poems was entitled <i>Scorpion and other Poems</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> films and video games have been entitled <i>Scorpion King</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr-yoga-stretched-out-scorpion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mr-yoga-stretched-out-scorpion.png/220px-Mr-yoga-stretched-out-scorpion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mr-yoga-stretched-out-scorpion.png/330px-Mr-yoga-stretched-out-scorpion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Mr-yoga-stretched-out-scorpion.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_pose" title="Scorpion pose">Scorpion pose</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga</a> has one or both legs pointing forward over the head, like a scorpion's tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1991_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1991-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/Classical_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical times">classical times</a>, the scorpion with its powerful stinger has been used to provide a name for weapons. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(weapon)" title="Scorpio (weapon)">scorpio</a> was a torsion siege engine used to shoot a projectile.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitruvius_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitruvius-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Army's <a href="/wiki/FV101_Scorpion" title="FV101 Scorpion">FV101 Scorpion</a> was an armored reconnaissance vehicle or light <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> in service from 1972 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Jane's_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane's-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of the <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a> tank, fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Mine_flail" title="Mine flail">flail</a> to clear <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mines</a>, was named the Matilda Scorpion.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher2017_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher2017-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several ships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scorpion" title="HMS Scorpion">of the Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Scorpion" title="USS Scorpion">of the US Navy</a> have been named <i>Scorpion</i> including <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scorpion_(1803)" title="HMS Scorpion (1803)">an 18-gun sloop</a> in 1803,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scorpion_(1863)" title="HMS Scorpion (1863)">a turret ship</a> in 1863,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USS_Scorpion_(PY-3)" title="USS Scorpion (PY-3)">a patrol yacht</a> in 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scorpion_(1910)" title="HMS Scorpion (1910)">a destroyer</a> in 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Scorpion_(SSN-589)" title="USS Scorpion (SSN-589)">a nuclear submarine</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scorpion has served as the name or symbol of products and brands including Italy's <a href="/wiki/Abarth" title="Abarth">Abarth</a> racing cars<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Montesa_Honda" title="Montesa Honda">Montesa</a> scrambler <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hand- or forearm-balancing <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> with the back arched and one or both legs pointing forward over the head in the manner of the scorpion's tail is called <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_pose" title="Scorpion pose">Scorpion pose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budig_2012_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budig_2012-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1991_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1991-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As there is currently neither paleontological nor embryological evidence that arachnids ever had a separate thorax-like division, there exists an argument against the validity of the term cephalothorax, which means fused <a href="/wiki/Cephalon_(arthropod_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalon (arthropod anatomy)">cephalon</a> (head) and the <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Thorax (arthropod anatomy)">thorax</a>. Similarly, arguments can be formed against use of the term abdomen, as the opisthosoma of all scorpions contains a heart and book lungs, organs atypical of an abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scorpion">"Scorpion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a>, 5th Edition</i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122213551/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/scorpion">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+5th+Edition&rft.atitle=Scorpion&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fscorpion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scorpion">"Scorpion"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115230956/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scorpion">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1518-2"><bdi>978-981-10-1518-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531031224/https://books.google.com/books?id=wLiVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sharma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelicerata+-+Prashant+P.+Sharma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sharmalabuw.org%2Fuploads%2F1%2F3%2F6%2F1%2F13619635%2Fschwager_et_al._2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2011_120.pdf">"Euscorpius - Marshall University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euscorpius+-+Marshall+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.marshall.edu%2Ffet%2Feuscorpius%2Fp2011_120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis199013–14-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis199013–14_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolis1990">Polis 1990</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowlton_Gaffin_2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knowlton_Gaffin_2011_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowltonGaffin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Knowlton, Elizabeth D.; Gaffin, Douglas D. 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Springer. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-1865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-1865-8"><bdi>978-3-7091-1865-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805003251/https://books.google.com/books?id=rxZcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">423–</span>429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385095-9.00059-2">10.1016/B978-0-12-385095-9.00059-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385095-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385095-9"><bdi>978-0-12-385095-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scorpion+Peptides&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Biologically+Active+Peptides&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E429&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385095-9.00059-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-385095-9&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+de+la+Vega&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+C.&rft.au=Vidal%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Possani%2C+Lourival+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010147-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010147_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockmannYthier2010">Stockmann & Ythier 2010</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForney2008" class="citation web cs1">Forney, Matthew (11 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/dining/11china.html">"Scorpions for Breakfast and Snails for Dinner"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127002256/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/dining/11china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scorpions+for+Breakfast+and+Snails+for+Dinner&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft.aulast=Forney&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F11%2Fdining%2F11china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbers2014" class="citation web cs1">Albers, Susan (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-mindfully-eat-a-scorp_b_5321948">"How to Mindfully Eat a Scorpion"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813234226/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-mindfully-eat-a-scorp_b_5321948">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=How+to+Mindfully+Eat+a+Scorpion&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Albers&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhow-mindfully-eat-a-scorp_b_5321948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernquest2016" class="citation web cs1">Fernquest, Jon (30 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/advanced/915769/fried-scorpion-anyone-">"Fried Scorpion Anyone?"</a>. Bangkok Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531031308/https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/advanced/915769/fried-scorpion-anyone-">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fried+Scorpion+Anyone%3F&rft.pub=Bangkok+Post&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.aulast=Fernquest&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Flearning%2Fadvanced%2F915769%2Ffried-scorpion-anyone-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachenmeierAnhPopovaRehm2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Anh, Pham Thi Hoang; Popova, Svetlana; Rehm, Jürgen (11 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738875">"The Quality of Alcohol Products in Vietnam and Its Implications for Public Health"</a>. <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>. <b>6</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2090–</span>2101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph6082090">10.3390/ijerph6082090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738875">2738875</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19742208">19742208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+Quality+of+Alcohol+Products+in+Vietnam+and+Its+Implications+for+Public+Health&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2090-%3C%2Fspan%3E2101&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2738875%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19742208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph6082090&rft.aulast=Lachenmeier&rft.aufirst=Dirk+W.&rft.au=Anh%2C+Pham+Thi+Hoang&rft.au=Popova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Rehm%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2738875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/caresheets/scorpions.html">"Scorpion Caresheet"</a>. Amateur Entomologists' Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101091350/https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/caresheets/scorpions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scorpion+Caresheet&rft.pub=Amateur+Entomologists%27+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amentsoc.org%2Finsects%2Fcaresheets%2Fscorpions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010144,_173–177-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010144,_173–177_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockmannYthier2010">Stockmann & Ythier 2010</a>, pp. 144, 173–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryke2016" class="citation book cs1">Pryke, L. M. (2016). <i>Scorpion</i>. Reaktion Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780236254" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780236254"><bdi>978-1780236254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scorpion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1780236254&rft.aulast=Pryke&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erbek_1998-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erbek_1998_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erbek_1998_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbek1998" class="citation book cs1">Erbek, Güran (1998). <i>Kilim Catalogue No. 1</i> (1st ed.). May Selçuk A. S. "Motifs", before page 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kilim+Catalogue+No.+1&rft.pages=%22Motifs%22%2C+before+page+1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=May+Sel%C3%A7uk+A.+S.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Erbek&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frembgen-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frembgen_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frembgen_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frembgen_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frembgen_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrembgen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Frembgen, Jürgen Wasim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/631">"The Scorpion in Muslim Folklore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Folklore_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Folklore Studies">Asian Folklore Studies</a></i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316232038/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/631">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Scorpion+in+Muslim+Folklore&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Frembgen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen+Wasim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolis1990462-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolis1990462_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolis1990">Polis 1990</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG55814">"Serqet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201174344/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG55814">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serqet&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fterm%2FBIOG55814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="1856,1226.46" class="citation web cs1">attrib. to "The Achilles Painter". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1856-1226-46">"Pelike"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003103339/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1856-1226-46">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>in his left [hand] he carries a long spear and a shield with device in black silhouette of a scorpion to left. ... Made in: Attica, Greece ... Findspot: Nola, Italy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelike&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.au=attrib.+to+%22The+Achilles+Painter%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FG_1856-1226-46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerényi_1974-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kerényi_1974_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerényi1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, C.</a> (1974). "Stories of Orion". <i>The Gods of the Greens</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27048-6"><bdi>978-0-500-27048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Orion&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Greens&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27048-6&rft.aulast=Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockmannYthier2010179_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockmannYthier2010">Stockmann & Ythier 2010</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakeda,_A.2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Takeda, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/47008/pdf/Arata_Takeda_Blumenreiche_Handelswege.pdf">"Blumenreiche Handelswege: Ost-westliche Streifzüge auf den Spuren der Fabel <i>Der Skorpion und der Frosch</i>"</a> [Flowery Trade Routes: East-Western forays into the footsteps of the fable <i>The Scorpion and the Frog</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03374756">10.1007/BF03374756</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170169337">170169337</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105152526/https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/47008/pdf/Arata_Takeda_Blumenreiche_Handelswege.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>(German) Die Moral der Fabel besagt: Manche Menschen handeln von Natur aus mörderisch und selbst-mörderisch zugleich. (English) The moral of the fable says: Some people act naturally murderous and self-murderous at the same time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Vierteljahrsschrift+f%C3%BCr+Literaturwissenschaft+und+Geistesgeschichte&rft.atitle=Blumenreiche+Handelswege%3A+Ost-westliche+Streifz%C3%BCge+auf+den+Spuren+der+Fabel+Der+Skorpion+und+der+Frosch&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03374756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170169337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Takeda%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10900%2F47008%2Fpdf%2FArata_Takeda_Blumenreiche_Handelswege.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Michael (2005). "Diamond in the Rough: Steinbeck's Multifaceted Pearl". <i>The Steinbeck Review</i>. <b>2</b> (2 (Fall 2005)): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41581982">41581982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Steinbeck+Review&rft.atitle=Diamond+in+the+Rough%3A+Steinbeck%27s+Multifaceted+Pearl&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2+%28Fall+2005%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41581982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1996" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Allen S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDl6HsqFJwAC&pg=PA159">"Between the sign of the scorpion and the sign of the cross: <i>L'Age d'or</i>"</a>. In Kuenzli, Rudolf E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780262611213/page/159"><i>Dada and Surrealist Film</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780262611213/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61121-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61121-3"><bdi>978-0-262-61121-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+the+sign+of+the+scorpion+and+the+sign+of+the+cross%3A+L%27Age+d%27or&rft.btitle=Dada+and+Surrealist+Film&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-262-61121-3&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Allen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDl6HsqFJwAC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/stevie-smith">"Stevie Smith: Bibliography"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701135929/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/stevie-smith">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=Stevie+Smith%3A+Bibliography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoets%2Fstevie-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2004" class="citation web cs1">Wallis, J. Doyle (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/11333/operation-scorpio/">"Operation Scorpio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DVD_Talk" title="DVD Talk">DVD Talk</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620214728/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/11333/operation-scorpio/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DVD+Talk&rft.atitle=Operation+Scorpio&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=J.+Doyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvdtalk.com%2Freviews%2F11333%2Foperation-scorpio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=scorpionking.htm">"The Scorpion King"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216212000/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=scorpionking.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=The+Scorpion+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dscorpionking.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvo2002" class="citation web cs1">Provo, Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-scorpion-king-sword-of-osiris-review/1900-2861730/">"The Scorpion King: Sword of Osiris Review"</a>. GameSpot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629174813/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-scorpion-king-sword-of-osiris-review/1900-2861730/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scorpion+King%3A+Sword+of+Osiris+Review&rft.pub=GameSpot&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Provo&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Freviews%2Fthe-scorpion-king-sword-of-osiris-review%2F1900-2861730%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyengar_1991-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1991_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1991_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B. K. S.</a> (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i>. Thorsons. pp. <span class="nowrap">386–</span>388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714516-4"><bdi>978-0-00-714516-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51315708">51315708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+Yoga&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E386-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.pub=Thorsons&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51315708&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714516-4&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitruvius-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vitruvius_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, <i>De Architectura</i>, X:10:1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane's-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jane's_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221171530/https://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_scorpion.shtml">"Scorpion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_scorpion.shtml">the original</a> on 21 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scorpion&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Fdefence%2Fland_forces%2Fsupplement%2Flav%2Flav_scorpion.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher2017-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher2017_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2017" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7EvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>British Battle Tanks: British-made Tanks of World War II</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2003-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-2003-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731185805/https://books.google.com/books?id=H7EvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battle+Tanks%3A+British-made+Tanks+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2003-7&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7EvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2008" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Rif (2008). <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates</i>. Seaforth. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-246-7"><bdi>978-1-86176-246-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Warships+in+the+Age+of+Sail+1793%E2%80%931817%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+Careers+and+Fates&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-246-7&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Rif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1990" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Oscar (1990). <i>British Battleships</i> (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Naval Institute Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-075-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-075-4"><bdi>1-55750-075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battleships&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.edition=reprint+of+the+1957&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-55750-075-4&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"[untitled]". <i>Marine Review</i>. <b>14</b> (11). Cleveland, Ohio: 1. 10 September 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Review&rft.atitle=%5Buntitled%5D&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1896-09-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64444910/scorpion-tbd/">"[untitled]"</a>. Naval and Military Intelligence. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. 31 August 1910. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531031226/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64444910/scorpion-tbd/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%5Buntitled%5D&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1910-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64444910%2Fscorpion-tbd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312204810/http://www.csp.navy.mil/othboats/589.htm">"USS Scorpion (SSN 589) May 27, 1968 – 99 Men Lost"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csp.navy.mil/othboats/589.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Navy&rft.atitle=USS+Scorpion+%28SSN+589%29+May+27%2C+1968+%E2%80%93+99+Men+Lost&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csp.navy.mil%2Fothboats%2F589.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodelmarchioitaliano.com/route1/abarth.php">"The History of Abarth's Logo"</a>. Museo del marchio italiano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703181150/http://www.museodelmarchioitaliano.com/route1/abarth.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>The company logo has been the scorpion since the very start; Carlo Abarth did not only want it as a reference to his zodiac sign, but also because it was an original and hard to imitate logo. At the beginning the scorpion was free from any contour and featured the typo "Abarth & Co.- Torino". In 1954 a shield was added, as symbol of victory and passion;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Abarth%27s+Logo&rft.pub=Museo+del+marchio+italiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelmarchioitaliano.com%2Froute1%2Fabarth.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadori2019" class="citation web cs1">Salvadori, Clement (17 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ridermagazine.com/2019/01/17/retrospective-1974-1977-montesa-cota-247-t/">"Retrospective: 1974–1977 Montesa Cota 247-T"</a>. <i>Rider Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627063031/https://ridermagazine.com/2019/01/17/retrospective-1974-1977-montesa-cota-247-t/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Permanyer persisted, built larger engines, and in 1965 showed the 247cc engine (21 horsepower at 7,000 rpm) in a Scorpion motocrosser.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rider+Magazine&rft.atitle=Retrospective%3A+1974%E2%80%931977+Montesa+Cota+247-T&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.aulast=Salvadori&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fridermagazine.com%2F2019%2F01%2F17%2Fretrospective-1974-1977-montesa-cota-247-t%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budig_2012-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budig_2012_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonBudig2012" class="citation journal cs1">Anon; Budig, Kathryn (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/vrischika-in-pincha-mayurasana">"Kathryn Budig Challenge Pose: Scorpion in Forearm Balance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627182355/https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/vrischika-in-pincha-mayurasana">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Kathryn+Budig+Challenge+Pose%3A+Scorpion+in+Forearm+Balance&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.au=Anon&rft.au=Budig%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fpractice%2Fvrischika-in-pincha-mayurasana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolis1990" class="citation book cs1">Polis, Gary (1990). <i>The Biology of Scorpions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1249-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-1249-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18991506">18991506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Scorpions&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18991506&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1249-1&rft.aulast=Polis&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockmannYthier2010" class="citation book cs1">Stockmann, Roland; Ythier, Eric (2010). <i>Scorpions of the World</i>. N. A. P. Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2913688117" title="Special:BookSources/978-2913688117"><bdi>978-2913688117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scorpions+of+the+World&rft.pub=N.+A.+P.+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2913688117&rft.aulast=Stockmann&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Ythier%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Stockmann, Roland (2015). "Introduction to Scorpion Biology and Ecology". In Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Possani, L.; F. Schwartz, E.; Rodríguez de la Vega, R. (eds.). <i>Scorpion Venoms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6403-3"><bdi>978-94-007-6403-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Scorpion+Biology+and+Ecology&rft.btitle=Scorpion+Venoms&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6403-3&rft.aulast=Stockmann&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorpion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scorpion.amnh.org/index.html">American Museum of Natural History - Scorpion Systematics Research Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/insects/">CDC – Insects and Scorpions – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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<small>(shorttailed whipscorpions)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygi" title="Uropygi">Uropygi <small>(vinegaroons)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="color:green;">Acaromorpha</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricinulei" title="Ricinulei">Ricinulei <small>(hooded tickspiders)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Acari" class="mw-redirect" title="Acari"><span style="color:green;">Acari</span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(ticks, mites)</span></span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Acariformes" title="Acariformes">Acariformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoptiformes" title="Sarcoptiformes">Sarcoptiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombidiformes" title="Trombidiformes">Trombidiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Parasitiformes" title="Parasitiformes">Parasitiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opilioacariformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opilioacariformes">Opilioacariformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holothyrida" title="Holothyrida">Holothyrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Ixodida <small>(ticks)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmata" title="Mesostigmata">Mesostigmata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Classification is based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Shultz%202007%20Phylogenetic%20analysis%20Arachnida.pdf">Shultz (2007)</a></li> <li><span style="color:green;">Items in green</span> are possibly paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extinct106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extinct</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plesiosiro" title="Plesiosiro">Haptopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalangiotarbida" title="Phalangiotarbida">Phalangiotarbida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonotarbida" title="Trigonotarbida">Trigonotarbida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3394" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3394" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Scorpiones</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19125" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19125">Q19125</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Scorpiones" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Scorpiones">Scorpiones</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scorpiones/">Scorpiones</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Scorpiones">Scorpiones</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=293">293</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/2441">2441</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/42N">42N</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8542">8542</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SCORO">1SCORO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:15440">15440</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/38794eba-f75a-4e78-8181-a7b97dd21dd6">38794eba-f75a-4e78-8181-a7b97dd21dd6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/872">872</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48894">48894</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10570">10570</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=82713">82713</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000923534">NHMSYS0000923534</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" 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