CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sea Peoples - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a1af12a2-6c55-418d-b40b-55dd95597a9f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sea_Peoples","wgTitle":"Sea Peoples","wgCurRevisionId":1257901829,"wgRevisionId":1257901829,"wgArticleId":324954,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the WikiHiero extension","Webarchive template wayback links","Webarchive template archiveis links","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2018","Articles containing French-language text", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles to be expanded from July 2024","All articles to be expanded","Articles with empty sections from July 2024","All articles with empty sections","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Sea Peoples","1850s neologisms","Ancient Egypt","Ancient Italian history","Ancient Levant","Ancient peoples","Ancient pirates","History of the Mediterranean","Ancient warfare","Invasions of Egypt","Iron Age Anatolia","Iron Age Greece","Late Bronze Age collapse"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sea_Peoples","wgRelevantArticleId":324954, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193850","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.wikihiero":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher" ,"ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/1200px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="595"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/800px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="397"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/640px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="317"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sea Peoples - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sea_Peoples rootpage-Sea_Peoples skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sea+Peoples" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sea+Peoples" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sea+Peoples" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sea+Peoples" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_documentary_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_documentary_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Primary documentary records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_documentary_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary documentary records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_documentary_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramesses_II_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramesses_II_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ramesses II narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramesses_II_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merneptah_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merneptah_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Merneptah narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merneptah_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramesses_III_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramesses_III_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ramesses III narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramesses_III_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onomasticon_of_Amenope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onomasticon_of_Amenope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Onomasticon of Amenope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onomasticon_of_Amenope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_documentary_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_documentary_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other documentary records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_documentary_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other documentary records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_documentary_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian_single-name_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_single-name_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Egyptian single-name sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_single-name_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byblos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byblos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Byblos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byblos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugarit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugarit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ugarit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugarit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lukka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lukka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lukka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lukka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karkiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karkiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Karkiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karkiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peleset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peleset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Peleset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peleset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shekelesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shekelesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Shekelesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shekelesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sherden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sherden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sherden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sherden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weshesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weshesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Weshesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weshesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekwesh_and_Denyen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekwesh_and_Denyen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ekwesh and Denyen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekwesh_and_Denyen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tjeker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tjeker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Tjeker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tjeker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources:_early_publications_of_the_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources:_early_publications_of_the_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Primary sources: early publications of the theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources:_early_publications_of_the_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea Peoples</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seevolke" title="Seevolke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seevolke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seev%C3%B6lker" title="Seevölker – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Seevölker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="شعوب البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعوب البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_d%27a_Mar" title="Pueblos d'a Mar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pueblos d'a Mar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_xalqlar%C4%B1" title="Dəniz xalqları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz xalqları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Народы мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Народы мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Народы мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Народы мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Морски народи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морски народи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblo%C3%B9_ar_mor" title="Pobloù ar mor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pobloù ar mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobles_de_la_mar" title="Pobles de la mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pobles de la mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%99sk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rody" title="Mořské národy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mořské národy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfolkene" title="Havfolkene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havfolkene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seev%C3%B6lker" title="Seevölker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seevölker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mererahvad" title="Mererahvad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mererahvad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λαοί της Θάλασσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαοί της Θάλασσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_del_mar" title="Pueblos del mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos del mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraj_popoloj" title="Maraj popoloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maraj popoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsasoko_herriak" title="Itsasoko herriak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsasoko herriak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مردمان دریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peuples_de_la_mer" title="Peuples de la mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peuples de la mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobos_do_Mar" title="Pobos do Mar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobos do Mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1" title="바다 민족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바다 민족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Laut_(purba)" title="Bangsa Laut (purba) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Laut (purba)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0irnar" title="Sæþjóðirnar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sæþjóðirnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoli_del_Mare" title="Popoli del Mare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popoli del Mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גויי הים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גויי הים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზღვის ხალხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზღვის ხალხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentes_Maritimae" title="Gentes Maritimae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gentes Maritimae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplas_de_la_mar" title="Poplas de la mar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Poplas de la mar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeri_n%C3%A9pek" title="Tengeri népek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengeri népek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahoakan%27_ny_Ranomasina" title="Vahoakan' ny Ranomasina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vahoakan' ny Ranomasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="شعوب البحر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعوب البحر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Laut" title="Bangsa Laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangsa Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeevolken" title="Zeevolken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeevolken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91" title="海の民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海の民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfolkene" title="Havfolkene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Havfolkene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2bles_de_la_Mar" title="Pòbles de la Mar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pòbles de la Mar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz_xalqlari" title="Dengiz xalqlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz xalqlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludy_Morza" title="Ludy Morza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludy Morza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povos_do_Mar" title="Povos do Mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povos do Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoarele_m%C4%83rii" title="Popoarele mării – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Popoarele mării" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Народы моря – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Народы моря" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Народы моря – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народы моря" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sea Peoples" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rody" title="Morské národy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Morské národy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudstva_z_morja" title="Ljudstva z morja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudstva z morja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Народи са мора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народи са мора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodi_sa_mora" title="Narodi sa mora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Narodi sa mora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merikansat" title="Merikansat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merikansat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6folken" title="Sjöfolken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöfolken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Taong_Dagat" title="Mga Taong Dagat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Taong Dagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ชาวทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Kavimleri" title="Deniz Kavimleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz Kavimleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Народи моря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народи моря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="سمندری لوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندری لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Dân tộc biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân tộc biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="海上民族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海上民族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193850#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sea_Peoples" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sea_Peoples" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sea_Peoples" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&oldid=1257901829" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sea_Peoples&id=1257901829&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSea_Peoples"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSea_Peoples"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sea_Peoples&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sea_Peoples" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193850" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sea_People_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sea People (disambiguation)">Sea People (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/330px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/495px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/660px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6352" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>This scene from the north wall of <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a> is often used to illustrate the Egyptian campaign against the Sea Peoples, in what has come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Battle of the Delta</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1175</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of Ramesses III. While accompanying hieroglyphs do not name Egypt's enemies, describing them simply as being from "northern countries", early scholars noted the similarities between the hairstyles and accessories worn by the combatants and other reliefs in which such groups are named.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sea Peoples</b> were a group of tribes hypothesized to have attacked <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> regions around 1200 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drews48_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews48-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis was first proposed by the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Roug%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel de Rougé">Emmanuel de Rougé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a>, on the basis of primary sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Ramesses_III" title="Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III">Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III</a> at <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a>. Subsequent research developed the hypothesis further, attempting to link these sources to other Late Bronze Age evidence of migration, piracy, and destruction. While initial versions of the hypothesis regarded the Sea Peoples as a primary cause of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, more recent versions generally regard them as a symptom of events which were already in motion before their purported attacks. </p><p>The Sea Peoples included well-attested groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a>, as well as others such as the <a href="/wiki/Weshesh" title="Weshesh">Weshesh</a> whose origins are unknown. Hypotheses regarding the origin of the various groups are the source of much speculation. Several of them appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean</a> tribes, while others may have originated in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and Western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:458px;max-width:458px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png/300px-Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png/450px-Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png/600px-Champollion%27s_description_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_Second_Pylon_at_Medinet_Habu.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png/150px-Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png/225px-Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png/300px-Champollion%27s_notes_of_the_peoples_named_on_the_base_of_the_Fortified_East_Gate_at_Medinet_Habu.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A partial description of the hieroglyphic text at Medinet Habu on the right tower of Second Pylon (<i>left</i>) and an illustration of the prisoners depicted at the base of the Fortified East Gate (<i>right</i>), were first provided by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> following his 1828–29 travels to Egypt and published posthumously.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Champollion did not label them, decades later the hieroglyphs labeled 4 to 8 (left) were translated as Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen and Weshesh, and the hieroglyphs next to prisoners 3 and 4 (second row, right), translated as Tjeker and Sherden.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The concept of the Sea Peoples was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Roug%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel de Rougé">Emmanuel de Rougé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, in his 1855 work <i>Note on Some Hieroglyphic Texts Recently Published by Mr. Greene</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1855_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1855-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an interpretation of the battles of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> described on the Second Pylon at Medinet Habu, based upon recent photographs of the temple by <a href="/wiki/John_Beasley_Greene" title="John Beasley Greene">John Beasley Greene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé18551_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé18551-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greene1855_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene1855-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Rougé noted that "in the crests of the conquered peoples the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a> and the Teresh bear the designation of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">peuples de la mer</i></span>", in a reference to the prisoners depicted at the base of the Fortified East Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-deRouge_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deRouge-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, de Rougé published his <i>Excerpts of a dissertation on the attacks directed against Egypt by the peoples of the Mediterranean in the 14th century BC</i>, which focused primarily on the battles of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> and which proposed translations for many of the geographic names included in the hieroglyphic inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1867_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1867-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandersleyen198541_n.10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandersleyen198541_n.10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Rougé later became chair of Egyptology at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a>. Maspero built upon de Rougé's work and published <i>The Struggle of the Nations</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1896461–470_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1896461–470-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he described the theory of the seaborne migrations in detail in 1895–96 for a wider audience,<sup id="cite_ref-Drews1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a time when the idea of population migrations would have felt familiar to the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberman1998270_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberman1998270-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration theory was taken up by other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meyer" title="Eduard Meyer">Eduard Meyer</a> and became the generally accepted theory amongst Egyptologists and Orientalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Drews1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 1990s, however, it has been brought into question by a number of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-AK2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drews48_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews48-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silberman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silberman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vandersleyen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandersleyen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical narrative stems primarily from seven <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> sources<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although in these inscriptions the designation "of the sea" does not appear in relation to all of these peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-AK2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vandersleyen_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandersleyen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term "Sea Peoples" is commonly used in modern publications to refer to the following nine peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_documentary_records">Primary documentary records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary documentary records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu" title="Medinet Habu">Medinet Habu</a> inscriptions from which the Sea Peoples concept was first described remain the primary source and "the basis of virtually all significant discussions of them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOren200085_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOren200085-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three separate narratives from Egyptian records refer to more than one of the nine peoples, found in a total of six sources. The seventh and most recent source referring to more than one of the nine peoples is a list (Onomasticon) of 610 entities, rather than a narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sources are summarized in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Narrative </th> <th scope="col">Source(s) </th> <th scope="col">Peoples named </th> <th scope="col">Connection to the sea </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1210 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> narrative </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadesh Inscriptions">Kadesh Inscriptions</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karkiya" title="Karkiya">Karkisha</a>, Lukka, Sherden </td> <td><i>none</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">c. 1200 BC </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> narrative </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a> </td> <td>Eqwesh, Lukka, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh </td> <td>Eqwesh (of the countries of the sea),<sup id="cite_ref-Brea588601_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brea588601-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly also Sherden and Sheklesh<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athribis#Fouilles_archéologiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Athribis">Athribis Stele</a> </td> <td>Eqwesh, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh </td> <td>Eqwesh (of the countries of the sea)<sup id="cite_ref-Brea588601_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brea588601-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">c. 1150 BC </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> narrative </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a> </td> <td>Denyen, Peleset, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh, Tjekker, Weshesh </td> <td>Denyen (in their isles), Teresh (of the sea), Sherden (of the sea)<sup id="cite_ref-Brea75_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brea75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Harris_I" title="Papyrus Harris I">Papyrus Harris I</a> </td> <td>Denyen, Peleset, Sherden, Tjekker, Weshesh </td> <td>Denyen (in their isles), Weshesh (of the sea)<sup id="cite_ref-Brea201_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brea201-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhetorical <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stela</a> </td> <td>Peleset, Teresh </td> <td><i>none</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1100 BC </td> <td><i>List</i> (no narrative) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_of_Amenope" title="Onomasticon of Amenope">Onomasticon of Amenope</a> </td> <td>Denyen, Lukka, Peleset, Sherden, Tjekker </td> <td><i>none</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramesses_II_narrative">Ramesses II narrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ramesses II narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png/300px-Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png/450px-Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png/600px-Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>A carved relief from the <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_inscriptions" title="Kadesh inscriptions">Kadesh inscriptions</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> spies being beaten by Egyptians</figcaption></figure> <p>Possible records of sea peoples generally or in particular date to two campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, a pharaoh of the militant <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">19th Dynasty</a>: operations in or near the delta in Year 2 of his reign and the major confrontation with the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> Empire and allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> in his Year 5. The years of this long-lived pharaoh's reign are not known exactly, but they must have comprised nearly all of the first half of the 13th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his Second Year, an attack of the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a>, or Shardana, on the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> was repulsed and defeated by Ramesses, who captured some of the pirates. The event is recorded on Tanis Stele II.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription by Ramesses II on the stela from <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a> which recorded the Sherden raiders' raid and subsequent capture speaks of the continuous threat they posed to Egypt's Mediterranean coasts: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the unruly Sherden whom no one had ever known how to combat, they came boldly sailing in their warships from the midst of the sea, none being able to withstand them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Sherden prisoners were subsequently incorporated into the Egyptian army for service on the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> frontier by Ramesses and fought as Egyptian soldiers in the Battle of Kadesh. Another stele usually cited in conjunction with this one is the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aswan_Stele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aswan Stele (page does not exist)">Aswan Stele</a>" (there were other stelae at <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>), which mentions the king's operations to defeat a number of peoples including those of the "<a href="/wiki/Papyrus_stem_(hieroglyph)#Language_usage_of_papyrus_stem" title="Papyrus stem (hieroglyph)">Great Green</a> (the Egyptian name for the Mediterranean)". </p><p>The Battle of Kadesh was the outcome of a campaign against the Hittites and their allies in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in the pharaoh's Year 5. The imminent collision of the Egyptian and Hittite empires became obvious to both, and they both prepared campaigns against the strategic midpoint of Kadesh for the next year. Ramesses divided his Egyptian forces, which were then ambushed piecemeal by the Hittite army and nearly defeated. Ramesses was separated from his forces and had to fight singlehandedly to get back to his troops. He then mustered several counterattacks while waiting for reinforcements. Once the reinforcements from the South and East arrived, the Egyptians managed to drive the Hittites back to Kadesh. While it was a strategic Egyptian victory, neither side managed to attain their operational objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At home, Ramesses had his scribes formulate an official description, which has been called "the Bulletin" because it was widely published by inscription. Ten copies survive today on the temples at <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Luxor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>, with reliefs depicting the battle. The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poem_of_Pentaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poem of Pentaur (page does not exist)">Poem of Pentaur</a>", describing the battle, also survived.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poem relates that the previously captured Sherden were not only working for the Pharaoh but were also formulating a plan of battle for him; i.e. it was their idea to divide Egyptian forces into four columns. There is no evidence of any collaboration with the Hittites or malicious intent on their part, and if Ramesses considered it, he never left any record of that consideration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The poem lists the peoples who went to Kadesh as allies of the Hittites. Amongst them are some of the sea peoples spoken of in the Egyptian inscriptions previously mentioned, and many of the peoples who would later take part in the great migrations of the 12th century BC (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh#Hittite_allies" title="Battle of Kadesh">Appendix A to the Battle of Kadesh</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merneptah_narrative">Merneptah narrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Merneptah narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:279px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png/116px-Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png/174px-Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png/232px-Athribis_stele_describing_Merneptah%27s_Libyan_Campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="2426" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Athribis" title="Athribis">Athribis</a> stele (showing all 19 lines and 14 lines on each face. The reference to "foreigners of the sea" is on line 13 out of 19)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:279px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Karnak_inscription_(first_part)_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Great_Karnak_inscription_%28first_part%29_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg/268px-Great_Karnak_inscription_%28first_part%29_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Great_Karnak_inscription_%28first_part%29_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg/402px-Great_Karnak_inscription_%28first_part%29_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Great_Karnak_inscription_%28first_part%29_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg/536px-Great_Karnak_inscription_%28first_part%29_-_plate_52_from_Mariette_Bey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a> (lines 1-20 out of 79; line 52 includes the reference to "foreign peoples of the sea" (<i>n3 ḫ3s.wt n<.t> p3 ym</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="35" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2ss.png?14bd2" height="11" title="Z2ss" alt="Z2ss" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G40.png?d2bfd" height="34" title="G40" alt="G40" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="10" title="Aa15" alt="Aa15" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35A.png?7d084" height="38" title="N35A" alt="N35A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N21.png?2a27c" height="11" title="N21" alt="N21" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The major event of the reign of the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> (1213–1203 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4th king of the 19th Dynasty, was his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perire" title="Battle of Perire">battle at Perire</a> in the western delta in the 5th and 6th years of his reign, against a confederacy termed "the Nine Bows". Depredations of this confederacy had been so severe that the region was "forsaken as pasturage for cattle, it was left waste from the time of the ancestors".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pharaoh's action against them is attested in a single narrative found in three sources. The most detailed source describing the battle is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a>; two shorter versions of the same narrative are found in the "Athribis Stele" and the "Cairo Column".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Cairo column" is a section of a granite column now in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Cairo Museum</a>, which was first published by Maspero in 1881 with just two readable sentences – the first confirming the date of Year 5 and the second stating: "The wretched [chief] of Libya has invaded with ——, being men and women, Shekelesh (S'-k-rw-s) ——".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_§595,_p._252_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_§595,_p._252-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1881118_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1881118-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Athribis stela" is a granite stela found in <a href="/wiki/Athribis" title="Athribis">Athribis</a> and inscribed on both sides, which like the Cairo column, was first published by Maspero two years later in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted19063,_p._253_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted19063,_p._253-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> from Thebes describes the reign of peace resulting from the victory but does not include any reference to the Sea Peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_pp._256–264_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_pp._256–264-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nine Bows were acting under the leadership of the king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a> and an associated near-concurrent revolt in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> involving <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza" title="History of Gaza">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenoam" title="Yenoam">Yenoam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. Exactly which peoples were consistently in the Nine Bows is not clear, but present at the battle were the Libyans, some neighboring <a href="/wiki/Meshwesh" title="Meshwesh">Meshwesh</a>, and possibly a separate revolt in the following year involving peoples from the eastern Mediterranean, including the Kheta (or Hittites), or Syrians, and (in the Israel Stele) for the first time in history, the Israelites. In addition to them, the first lines of the Karnak inscription include some sea peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906p._243,_citing_Lines_13–15_of_the_inscription_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906p._243,_citing_Lines_13–15_of_the_inscription-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which must have arrived in the Western Delta or from <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> by ship: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Beginning of the victory that his majesty achieved in the land of Libya] -i, <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ekwesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenoi">Teresh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shardana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shardana">Sherden</a>, Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands.</p></blockquote> <p>Later in the inscription Merneptah receives news of the attack: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the third season, saying: "The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, <a href="/wiki/Meryey" title="Meryey">Meryey</a>, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of <a href="/wiki/Tehenou" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehenou">Tehenu</a> with his bowmen – Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh, Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children – leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire"</p></blockquote> <p>"His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion", assembled his court and gave a rousing speech. Later, he dreamed he saw <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> handing him a sword and saying, "Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee." When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, "<a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> was with them as a shield." After six hours, the surviving Nine Bows threw down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependants, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the hands of all the circumcised, from which history learns that the Ekwesh were <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcised</a>, a fact causing some to doubt they were Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramesses_III_narrative">Ramesses III narrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ramesses III narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Battle of the Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy" title="Battle of Djahy">Battle of Djahy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg/200px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg/300px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg/400px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4571" data-file-height="3429" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/200px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/300px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg/400px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6352" data-file-height="3149" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Medinet Habu northeast outside wall, showing wide view and a close-up sketch of the right-hand side relief. Behind the king (out of scene) is a chariot, above which the text describes a battle in Year 8 as follows:<br /><br />"Now the northern countries, which were in their isles, were quivering in their bodies. They penetrated the channels of the Nile's mouths. Their nostrils have ceased (to function, so that) their desire is [to] breathe the breath. His majesty is gone forth like a whirlwind against them, fighting on the battlefield like a runner. The dread of him and the terror of him have entered in their bodies; (they are) capsized and overwhelmed in their places. Their hearts are taken away; their soul is flown away. Their weapons are scattered in the sea. His arrow pierces him whom he has wished among them, while the fugitive becomes one fallen into the water. His majesty is like an enraged lion, attacking his assailant with his paws; plundering on his right hand and powerful on his left hand, like Set[h] destroying the serpent 'Evil of Character'. It is Amon-Re who has overthrown for him the lands and has crushed for him every land under his feet; King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands: Usermare-Meriamon."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>A number of primary sources about the Sea Peoples pertain to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>, who reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC. The battles were later recorded in two long inscriptions from his <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu" title="Medinet Habu">Medinet Habu</a> mortuary temple, which are physically separate and somewhat different from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOren200086_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOren200086-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Year 8 campaign is the best-recorded Sea Peoples invasion. </p><p>The fact that several civilizations collapsed around 1175 BC has led to the suggestion that the Sea Peoples may have been involved at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> kingdoms. The American <a href="/wiki/Hittitologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittitologist">Hittitologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a> writes, on page 23 of <i>Akkadica 120</i> (2000):<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Terminus_ante_quem" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminus ante quem">terminus ante quem</a></i> for the destruction of the Hittite empire has been recognized in an inscription carved at Medinet Habu in Egypt in the eighth year of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> (1175 BC). This text narrates a contemporary great movement of peoples in the eastern Mediterranean, as a result of which "the lands were removed and scattered to the fray. No land could stand before their arms, from <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> on being cut off. [ie: cut down]"</p></blockquote> <p>Ramesses' comments about the scale of the Sea Peoples' onslaught in the eastern Mediterranean are confirmed by the destruction of the states of <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> around this time. As the Hittitologist <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Trevor Bryce</a> observes, "It should be stressed that the invasions were not merely military operations, but involved the movements of large populations, by land and sea, seeking new lands to settle."<sup id="cite_ref-bryce371_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryce371-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This situation is confirmed by the Medinet Habu temple reliefs of Ramesses III which show that "the <a href="/wiki/Peleset" title="Peleset">Peleset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tjekker" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjekker">Tjekker</a> warriors who fought in the land battle [against Ramesses III] are accompanied in the reliefs by women and children loaded in ox-carts."<sup id="cite_ref-bryce371_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryce371-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg/200px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg/300px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg/400px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="3361" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_(Lepsius)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_%28Lepsius%29_01.jpg/200px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_%28Lepsius%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_%28Lepsius%29_01.jpg/300px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_%28Lepsius%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_%28Lepsius%29_01.jpg/400px-Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_%28Lepsius%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Medinet Habu Second Pylon, showing wide view and a close-up sketch of the left-hand side relief in which Amon, with Mut behind him, extends a sword to Rameses III who is leading three lines of prisoners. The text before the King includes the following:"Thou puttest great terror of me in the hearts of their chiefs; the fear and dread of me before them; that I may carry off their warriors (phrr), bound in my grasp, to lead them to thy ka, O my august father, – – – – –. Come, to [take] them, being: Peleset (Pw-r'-s'-t), Denyen (D'-y-n-yw-n'), Shekelesh (S'-k-rw-s). Thy strength it was which was before me, overthrowing their seed, – thy might, O lord of gods."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906volume_4,_p.48,_§81_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906volume_4,_p.48,_§81-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the right hand side of the Pylon is the "Great Inscription on the Second Pylon", which includes the following text:"The foreign countries made a conspiracy in their islands, All at once the lands were removed and scattered in the fray. No land could stand before their arms: from <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qode" class="mw-redirect" title="Qode">Qode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Alashiya</a> on, being cut off [i.e. destroyed] at one time. A camp was set up in <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a>. They desolated its people, and its land was like that which has never come into being. They were coming forward toward <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, while the flame was prepared before them. Their <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Peleset" title="Peleset">Peleset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tjeker" title="Tjeker">Tjeker</a>, Shekelesh, <a href="/wiki/Denyen" title="Denyen">Denyen</a> and Weshesh, lands united. They laid their hands upon the land as far as the circuit of the earth, their hearts confident and trusting: 'Our plans will succeed!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The inscriptions of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu record three victorious campaigns against the Sea Peoples that are considered bona fide, in Years 5, 8 and 12, as well as three considered spurious, against the <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubians</a> and Libyans in Year 5 and the Libyans with Asiatics in Year 11. During Year 8, some Hittites were operating with the Sea Peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner west wall of the second court describes the invasion of Year 5. Only the Peleset and Tjeker are mentioned, but the list is lost in a <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">lacuna</a>. The attack was two-pronged, one by sea and one by land. That is, the Sea Peoples divided their forces. Ramesses was waiting in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> mouths and trapped the enemy fleet there. The land forces were defeated separately.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Sea Peoples attacked again Year 8 with a similar result. The campaign is recorded more extensively on the inner northwest panel of the first court. It is possible, but not generally believed, that the dates are only those of the inscriptions and both refer to the same campaign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Ramesses' Year 8, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Bows" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Bows">Nine Bows</a> appear as a "conspiracy in their isles". This time, they are revealed unquestionably as Sea Peoples: the Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen and Weshesh, which are classified as "foreign countries" in the inscription. They camped in <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amor</a> and sent a fleet to the Nile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He had built a fleet especially for the occasion, hidden it in the mouths of the Nile, and posted coast watchers. The enemy fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">was ambushed there</a>, their ships overturned, and the men dragged up on shore and executed ad hoc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The land army <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy" title="Battle of Djahy">was also routed</a> within Egyptian controlled territory. Additional information is given in the relief on the outer side of the east wall. This <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy" title="Battle of Djahy">land battle</a> occurred in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Djahy" title="Djahy">Djahy</a> against "the northern countries". When it was over, several chiefs were captive: of Hatti, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> among the "land peoples" and the Tjeker, "Sherden of the sea", "<a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenoi">Teresh</a> of the sea" and Peleset or <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>. </p><p>The campaign of Year 12 is attested by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCdstele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Südstele (page does not exist)">Südstele</a> found on the south side of the temple. It mentions the Tjeker, Peleset, Denyen, Weshesh and Shekelesh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Harris_I" title="Papyrus Harris I">Papyrus Harris I</a> of the period, found behind the temple, suggests a wider campaign against the Sea Peoples but does not mention the date. In it, the persona of Ramses III says, "I slew the Denyen (D'-yn-yw-n) in their isles" and "burned" the Tjeker and Peleset, implying a maritime raid of his own. He also captured some Sherden and Weshesh "of the sea" and settled them in Egypt. As he is called the "Ruler of Nine Bows" in the relief of the east side, these events probably happened in Year 8; i.e. the Pharaoh would have used the victorious fleet for some punitive expeditions elsewhere in the Mediterranean.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Rhetorical Stela to <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>, Chapel C, <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> records a similar narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onomasticon_of_Amenope">Onomasticon of Amenope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Onomasticon of Amenope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_of_Amenope" title="Onomasticon of Amenope">Onomasticon of Amenope</a>, or Amenemipit (amen-em-apt), gives slight credence to the idea that the Ramesside kings settled the Sea Peoples in Canaan. Dated to about 1100 BC (at the end of the 22nd dynasty) this document simply lists names. After six place names, four of which were in Philistia, the scribe lists the Sherden (Line 268), the Tjeker (Line 269) and the Peleset (Line 270), who might be presumed to occupy those cities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Wenamun" title="Story of Wenamun">Story of Wenamun</a> on a papyrus of the same cache also places the Tjeker in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dor</a> at that time. The fact that the Biblical maritime <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">Tribe of Dan</a> was initially located between the Philistines and the Tjekker, has prompted some to suggest that they may have originally been Denyen. Sherden seem to have been settled around <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>, and Weshwesh (connected by some with the Biblical tribe of <a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a>) may have been settled further north.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_documentary_records">Other documentary records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other documentary records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_single-name_sources">Egyptian single-name sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Egyptian single-name sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Egyptian sources refer to one of the individual groups without reference to any of the other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, around the mid-14th century BC, including four relating to the Sea Peoples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_151&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 151 (page does not exist)">EA 151</a> refers to the Denyen, in a passing reference to the death of their king;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_38" title="Amarna letter EA 38">EA 38</a> refers to the Lukka, who are being accused of attacking the Egyptians in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiyans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriotes</a>), with the latter having stated that the Lukka were seizing their villages.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 81 (page does not exist)">EA 81</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 122 (page does not exist)">EA 122</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_123&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 123 (page does not exist)">EA 123</a> refer to the Sherden. The letters at one point refer to a Sherden man as an apparent renegade mercenary,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at another point to three Sherden who are slain by an Egyptian overseer.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Padiiset%27s_Statue" title="Padiiset's Statue">Padiiset's Statue</a> refers to the Peleset, the Cairo Column<sup id="cite_ref-Brea252_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brea252-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the Shekelesh, the <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Wenamun" title="Story of Wenamun">Story of Wenamun</a> refers to the Tjekker, and 13 further Egyptian sources refer to the Sherden.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byblos">Byblos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byblos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Beirut_%E2%80%93_Resheph_obelisk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Abishemu_obelisk" title="Abishemu obelisk">Abishemu obelisk</a>, includes the words "Kwkwn ś: Rwqq" translated as "Kukun, son of Lukka"</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later considered among the Sea Peoples is believed to be attested in Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Abishemu_obelisk" title="Abishemu obelisk">Abishemu obelisk</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Obelisks" title="Temple of the Obelisks">Temple of the Obelisks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dunand" title="Maurice Dunand">Maurice Dunand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription mentions kwkwn son of rwqq- (or kukun son of luqq), <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <a href="/wiki/Caucones" title="Caucones">Kukunnis</a>, son of Lukka, "the <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date is given variously as 2000 or 1700 BC </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugarit">Ugarit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ugarit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Destructions at Gibala-Tell Tweini</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:294px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg/221px-Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg/332px-Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg/442px-Harbour_town_Gibala-Tell_Tweini_and_the_Sea_People_destruction_layer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Harbour town Gibala-<a href="/wiki/Tell_Tweini" title="Tell Tweini">Tell Tweini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ugarit_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugarit kingdom">Ugarit kingdom</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea People">Sea People</a> <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JB_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:294px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg/213px-Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg/320px-Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg/426px-Gibala-Tell_Tweini._Storage_jars_found_in_the_Early_Iron_Age_destruction_layer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gibala-Tell Tweini. Storage jars found in the Early Iron Age destruction layer.<sup id="cite_ref-JB_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some Sea Peoples appear in four of the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a>, the last three of which seem to foreshadow the destruction of the city around 1180 BC. The letters are therefore dated to the early 12th century. The last king of Ugarit was <a href="/wiki/Ammurapi" title="Ammurapi">Ammurapi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1191–1182 BC), who, throughout this correspondence, is quite a young man. </p> <ul><li>RS 34.129, the earliest letter, found on the south side of the city, from "the Great King", presumably <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, to the prefect of the city. He says that he ordered the king of Ugarit to send him Ibnadushu for questioning, but the king was too immature to respond. He, therefore, wants the prefect to send the man, whom he promises to return. What this language implies about the relationship of the Hittite empire to Ugarit is a matter of interpretation. Ibnadushu had been kidnapped by and had resided among a people of Shikala, probably the Shekelesh, "who lived on ships". The letter is generally interpreted as an interest in military intelligence by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>RS L 1, RS 20.238 and RS 20.18, are a set from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rap%27anu_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rap'anu Archive (page does not exist)">Rap'anu Archive</a> between a slightly older Ammurapi, now handling his own affairs, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eshuwara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eshuwara (page does not exist)">Eshuwara</a>, the grand supervisor of <a href="/wiki/Alasiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alasiya">Alasiya</a>. Evidently, Ammurapi had informed Eshuwara, that an enemy fleet of 20 ships had been spotted at sea. Eshuwara wrote back and inquired about the location of Ammurapi's own forces. Eshuwara also noted that he would like to know where the enemy fleet of 20 ships are now located.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for both Ugarit and Alasiya, neither kingdom was able to fend off the Sea People's onslaught, and both were ultimately destroyed. A letter by Ammurapi (RS 18.147) to the king of <a href="/wiki/Alasiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alasiya">Alasiya</a>—which was in fact a response to an appeal for assistance by the latter—has been found by archaeologists. In it, Ammurapi describes the desperate plight facing Ugarit.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammurapi, in turn, appealed for aid from the viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, which actually survived the Sea People's onslaught; King <a href="/wiki/Kuzi-Teshub" title="Kuzi-Teshub">Kuzi-Teshub</a> I, who was the son of <a href="/wiki/Talmi-Teshub" title="Talmi-Teshub">Talmi-Teshub</a>—a direct contemporary of the last ruling Hittite king, <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a>—is attested in power there,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running a mini-empire which stretched from "Southeast Asia Minor, North Syria ... [to] the west bend of the Euphrates"<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from c. 1175 BC to 990 BC. Its viceroy could only offer some words of advice for Ammurapi.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups">Groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list of Sea Peoples groups include some which are securely identified and others which are not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lukka">Lukka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lukka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a></div> <p>The Lukka people are known from numerous other <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">ancient Egyptian</a> records. While the Lukka lands were located in the later region of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, Lukka people appear to have been highly mobile. The Lukka were never a unified kingdom, instead having a decentralized political structure. The Lukka people were famously fractious, with Hittite and Egyptian records describing them as raiders, rebels, and pirates. Lukka people fought against the Hittites as part of the <a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa confederation</a>, later fought for the Hittites in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce200582,_148–149,_336Yakubovich2010134_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200582,_148–149,_336Yakubovich2010134-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karkiya">Karkiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Karkiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karkiya" title="Karkiya">Karkiya</a></div> <p>Karkiya was a region in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> known from references in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite texts">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Egyptian</a> records. Karkiya was governed by a council of chiefs rather than a king, and was not a unified political entity. The Karkiyans had relations with the Hittite Empire, but were never part of the empire proper. Relations with the Hittites had ups and downs, and Karkiyan soldiers fought for the Hittites at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a>, most likely as mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2005143–144_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2005143–144-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steadman-bryce24_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steadman-bryce24-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name has been argued to be related to later terms for <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, though the linguistic connection is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-steadman-bryce24_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steadman-bryce24-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-herda46_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herda46-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peleset">Peleset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peleset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peleset" title="Peleset">Peleset</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bichrome_pottery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bichrome_pottery.jpg/300px-Bichrome_pottery.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bichrome_pottery.jpg/450px-Bichrome_pottery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bichrome_pottery.jpg/600px-Bichrome_pottery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philistine_Bichrome_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine Bichrome pottery">Philistine Bichrome pottery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians generally identify the <i>Peleset</i> with the later <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peleset are generally regarded as originating somewhere within the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> cultural area;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evidence for this identification comes from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:14&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:14</a>, which associates the Philistines with <a href="/wiki/Caphtor" title="Caphtor">Caphtor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casluhim" title="Casluhim">Casluhim</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%202:23&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 2:23</a>, which mentions the Caphtorim settling in Gaza. Aegean-style material remains such as <a href="/wiki/Philistine_Bichrome_ware" title="Philistine Bichrome ware">Philistine Bichrome ware</a>, as well as genetic evidence suggesting that immigrants from Europe settled in sites such as <a href="/wiki/Ashkalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkalon">Ashkalon</a> at the beginning of the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaeir2005528–536_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaeir2005528–536-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that any newcomers quickly acculturated and intermarried with local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31281897_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31281897-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shekelesh">Shekelesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shekelesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shekelesh" title="Shekelesh">Shekelesh</a></div> <p>The Shekelesh appear in the earlier <a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a>, where they are described as auxiliary troops of the Libyan ruler <a href="/wiki/Meryey" title="Meryey">Meryey</a>. In the inscription, the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> claims that he killed between 200 and 222 of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Sternberg49_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sternberg49-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also appear in Hittite records as the seafaring <i>Shikalayu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: 𒅆𒅗𒆷𒅀𒌋 <i>ši-ka-la-ia/u-u</i>), though this connection is speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hypothesized that the Shekelesh have some connection to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, though evidence is sparse, and proposals vary as to whether Sicily was their original homeland, or if they settled there after the Bronze Age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sherden">Sherden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sherden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mod._Bronzo_nuraghe_quadrilobato.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mod._Bronzo_nuraghe_quadrilobato.gif/120px-Mod._Bronzo_nuraghe_quadrilobato.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Mod._Bronzo_nuraghe_quadrilobato.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Bronze model of a <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nuraghe</a>. 10th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sherden are previously mentioned in the records of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, who claimed to have defeated them in his second year (1278 BC) when they attempted to raid Egypt's coast. The pharaoh subsequently incorporated many of them into his personal guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also appear in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna Letters">Amarna Letters</a>, with their name rendered in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> as "še-er-ta-an-nu".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on onomastic similarities, similar weapons, presence in the same places of the Mediterranean and similar relationships with other peoples there, and other analysis of historical and archaeological sources, some archaeologists have proposed to identify the Sherden with the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BarKahn2011_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarKahn2011-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential further evidence for this position comes from 12th century Nuragic pottery found at <a href="/wiki/Pyla-Kokkinokremos" title="Pyla-Kokkinokremos">Pyla-Kokkinokremos</a>, a fortified settlement in Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weshesh">Weshesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weshesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weshesh" title="Weshesh">Weshesh</a></div> <p>The <i>Weshesh</i> are the most sparsely attested among the Sea People. They are only found in documents pertaining to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>, and no visual representation of them has ever been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Noort56_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort56-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hotabi_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotabi-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekwesh_and_Denyen">Ekwesh and Denyen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ekwesh and Denyen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Denyen" title="Denyen">Denyen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekwesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekwesh">Ekwesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_(3404330867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/170px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/255px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/340px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Warrior wearing a <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">boar's tusk helmet</a>, from a Mycenaean chamber tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, 14th–13th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Ekwesh</i> and the <i>Denyen</i> have been tentatively identified with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ethnonyms <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀχαι(ϝ)οί</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">(Achai(w)oí)</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Δαναοί</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">(Danaoí)</i></span>, which are attested in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Homeric epics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelder125–126_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelder125–126-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tjeker">Tjeker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tjeker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tjeker" title="Tjeker">Tjeker</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryey" title="Meryey">Meryey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Tel Dor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: "My father, behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?) were burned, and they did evil things in my country. Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?) are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of Lukka? ... Thus, the country is abandoned to itself. May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: "As for what you [Ammurapi] have written to me: "Ships of the enemy have been seen at sea!" Well, you must remain firm. Indeed for your part, where are your troops, your chariots stationed? Are they not stationed near you? No? Behind the enemy, who press upon you? Surround your towns with ramparts. Have your troops and chariots enter there, and await the enemy with great resolution!"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaine2015" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Lincoln (27 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QITaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97035-5"><bdi>978-1-101-97035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Civilization%3A+A+Maritime+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.isbn=978-1-101-97035-5&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQITaCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews48-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drews48_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drews48_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1995">Drews 1995</a>, pp. 48–61: "The thesis that a great 'migration of the Sea Peoples' occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears... Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the sketches provided later in Champollion, Monuments: from the left side of the Second Pylon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e2-5e33-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">Plate CCVIII</a>, and from the base of the right-hand side of the Fortified East Gate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e2-5e2e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">Plate CCIII</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare with the hieroglyphs provided by <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1855-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1855_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rougé1855">de Rougé 1855</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé18551-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé18551_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rougé1855">de Rougé 1855</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene1855-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greene1855_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene1855">Greene 1855</a>, p. 4:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Translation from the French]: The notices and the 17th letter of Champollion provide a complete and faithful summary of the campaigns of Ramses III (his Ramses Ammon), especially that represented on the north wall, containing the famous bas-relief of a naval battle where the enemy ships are driven to shore by the Egyptian fleet, and simultaneously crushed by the army, which the press on the other side. </p><p>Champollion recognized that among the enemies of Ramesses, there were a new people, belonging to the white race, and designated as the Tamhou. He copied the first line of the large inscription of the pylon, with a date he specified in the ninth year of the reign, and he noted the importance of this text, which contains several names of people. ... </p><p>After receiving this just tribute of praise, the King finally begins his speech to the thirteenth line. It recommends to all his subjects to pay attention to his words, and shows their feelings that must lead them in life; then he boasts of his exploits, he brings glory to his father, the god Ammon, who gave him all the conquests. After a column header which unfortunately suffered a lot, is one of the most important parts of our text, in which the king lists the enemies he has overcome, beginning with the Cheta, the Ati, the Karkamasch the Aratou, the Arasa; then, after a short break: at their camp in the country of Amaour, I destroyed the people and their country as if they had never existed </p><p> We see that these different peoples, common enemies of Egypt in their Asian campaigns before those of Ramses III, are gathered in one group. In the next column, we find a second group formed of people considered by Champollion to have played an important role in the campaign with the naval combat ships; it is the Poursata, the Takkara, the Shakarsha, the Taamou, and Ouaschascha. We see that the only missing Sharetana to this list.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene's documentary photographs are held at the Musee d'Orsay, for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/collections/catalogue-des-oeuvres/notice.html?no_cache=1&nnumid=033426&cHash=e2eb6fc49f">Médinet-Habou, Temple funéraire de Ramsès III, muraille du nord (5)</a>; inventory number: PHO 1986 131 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deRouge-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deRouge_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rougé1855">de Rougé 1855</a>, p. 14: [Translation from the French]: "For a long time Kefa has been identified, with <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude" title="Verisimilitude">verisimilitude</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Caphthorim" class="mw-redirect" title="Caphthorim">Caphthorim</a> of the Bible, to whom Gesenius, along with most interpreters, assigns as a residence the islands of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> or Cyprus. The people of Cyprus had certainly to take sides in this war; perhaps they were then the allies of Egypt. In any case, our entry does not detail the names of these people, from the islands of the Mediterranean. Champollion noted that <a href="/wiki/Tjeker" title="Tjeker">T'akkari</a> [which he names Fekkaros; see appendix at the following entry] and <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Schartana</a>, were recognizable, in enemy ships, with unique hairstyles. In addition, in the crests of the conquered peoples, the Schartana and the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Touirasch</a> bear the designation of the peoples of the sea. It is therefore likely that they belong to these nations from islands or coasts of the archipelago. The Rabou are still recognizable among the prisoners."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1867-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé1867_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rougé1867">de Rougé 1867</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandersleyen198541_n.10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandersleyen198541_n.10_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandersleyen1985">Vandersleyen 1985</a>, p. 41 n.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1896461–470-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1896461–470_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaspero1896">Maspero 1896</a>, p. 461–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drews1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drews1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1992">Drews 1992</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In fact, this migration of the Sea Peoples is not to be found in Egyptian inscriptions, but was launched by Gaston Maspero in 1873 [footnote: In the Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Littérature 1873, pp. 85–86]. Although Maspero's proposal initially seemed unlikely, it gained credibility with the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Lemnos_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemnos stele">Lemnos stele</a>. In 1895, in his popular <i>Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'orient classique</i> [footnote; Vol. II (Paris:1895), translated into English as <i>The Struggle of the Nations</i> (ed. A. H. Sayce, tr. M. L. McClure, New York: 1896)], Maspero fully elaborated his scenario of "the migration of the Sea Peoples". Adopted by Eduard Meyer for the second edition of his Geschichted es Altertums, the theory won general acceptance among Egyptologists and orientalists.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberman1998270-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberman1998270_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilberman1998">Silberman 1998</a>, p. 270: "The English translation of Maspero's résumé of ethnic movement entitled The Struggle of the Nations (Maspero 1896) must surely have evoked meaningful associations at a time when competition for territory and economic advantage among European Powers was at a fever pitch (Hobsbawm 1987)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AK2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AK2013_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK2013_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKillebrew2013">Killebrew 2013</a>, p. 2. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term 'Sea Peoples' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term 'Sea Peoples' refers to people that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from 'islands' (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g., Drews 1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term 'Sea Peoples' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. The designation 'of the sea' appears only in relation to the Sherden, Shekelesh and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>). Henceforth the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silberman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silberman_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilberman1998">Silberman 1998</a>, p. 272:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As E. S. Sherratt has pointed out in an enlightening study of the interplay of ideology and literary strata in the formation of the Homeric epics (1990), phases of active narrative or descriptive invention closely correspond to periods of rapid social and political change. Sherratt notes that one of the characteristic manifestations of this process – in which emerging elites seek to legitimate their power – is 'the transformation of an existing oral epic tradition in order to dress it in more recognizably modern garb' (1990: 821). Can we not see in the history of the archaeology of the Sea Peoples a similar process of literary reformulation, in which old components are reinterpreted and reassembled to tell a new tale? Narrative presupposes that both storyteller and audience share a single perspective, and therein may lie the connection between the intellectual and ideological dimensions of archaeology. To generalize beyond specific, highly localized data, archaeologists must utilize familiar conceptual frameworks and it is from the political and social ideologies of every generation that larger speculations about the historical role of the Sea Peoples have always been drawn. As many papers in this conference have suggested, traditional interpretive structures are in the process of reconsideration and renovation. That is why I believe it essential that we reflect on our current Sea Peoples stories – and see if we cannot detect the subtle yet lingering impact upon them of some timeworn Victorian narratives.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vandersleyen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vandersleyen_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vandersleyen_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandersleyen1985">Vandersleyen 1985</a>, p. 53:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However, of the nine peoples concerned by these wars, only four were actually defined as coming 'from wꜣd-wr' or 'from pꜣ ym'. Furthermore, these expressions seem to be linked more often to vegetation and sweet water than to seawater, and it seems clear that the term "Sea Peoples" has to be abandoned. Some will object to this, basing themselves on the expression <i>iww hryw-ib w3d-wr</i>, usually translated by 'islands situated in the middle of the sea', where some of the Sea Peoples are said to have come from. Indeed. it is this expression that supported the persistent idea that the 'Sea Peoples' came from the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean islands">Aegean islands</a> or at least from an <a href="/wiki/East_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mediterranean">East Mediterranean</a> island. Now, these terms are misleading, not only because w3d-wr and p3 ym, quite likely, do not designate 'the sea' here, but also because the term in itself does not always mean 'island'; it can also be used to indicate other kinds of territories not necessarily maritime ones. The argument based on these alleged 'sea islands' is thus groundless ... To conclude, the Philistines came neither from Crete nor from the Aegean islands or coasts, but probably from the southern coast of Asia Minor or from Syria.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132–5_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKillebrew2013">Killebrew 2013</a>, pp. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew20132a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKillebrew2013">Killebrew 2013</a>, p. 2a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A convenient table of Sea Peoples in hieroglyphics, transliteration and English is given in <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, who developed it from works of Kitchen cited there.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOren200085-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOren200085_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOren2000">Oren 2000</a>, p. 85: "Thus far, rather meager documentation is available. What I shall do for the remainder of this essay is to focus on what is in fact our primary source on the Sea Peoples, the basis of virtually all significant discussions of them, including many efforts to identify the Sea Peoples with archaeologically known cultures or groups in the Mediterranean and beyond. This source is the corpus of scenes and texts relevant to the Sea Peoples displayed on the walls of the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at western Thebes. Although it has been much discussed, this corpus has often led scholars to different and contradictory conclusions, and will always probably be subject to debate because of certain ambiguities inherent in the material."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brea588601-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brea588601_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brea588601_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol III, §588 / p.248 and §601 / p.255: "of the countries of the sea". Breasted wrote in a footnote regarding this designation "It is noticeable that this designation, both here and in the Athribis Stela (1. 13), is inserted only after the Ekwesh. In the Athribis Stela Ekwesh is cut off by a numeral from the preceding, showing that the designation there belongs only to them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardiner1947">Gardiner 1947</a>, p. 196 (Vol. 1), in his commentary on the Onomasticon of Amenope, No. 268, "Srdn", wrote:<br />"The records of Meneptah are much more explicit: the great Karnak inscription described how the Ekwesh, Tursha, Lukki, Sherden and Sheklesh (L.1) had been incited against Egypt by the prince of the Libu (Libyans); in L.52 the Sherden, Sheklesh and Ekwesh are collectively described as<br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="35" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2ss.png?14bd2" height="11" title="Z2ss" alt="Z2ss" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>(var. <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="35" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>)<table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G40.png?d2bfd" height="34" title="G40" alt="G40" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="10" title="Aa15" alt="Aa15" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35A.png?7d084" height="38" title="N35A" alt="N35A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N21.png?2a27c" height="11" title="N21" alt="N21" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />'the foreign lands (var. 'foreigners') of the sea<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<br /><br />Note: Gardiner's reference to the alternative ("var.") writing 'foreigners' referred to <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Lefebvre" title="Gustave Lefebvre">Gustave Lefebvre</a>'s "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/index.php?page=document&n=413">Stèle de l'an V de Méneptah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206164157/http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/index.php?page=document&n=413">Archived</a> 6 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", ASAE 27, 1927, p.23, line 13, describing the Athribis Stele.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brea75-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brea75_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol IV, §129 / p.75: "of the sea"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brea201-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brea201_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol IV, §403 / p.201: "in their isles" and "of the sea"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uncertainty of the dates is not a case of no evidence but of selecting among several possible dates. The articles in Wikipedia on related topics use one set of dates by convention but these and all dates based on them are not the only possible. A summary of the date question is given in <a href="#CITEREFHasel1998">Hasel 1998</a>, Ch. 2, p. 151, which is available as a summary at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwHL6yzrqLgC&dq=%22domination+and+resistance%22">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Find this and other documents quoted in the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.psu.edu/artshumanities/ancientpeoples/shardana.html">Shardana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080313232056/http://www.libraries.psu.edu/artshumanities/ancientpeoples/shardana.html">Archived</a> 13 March 2008 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </i> article by Megaera Lorenz at the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a> site. This is an earlier version of her article, which gives a quote from Kitchen not found in the External Links site below. <a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Volume III, Article 491, p.210, which can be found on Google books, gives quite a different translation of the passage. Unfortunately, large parts of the text are missing and must be restored, but both versions agree on the Sherden and the warships.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a>, Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt, Aris & Phillips, 1982. pp.40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, pp. 250–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The poem appears in inscriptional form but the scribe, pntAwr.t, was not the author, who remains unknown. The scribe copied the poem onto Papyrus in the time of <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> and copies of that found their way into Papyrus Sallier III currently located in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The details are stated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002125933/http://home.comcast.net/~hebsed/spalinger.htm">"The Battle of Kadesh"</a>. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kadesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~hebsed%2Fspalinger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> on the site of the American Research Center in Egypt of Northern California. Both the inscription and the poem are published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331142609/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/kadeshaccounts.htm">"Egyptian Accounts of the Battle of Kadesh"</a>. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Accounts+of+the+Battle+of+Kadesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reshafim.org.il%2Fad%2Fegypt%2Fkadeshaccounts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> on the <i>Pharaonic Egypt</i> site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997">von Beckerath 1997</a>, p. 190. Like those of Ramses II, these dates are not certain. Von Beckerath's dates, adopted by Wikipedia, are relatively late; for example, Sanders, Ch. 5, p. 105, sets the Battle of Perire at April 15, 1220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Great Karnak Inscription.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All three inscriptions are stated in <a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol. 3, "Reign of Meneptah", pp. 238 ff., Articles 569 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_§595,_p._252-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_§595,_p._252_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol. 3, §595, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1881118-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1881118_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaspero1881">Maspero 1881</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted19063,_p._253-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted19063,_p._253_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, 3, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_pp._256–264-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906Vol._3,_pp._256–264_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol. 3, pp. 256–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906p._243,_citing_Lines_13–15_of_the_inscription-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906p._243,_citing_Lines_13–15_of_the_inscription_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, p. 243, citing Lines 13–15 of the inscription.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by Egerton and Wilson, 1936, plates 37–39, lines 8–23. Also found in <a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, volume 4, p. 44, §75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOren200086-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOren200086_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOren2000">Oren 2000</a>, p. 86: "One consists of a string of large scale scenes, complemented with relatively brief texts, extending in a narrative sequence along part of the north facade of the temple, which it shares with part of a similar narrative treatment of Ramesses III's Year 5 campaign against the Libyans. This latter sequence originates however on the west or rear wall of the temple. The other, physically quite separate composition relating to the Sea Peoples is displayed across the external (eastern) face of the great pylon which separates the first court of the temple from the second. On the pylon's southern wing is a large-scale scene – occupying most of the facade – showing Ramesses III leading three lines of captive Sea Peoples to Amun-Re, lord of Thebes (and of the empire), and his consort Mut. Displayed on the equivalent space of the north wing is a long text, without pictorial embellishment, which is a verbal statement by Ramesses III describing at length his victory over the Sea Peoples, and the extraordinary beneficence of Amun-Re thus displayed, to 'the entire land gathered together'. In fact, this apparent simplicity – two separate and somewhat different compositions relevant to the Sea Peoples-belies the actual complexity of the compositional relationship between the two Sea Peoples compositions on the one hand, and their joint relationship to the entire compositional scheme or 'program' of the entire temple on the other. Any effort to understand the historical significance of the Sea Peoples' records at Medinet Habu must take this compositional dimension into account, as well as the conceptual dimensional, the relationship of the general composition scheme or program to the functions and meanings of the temple, as understood by the Egyptians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckman cites the first few lines of the inscription located on the NW panel of the 1st court of the temple. This extensive inscription is stated in full in English in the <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, pp. 43–56, which also contains a diagram of the locations of the many inscriptions pertaining to the reign of Ramses III on the walls of the temple at Medinet Habu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryce371-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryce371_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryce371_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce, p.371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906volume_4,_p.48,_§81-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906volume_4,_p.48,_§81_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, volume 4, p.48, §81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by John A. Wilson in Pritchard, J.B. (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, Princeton 1969, p. 262. Also found in <a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, volume 4, p. 37, §64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, pp. 43–56 quotes the inscriptions in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bruyère, Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh, 1929, pages 32–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redford, P. 292. A number of copies or partial copies exist, the best being the Golenischeff Papyrus, or Papyrus Moscow 169, located in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow (refer to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeowiki.org/Onomasticon_of_Amenemope">Onomasticon of Amenemipet</a> at the Archaeowiki site). In it the author is stated to be Amenemope, son of Amenemope.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter EA 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz" class="citation web cs1">Lorenz, Megaera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606044223/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html">"The Amarna Letters"</a>. <i>Penn State site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+State+site&rft.atitle=The+Amarna+Letters&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Megaera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courses.psu.edu%2Fcams%2Fcams400w_aek11%2Famarnal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brea252-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brea252_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, Vol III, §593 / p.252: "in their isles" and "of the sea"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per Killebrew 2013, pp 2–5, these are: Stele of Padjesef, Tanis Stele, Papyrus Anastasi I, Papyrus Anastasi II, Stele of Setemhebu, Papyrus Amiens, Papyrus Wilbour, Adoption Papyrus, Papyrus Moscow 169, Papyrus BM 10326, Papyrus Turin 2026, Papyrus BM 10375, Donation Stele</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, particularly his Concluding Remarks on pages 117–121, for a fuller consideration of the meaning of ethnicity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dunand" title="Maurice Dunand">Maurice Dunand</a>, Foilles de Byblos, volume 2, p. 878, no. 16980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1355673">Dunand's New Byblos Volume: A Lycian at the Byblian Court</a>," BASOR 155, 1959, pp. 31-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1974" class="citation journal cs1">Bryce, T. R. (1974). <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">"The Lukka Problem – And a Possible Solution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>33</b> (4): 395–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372378">10.1086/372378</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/544776">544776</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161428632">161428632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Lukka+Problem+%E2%80%93+And+a+Possible+Solution&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-404&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161428632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F544776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372378&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span> The inscription is mentioned as well in <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JB-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JB_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JB_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretschneiderOtto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bretschneider, Joachim; Otto, Thierry (8 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110627">"The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (6): e20232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620232K">2011PLoSO...620232K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020232">10.1371/journal.pone.0020232</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110627">3110627</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21687714">21687714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Sea+Peoples%2C+from+Cuneiform+Tablets+to+Carbon+Dating&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e20232&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3110627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...620232K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21687714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020232&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Bretschneider&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Otto%2C+Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3110627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The texts of the letters are transliterated and translated in <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, pp. 43–56 and also are mentioned and hypotheses are given about them in Sandars, p. 142 following.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sequence, only recently completed, appears in <a href="#CITEREFWoudhuizen2006">Woudhuizen 2006</a>, pp. 43–56, along with the news that the famous oven, still reported at many sites and in many books, in which the second letter was hypothetically being baked at the destruction of the city, was not an oven, the city was not destroyed at that time, and a third letter existed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Nougaryol et al. (1968) Ugaritica V: 87–90 no. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen, pp. 99 & 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen, pp.99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RSL I = Nougayril et al., (1968) 86–86, no.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012" class="citation book cs1">Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). <i>The Ahhiyawa Texts</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589832688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589832688"><bdi>978-1589832688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ahhiyawa+Texts&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1589832688&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Bryce%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200582,_148–149,_336Yakubovich2010134-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce200582,_148–149,_336Yakubovich2010134_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, pp. 82, 148–149, 336; <a href="#CITEREFYakubovich2010">Yakubovich 2010</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2005143–144-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2005143–144_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steadman-bryce24-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steadman-bryce24_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steadman-bryce24_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2011). "The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 372, 374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0015">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Late+Bronze+Age+in+the+West+and+the+Aegean&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.pages=372%2C+374&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0015&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herda46-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herda46_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerda2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herda, Alexander (2013). "Greek (and our) Views on the Karians". In Mouton, Alice; Rutherford, Ian; Yakubovich, Ilya (eds.). <i>Luwian Identities</i>. Brill. pp. 433–434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25279-0"><bdi>978-90-04-25279-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+%28and+our%29+Views+on+the+Karians&rft.btitle=Luwian+Identities&rft.pages=433-434&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25279-0&rft.aulast=Herda&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simon, Zsolt (2011). "Against the identification of Karkiša with Carians". In Kopanias, K.; Maner, Ç.; Stampolidis, N. (eds.). <i>Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Against+the+identification+of+Karki%C5%A1a+with+Carians&rft.btitle=Nostoi.+Indigenous+Culture%2C+Migration+and+Integration+in+the+Aegean+Islands+and+Western+Anatolia+During+the+Late+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Age&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC"><i>Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E.</i></a> Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58983-097-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58983-097-0"><bdi>1-58983-097-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Archaeological+Study+of+Egyptians%2C+Canaanites%2C+Philistines%2C+and+Early+Israel%2C+1300-1100+B.C.E.&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58983-097-0&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAmmwapfVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasur-Landau2014" class="citation book cs1">Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2014). <i>The Philistines and Aegean migration at the end of the Late Bronze Age</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1,163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19162-3"><bdi>978-0-521-19162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines+and+Aegean+migration+at+the+end+of+the+Late+Bronze+Age&rft.pages=1%2C163&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19162-3&rft.aulast=Yasur-Landau&rft.aufirst=Assaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaeir2005528–536-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaeir2005528–536_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaeir2005">Maeir 2005</a>, pp. 528–536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31281897-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31281897_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanMasterBiancoBurri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Michal; Master, Daniel M.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Burri, Marta; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mittnik, Alissa; Aja, Adam J.; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6609216">"Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>5</b> (7): eaax0061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5...61F">2019SciA....5...61F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax0061">10.1126/sciadv.aax0061</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6609216">6609216</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31281897">31281897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+sheds+light+on+the+genetic+origins+of+early+Iron+Age+Philistines&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=eaax0061&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6609216%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31281897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax0061&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5...61F&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Master%2C+Daniel+M.&rft.au=Bianco%2C+Raffaela+A.&rft.au=Burri%2C+Marta&rft.au=Stockhammer%2C+Philipp+W.&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+Alissa&rft.au=Aja%2C+Adam+J.&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6609216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sternberg49-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg49_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeike_Sternberg-el_Hotabi2012" class="citation book cs1">Heike Sternberg-el Hotabi (2012). <i>Der Kampf der Seevölker gegen Pharao Ramses III</i>. Vol. 49. Rahden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Kampf+der+Seev%C3%B6lker+gegen+Pharao+Ramses+III.&rft.pub=Rahden&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Heike+Sternberg-el+Hotabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Weippert: <i>Historisches Textbuch zum Alten Testament.</i> Göttingen 2010, S. 208, Anmerkung 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen,_Kenneth1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, Kenneth</a> (1982). <i>Pharaoh Triumphant: The life and times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt</i>. Aris & Phillips. pp. 40–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaoh+Triumphant%3A+The+life+and+times+of+Ramesses+II%2C+King+of+Egypt&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Kitchen%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavillier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cavillier, Giacomo (2008). "Gli shardana e l'Egitto ramesside". <i>BAR</i> (1438). Oxford, UK: Archaeopress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BAR&rft.atitle=Gli+shardana+e+l%27Egitto+ramesside&rft.issue=1438&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cavillier&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EA 81, EA 122, EA 123 in Moran (1992) pp. 150-151, 201-202<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Emanuel, Jeffrey P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2445831">"Sherden from the Sea: The arrival, integration, and acculturation of a Sea People"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 14–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v05i1_emanuel">10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i1_emanuel</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=Sherden+from+the+Sea%3A+The+arrival%2C+integration%2C+and+acculturation+of+a+Sea+People&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-27&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v05i1_emanuel&rft.aulast=Emanuel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2445831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel2012" class="citation conference cs1">Emanuel, Jeffrey P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1716287"><i>Šrdn of the Sea: A reassessment of the Sherden and their role in Egyptian Society</i></a>. AIA annual meeting.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%C5%A0rdn+of+the+Sea%3A+A+reassessment+of+the+Sherden+and+their+role+in+Egyptian+Society&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Emanuel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1716287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarKahn2011-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarKahn2011_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._BarD._KahnJ.J._Shirley2011" class="citation book cs1">S. Bar; D. Kahn; J.J. Shirley (9 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UC3KdEzloiYC&pg=PA350"><i>Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature: Proceedings of a Conference at the University of Haifa, 3–7 May 2009</i></a>. Brill. pp. 350 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19493-9"><bdi>978-90-04-19493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+History%2C+Imperialism%2C+Ideology+and+Literature%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+at+the+University+of+Haifa%2C+3%E2%80%937+May+2009&rft.pages=350+ff&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19493-9&rft.au=S.+Bar&rft.au=D.+Kahn&rft.au=J.J.+Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUC3KdEzloiYC%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgas2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ugas, Giovanni (2016). <i>Shardana e Sardegna : i popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni (XV-XII secolo a.C.)</i> (in Italian). Cagliari: Edizioni della Torre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788873434719" title="Special:BookSources/9788873434719"><bdi>9788873434719</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976013893">976013893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shardana+e+Sardegna+%3A+i+popoli+del+mare%2C+gli+alleati+del+Nordafrica+e+la+fine+dei+Grandi+Regni+%28XV-XII+secolo+a.C.%29&rft.place=Cagliari&rft.pub=Edizioni+della+Torre&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F976013893&rft.isbn=9788873434719&rft.aulast=Ugas&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusa2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Tusa" title="Sebastiano Tusa">Tusa, Sebastiano</a> (2018). <i>I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni</i> (in Italian). Ragusa: Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788899168308" title="Special:BookSources/9788899168308"><bdi>9788899168308</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038750254">1038750254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+popoli+del+Grande+Verde+%3A+il+Mediterraneo+al+tempo+dei+faraoni&rft.place=Ragusa&rft.pub=Edizioni+Storia+e+Studi+Sociali&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038750254&rft.isbn=9788899168308&rft.aulast=Tusa&rft.aufirst=Sebastiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorea2021" class="citation book cs1">Zorea, Carlos Roberto (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/65302/1/T42277.pdf"><i>Sea peoples in Canaan, Cyprus and Iberia (12th to 10th centuries BC)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+peoples+in+Canaan%2C+Cyprus+and+Iberia+%2812th+to+10th+centuries+BC%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Complutense+University+of+Madrid&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Zorea&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.ucm.es%2Fid%2Feprint%2F65302%2F1%2FT42277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318723190_Revisiting_Late_Bronze_Age_oxhide_ingots_Meanings_questions_and_perspectives">Revisiting Late Bronze Age oxhide ingots: Meanings, questions and perspectives</a>". Serena Sabatini, University of Gothenburg. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinojaUsai2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minoja, Marco; Usai, Alessandro (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_7zBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Le sculture di Mont'e Prama - Contesto, scavi e materiali</i></a> [<i>Mont'e Prama's sculptures - Context, excavations & materials</i>] (in Italian). Roma: Gangemi Editore. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-492-9958-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-492-9958-8"><bdi>978-88-492-9958-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907638763">907638763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>Si aggiunge ora la individuazione di un vaso a collo con anse a gomito rovescio, nuragico della Sardegna occidentale o nord occidentale, frammetario, restaurato ab antiquo con una duplice placca di piombo dell'iglesiente, presso Pyla-Kokkinokremos, un centro fortificato cipriota nell'entroterra del golfo di Larnaka (Kition), vissuto mezzo secolo fra il 1200 e il 1150 a.C. (Now the identification of a neck vase with inverted elbow handles is added, Nuragic from western or north-western Sardinia, fragmentary, restored from the outside with a double-lead plaque of the Iglesiente, near Pyla-Kokkinokremos, a fortified Cypriot center inland of the Gulf of Larnaka (Kition), lived half a century between 1200 and 1150 BC.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+sculture+di+Mont%27e+Prama+-+Contesto%2C+scavi+e+materiali&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Gangemi+Editore&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907638763&rft.isbn=978-88-492-9958-8&rft.aulast=Minoja&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Usai%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_7zBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretschneiderJansClaeysJusseret" class="citation book cs1">Bretschneider, Joachim; Jans, Greta; Claeys, Thérèse; Jusseret, Simon; Kanta, Athanasia; Driessen, Jan; Boschloos, Vanessa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36116570"><i>PYLA-KOKKINOKREMOS: Short report of the 2017 campaign</i></a> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PYLA-KOKKINOKREMOS%3A+Short+report+of+the+2017+campaign&rft.aulast=Bretschneider&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Jans%2C+Greta&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rft.au=Jusseret%2C+Simon&rft.au=Kanta%2C+Athanasia&rft.au=Driessen%2C+Jan&rft.au=Boschloos%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36116570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretschneiderDriessenJusseretClaeys" class="citation web cs1">Bretschneider, Joachim; Driessen, Jan; Jusseret, Simon; Claeys, Thérèse; Jans, Greta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31539876">"Pyla-Kokkinokremos: Short report of the 2016 campaign"</a> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyla-Kokkinokremos%3A+Short+report+of+the+2016+campaign&rft.aulast=Bretschneider&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Driessen%2C+Jan&rft.au=Jusseret%2C+Simon&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rft.au=Jans%2C+Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31539876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Karageorghis, J. Karageorghis, "L'Isola di Afrodite", <i>Archeologia Viva</i>, 2013, No. 159 pp. 40–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/CuadernosArqueologia/article/viewFile/276368/392932">INTERCONNESSIONI FRA MEDITERRANEO E ATLANTICO NELL'ETÀ DEL BRONZO: IL PUNTO DI VISTA DELLA SARDEGNA</a> Fulvia Lo Schiavo, ISMA-CNR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarageorghis2011" class="citation book cs1">Karageorghis, Vassos (2011). "Handmade Burnished Ware in Cyprus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean". <i>On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in bronze age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: an international archaeological symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th, 2010</i>. A.G. Leventis Foundation. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9963-560-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9963-560-93-6"><bdi>978-9963-560-93-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769643982">769643982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handmade+Burnished+Ware+in+Cyprus+and+elsewhere+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=On+cooking+pots%2C+drinking+cups%2C+loomweights+and+ethnicity+in+bronze+age+Cyprus+and+neighbouring+regions%3A+an+international+archaeological+symposium+held+in+Nicosia%2C+November+6th-7th%2C+2010&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=A.G.+Leventis+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769643982&rft.isbn=978-9963-560-93-6&rft.aulast=Karageorghis&rft.aufirst=Vassos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noort56-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noort56_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Noort1994" class="citation book cs1">Edward Noort (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--A8ZfdyK8AC&dq=Ramses+III+%C3%84gypten+Neunbogen&pg=PA56"><i>Die Seevölker in Palästina</i></a>. Kampen. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789039000120" title="Special:BookSources/9789039000120"><bdi>9789039000120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Seev%C3%B6lker+in+Pal%C3%A4stina&rft.place=Kampen&rft.pages=56-57&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789039000120&rft.au=Edward+Noort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--A8ZfdyK8AC%26dq%3DRamses%2BIII%2B%25C3%2584gypten%2BNeunbogen%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Birch1876" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Birch (1876). "Plate LXXVI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/birch1876/0107?sid=1df507da67b3c7af21dbc5a01cbd61f9"><i>Facsimile of an Egyptian hieratic papyrus of the reign of Rameses III, now in the British Museum, Papyrus Harris no 1</i></a>. London: British Museum, Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. pp. 28, 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plate+LXXVI&rft.btitle=Facsimile+of+an+Egyptian+hieratic+papyrus+of+the+reign+of+Rameses+III%2C+now+in+the+British+Museum%2C+Papyrus+Harris+no+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28%2C+76&rft.pub=British+Museum%2C+Department+of+Egyptian+and+Assyrian+Antiquities&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Samuel+Birch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fbirch1876%2F0107%3Fsid%3D1df507da67b3c7af21dbc5a01cbd61f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hotabi-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hotabi_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heike Sternberg-el Hotabi: <i>Der Kampf der Seevölker gegen Pharao Ramses III</i>. Rahden 2012, S. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder125–126-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelder125–126_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources:_early_publications_of_the_theory">Primary sources: early publications of the theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources: early publications of the theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1855" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/John_Beasley_Greene" title="John Beasley Greene">Greene, J. B.</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y1CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Fouilles exécutées à Thèbes dans l'année 1855: textes hiéroglyphiques et documents inédits</i></a> [<i>Excavations at Thebes in the year 1855: hieroglyphic texts and unpublished documents</i>] (in French). Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fouilles+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+Th%C3%A8bes+dans+l%27ann%C3%A9e+1855%3A+textes+hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+et+documents+in%C3%A9dits&rft.pub=Librairie+de+Firmin+Didot+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Y1CAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rougé1855" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Roug%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel de Rougé">de Rougé, Emmanuel</a> (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i74-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Notice de Quelques Textes Hiéroglyphiques Récemment Publiés par M. Greene</i></a> [<i>Note on Some Hieroglyphic Texts Recently Published by Mr. Greene</i>] (in French), E. Thunot</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+de+Quelques+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+R%C3%A9cemment+Publi%C3%A9s+par+M.+Greene&rft.pub=E.+Thunot&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=de+Roug%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di74-AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugsch1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Karl_Brugsch" title="Heinrich Karl Brugsch">Brugsch, Heinrich Karl</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nVRFAAAAYAAJ"><i>Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler</i></a> [<i>Geographical inscriptions of ancient Egyptian monuments</i>] (in German). Leipzig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographische+Inschriften+alt%C3%A4gyptischer+Denkm%C3%A4ler&rft.pub=Leipzig&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Brugsch&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_nVRFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/brugsch1857bd1">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/brugsch1858bd2/0123?sid=797c3fc1be797e44ea628d99a14d3905">Volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/brugsch1860bd3">Volume 3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rougé1867" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Roug%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel de Rougé">de Rougé, Emmanuel</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/revuearcheologi16pari#page/n102/mode/1up">"Extraits d'un mémoire sur les attaques dirigées contre l'Egypte par les peuples de la Méditerranée vers le quatorzième siècle avant notre ère"</a> [Excerpts of a mémoire on the attacks directed against Egypt by the peoples of the Mediterranean in the 14th century BCE]. <i>Revue Archéologique</i> (in French). <b>16</b>: 81–103. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41734557">41734557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Arch%C3%A9ologique&rft.atitle=Extraits+d%27un+m%C3%A9moire+sur+les+attaques+dirig%C3%A9es+contre+l%27Egypte+par+les+peuples+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+vers+le+quatorzi%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle+avant+notre+%C3%A8re&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=81-103&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41734557%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Roug%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frevuearcheologi16pari%23page%2Fn102%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span> Alternative version at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LFCAAAAYAAJ">Google books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabas1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabas" title="François Chabas">Chabas, François Joseph</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83pSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA299"><i>Étude sur l'antiquité historique d'après les sources égyptiennes et les monuments réputés préhistoriques</i></a> [<i>Study of ancient history according to Egyptian sources and prehistoric monuments</i>] (in French). Maisonneuve. pp. 299–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tude+sur+l%27antiquit%C3%A9+historique+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+sources+%C3%A9gyptiennes+et+les+monuments+r%C3%A9put%C3%A9s+pr%C3%A9historiques&rft.pages=299-&rft.pub=Maisonneuve&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Chabas&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83pSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaspero1881" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Maspero, Gaston</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftfr19brug#page/116/mode/2up">"Notes sur quelques points de Grammaire et d′Histoire"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde</i>. <b>19</b> (1–4): 116–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fzaes.1881.19.14.116">10.1524/zaes.1881.19.14.116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-713X">2196-713X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192820648">192820648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%84gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Notes+sur+quelques+points+de+Grammaire+et+d%E2%80%B2Histoire&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=116-131&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192820648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2196-713X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1881.19.14.116&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fzeitschriftfr19brug%23page%2F116%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1888" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Wilhelm Max Müller">Müller, Wilhelm Max</a> (1888). "Notes on the "peoples of the sea" of Merenptah". <i>Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology</i>. <b>x</b>: 147–154 and 287–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Biblical+Arch%C3%A6ology&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+%22peoples+of+the+sea%22+of+Merenptah&rft.volume=x&rft.pages=147-154+and+287-289&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaspero1896" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Maspero, Gaston</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sayce" title="Archibald Sayce">Sayce, Archibald</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleofnation00maspuoft"><i>Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria and Assyria</i></a> (English ed.), Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, pp. 461–470</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+of+the+Nations%3A+Egypt%2C+Syria+and+Assyria&rft.pages=461-470&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleofnation00maspuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">von Beckerath, Jürgen</a> (1997). <i>Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten</i>. Mainz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+des+Pharaonischen+%C3%84gypten&rft.place=Mainz&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> Mainz.</li> <li>Beckman, Gary, "Hittite Chronology", <i>Akkadica</i>, <b>119/120</b> (2000).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreasted1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">Breasted, J.H.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LB0NAAAAIAAJ_2"><i>Ancient Records of Egypt: historical documents from the earliest times to the Persian conquest</i></a>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt%3A+historical+documents+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+Persian+conquest&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_LB0NAAAAIAAJ_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span> Volume II on the 19th Dynasty is available for download from Google Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2005). <i>The Kingdom of the Hittites</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927908-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927908-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Hittites&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927908-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavillier2019" class="citation book cs1">Cavillier, Giacomo (2019). <i>Shardana, Navigatori e guerrieri nell'Egitto ramesside. Fonti, storia e mito</i>. Torino: Kemet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8899334871" title="Special:BookSources/978-8899334871"><bdi>978-8899334871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shardana%2C+Navigatori+e+guerrieri+nell%27Egitto+ramesside.+Fonti%2C+storia+e+mito&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Kemet&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-8899334871&rft.aulast=Cavillier&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad"><i>The Mycenaean World</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21077-5"><bdi>978-0-521-21077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21077-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeanworld00chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Cline, Erich H.</a> (2014). <i>1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14089-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14089-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14089-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1177+B.C.%3A+The+Year+Civilization+Collapsed&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14089-6&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Erich+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Amato_R.,_Salimbeti_A.2015" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato R., Salimbeti A. (2015). <i>The Sea Peoples of the Mediterranean Bronze Age 1450–1100 BC</i>. London: Osprey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Peoples+of+the+Mediterranean+Bronze+Age+1450%E2%80%931100+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2015&rft.au=D%27Amato+R.%2C+Salimbeti+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDothan1992" class="citation book cs1">Dothan, Trude & Moshe (1992). <i>People of the Sea: The search for the Philistines</i>. New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+Sea%3A+The+search+for+the+Philistines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Dothan&rft.aufirst=Trude+%26+Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDothan,_Trude_K.1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trude_Dothan" title="Trude Dothan">Dothan, Trude K.</a> (1982). <i>The Philistines and Their Material Culture</i>. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines+and+Their+Material+Culture&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Dothan%2C+Trude+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1995). <i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200 B.C</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04811-6"><bdi>978-0-691-04811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+of+ca.+1200+B.C&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04811-6&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1992), "Herodotus 1.94, the Drought ca. 1200 B.C., and the Origin of the Etruscans", <i>Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>, <b>41</b> (1): 14–39, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436222">4436222</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Herodotus+1.94%2C+the+Drought+ca.+1200+B.C.%2C+and+the+Origin+of+the+Etruscans&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-39&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley,_M._I.1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, M. I.</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygreecebronz0000finl_j9s5"><i>Early Greece:The Bronze and Archaic Ages:New and Revised Edition</i></a></span>. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01569-0"><bdi>978-0-393-01569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greece%3AThe+Bronze+and+Archaic+Ages%3ANew+and+Revised+Edition&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01569-0&rft.au=Finley%2C+M.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlygreecebronz0000finl_j9s5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Gardiner, Alan H.</a> (1947). <i>Ancient Egyptian Onomastica</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Onomastica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span> 3 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_Michael1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmediterra0000gran"><i>The Ancient Mediterranean</i></a></span>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Grant%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmediterra0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1992" class="citation book cs1">Grimal, Nicolas (1992). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_G._Hasel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael G. Hasel (page does not exist)">Hasel, Michael G.</a> (1998). <i>Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, ca. 1300–1185 B.C</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10041-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domination+and+Resistance%3A+Egyptian+Military+Activity+in+the+Southern+Levant%2C+ca.+1300%E2%80%931185+B.C&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10041-1&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1922" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hall_(Egyptologist)" title="Henry Hall (Egyptologist)">Hall, Henry R.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/m/ark:/12148/bpt6k5518140t/f316">"The Peoples of the Sea. A chapter of the history of Egyptology"</a>. <i>Recueil d'Études égyptologiques Dédiées à la Mémoire de Jean-François Champollion</i>: 297–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recueil+d%27%C3%89tudes+%C3%A9gyptologiques+D%C3%A9di%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+la+M%C3%A9moire+de+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Champollion&rft.atitle=The+Peoples+of+the+Sea.+A+chapter+of+the+history+of+Egyptology&rft.pages=297-329&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Henry+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fm%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5518140t%2Ff316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2013" class="citation cs2">Killebrew, Ann E. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1">"The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology"</a>, <i>Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies</i>, vol. 15, Society of Biblical Lit, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-721-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-721-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Archaeology+and+biblical+studies&rft.atitle=The+Philistines+and+Other+%22Sea+Peoples%22+in+Text+and+Archaeology&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-721-8&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBCl2IQfNioC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelder2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kelder, Jorrit M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/221955">"The Egyptian Interest in Mycenaean Greece"</a>. <i>Jaarbericht "Ex Oriente Lux" (JEOL)</i>. <b>42</b>: 125–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jaarbericht+%22Ex+Oriente+Lux%22+%28JEOL%29&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Interest+in+Mycenaean+Greece&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=125-140&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kelder&rft.aufirst=Jorrit+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F221955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, K.A.</a> (2003). <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i>. William B. Eerdsman Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdsman+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeir2005" class="citation book cs1">Maeir, A. M. (2005). "Philister-Keramik". In Frantz-Szabo, Gabriella; Hellwag, Ursula (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Band 14</i>. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 528–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philister-Keramik&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie%2C+Band+14&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=528-536&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Maeir&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManassa2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Darnell" title="Colleen Darnell">Manassa, Colleen</a> (2003). <i>The Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah: Grand Strategy in the Thirteenth Century BC</i>. New Haven: Yale Egyptological Seminar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9740025-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9740025-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9740025-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Karnak+Inscription+of+Merneptah%3A+Grand+Strategy+in+the+Thirteenth+Century+BC&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+Egyptological+Seminar&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9740025-0-7&rft.aulast=Manassa&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar,_Amihai1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Mazar" title="Amihai Mazar">Mazar, Amihai</a> (1992). <i>Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000–586 B.C.E</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42590-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42590-2"><bdi>978-0-385-42590-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Land+of+the+Bible%3A+10%2C000%E2%80%93586+B.C.E&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-385-42590-2&rft.au=Mazar%2C+Amihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNibbi1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Nibbi" title="Alessandra Nibbi">Nibbi, Alessandra</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8OfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Sea Peoples: A Re-examination of the Egyptian Sources</i></a>. Church Army Press and Supplies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Peoples%3A+A+Re-examination+of+the+Egyptian+Sources&rft.pub=Church+Army+Press+and+Supplies&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Nibbi&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8OfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiesiołowski-Spano2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81ukasz_Niesio%C5%82owski-Spano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spano (page does not exist)">Niesiołowski-Spano, Łukasz</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title_786.ahtml"><i>Goliath's Legacy. Philistines and Hebrews in Biblical Times</i></a>. Harrassowitz Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goliath%27s+Legacy.+Philistines+and+Hebrews+in+Biblical+Times&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Niesio%C5%82owski-Spano&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrassowitz-verlag.de%2Ftitle_786.ahtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorCline2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_O%27Connor_(Egyptologist)" title="David O'Connor (Egyptologist)">O'Connor, David B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Cline, Eric H.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVy4Zsmkw9wC&pg=PA107">"The Mystery of the 'Sea Peoples'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In David B. O'Connor and Stephen Quirke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/107"><i>Mysterious Lands</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/107">107–138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-004-0"><bdi>978-1-84472-004-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+the+%27Sea+Peoples%27&rft.btitle=Mysterious+Lands&rft.pages=107-138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84472-004-0&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVy4Zsmkw9wC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren2000" class="citation book cs1">Oren, Eliezer D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eR1BAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-43-8"><bdi>978-1-934536-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Peoples+and+Their+World%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-934536-43-8&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Eliezer+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeR1BAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Chapter 16: Vagnetti, Lucia (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1192563/Vagnetti_L._2000._Western_Mediterranean_overview_Peninsular_Italy_Sicily_and_Sardinia_at_the_time_of_the_Sea_peoples">Western Mediterranean overview: Peninsular Italy, Sicily and Sardinia at the time of the Sea peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford,_Donald_B.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf"><i>Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03606-9"><bdi>978-0-691-03606-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan%2C+and+Israel+in+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03606-9&rft.au=Redford%2C+Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptcanaanisrae00redf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandars,_N.K.1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sandars" title="Nancy Sandars">Sandars, N.K.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seapeopleswarrio00sand"><i>The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, Revised Edition</i></a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27387-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27387-6"><bdi>978-0-500-27387-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Peoples%3A+Warriors+of+the+ancient+Mediterranean%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27387-6&rft.au=Sandars%2C+N.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseapeopleswarrio00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherratt1998" class="citation cs2">Sherratt, Susan (1998), Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amichai; Stern, Ephraim (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2163657">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sea Peoples" and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean"</a>, <i>Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan</i>, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 292–313</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Peoples+in+Transition%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Trude+Dothan&rft.atitle=%22Sea+Peoples%22+and+the+economic+structure+of+the+late+second+millennium+in+the+eastern+Mediterranean&rft.pages=292-313&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sherratt&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2163657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil A.</a> (1998), Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amichai; Stern, Ephraim (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=neil_silberman">"The Sea Peoples, the Victorians, and Us"</a>, <i>Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan</i>, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 268–275</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Peoples+in+Transition%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Trude+Dothan&rft.atitle=The+Sea+Peoples%2C+the+Victorians%2C+and+Us&rft.pages=268-275&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Silberman&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1030%26context%3Dneil_silberman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandersleyen1985" class="citation book cs1">Vandersleyen, Claude (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUY_1LvwnG4C&pg=PA39">"Le dossier egyptien des Philistins"</a>. In Lipiński, Edward (ed.). <i>The Land of Israel: Cross-roads of Civilizations : Proceedings of the Conference Held in Brussels from the 3rd to the 5th of December 1984 to Mark the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem : in Memory of Prof. Y. Yadin and Prof. Ch. Perelman</i>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 39–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-031-3"><bdi>978-90-6831-031-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+dossier+egyptien+des+Philistins&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Israel%3A+Cross-roads+of+Civilizations+%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Conference+Held+in+Brussels+from+the+3rd+to+the+5th+of+December+1984+to+Mark+the+Twenty-fifth+Anniversary+of+the+Institute+of+Archaeology+Queen+Elisabeth+of+Belgium+at+the+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem+%3A+in+Memory+of+Prof.+Y.+Yadin+and+Prof.+Ch.+Perelman&rft.pages=39-54&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-031-3&rft.aulast=Vandersleyen&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUY_1LvwnG4C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeule,_Emily1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Vermeule" title="Emily Vermeule">Vermeule, Emily</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greeceinbronzeag00verm"><i>Greece in the Bronze Age</i></a></span>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+in+the+Bronze+Age&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Vermeule%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreeceinbronzeag00verm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_Michael1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(historian)" title="Michael Wood (historian)">Wood, Michael</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchoftrojan00wood"><i>In Search of the Trojan War</i></a></span>. New American Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25960-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25960-7"><bdi>978-0-452-25960-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Trojan+War&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-452-25960-7&rft.au=Wood%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchoftrojan00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoudhuizen,_Frederik_Christiaan1992" class="citation book cs1">Woudhuizen, Frederik Christiaan (1992). <i>The Language of the Sea Peoples</i>. Amsterdam: Najade Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73835-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73835-02-3"><bdi>978-90-73835-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Sea+Peoples&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Najade+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-73835-02-3&rft.au=Woudhuizen%2C+Frederik+Christiaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoudhuizen2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Woudhuizen, Frederik Christiaan (2006). <i>The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples</i> (Ph.D.). Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Faculteit der Wijsbegeerte. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1765%2F7686">1765/7686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Ethnicity+of+the+Sea+Peoples&rft.inst=Erasmus+Universiteit+Rotterdam%2C+Faculteit+der+Wijsbegeerte&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1765%2F7686&rft.aulast=Woudhuizen&rft.aufirst=Frederik+Christiaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangger,_Eberhard2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Zangger" title="Eberhard Zangger">Zangger, Eberhard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofpastarch0000zang"><i>The Future of the Past: Archaeology in the 21st Century</i></a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64389-0"><bdi>978-0-297-64389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Past%3A+Archaeology+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-297-64389-0&rft.au=Zangger%2C+Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofpastarch0000zang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgas2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ugas, Giovanni (2016). <i>Shardana e Sardegna : i popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni (XV-XII secolo a.C.)</i> (in Italian). Cagliari: Edizioni della Torre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788873434719" title="Special:BookSources/9788873434719"><bdi>9788873434719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shardana+e+Sardegna+%3A+i+popoli+del+mare%2C+gli+alleati+del+Nordafrica+e+la+fine+dei+Grandi+Regni+%28XV-XII+secolo+a.C.%29&rft.place=Cagliari&rft.pub=Edizioni+della+Torre&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788873434719&rft.aulast=Ugas&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusa2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tusa, Sebastiano (2018). <i>I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni</i> (in Italian). Ragusa: Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788899168308" title="Special:BookSources/9788899168308"><bdi>9788899168308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+popoli+del+Grande+Verde+%3A+il+Mediterraneo+al+tempo+dei+faraoni&rft.place=Ragusa&rft.pub=Edizioni+Storia+e+Studi+Sociali&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788899168308&rft.aulast=Tusa&rft.aufirst=Sebastiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2010" class="citation book cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). <i>Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004177918" title="Special:BookSources/9789004177918"><bdi>9789004177918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics+of+the+Luvian+Language&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004177918&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+Peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sea_Peoples" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Sea peoples</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sea+Peoples&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sea+Peoples">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sea+Peoples&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Cline, Eric</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRcu-ysocX4"><i>1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed</i></a> [video], recorded lecture, 2016, 1h10'17.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615150554/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Philistine_Kin_Found_in_Early_Israel,_Adam_Zertal,_BAR_28:03,_May/Jun_2002.">Philistine Kin Found in Early Israel, Adam Zertal, BAR 28:03, May/Jun 2002.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040814180456/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/www/index.htm">The Sea Peoples and the Philistines</a>: a course at Penn State</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218011126/http://nelc.ucla.edu/Faculty/Mullins_flies/ANE230_State_Formation_files/Singer_Egyptians_Canaanites_Philistines.pdf">Egyptians, Canaanites, and Philistines in the Period of the Emergence of Early Israel</a></i>, paper by Itamar Singer at the UCLA Near Eastern Languages & Culture site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020232">PlosOne dating the Sea People destruction of the Levant to 1192–90 BCE</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rapidttp.com/milhist/vol074ic.html">The Battle of the Nile – Circa 1190 B.C.</a>", article by I Cornelius in <i>Military History Journal</i>, Vol. 7., No. 4 of the South African Military History Society</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/sea.htm">The Greek Age of Bronze</a>", Archaeological web site related to Greek Bronze Age and Sea Peoples weaponry and warfare</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" title="Template:Timeline of Mesopotamia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" title="Template talk:Timeline of Mesopotamia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of Mesopotamia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;"> </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:white"><b>Northwestern Mesopotamia</b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:white"><b>Northern Mesopotamia</b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:white"><b>Southern Mesopotamia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 3500–2350 BCE </th> <td colspan="6" style="background:white">Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFD380"><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> / <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2350–2200 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#FFB080"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2200–2100 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#F8F3C6"><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutians</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2100–2000 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#FFA380"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 2000–1800 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFD0BD"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> <i>and other <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> city-states</i> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFFF80"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> <i>and other <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> city-states</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1800–1600 BCE </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F7C1F7"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Old Hittite Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#B2CAF6"><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> (<i>Southern Akkadians</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1600–1400 BCE </th> <td colspan="6" style="background:#E6C29F"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></i>) </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#88D0CC"><a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1400–1200 BCE </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFB4DA"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Middle Hittite Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFEB80"> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#FFEB80"><a href="/wiki/Assyria#Middle_Assyrian_Empire_—_Assyrian_resurgence" title="Assyria">Middle Assyria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1200–1150 BCE </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FF8080"><i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a></i> (<i>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea Peoples</a>"</i>) </td> <td style="background:moccasin"><i><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">c. 1150–911 BCE </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#C590C5"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8CB9"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Neo-Hittite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">city-states</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:peachpuff"><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Damascus</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:moccasin"><i><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#A0B4F0"><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Middle Babylonia</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:lightblue"><i><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chal-</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">de-</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">ans</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">911–729 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#F6DB88"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">729–609 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:#F6DB88"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F6DB88"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">626–539 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#8EC8FF"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">539–331 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:mediumspringgreen"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e6e7e8;">336–301 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#BEFD80"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">311–129 BCE </th> <td colspan="9" style="background:#99E699"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">129–63 BCE </th> <td colspan="3" style="background:#99E699"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background:#80C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">63 BCE–224 CE </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#D29595"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Syria</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" style="background:#e6e7e8;">224–mid 7C </th> <td colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background:#90D9D5"><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193850#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1185839178">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&oldid=1257901829">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&oldid=1257901829</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sea_Peoples" title="Category:Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850s_neologisms" title="Category:1850s neologisms">1850s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Italian_history" title="Category:Ancient Italian history">Ancient Italian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Levant" title="Category:Ancient Levant">Ancient Levant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples" title="Category:Ancient peoples">Ancient peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_pirates" title="Category:Ancient pirates">Ancient pirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:History of the Mediterranean">History of the Mediterranean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_warfare" title="Category:Ancient warfare">Ancient warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Egypt" title="Category:Invasions of Egypt">Invasions of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_Anatolia" title="Category:Iron Age Anatolia">Iron Age Anatolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_Greece" title="Category:Iron Age Greece">Iron Age Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Category:Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_WikiHiero_extension" title="Category:Pages using the WikiHiero extension">Pages using the WikiHiero extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2018">Use dmy dates from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2024">Articles to be expanded from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_empty_sections_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with empty sections from July 2024">Articles with empty sections from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_empty_sections" title="Category:All articles with empty sections">All articles with empty sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 04:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_Peoples&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tggkq","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.799","walltime":"2.088","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10933,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":411260,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19276,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":317845,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1758.349 1 -total"," 24.78% 435.695 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.03% 369.706 51 Template:Cite_book"," 7.27% 127.846 1 Template:Lang"," 7.10% 124.863 11 Template:Navbox"," 7.06% 124.146 22 Template:Sfn"," 5.91% 103.950 11 Template:Fix"," 5.55% 97.555 1 Template:Ancient_Syria_and_Mesopotamia"," 5.16% 90.686 1 Template:Navbox_top"," 4.70% 82.604 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.084","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25440766,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreasted1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretschneiderDriessenJusseretClaeys\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretschneiderJansClaeysJusseret\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretschneiderOtto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrugsch1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavillier2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavillier2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChabas1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Amato_R.,_Salimbeti_A.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDothan,_Trude_K.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDothan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrews1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrews1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Noort1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmanuel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmanuel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmanMasterBiancoBurri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley,_M._I.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant,_Michael1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimal1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeike_Sternberg-el_Hotabi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerda2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarageorghis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen,_Kenneth1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaeir2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManassa2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaspero1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaspero1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazar,_Amihai1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinojaUsai2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNibbi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiesiołowski-Spano2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;ConnorCline2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOren2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford,_Donald_B.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._BarD._KahnJ.J._Shirley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Birch1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandars,_N.K.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherratt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilberman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTusa2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUgas2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVandersleyen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeule,_Emily1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_Michael1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoudhuizen,_Frederik_Christiaan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoudhuizen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakubovich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasur-Landau2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZangger,_Eberhard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorea2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Rougé1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Rougé1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient seafaring\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 8,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Cn\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Empty section\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 28,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Military historiography\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","24.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","22.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.4"],["? \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/COinS:160\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","240","20.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6vrgq","timestamp":"20241124053139","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sea Peoples","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Peoples","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193850","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193850","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-22T17:29:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T04:54:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg","headline":"purported historical ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>