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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مملكة أمورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة أمورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Амуру – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амуру" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Amurru" title="Regne d'Amurru – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Amurru" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru_(Staat)" title="Amurru (Staat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amurru (Staat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Amurru" title="Reino de Amurru – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Amurru" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru_(royaume)" title="Amurru (royaume) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amurru (royaume)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Amurru" title="Reino de Amurru – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Amurru" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AC%B4%EB%A3%A8_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="아무루 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아무루 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ամուրրու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամուրրու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Amurru" title="Kerajaan Amurru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Amurru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Amurru" title="Regno di Amurru – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Amurru" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95" title="ממלכת אמורו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת אמורו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ამურუს სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამურუს სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurr%C3%BA_(kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g)" title="Amurrú (királyság) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amurrú (királyság)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru_(pa%C5%84stwo_w_staro%C5%BCytnej_Syrii)" title="Amurru (państwo w starożytnej Syrii) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amurru (państwo w starożytnej Syrii)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru" title="Amurru – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amurru" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuwru_qhapaq_marka" title="Amuwru qhapaq marka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Amuwru qhapaq marka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83" title="Амурру – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амурру" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru_(%C3%BAzemie)" title="Amurru (územie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amurru (územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru" title="Amurru – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amurru" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru" title="Amurru – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amurru" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83" title="Амурру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амурру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q481766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amurru_kingdom&params=34_34_11_N_36_13_55_E_region:LB-AS_type:country_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°34′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°13′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.56972°N 36.23194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.56972; 36.23194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former country</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Amurru</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The geopolitic map of the Middle East during the Amarna Period, before Amurru became part of the Hittite zone of influence"><img alt="The geopolitic map of the Middle East during the Amarna Period, before Amurru became part of the Hittite zone of influence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png/250px-Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png/375px-Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png/500px-Moyen_Orient_Amarna_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The geopolitic map of the Middle East during the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a>, before Amurru became part of the Hittite zone of influence</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumur_(Levant)" title="Sumur (Levant)">Sumur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Ancient Levantine religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14th century BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta" title="Abdi-Ashirta">Abdi-Ashirta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14th century BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Amurru</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒈥𒌅𒆠 <i>MAR.TU<sup>KI</sup></i>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: 𒀀𒈬𒌨𒊏 <i>Amûrra</i>, 𒀀𒈬𒊑 <i>Amuri</i>, 𒀀𒄯𒊑 <i>Amurri</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> established c. 2000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Maqdissi2010140_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Maqdissi2010140-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a region spanning present-day Northern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and north-western <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amurru_kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inhabitants spoke the <a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite language</a>, an extinct early <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Semitic language">Northwest Semitic language</a> classified as a westernmost or Amorite-specific dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom shares a name with the eponymous god <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a>. However, the exact relationship between the two is unclear, as the god Amurru functioned as the divine personification of the Amorites and their stereotypes for the inhabitants of Mesopotamia and was not an Amorite god.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amurru was first mentioned in the third millennium BCE as a geographical designation for the west from Mesopotamia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer91_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts from <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> also refer to a place spelled Mar-tu, with sources in the 24th century BCE mentioning a king of Mar-tu. The name Amurru appears in the Old Assyrian period as a geographical designation, often with the divine determinative prefix, bearing similarities to how the god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Assur</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> freely interchange in Old Assyrian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> archives also mention Amurru, which may have been the name of a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodi_2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodi_2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singer91_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, following the expansion of Egypt into Syria, Amurru became a well-defined geopolitical unit between the Middle <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> and the Central Levantine.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer91_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed documentation about the Kingdom of Amurru mainly comes from sources from <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>. The first documented leader of Amurru was <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta" title="Abdi-Ashirta">Abdi-Ashirta</a> in the 14th century BCE, who united the Habiru and brought much of Amurru under his sway through conquest. This prompted Rib-Hadda, the king of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gubla (Byblos)</a>, to send a series of letters to <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> asking for intervention. Rib-Hadda also claimed that Abdi-Ashirta was conspiring with the king of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>. However, this was likely made up to garner support from Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer91_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Abdi-Ashirta styled himself as the governor of Amurru guarding Egyptian interests, perhaps because Egypt did not recognize Amurru as a legitimate state.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Abdi-Ashirta’s death, <a href="/wiki/Sumur_(Levant)" title="Sumur (Levant)">Sumur</a>, an Egyptian stronghold in the area, was captured by Abdi-Ashirta's sons. </p><p>Abdi-Ashirta' successor, <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>, continued to stylize himself as the governor of Amurru for Egypt. Aziru also sent to Egypt a series of letters, the chronology of which is highly debated. During his reign Akhenaten repeatedly asked for his personal presence in Egypt, which he repeatedly delayed, citing Hittite presence in Nuhasse and fear of Hittite action against Amurru.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordani_2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordani_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aziru's messengers to the Egyptian court were repeatedly detained or delayed,<sup id="cite_ref-Abo-Eleaz_2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abo-Eleaz_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon Aziru himself, finally departing to Egypt, was detained as well, with rumors circulating that he was never going to get out of Egypt. Eventually, Aziru returned to Amurru, and soon defected to the Hittite King <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordani_2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordani_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, Aziru signed a treaty with Niqmaddu, the king of Ugarit.<sup id="cite_ref-:Singer_1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Singer_1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>, the second pharaoh of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth Dynasty">Nineteenth Dynasty</a>, aimed to restore Egyptian authority over the Levant, launched a military campaign and brought Kadesh and Amurru back under Egypt's sphere of influence. Amurru later participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> on the side of the Egyptians. After the battle of Kadesh, Amurru was brought back to the Hittite fold by <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a>, where King Benteshina was held responsible for the revolt and removed from the throne and was subsequently replaced by Shapili. However, Benteshina may not have had much of a choice when he surrendered to the Egyptian side. Later, under <a href="/wiki/Urhi-Teshub" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhi-Teshub">Urhi-Teshub</a>, Benteshina was restored to the throne of Amurru presumably with the support of Urhi-Teshub’s uncle, <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a>, as he later took credit for the move.<sup id="cite_ref-:Bryce_2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Bryce_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murnane_1990_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murnane_1990-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hattusili also promised Benteshina that, despite the past rebellion and resubjugation by the Hittite forces, he would continue to enjoy the terms granted to Aziru and was ensured that his successors would retain the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Altman_2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altman_2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar treaty was made for Shaushgamuwa by <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya IV">Tudhaliya IV</a>, who also stressed loyalty and allegiance, perhaps due to feeling insecure about his throne and life since his father, Hattusili, was a usurper. In addition, Shaushgamuwa was supposed to enforce a trade ban with <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Assyria</a>, as Assyria and Hatti were at war.<sup id="cite_ref-:Bryce_2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Bryce_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most well known incident from Shaushgamuwa's reign was the divorce between his sister and Ammistamru II, the king of Ugarit. The case involved Tudhaliya himself and the Ini-Teshub, the king of Carchemish (long established Hittite cadet branch in Syria), who were both related to Shaushgamuwa's sister due to intermarriage between the Hittite and Amurrite royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-:Singer_1999_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Singer_1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammistamru never specified what her exact crime was, only saying that she stirred trouble and intended to cause harm. The divorce was eventually settled and she returned to Amurru with her original dowry. However, Ammistamru later demanded her extradition to Ugarit, which involved the intervention of both the Hittite King and the King of Carchemish. Her extradition was decided and compensation for Shaushgamuwa was decided on 1400 gold shekels.<sup id="cite_ref-:Bryce_2005_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Bryce_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to the Kingdom of Amurru disappeared along with the Hittite state and Ugarit, and presumably Amurru also fell around the end of the Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer91_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Amurru continued to be used as a geographical designation for both the west in general and to the more specific area where the Kingdom of Amurru once was.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_2002_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amurru_kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amurru_kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Maqdissi2010140-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Maqdissi2010140_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Maqdissi2010">Al-Maqdissi 2010</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIzre'el1991" class="citation book cs1">Izre'el, Sh. (1991). <i>Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study. With an Appendix on the History of Amurru by <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Singer" title="Itamar Singer">Itamar Singer</a></i>. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004369634">10.1163/9789004369634</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004369634" title="Special:BookSources/9789004369634"><bdi>9789004369634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amurru+Akkadian%3A+A+Linguistic+Study.+With+an+Appendix+on+the+History+of+Amurru+by+Itamar+Singer.&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004369634&rft.isbn=9789004369634&rft.aulast=Izre%27el&rft.aufirst=Sh.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Singer" title="Itamar Singer">Singer, I.</a> (1991). "The "Land of Amurru" and the "Lands of Amurru" in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty". <i>Iraq</i>. <b>53</b>: 69–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200336">10.2307/4200336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200336">4200336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131582702">131582702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=The+%22Land+of+Amurru%22+and+the+%22Lands+of+Amurru%22+in+the+%C5%A0au%C5%A1gamuwa+Treaty&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=69-74&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131582702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200336&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2016" class="citation book cs1">Benz, B. (2016). <i>The Land Before the Kingdom of Israel: A History of the Southern Levant and the People who Populated It</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 141–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+Before+the+Kingdom+of+Israel%3A+A+History+of+the+Southern+Levant+and+the+People+who+Populated+It.&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=141-179&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC"><i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139469340" title="Special:BookSources/9781139469340"><bdi>9781139469340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.isbn=9781139469340&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTrT-bZyuPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetze1941" class="citation journal cs1">Goetze, Albrecht (1941). "Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Dialect?". <i>Language</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 127–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409619">10.2307/409619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409619">409619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Is+Ugaritic+a+Canaanite+Dialect%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-138&rft.date=1941&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409619%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409619&rft.aulast=Goetze&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C&pg=PA49"><i>Morphologies of Asia and Africa</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061092" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061092"><bdi>9781575061092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781575061092&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaktTQ8vq28C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaulieu_2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulieu_2002_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulieu_2002_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaulieu_2002_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaulieu P. -A. (2002). <i>The God Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity</i> in W. van Soldt, R. Kalvelagen, and D. Katz (eds.) "Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia" Papers Read at the 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (pp. 31–46).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer91-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singer91_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer91_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer91_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer91_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer91_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger,_Itamar1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Singer" title="Itamar Singer">Singer, Itamar</a> (1991). "The "Land of Amurru" and the "Lands of Amurru" in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty". <i><a href="/wiki/Iraq_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (journal)">Iraq</a></i>. <b>53</b>: 69–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200336">10.2307/4200336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200336">4200336</a> – via abstract, Cambridge UP website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=The+%22Land+of+Amurru%22+and+the+%22Lands+of+Amurru%22+in+the+%C5%A0au%C5%A1gamuwa+Treaty&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=69-74&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Singer%2C+Itamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodi_2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bodi_2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodi, D. (2014). Is there a connection between the Amorites and the Arameans? ARAM 26/1&2, pp. 383–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce, T. (2003). "Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age" 1st Edition. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203504987">10.4324/9780203504987</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203504987" title="Special:BookSources/9780203504987">9780203504987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordani_2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordani_2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordani_2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordani, V. (2011). Aziru's Journey to Egypt and its Chronological Value.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abo-Eleaz_2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abo-Eleaz_2018_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abo-Eleaz, M.-E. E. (2018). Neglect and Detention of Messengers in Egypt during the Fourteenth and Thirteenth Centuries BCE. <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>, <b>54</b>, pp. 17–34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5913%2Fjarce.54.2018.a002">10.5913/jarce.54.2018.a002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Singer_1999-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Singer_1999_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Singer_1999_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer, I. (1999). "A Political History of Ugarit". In Handbook OF of Ugaritic Studies. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004294103_016">10.1163/9789004294103_016</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004294103" title="Special:BookSources/9789004294103">9789004294103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Bryce_2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Bryce_2005_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Bryce_2005_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Bryce_2005_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce, T. (2005). Kingdom of The Hittites New Ed. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murnane_1990-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murnane_1990_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murnane, W. J. (1990). The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak (Second Edition Revised)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altman_2003-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Altman_2003_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altman, A. (2003). Rethinking the Hittite System of Subordinate Countries from the Legal Point of View. Journal of the American Oriental Society, <b>123</b>(4), 741–756. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3589966">10.2307/3589966</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amurru_kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Maqdissi2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Al-Maqdissi, Michel (2010). "Matériel pour l'Étude de la Ville en Syrie (Deuxième Partie): Urban Planning in Syria during the SUR (Second Urban Revolution) (Mid-third Millennium BC)". <i>Al-Rāfidān (Journal of Western Asiatic Studies)</i>. Special Issue. Institulte for Cultural studies of Ancient Iraq, Kokushikan University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0285-4406">0285-4406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-R%C4%81fid%C4%81n+%28Journal+of+Western+Asiatic+Studies%29&rft.atitle=Mat%C3%A9riel+pour+l%27%C3%89tude+de+la+Ville+en+Syrie+%28Deuxi%C3%A8me+Partie%29%3A+Urban+Planning+in+Syria+during+the+SUR+%28Second+Urban+Revolution%29+%28Mid-third+Millennium+BC%29&rft.volume=Special+Issue&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0285-4406&rft.aulast=Al-Maqdissi&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmurru+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amurru_kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/SyriaAmurru.htm">Chronology of Amurru</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amurru_kingdom&params=34_34_11_N_36_13_55_E_region:LB-AS_type:country_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°34′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°13′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.56972°N 36.23194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.56972; 36.23194</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox 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