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id="toc-Scholarly_work_and_expanding_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_work_and_expanding_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Scholarly work and expanding definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_work_and_expanding_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 African diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Asian diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 European diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Internal diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Twentieth century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Twentieth century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II,_colonialism,_and_post-colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II,_colonialism,_and_post-colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 World War II, colonialism, and post-colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II,_colonialism,_and_post-colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Cold_War_and_the_formation_of_post-colonial_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cold_War_and_the_formation_of_post-colonial_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The Cold War and the formation of post-colonial states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cold_War_and_the_formation_of_post-colonial_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Twenty-first century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Twenty-first century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuelan_refugee_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Venezuelan refugee crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuelan_refugee_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_Internet_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_Internet_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Diaspora Internet services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_Internet_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Specific diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Religious diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country-specific_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-specific_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Country-specific diasporas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-specific_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Forced migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_and_genocides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_and_genocides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Conflicts and genocides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_and_genocides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Statelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Diaspora</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Адиаспора – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адиаспора" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شتات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شتات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%83%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BC%D6%84_(%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80)" title="Սփիւռք (ընդհանուր) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սփիւռք (ընդհանուր)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1spora" title="Diáspora – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diáspora" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspor" title="Diaspor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Diaspor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="বিক্ষিপ্ত উদ্বাসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিক্ষিপ্ত উদ্বাসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дыяспара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяспара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дыяспара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыяспара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijaspora" title="Dijaspora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dijaspora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0spora" title="Diàspora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diàspora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diasporaa" title="Diasporaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diasporaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1spora" title="Diáspora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diáspora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diasporo" title="Diasporo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diasporo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86" title="جوامع دور از وطن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوامع دور از وطن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1spora_(grupo)" title="Diáspora (grupo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diáspora (grupo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="디아스포라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디아스포라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D6%84" title="Սփյուռք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սփյուռք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE)" title="विकीर्णन (डायसपोरा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकीर्णन (डायसपोरा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijaspora" title="Dijaspora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dijaspora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="פזורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פזורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დიასპორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიასპორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyaspora" title="Diyaspora – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Diyaspora" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaszp%C3%B3ra" title="Diaszpóra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Diaszpóra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дијаспора – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дијаспора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1" title="ഡയസ്പൊറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡയസ്പൊറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شتات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شتات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(antropologie)" title="Diaspora (antropologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diaspora (antropologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9" title="ディアスポラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディアスポラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਡਾਇਆਸਪੋਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਇਆਸਪੋਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_(%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="خواره ولسونه (ډیاسپورا) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خواره ولسونه (ډیاسپورا)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(nar%C3%B3d)" title="Diaspora (naród) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diaspora (naród)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1spora" title="Diáspora – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diáspora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0spora" title="Diàspora – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Diàspora" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="ඩයස්පෝරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩයස්පෝරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurbajoog" title="Qurbajoog – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qurbajoog" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дијаспора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дијаспора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijaspora" title="Dijaspora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dijaspora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விரிந்து பரவிய புலம்பெயர் இனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விரிந்து பரவிய புலம்பெயர் இனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="การพลัดถิ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การพลัดถิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Диаспора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Диаспора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Діаспора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діаспора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انتشار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتشار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%95%A3" title="流散 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="流散" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%95%A3" title="流散 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流散" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%95%A3" title="流散 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="流散" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diaspora (disambiguation)">Diaspora (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">Dysphoria</a>.</div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event,_at_Ricoh_Coliseum,_in_Toronto,_Canada_on_April_15,_2015_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event%2C_at_Ricoh_Coliseum%2C_in_Toronto%2C_Canada_on_April_15%2C_2015_%281%29.jpg/222px-The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event%2C_at_Ricoh_Coliseum%2C_in_Toronto%2C_Canada_on_April_15%2C_2015_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event%2C_at_Ricoh_Coliseum%2C_in_Toronto%2C_Canada_on_April_15%2C_2015_%281%29.jpg/333px-The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event%2C_at_Ricoh_Coliseum%2C_in_Toronto%2C_Canada_on_April_15%2C_2015_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event%2C_at_Ricoh_Coliseum%2C_in_Toronto%2C_Canada_on_April_15%2C_2015_%281%29.jpg/444px-The_various_performances_by_the_artists_at_the_Indian_Diaspora_Event%2C_at_Ricoh_Coliseum%2C_in_Toronto%2C_Canada_on_April_15%2C_2015_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">India</a> has the world's largest annual out-migration.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Pictured at Ricoh Coliseum, in Toronto, Canada, on April 15, 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg/220px-Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg/330px-Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg/440px-Pi%C3%B1ata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Mexican diaspora</a> is the world's second-largest diaspora;<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> pictured is Mexican day celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> A diaspora (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/daɪˈæspərə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">dy-ASP-ər-ə</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic <a href="/wiki/Place_of_birth" title="Place of birth">place of origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-webster-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently reside elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Notable diasporic populations include the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> formed after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> that fled or were displaced following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogroms</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> the emigration of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> (primarily to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest of England</a>;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">southern Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asians</a> who left their homelands during the 19th and 20th centuries;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a> that developed on a large scale after the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a>;<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>;<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Mexican diaspora</a>; <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian diaspora (shatat</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>;<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>;<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese civil war</a>;<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a>, which grew from half a million to 3.8 million between the <a href="/wiki/1979_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 revolution">1979 revolution</a> and 2019, mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Canada</a> and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> According to a 2019 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> report, the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Overseas_Citizen_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India">Indian diaspora</a> is the world's largest diaspora, with a population of 17.5 million, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Mexican diaspora</a>, with a population of 11.8 million, and the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese diaspora</a>, with a population of 10.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term "diaspora" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> verb διασπείρω (diaspeirō), "I scatter", "I spread about" which in turn is composed of διά (dia), "between, through, across" and the verb σπείρω (speirō), "I sow, I scatter". The term διασπορά (diaspora) hence meant "scattering".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg/220px-Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg/330px-Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg/440px-Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption>Emigrants Leave Ireland depicting the emigration to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> There is confusion over the exact process of derivation from these Ancient Greek verbs to the concept of diaspora. Many cite <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (5th century BC) as the first to use the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaliandRageau1995xiii,_n._1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETölölyan199610-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny20132-30">[30]</a> However, sociologist Stéphane Dufoix remarks "not only is the noun diaspora quite absent from the Greek original [Thucydides' Peloponnesian War, II, 27)], but the original does not include the verb diaspeírô either. The verb used is the verb speírô (seed) conjugated in the passive aorist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufoix201730–31-31">[31]</a> The passage in Thucydides reads: <blockquote>καὶ οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν ἐνταῦθα ᾤκησαν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐσπάρησαν [esparēsan] κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην Ἑλλάδα, translated to mean 'Those of the Aeginetans who did not settle here were scattered over the rest of Hellas.'<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></blockquote> Dufoix further notes, "Of all the occurrences of diaspora in the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG), which draws upon almost the entire written corpus in the Greek language . . . none refer to colonisation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufoix201729-33">[33]</a> Dufoix surmises that the confusion may stem from a comment by Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dubnow" title="Simon Dubnow">Simon Dubnow</a>, who wrote an entry on diaspora for the influential <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Social_Sciences" title="Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences">Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufoix2017143-34">[34]</a> His entry, published in 1931, includes the following remark: "In a sense <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> constituted a Greek diaspora in the ancient Roman Empire."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubnow1931126-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[a]</a> "Magna Graecia" refers to ancient Greek colonies established along the Italian coast, which lost their independence following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> and their integration into the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of the word "diaspora" is found in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, first in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 28:25, in the phrase ἔσῃ ἐν διασπορᾷ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς βασιλείαις τῆς γῆς, esē en diaspora en pasais tais basileiais tēs gēs, translated to mean 'thou shalt be a dispersion in all kingdoms of the earth'</li></ul> and secondly in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 146(147).2, in the phrase οἰκοδομῶν Ἰερουσαλὴμ ὁ Kύριος καὶ τὰς διασπορὰς τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπισυνάξει, oikodomōn Ierousalēm ho <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a> kai tas diasporas tou Israēl episynaxē, translated to mean 'The Lord doth build up Jerusalem: he gathereth together the outcasts of Israel'.</li></ul> When the Bible was translated into Greek, the word diaspora was applied in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kingdom">Kingdom of Samaria</a> which was exiled from Israel by the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> between 740 and 722 BC,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> as well as Jews, Benjaminites, and Levites who were exiled from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonians</a> in 587 BC, and Jews who were exiled from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 70 AD.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> It subsequently came to be used in reference to the historical movements and settlement patterns of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In English, capitalized, and without modifiers, the term can refer specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The wider application of diaspora evolved from the Assyrian two-way mass deportation policy of conquered populations to deny future territorial claims on their part.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The oldest known use of the word "diaspora" in English is in 1594 in <a href="/wiki/John_Stockwood" title="John Stockwood">John Stockwood's</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Daneau" title="Lambert Daneau">Lambert Daneau's</a> commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Prophets">Twelve Prophets</a>. Daneau writes: <blockquote>This scattering abrode of the Iewes, as it were an heauenly sowing, fell out after their returne from the captiuitie of Babylon. Wherevpon both Acts. 2. and also 1. Pet. 1. and 1. Iam. ver. 1. [sic] they are called Diaspora, that is, a scattering or sowing abrode.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></blockquote> However, the current entry on "diaspora" in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford English Dictionary Online">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a> dates the first recorded use a century later to 1694, in a work on ordination by the Welsh theologian James Owen. Owen wanted to prove that there is no difference in the Bible between Presbyters and Bishops; he cited the example of the Jews in exile: <blockquote>The Presbyters of the Jewish Diaspora, to whom St. Peter wrote, are requir'd ποιμαίνειν ϗ̀ ἐπισκοπείν, to feed or rule the Flock, and to perform the office and work of Bishops among them.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></blockquote> The OED records a usage of "diaspora" in 1876, which refers to "extensive diaspora work (as it is termed) of evangelizing among the National Protestant Churches on the continent".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The term became more widely assimilated into English by the mid 1950s, with long-term <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a> in significant numbers from other particular countries or regions also being referred to as a diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> An academic field, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_studies" title="Diaspora studies">diaspora studies</a>, has become established relating to this sense of the word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_work_and_expanding_definition">Scholarly work and expanding definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholarly work and expanding definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatownsyd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chinatownsyd.jpg/220px-Chinatownsyd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chinatownsyd.jpg/330px-Chinatownsyd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chinatownsyd.jpg/440px-Chinatownsyd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese diaspora</a> is the world's third largest; <a href="/wiki/Torana#Paifang_in_China" title="Torana">Paifang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">torna</a>) gateway at <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Sydney" title="Chinatown, Sydney">Sydney Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/William_Safran" title="William Safran">William Safran</a> in an article published in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafran199183–99-47">[46]</a> set out six rules to distinguish diasporas from migrant communities. These included criteria that the group maintains a myth or <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of their homeland; they regard their ancestral homeland as their true home, to which they will eventually return; being committed to the restoration or maintenance of that homeland, and they relate "personally or vicariously" to the homeland to a point where it shapes their identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20055-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinar201075-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20086-50">[49]</a> Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20084-51">[50]</a> Safran also included a criterion of having been forced into exile by political or economic factors, followed by a long period of settlement in the new host culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafran199183–84-52">[51]</a> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cohen" title="Robin Cohen">Robin Cohen</a> argued that a diasporic group could leave its homeland voluntarily, and assimilate deeply into host cultures.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Brubaker" title="Rogers Brubaker">Rogers Brubaker</a> (2005) more inclusively applied three basic definitional criteria: First, geographic dispersion (voluntary or forced) of a people; second, "the orientation to a real or imagined 'homeland' as an authoritative source of value, identity and loyalty"; and third, maintenance of a social boundary corresponding to the conservation of a distinctive diasporic identity which differs from the host culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20055–6-54">[53]</a> Brubaker also noted that the use of the term diaspora has been widening. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use "involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20053-55">[54]</a> Brubaker used the <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> database to show that 17 out of the 18 books on diaspora published between 1900 and 1910 were on the Jewish diaspora. The majority of works in the 1960s were also about the Jewish diaspora, but in 2002 only two out of 20 books sampled (out of a total of 253) were about the Jewish case, with a total of eight different diasporas covered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker200514-56">[55]</a> Brubaker outlined the original use of the term diaspora as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20052-57">[56]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Most early discussions of the diaspora were firmly rooted in a conceptual 'homeland'; they were concerned with a paradigmatic case, or a small number of core cases. The paradigmatic case was, of course, the Jewish diaspora; some dictionary definitions of diaspora, until recently, did not simply illustrate but defined the word with reference to that case.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan,_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan%2C_1976.jpg/220px-Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan%2C_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan%2C_1976.jpg/330px-Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan%2C_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan%2C_1976.jpg/440px-Armenian_dancers_in_downtown_Manhattan%2C_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian American</a> dancers in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> Some observers have labeled evacuation from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans diaspora">New Orleans diaspora</a>, since a significant number of evacuees have not been able to return, yet maintain aspirations to do so.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Agnieszka Weinar (2010) notes the widening use of the term, arguing that recently, "a growing body of literature succeeded in reformulating the definition, framing diaspora as almost any population on the move and no longer referring to the specific context of their existence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinar201075-49">[48]</a> It has even been noted that as charismatic Christianity becomes increasingly globalized, many Christians conceive of themselves as a diaspora, and form a bond that mimics salient features of some ethnic diasporas.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Professional communities of individuals no longer in their homeland can also be considered diaspora. For example, science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">trading diasporas</a> are communities of merchant aliens. In an article published in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Khachig_T%C3%B6l%C3%B6lyan" title="Khachig Tölölyan">Khachig Tölölyan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETölölyan19963–36-62">[61]</a> argues that the media have used the term corporate diaspora in a rather arbitrary and inaccurate fashion, for example as applied to "mid-level, mid-career executives who have been forced to find new places at a time of corporate upheaval" (10) The use of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_diaspora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporate diaspora (page does not exist)">corporate diaspora</a> reflects the increasing popularity of the diaspora notion to describe a wide range of phenomena related to contemporary migration, displacement and transnational mobility. While corporate diaspora seems to avoid or contradict connotations of violence, coercion, and unnatural uprooting historically associated with the notion of diaspora, its scholarly use may heuristically describe the ways in which corporations function alongside diasporas. In this way, corporate diaspora might foreground the racial histories of diasporic formations without losing sight of the cultural logic of <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a> in which corporations orchestrate the transnational circulation of people, images, ideologies and capital. In contemporary times, scholars have classified the different kinds of diasporas based on their causes, such as <a href="/wiki/Colonial_diaspora" title="Colonial diaspora">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">trade/labour migrations</a>, or the social coherence which exists within the diaspora communities and their ties to the ancestral lands. With greater migration flows through the world in modern times, the concept of a secondary diaspora (a new diaspora branching out of a previous diaspora) or a sub-diaspora grouping has started being studied.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Some diaspora communities maintain strong cultural and political ties to their homelands. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return to the ancestral lands, maintaining any form of ties with the region of origin as well as relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the new host countries. Diasporas often maintain ties to the country of their historical affiliation and usually influence their current host country's policies towards their homeland. "Diaspora management" is a term that <a href="/wiki/Harris_Mylonas" title="Harris Mylonas">Harris Mylonas</a> has "re-conceptualized to describe both the policies that states follow in order to build links with their diaspora abroad and the policies designed to help with the incorporation and integration of diasporic communities when they 'return' home".<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_diasporas">African diasporas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: African diasporas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div> The diaspora of Africans during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> is one of the most notorious modern diasporas. 10.7 million people from West Africa survived transportation to arrive in the Americas as <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> starting in the late 16th century CE and continuing into the 19th.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Outside of the Atlantic slave trade, however, African diasporic communities have existed for millennia. While some communities were slave-based, other groups emigrated for various reasons. From the 8th through the 19th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a> dispersed millions of Africans to Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Islamic slave trade also has resulted in the creation of communities of African descent in India, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makrani_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrani caste">Makrani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Sri Lanka Kaffirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Beginning as early as the 2nd century AD, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>) created colonies on the Arabian Peninsula. During the 4th century, Aksum formally adopted Christianity as a state religion, becoming the first to do so along with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>. In the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Kaleb of Axum</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyar</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>) to aid and defend Christians under religious persecution. During these campaigns, several groups of soldiers chose not to return to Aksum. These groups are estimated to have ranged in size from the 600s to mid 3000s.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Previously, migrant Africans with national African passports could only enter thirteen African countries without advanced visas. In pursuing a unified future, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) launched an <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">African Union Passport</a> in July 2016, allowing people with a passport from one of the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">55 member states of the AU</a> to move freely between these countries under this visa free passport and encourage migrants with national African passports to return to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asian_diasporas">Asian diasporas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asian diasporas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepavali,_Little_India,_Singapore,_Oct_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Deepavali%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/220px-Deepavali%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Deepavali%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/330px-Deepavali%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Deepavali%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/440px-Deepavali%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Overseas_Citizen_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India">Indian diaspora</a> is the world's largest diaspora; <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> lights in <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India, Singapore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="2749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_diaspora" title="Asian diaspora">Asian diaspora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arab diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Georgian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian diaspora">Indonesian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omani_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani diaspora">Omani diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Overseas Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian diaspora">Persian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine diaspora">Philippine diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankan diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_diaspora" title="Yemeni diaspora">Yemeni diaspora</a></div> The largest Asian diaspora in the world is the Indian diaspora. The overseas Indian community, estimated to number over 17.5 million, is spread across many regions of the world, on every continent. It is a global community which is diverse, heterogeneous and eclectic and its members represent different regions, languages, cultures, and faiths (see <a href="/wiki/Desi" title="Desi">Desi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, numbering roughly 12 million in Europe<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> trace their origins to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and their presence in Europe is first attested to in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian diaspora</a> as a whole has over 44 million people.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The earliest known Asian diaspora of note is the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>. With roots in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">Babylonian Captivity</a> and later migrations under <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenism</a>, the majority of the diaspora can be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman conquest</a>, expulsion, and enslavement of the Jewish population of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> whose descendants became the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a> of today,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> roughly numbering 15 million of which 8 million still live in the diaspora,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> though the number was much higher before <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Zionist immigration to what is now Israel</a> and the murder of 6 million Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a> (also known as the Chinese Diaspora; see also <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>)<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> first occurred thousands of years ago. The mass emigration that occurred from the 19th century to 1949 was caused mainly by wars and starvation in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, as well as political corruption. Most migrants were illiterate or poorly educated peasants, called by the now-recognized racial slur <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a> (Chinese: 苦力, literally "hard labor"), who migrated to developing countries in need of labor, such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a> and other places. <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora" title="Pakistani diaspora">Pakistani diaspora</a> is the third in Asia with approximately 9 million <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> living abroad mostly in middle east, North America and Europe. At least three waves of <a href="/wiki/People_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Nepal">Nepalese diaspora</a> can be identified. The earliest wave dates back to hundreds of years as early marriage and high birthrates propelled Hindu settlement eastward across Nepal, then into <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and Bhutan. A backlash developed in the 1980s as Bhutan's political elites realized that Bhutanese Buddhists were at risk of becoming a minority in their own country. At least 60,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/People_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Nepal">Nepalese</a> from Bhutan have been resettled in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> A second wave was driven by British recruitment of mercenary soldiers beginning around 1815 and resettlement after retirement in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and Southeast Asia. The third wave began in the 1970s as land shortages intensified and the pool of educated labor greatly exceeded job openings in Nepal. Job-related emigration created Nepalese enclaves in India, the wealthier countries of the Middle East, Europe, and North America. Current estimates of the number of Nepalese living outside Nepal range well up into the millions. In Siam, regional power struggles among several kingdoms in the region led to a large diaspora of ethnic Lao between the 1700s–1800s by Siamese rulers to settle large areas of the Siamese kingdom's northeast region, where Lao ethnicity is still a major factor in 2012. During this period, Siam decimated the Lao capital, capturing, torturing, and killing the Lao king <a href="/wiki/Anouvong" title="Anouvong">Anuwongse</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">lao rebellion in the 19th century</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_diasporas">European diasporas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European diasporas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">European diaspora</a></div> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">European history</a> contains numerous diaspora-causing events. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>, the trading and colonising activities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek</a> tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basins, establishing Greek <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>"), northern Libya, eastern Spain, the <a href="/wiki/South_of_France" title="South of France">south of France</a>, and the Black Sea coasts. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Tyre and Carthage also colonised the Mediterranean. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png/330px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png/495px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png/660px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek territories and colonies</a> during the Archaic period (750–550 BC)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa, with Greek ruling classes established in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">southwest Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">northwest India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Subsequent waves of colonization and migration during the Middle Ages added to the older settlements or created new ones, thus replenishing the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> and making it one of the most long-standing and widespread in the world. The Romans also established numerous colonies and settlements outside of Rome and throughout the Roman empire. The <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration-Period</a> relocations, which included several phases, are just one set of many in history. The first phase Migration-Period displacement (between 300 and 500 AD) included relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, various other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic tribes</a>. The second phase, between 500 and 900 AD, saw <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a>, and other tribes on the move, resettling in Eastern Europe and gradually leaving it predominantly Slavic, and affecting <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> as the first Turkic tribes (<a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> arrived. The last phase of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">migrations</a> saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars. The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> expansion out of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> into southern and eastern Europe, Iceland, the British Isles and Greenland. The recent application of the word "diaspora" to the Viking lexicon highlights their cultural profile distinct from their predatory reputation in the regions they settled, especially in the North Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The more positive connotations associated with the social science term help to view the movement of the Scandinavian peoples in the Viking Age in a new way.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Such colonizing migrations cannot be considered indefinitely as diasporas; over very long periods, eventually, the migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new mental homeland. Thus the modern Magyars of Hungary do not feel that they belong in the Western <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> that the Hungarian Magyars left 12 centuries ago; and the English descendants of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes do not yearn to reoccupy the plains of Northwest Germany. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/220px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/330px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/440px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who opened the way for the widespread European <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1492 a Spanish-financed expedition headed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> arrived in the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Axtell" title="James Axtell">James Axtell</a> estimates that 240,000 people left Europe for the Americas in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Emigration continued. In the 19th century alone over 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Other Europeans moved to Siberia, Africa, and Australasia. The properly <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish emigrants</a> were mainly from several parts of Spain, but not only the impoverished ones (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>), and the destination varied also along the time. As an example, the <a href="/wiki/Galician_diaspora" title="Galician diaspora">Galicians</a> moved first to the American colonies during the XVII-XX (mainly but not only Mexico, Cuba, Argentine and Venezuela, as many <a href="/wiki/Galician-language_literature#20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-language literature">writers</a> during the Francoist exile), later to Europe (France, Switzerland) and finally within Spain (to Madrid, Catalonia or the Basque Country). A specific 19th-century example is the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>, beginning in the mid-19th century and brought about by an Gorta Mór or "the Great Hunger" of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Famine</a>. An estimated 45% to 85% of Ireland's population emigrated to areas including Britain, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. The size of the Irish diaspora is demonstrated by the number of people around the world who claim Irish ancestry; some sources put the figure at 80 to 100 million. From the 1860s, the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> people, originally from Europe, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">were dispersed</a> through Anatolia, Australia, the Balkans, the Levant, North America, and West Europe, leaving less than 10% of their population in the homeland – parts of historical Circassia (in the modern-day Russian portion of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">Caucasus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG/220px-XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG/330px-XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG/440px-XXXIV_Fiesta_Nacional_del_Inmigrante_-_desfile_-_colectividad_italiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Italian Argentines</a> during the opening <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parade</a> of the XXXIV <a href="/wiki/Immigrant%27s_Festival" title="Immigrant's Festival">Immigrant's Festival</a>. About 60% of Argentina's population has Italian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Diaspora">Scottish Diaspora</a> includes large populations of Highlanders moving to the United States and Canada after the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>; as well as the Lowlanders, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a> in Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish in America.</a> There were two major <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diasporas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian history">Italian history</a>. The first diaspora began around 1880, two decades after the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Unification of Italy</a>, and ended in the 1920s to the early 1940s with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pozzetta_et_al.-91">[90]</a> Poverty was the main reason for emigration, specifically the lack of land as <a href="/wiki/Mezzadria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzadria">mezzadria</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> flourished in Italy, especially in the South, and property became subdivided over generations. Especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, conditions were harsh.<a href="#cite_note-Pozzetta_et_al.-91">[90]</a> Until the 1860s to 1950s, most of Italy was a <a href="/wiki/Rural_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural society">rural society</a> with many small towns and cities and almost no modern industry in which land management practices, especially in the South and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Italy">Northeast</a>, did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and to work the soil.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-92">[91]</a> Another factor was related to the overpopulation of Southern Italy as a result of the improvements in socioeconomic conditions after <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> That created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate en masse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The new migration of capital created millions of unskilled jobs around the world and was responsible for the simultaneous mass migration of Italians searching for "work and bread".<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The second diaspora started after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and concluded roughly in the 1970s. Between 1880 and 1980, about 15,000,000 Italians left the country permanently.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> By 1980, it was estimated that about 25,000,000 Italians were residing outside Italy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_diasporas">Internal diasporas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal diasporas">edit</a>]</div> In the United States of America, approximately 4.3 million people moved outside their home states in 2010, according to <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a> tax-exemption data.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In a 2011 TEDx presentation, Detroit native <a href="/wiki/Garlin_Gilchrist" title="Garlin Gilchrist">Garlin Gilchrist</a> referenced the formation of distinct "Detroit diaspora" communities in Seattle and in Washington, DC,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> while layoffs in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">auto industry</a> also led to substantial <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> migration from Michigan to Wyoming <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2005.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In response to a statewide exodus of talent, the State of Michigan continues to host "MichAGAIN" career-recruiting events in places throughout the United States with significant Michigan-diaspora populations.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In the People's Republic of China, millions of migrant workers have sought greater opportunity in the country's booming coastal metropolises,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] though this trend has slowed with the further development of China's interior.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Migrant social structures in Chinese megacities are often based on place of origin, such as a shared hometown or province, and recruiters and foremen commonly select entire work-crews from the same village.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In two separate June 2011 incidents, <a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_people" title="Sichuanese people">Sichuanese</a> migrant workers organized violent protests against alleged police misconduct and migrant-labor abuse near the southern manufacturing hub of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Much of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Siberia" title="Demographics of Siberia">population</a> has its origins in internal migration – voluntary or otherwise – from <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> since the 16th century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_best_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Last_best_west.jpg/220px-Last_best_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Last_best_west.jpg/330px-Last_best_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Last_best_west.jpg/440px-Last_best_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Pamphlet advertising for immigration to <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure> In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_migration_in_Canada" title="Interprovincial migration in Canada">internal migration</a> has occurred for a number of different factors over the course of Canadian history. An example is the migration of workers from <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, driven in part by the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">cod collapse</a> in the early 1990s and the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing. Fishing had previously been a major driver of the economies of the Atlantic provinces, and this loss of work proved catastrophic for many families. As a result, beginning in the early 1990s and into the late 2000s, thousands of people from the Atlantic provinces were driven out-of-province to find work elsewhere in the country, especially in the Alberta oil sands during the oil boom of the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> This systemic <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">export of labour</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> is explored by author <a href="/wiki/Kate_Beaton" title="Kate Beaton">Kate Beaton</a> in her 2022 graphic memoir <a href="/wiki/Ducks:_Two_Years_in_the_Oil_Sands" title="Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands">Ducks</a>, which details her experience working in the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrale_termica_falck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Centrale_termica_falck.jpg/220px-Centrale_termica_falck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Centrale_termica_falck.jpg/330px-Centrale_termica_falck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Centrale_termica_falck.jpg/440px-Centrale_termica_falck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Falck_Group" title="Falck Group">Falck steelworks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sesto_San_Giovanni" title="Sesto San Giovanni">Sesto San Giovanni</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">fall of Fascist regime</a> in 1943, and the end of World War II in 1945, a large internal migratory flow began <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">from one Italian region to another</a>. This internal emigration was sustained and constantly increased by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">economic growth that Italy experienced</a> between the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> Given that this economic growth mostly concerned <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest Italy</a>, which was involved in the birth of many industrial activities, migratory phenomena affected the peasants of the <a href="/wiki/Triveneto" title="Triveneto">Triveneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, who began to move in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> Other areas of northern Italy were also affected by emigration such as the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>. The destinations of these emigrants were mainly <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecco" title="Lecco">Lecco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brianza" title="Brianza">Brianza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-americacallsitaly-110">[109]</a> The rural population of the aforementioned areas began to emigrate to the large industrial centers of the north-west, especially in the so-called "industrial triangle, or the area corresponding to the three-sided polygon with vertices in the cities of Turin, Milan and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-salogentis-111">[110]</a> Even some cities in central and southern Italy (such as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, which was the object of immigration due to employment in the administrative and tertiary sectors) experienced a conspicuous immigration flow.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> These migratory movements were accompanied by other flows of lesser intensity, such as transfers from the countryside to smaller cities and travel from mountainous areas to the plains.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> The main reasons that gave rise to this massive migratory flow were linked to the living conditions in the places of origin of the emigrants (which were very harsh), the absence of stable work,<a href="#cite_note-salogentis-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-americacallsitaly-110">[109]</a> the high rate of poverty, the poor fertility of many agricultural areas, the fragmentation of land properties,<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-92">[91]</a> which characterized southern Italy above all, and the insecurity caused by <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">organized crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-americacallsitaly-110">[109]</a> Overall, the Italians who moved from southern to northern Italy amounted to 4 million.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> The migratory flow from the countryside to the big cities also contracted and then stopped in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> At the same time, migratory movements towards medium-sized cities and those destined for small-sized villages increased.<a href="#cite_note-uniud-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Twentieth century">edit</a>]</div> The twentieth century saw huge population movements. Some involved large-scale transfers of people by government action. Some migrations occurred to avoid conflict and warfare. Other diasporas formed as a consequence of political developments, such as the end of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II,_colonialism,_and_post-colonialism">World War II, colonialism, and post-colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II, colonialism, and post-colonialism">edit</a>]</div> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945) unfolded, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> authorities <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">deported and killed millions of Jews</a>; they also <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">enslaved or murdered millions of other people</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. Some Jews fled from the persecution and moved to the unoccupied parts of Western Europe or they moved to the Americas before the borders of the Americas were closed. Later, other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> refugees moved west, away from Soviet expansion<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] and from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> regimes established as World War II ended. Hundreds of thousands of these anti-Soviet political refugees and <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced persons</a> ended up in western Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States of America. After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>-controlled Poland, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expelled millions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Germans">ethnic Germans</a>, most of them were the descendants of immigrants who had settled in those areas centuries ago. This expulsion was allegedly carried out in reaction to Nazi Germany's invasions and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-German</a> attempts to annex Eastern European territory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most of the refugees moved to the West, including western Europe, and with tens of thousands seeking refuge in the United States. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italians_leave_Pola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Italians_leave_Pola.jpg/220px-Italians_leave_Pola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Italians_leave_Pola.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> leave <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a> in 1947 during the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a> was the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> exodus and departure of local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>) as well as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, towards <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and in smaller numbers, towards the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> These regions were ethnically mixed, with long-established historic Croatian, Italian, and Slovene communities. According to various sources, the exodus is estimated to have amounted to between 230,000 and 350,000 Italians (the others being ethnic Slovenes, Croats, and Istro-Romanians, who chose to maintain <a href="/wiki/Italian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian citizenship">Italian citizenship</a>)<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> leaving the areas in the aftermath of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Hundreds or perhaps tens of thousands of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) were killed or summarily executed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/OZNA" title="OZNA">OZNA</a> during the first years of the exodus, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Foibe_massacres" title="Foibe massacres">foibe massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> From 1947, after the war, Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were subject by Yugoslav authorities to less violent forms of intimidation, such as nationalization, expropriation, and discriminatory taxation,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> which gave them little option other than emigration.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 1953, there were 36,000 declared Italians in Yugoslavia, just about 16% of the original Italian population before World War II.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> According to the census organized in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> in 2001 and that organized in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> in 2002, the Italians who remained in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> amounted to 21,894 people (2,258 <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Slovenia" title="Italian language in Slovenia">in Slovenia</a> and 19,636 <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Croatia" title="Italians of Croatia">in Croatia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Spain sent many political activists into exile during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s military regime from 1936 until his death in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Prior to World War II and the re-establishment of Israel in 1948, a series of anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and caused many to flee, mostly to Palestine/Israel. The <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> likewise saw at least 750,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> expelled or forced to flee from the newly forming Israel.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Many Palestinians continue to live in refugee camps in the Middle East, while others have resettled in other countries. The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">1947 Partition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> resulted in the migration of millions of people between India, Pakistan, and present-day Bangladesh. Many were murdered in the religious violence of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 2 million people.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Thousands of former subjects of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> went to the UK from the Indian subcontinent after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From the late 19th century, and formally from 1910, Japan made <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea a Japanese colony</a>. Millions of Chinese fled to western provinces not occupied by Japan (that is, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in the Southwest and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> in the Northwest) and to Southeast Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More than 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a> moved across the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> (and later into the Soviet Union) away from the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cold_War_and_the_formation_of_post-colonial_states">The Cold War and the formation of post-colonial states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Cold War and the formation of post-colonial states">edit</a>]</div> Both during and after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-era, huge populations of refugees migrated from countries which experienced conflicts, especially from then-<a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Upheavals in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, some of which were related to power struggles between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, produced new refugee populations that developed into global diasporas. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> emigrated to France and later millions of other Vietnamese people migrated to the United States, Australia and Canada after the Cold War-related <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> of 1955–1975. Later, 30,000 French colons from Cambodia were displaced after they were expelled by the 1975–1979 <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime under <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A small, predominantly Muslim ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Cham_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham (Asia)">Cham people</a>, long residing in Cambodia, were nearly eradicated.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The mass exodus of Vietnamese people from Vietnam from 1975 onwards led to the popularisation of the term "<a href="/wiki/Boat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat people">boat people</a>".<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern China</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> emigrated to India, following the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> after the failure of his <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a>. This wave lasted until the 1960s, and another wave followed when Tibet opened up to trade and tourism in the 1980s. It is estimated[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that about 200,000 Tibetans live now dispersed worldwide, half of them in India, Nepal and Bhutan. In lieu of lost citizenship papers, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> offers <a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(Tibetan_document)" title="Green Book (Tibetan document)">Green Book</a> identity documents to Tibetan refugees.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG/220px-Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG/330px-Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG/440px-Ganesh_Paris_2004_DSC08471.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> have historically migrated to find work, notably, during the <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British colonial period</a> (1796–1948). Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> in 1983, more than 800,000 Tamils have been displaced within Sri Lanka as a local diaspora, and over a half-million <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> have emigrated as the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a> to destinations such as India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the UK, and Europe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a> resulted from the <a href="/wiki/1979_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 invasion of Afghanistan">1979 invasion of Afghanistan</a> by the former Soviet Union, resulting in the creation of the second-largest refugee population in the world as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit">[update]</a> (2.6 million in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> fled from the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> which culminated in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">USA/British-ensconced</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>]</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, a new series of diasporas was formed after the end of colonial rule. In some cases, as countries became independent, numerous minority descendants of Europeans emigrated; others stayed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> expelled <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">80,000 South Asians in 1972</a> and took over their businesses and properties.</li> <li>The 1990–1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> between rival social/ethnic groups (<a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>) turned deadly and produced a mass efflux of refugees.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, following the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, over a million people have left Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li> <li>A new <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">Jamaican diaspora</a> formed around the start of the 21st century. More than 1 million <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominicans</a> live abroad, a majority living in the US.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></li> <li>A million Colombian refugees have left Colombia since 1965 to escape <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">violence and civil wars</a>.</li> <li>Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a> and Uruguay refugees fled to Europe during periods of <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military rule</a> in the 1970s and 1980s.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Diaspora">Nicaraguans</a>, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans have fled[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] conflict and poor economic conditions.</li> <li>Hundreds of thousands of people fled from the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> in 1994 and moved into neighboring countries.</li> <li>Between 4 and 6 million have emigrated from Zimbabwe beginning in the 1990s especially since 2000, greatly increasing the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_diaspora" title="Zimbabwean diaspora">Zimbabwean diaspora</a> due to a protracted socioeconomic crisis, forming large communities in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">the United States</a>, New Zealand and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congo_Civil_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Congo Civil War (disambiguation)">long war</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, in which numerous nations have been involved, has also result in millions of displaced refugees.</li> <li>A South Korean diaspora movement during the 1990s caused the homeland fertility rate to drop when a large amount of the middle class emigrated, as the rest of the population continued to age. To counteract the change in these demographics, the South Korean government initiated a diaspora-engagement policy in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (May 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">Refugees of the Syrian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea,_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos,_29_January_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea%2C_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos%2C_29_January_2016.jpg/220px-Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea%2C_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos%2C_29_January_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea%2C_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos%2C_29_January_2016.jpg/330px-Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea%2C_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos%2C_29_January_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea%2C_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos%2C_29_January_2016.jpg/440px-Refugees_on_a_boat_crossing_the_Mediterranean_sea%2C_heading_from_Turkish_coast_to_the_northeastern_Greek_island_of_Lesbos%2C_29_January_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Migrants crossing the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> from Turkey to the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced as of 2011, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighboring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> has forced further migration, with at least 4 million displaced as per UN estimates.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> 2.8 million Iranians emigrated in 2022, i.e., 3.3% of the total population; the majority of which were academics.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> There are five million registered Afghanistanis,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] 10 million approximately.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuelan_refugee_crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Venezuelan refugee crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</a></div> Following the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> and the establishment of his <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>, over 7 million <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan people">Venezuelans</a> emigrated from Venezuela during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EUdiaspora-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The analysis of a study by the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> titled Venezuelan Community Abroad: A New Method of Exile by <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)">El Universal</a> states that the diaspora in Venezuela has been caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future".<a href="#cite_note-EUdiaspora-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora_Internet_services">Diaspora Internet services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diaspora Internet services">edit</a>]</div> Numerous web-based news portals and forum sites are dedicated to specific diaspora communities, often organized on the basis of an origin characteristic and a current location characteristic.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The location-based networking features of mobile applications such as China's <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> have also created de facto online diaspora communities when used outside of their home markets.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Now, large companies from the emerging countries are looking at leveraging diaspora communities to enter the more mature market.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_language" title="Diaspora language">Diaspora language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gran_Torino" title="Gran Torino">Gran Torino</a>, a 2008 drama starring <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, was the first mainstream American film to feature the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong American">Hmong American</a> diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">List of diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_immigrants" title="Integration of immigrants">Integration of immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_diasporas">Specific diasporas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Specific diasporas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural exodus">Rural exodus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_diasporas">Religious diasporas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious diasporas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">History of the Jews during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country-specific_diasporas">Country-specific diasporas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Country-specific diasporas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a> (African American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration (African American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">History of immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_migration">Forced migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Forced migration">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expulsions_of_African_Americans" title="List of expulsions of African Americans">List of expulsions of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_and_genocides">Conflicts and genocides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conflicts and genocides">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_cleansing_campaigns" title="List of ethnic cleansing campaigns">List of ethnic cleansing campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Myanmar" title="Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar">Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion" title="World War II evacuation and expulsion">World War II evacuation and expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Persecution of Yazidis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statelessness">Statelessness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Statelessness">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Dubnow's comment is referenced, for example, in an article by the editor of the journal Diaspora, <a href="/wiki/Khachig_T%C3%B6l%C3%B6lyan" title="Khachig Tölölyan">Khachig Tölölyan</a>. Tölölyan cites but does not actually quote Dubnow, claiming that Dubnow "stipulates that the Greek colony-cities of Antiquity might be called diasporas," whereas Dubnow clearly refers to the colonies as they stood "in the ancient Roman Empire," that is, after they had lost their political independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETölölyan19969-36">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/chart/30803/top-countries-of-origin-for-international-migrants">"Infographic: India Has the World's Biggest Diaspora"</a>. Statista Daily Data. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista+Daily+Data&rft.atitle=Infographic%3A+India+Has+the+World%27s+Biggest+Diaspora&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fchart%2F30803%2Ftop-countries-of-origin-for-international-migrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20175.pdf">"Population Facts"</a> (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. December 2017. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219004109/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20175.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <q>In 2017, with 16.6 million persons living abroad, India was the leading country of origin of international migrants. Migrants from Mexico constituted the second largest 'diaspora' in the world (13.0 million), followed by those from the Russian Federation (10.6 million), China (10.0 million), Bangladesh (7.5 million), the Syrian Arab Republic (6.9 million), Pakistan (6.0 million), Ukraine (5.9 million), the Philippines (5.7 million) and the United Kingdom Since 2000, countries experiencing the largest increase in their diaspora populations were the Syrian Arab Republic (872 per cent), India (108 per cent) and the Philippines (85 per cent).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Facts&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmigration%2Fpublications%2Fpopulationfacts%2Fdocs%2FMigrationPopFacts20175.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-3"><a href="#cite_ref-webster_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diaspora">"Diaspora"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster">Merriam Webster</a>. 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Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities</a>. p. xxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306483219" title="Special:BookSources/9780306483219"><bdi>9780306483219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pages=xxvi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780306483219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migrationdataportal.org/themes/diasporas">"Diasporas"</a>. Migration Data Portal. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migration+Data+Portal&rft.atitle=Diasporas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmigrationdataportal.org%2Fthemes%2Fdiasporas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2014" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Brent Hayes (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keywords.nyupress.org/american-cultural-studies/essay/diaspora/">"Diaspora"</a>. Keywords for American Cultural Studies, Second Edition. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keywords+for+American+Cultural+Studies%2C+Second+Edition&rft.atitle=Diaspora&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Brent+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeywords.nyupress.org%2Famerican-cultural-studies%2Fessay%2Fdiaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/diaspora">"Diaspora definition and meaning"</a>. CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Diaspora+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fdiaspora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Captivity">"Babylonian Captivity | Definition, History, & Significance | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Captivity+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Significance+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBabylonian-Captivity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemir2017" class="citation book cs1">Demir, Sara (2017). "The atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A legal perspective". In Travis, Hannibal (ed.). The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98025-8"><bdi>978-1-351-98025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+atrocities+against+the+Assyrians+in+1915%3A+A+legal+perspective&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Political+Legacies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98025-8&rft.aulast=Demir&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauntAttoBarthoma2019" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2019). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War". Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785334993" title="Special:BookSources/9781785334993"><bdi>9781785334993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Contextualizing+the+Sayfo+in+the+First+World+War&rft.btitle=Let+Them+Not+Return%3A+Sayfo+%E2%80%93+The+Genocide+Against+the+Assyrian%2C+Syriac%2C+and+Chaldean+Christians+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781785334993&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Atto%2C+Naures&rft.au=Barthoma%2C+Soner+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">"Fall of Constantinople"</a>. 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De Re Militari.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Refugees+in+the+Byzantine+Armed+Forces%3A+The+Varangian+Guard+and+Anglo-Saxon+Ethnic+Consciousness&rft.pub=De+Re+Militari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderemilitari.org%2F2014%2F06%2Fenglish-refugees-in-the-byzantine-armed-forces-the-varangian-guard-and-anglo-saxon-ethnic-consciousness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYun2008" class="citation book cs1">Yun, Lisa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cooliespeakschin0000yunl">The coolie speaks : Chinese indentured laborers and African slaves in Cuba</a>. Internet Archive. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-581-3"><bdi>978-1-59213-581-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+coolie+speaks+%3A+Chinese+indentured+laborers+and+African+slaves+in+Cuba&rft.pub=Philadelphia+%3A+Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-581-3&rft.aulast=Yun&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcooliespeakschin0000yunl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2007" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, David R. (14 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dirterosionofciv0000mont">Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520933163" title="Special:BookSources/9780520933163"><bdi>9780520933163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirt%3A+The+Erosion+of+Civilizations&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.isbn=9780520933163&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdirterosionofciv0000mont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-Highland-Clearances/">"The Highland Clearances"</a>. Historic UK. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+UK&rft.atitle=The+Highland+Clearances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofScotland%2FThe-Highland-Clearances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonEllinghamTrillo1999" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo">World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</a>. Rough Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858286358" title="Special:BookSources/9781858286358"><bdi>9781858286358</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781858286358&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Ellingham%2C+Mark&rft.au=Trillo%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Ghada Ageel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestinechronicle.com/my-body-in-shatat-my-heart-in-gaza-my-soul-in-beit-daras/">'My Body in Shatat, My Heart in Gaza, My Soul in Beit Daras,'</a> The Palestine Chronicle 18 May 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/no-way-home-the-tragedy-of-the-palestinian-diaspora-1806790.html">"No way home: The tragedy of the Palestinian diaspora"</a>. The Independent. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=No+way+home%3A+The+tragedy+of+the+Palestinian+diaspora&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fno-way-home-the-tragedy-of-the-palestinian-diaspora-1806790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game_of_Genocide:_Imperialism,_Nationalism,_and_the_Destruction_of_the_Ottoman_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians">The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide%3A+Imperialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Ottoman+Armenians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarutyunyan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harutyunyan, Arus (1 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/667">"Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization"</a>. Dissertations: 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissertations&rft.atitle=Contesting+National+Identities+in+an+Ethnically+Homogeneous+State%3A+The+Case+of+Armenian+Democratization&rft.pages=192&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.aulast=Harutyunyan&rft.aufirst=Arus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wmich.edu%2Fdissertations%2F667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWwirtz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wwirtz, James J. (March 2008). "Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil Warby Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth M. Pollack". Political Science Quarterly. 123 (1): 157–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2008.tb00621.x">10.1002/j.1538-165x.2008.tb00621.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Things+Fall+Apart%3A+Containing+the+Spillover+from+an+Iraqi+Civil+Warby+Daniel+L.+Byman+and+Kenneth+M.+Pollack&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-158&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2008.tb00621.x&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft.aulast=Wwirtz&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodmani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kodmani, Bassma (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/the-syrian-diaspora-old-and-new/">"The Syrian Diaspora, Old and New"</a>. Arab Reform Initiative.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Reform+Initiative&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Diaspora%2C+Old+and+New&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Kodmani&rft.aufirst=Bassma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arab-reform.net%2Fpublication%2Fthe-syrian-diaspora-old-and-new%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranian-studies.stanford.edu/iran-2040-project/publications/migration-and-brain-drain-iran">"Migration and Brain Drain from Iran | Iranian Studies"</a>. iranian-studies.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranian-studies.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Brain+Drain+from+Iran+%7C+Iranian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanian-studies.stanford.edu%2Firan-2040-project%2Fpublications%2Fmigration-and-brain-drain-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/forex-and-remittance/with-78-billion-india-still-highest-overseas-remittance-receiver/articleshow/72271170.cms">With $78 billion, India still highest overseas remittance receiver</a>, The Economic Times, 28 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=diaspora/">διασπορά</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaliandRageau1995xiii,_n._1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaliandRageau1995xiii,_n._1_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaliandRageau1995">Chaliand & Rageau 1995</a>, p. xiii, n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETölölyan199610-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETölölyan199610_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTölölyan1996">Tölölyan 1996</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenny20132-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenny20132_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenny2013">Kenny 2013</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufoix201730–31-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDufoix201730–31_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDufoix2017">Dufoix 2017</a>, p. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.perseus-eng3:2.27.2">"Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, book 2, chapter 27, section 2"</a>. data.perseus.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.perseus.org&rft.atitle=Thucydides%2C+The+Peloponnesian+War%2C+book+2%2C+chapter+27%2C+section+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.perseus.org%2Fcitations%2Furn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0003.tlg001.perseus-eng3%3A2.27.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufoix201729-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDufoix201729_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDufoix2017">Dufoix 2017</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufoix2017143-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDufoix2017143_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDufoix2017">Dufoix 2017</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubnow1931126-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubnow1931126_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubnow1931">Dubnow 1931</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETölölyan19969-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETölölyan19969_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTölölyan1996">Tölölyan 1996</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian captivity of Israel">Assyrian captivity of Israel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Kantor, pp. 53, 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> p. 1, Barclay </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diaspora">"Definition of DIASPORA"</a>. Merriam-Webster.com. 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DIASPORA&rft.date=2023-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdiaspora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Galil & Weinfeld, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneau" class="citation book cs1">Daneau, Lambert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=626mnQAACAAJ">A Fruitfull Commentarie Vpon the Twelue Small Prophets</a>. p. 1042.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fruitfull+Commentarie+Vpon+the+Twelue+Small+Prophets&rft.pages=1042&rft.aulast=Daneau&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D626mnQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen" class="citation book cs1">Owen, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3BjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13">A Plea for Scripture Ordination; or, Ten Arguments from Scripture and Antiquity, proving Ordination by Presbyters, without Bishops, to be valid</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Plea+for+Scripture+Ordination%3B+or%2C+Ten+Arguments+from+Scripture+and+Antiquity%2C+proving+Ordination+by+Presbyters%2C+without+Bishops%2C+to+be+valid&rft.pages=13&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3BjAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> Many today believe that the audience of the First Epistle of Peter to which Owen refers was in fact Christians of non-Jewish origin, but the consensus in Owen's time was that the letter was directed to ethnic Jews. See for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBk2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA25">Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Catholic+Epistles&rft.pages=25&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBk2AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/52085">"diaspora, n."</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford English Dictionary Online">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a>. November 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=diaspora%2C+n.&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fviewdictionaryentry%2FEntry%2F52085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/diaspora-social-science">"diaspora"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203928943">10.4324/9780203928943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134077953" title="Special:BookSources/9781134077953"><bdi>9781134077953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Diasporas&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203928943&rft.isbn=9781134077953&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20055–6-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20055–6_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrubaker2005">Brubaker 2005</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20053-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20053_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrubaker2005">Brubaker 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker200514-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker200514_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrubaker2005">Brubaker 2005</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20052-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker20052_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrubaker2005">Brubaker 2005</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2010" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Bruce (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/katrina-evacuees-economic-impact-new-homes-destinations/19614294/">"The Economic Impact of the 'Katrina Diaspora'"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Katrina+scatters+a+grim+diaspora&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4203360.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister" class="citation web cs1">McAlister, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523040900/http://works.bepress.com/elizabeth_mcalister/28/">"Listening for Geographies"</a>. Routledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/elizabeth_mcalister/28/">the original</a> on 23 May 2013. 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Rynkiewich </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDélano_AlonsoMylonas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Délano Alonso, Alexandra; Mylonas, Harris (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160">"The microfoundations of diaspora politics: unpacking the state and disaggregating the diaspora"</a>. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 45 (4): 473–491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2017.1409160">10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-183X">1369-183X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=The+microfoundations+of+diaspora+politics%3A+unpacking+the+state+and+disaggregating+the+diaspora&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=473-491&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2017.1409160&rft.issn=1369-183X&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9lano+Alonso&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Mylonas%2C+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2017.1409160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylonas2013" class="citation book cs1">Mylonas, Harris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/hmylonas_the_politics_of_diaspora_management_in_the_republic_of_korea.pdf">Issue Brief: The Politics of Diaspora Management in the Republic of Korea</a> (PDF). 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Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvii. <q>The Gypsies, or Romt it is generally accepted that they did emigrate from northern India some time between the 6th and 11th centuries, then crosanies, are an ethnic group that arrived in Europe around the 14th century. Scholars argue about when and how they left India, bused the Middle East and came into Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gypsies+%28Romanies%29&rft.pages=xxxvii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaGreshamCalafell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, D.; Calafell, F. 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The Lancet Psychiatry. 10 (6): 381–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2215-0366%2823%2900144-x">10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366">2215-0366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Time+to+address+the+mental+health+challenges+of+the+South+Asian+diaspora&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=381-382&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs2215-0366%2823%2900144-x&rft.issn=2215-0366&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Hamza&rft.au=Roy%2C+Sakshi&rft.au=Ahluwalia%2C+Arjun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2823%2900144-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/war-6.htm">War of the Jews</a> 9:2. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Killebrew, Ann E.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC">Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter10/table_of_contents.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+development+of+Greek+society&rft.pub=Highered.mcgraw-hill.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighered.mcgraw-hill.com%2Fsites%2F0072424354%2Fstudent_view0%2Fchapter10%2Ftable_of_contents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195541/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html">"Hellenistic Civilization"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Fwc1%2Flectures%2F10hellenism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Jesch, J. A Viking Diaspora, London, Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Adrams, L. "Diaspora and Identity in the Viking Age", Early Medieval Europe, vol. 20(1), pp. 17–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxtell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Axtell, James (September–October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119071952/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART">"The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America"</a>. Humanities. 12 (5): 12–18. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4636419">4636419</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART">the original</a> on 19 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=The+Columbian+Mosaic+in+Colonial+America&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=12-18&rft.date=1991-09%2F1991-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4636419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Axtell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millersville.edu%2F~columbus%2Fdata%2Fart%2FAXTELL01.ART&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltis1987" class="citation book cs1">Eltis, Kingston David (1987). Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Oxford University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195364811" title="Special:BookSources/9780195364811"><bdi>9780195364811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+and+the+Ending+of+the+Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780195364811&rft.aulast=Eltis&rft.aufirst=Kingston+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Richmond, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartamento_de_Derecho_y_Ciencias_Políticas_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Matanza2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_La_Matanza" title="National University of La Matanza">Universidad Nacional de La Matanza</a> (14 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s">"Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina"</a>. infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar (in Spanish). <q>Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar&rft.atitle=Historias+de+inmigrantes+italianos+en+Argentina&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.au=Departamento+de+Derecho+y+Ciencias+Pol%C3%ADticas+de+la+Universidad+Nacional+de+La+Matanza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfouniversidades.siu.edu.ar%2Fnoticia.php%3Ftitulo%3Dhistorias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina%26id%3D1432%23.U2cKkYHa70s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pozzetta_et_al.-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pozzetta_et_al._91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pozzetta_et_al._91-1">b</a> Pozzetta, George E., Bruno Ramirez, and Robert F. 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Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487588069" title="Special:BookSources/9781487588069"><bdi>9781487588069</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090240955">1090240955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Justice+and+Israel%2FPalestine%3A+Foundational+and+Contemporary+Debates&rft.place=Toronto&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090240955&rft.isbn=9781487588069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1090240955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikand2004" class="citation book cs1">Sikand, Yoginder (31 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5aJi2loLcC">Muslims in India Since 1947</a>. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134378258" title="Special:BookSources/9781134378258"><bdi>9781134378258</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India+Since+1947&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-07-31&rft.isbn=9781134378258&rft.aulast=Sikand&rft.aufirst=Yoginder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyf5aJi2loLcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOh2006" class="citation journal cs1">Oh, Chong Jin (2006). "Diaspora nationalism: The case of ethnic Korea minority in Kazakhstan and its lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey". Nationalities Papers. 34 (2): 111–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990600617623">10.1080/00905990600617623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128636139">128636139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Diaspora+nationalism%3A+The+case+of+ethnic+Korea+minority+in+Kazakhstan+and+its+lessons+from+the+Crimean+Tatars+in+Turkey&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-129&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990600617623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128636139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=Chong+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissi2003" class="citation book cs1">Kissi, Edward (2003). "Genocide in Cambodia and Ethiopia". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C">The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521527507" title="Special:BookSources/9780521527507"><bdi>9780521527507</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2020. <q>About 100,000 of an estimated Cham population of 250,000, at the time of the revolution in 1975, had perished by the time the Khmer Rouge regime was overthrown by Vietnam in January 1979</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+in+Cambodia+and+Ethiopia&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521527507&rft.aulast=Kissi&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9Ro7b0tWz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-boat_people" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=boat+people">"boat people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=boat+people&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dboat%2Bpeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) – "2. Refugees who have left a country by sea, esp. the Vietnamese people who fled in small boats and moved to Hong Kong, Australia, and elsewhere after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> in 1975." </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG.OR?locations=AF&name_desc=false&view=map">"Refugee population by country or territory of origin"</a>. Data.WorldBank.org. The World Bank. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data.WorldBank.org&rft.atitle=Refugee+population+by+country+or+territory+of+origin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSM.POP.REFG.OR%3Flocations%3DAF%26name_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f090108_Cuba">"1959: The Cuban Revolution"</a>. Upfront: The Newsmagazine for Teens. Scholastic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upfront%3A+The+Newsmagazine+for+Teens&rft.atitle=1959%3A+The+Cuban+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteacher.scholastic.com%2Fscholasticnews%2Findepth%2Fupfront%2Ffeatures%2Findex.asp%3Farticle%3Df090108_Cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208105951/http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2011/6/14/39878/Nearly-20-of-all-Dominicans-live-abroad">"Nearly 20 Percent of All Dominicans Live Abroad"</a>. Dominican Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2011/6/14/39878/Nearly-20-of-all-Dominicans-live-abroad">the original</a> on 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dominican+Today&rft.atitle=Nearly+20+Percent+of+All+Dominicans+Live+Abroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicantoday.com%2Fdr%2Feconomy%2F2011%2F6%2F14%2F39878%2FNearly-20-of-all-Dominicans-live-abroad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0L4Pk5G0NjMC&dq=new+zim+diaspora&pg=PA198">Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival</a>. Berghahn Books. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845456580" title="Special:BookSources/9781845456580"><bdi>9781845456580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%27s+New+Diaspora%3A+Displacement+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Survival&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781845456580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0L4Pk5G0NjMC%26dq%3Dnew%2Bzim%2Bdiaspora%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Changzoo (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/64/pdfs/engaging-the-diaspora-in-an-era-of-transnationalism.pdf">"Engaging the diaspora in an era of transnationalism"</a> (PDF). IZA World of Labor: 1–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721100530/https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/64/pdfs/engaging-the-diaspora-in-an-era-of-transnationalism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2020. <q>Since the 1990s, South Korea's population has been aging and its fertility rate has fallen. At the same time, the number of Koreans living abroad has risen considerably. These trends threaten to diminish South Korea's international and economic stature. To mitigate the negative effects of these new challenges, South Korea has begun to engage the seven million Koreans living abroad, transforming the diaspora into a positive force for long-term development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IZA+World+of+Labor&rft.atitle=Engaging+the+diaspora+in+an+era+of+transnationalism&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2014-05&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Changzoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.iza.org%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F64%2Fpdfs%2Fengaging-the-diaspora-in-an-era-of-transnationalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation news cs1">Sengupta, Kim (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/will-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html">"Will Iraq's 1.3 million refugees ever be able to go home?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Will+Iraq%27s+1.3+million+refugees+ever+be+able+to+go+home%3F&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fwill-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(UNHCR)" class="citation web cs1">(UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219072255/http://www.data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php">"UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php">the original</a> on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+Syria+Regional+Refugee+Response&rft.aulast=%28UNHCR%29&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.unhcr.org%2Fsyrianrefugees%2Fregional.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFپایگاه_خبری_تحلیلی_انتخاب2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب (3 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/705573">"روزنامه جوان: در سال ۲۰۲۲ نزدیک به ۳/۳ درصد مردم ایران مهاجرت کردند / ۳۰ هزار کادر درمان درخواست "نداشتن سوءپیشینه" داشته‌اند که مقصدشان عمان بوده‌ است / ۳۷ درصد از رتبه‌های برتر کنکور و المپیاد‌ها از کشور مهاجرت می‌کنند"</a> [Javan newspaper: In 2022, nearly 3.3% of Iranian people emigrated / 30,000 medical staff have applied for 'not having a bad history' and their destination was Oman / 37% of the top ranks of entrance examinations and Olympiads will emigrate from the country]. Entekhab.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entekhab.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84+%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B2+%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9+%D8%A8%D9%87+%DB%B3%2F%DB%B3+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF+%2F+%DB%B3%DB%B0+%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA+%22%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%22+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF+%DA%A9%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA+%2F+%DB%B3%DB%B7+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1+%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft.au=%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entekhab.ir%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F705573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1401/10/13/2830996/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85">"رضادوست: میزبان پنج میلیون میهمان افغانستانی از طیف‌‌های مختلف هستیم- اخبار افغانستان - 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G. (ed.), Negotiating Diaspora: Jewish Strategies in the Roman Empire, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004</li> <li>Baser, B. & Swain, A. Diasporas as Peacemakers: Third Party Mediation in Homeland Conflicts with Ashok Swain. International Journal on World Peace 25 (3), September 2008.</li> <li>Braziel, Jana Evans. 2008. Diaspora: An Introduction. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Brubaker" title="Rogers Brubaker">Brubaker, Rogers</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409151719/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/brubaker/Publications/29_Diaspora_diaspora_ERS.pdf">"The 'diaspora' diaspora"</a> (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 28 (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0141987042000289997">10.1080/0141987042000289997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17914353">17914353</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/brubaker/Publications/29_Diaspora_diaspora_ERS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%27diaspora%27+diaspora&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0141987042000289997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17914353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsoc%2Ffaculty%2Fbrubaker%2FPublications%2F29_Diaspora_diaspora_ERS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bueltmann, Tanja, et al. eds. Locating the English Diaspora, 1500–2010 (Liverpool University Press, 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaliandRageau1995" class="citation book cs1">Chaliand, Gérard; Rageau, Jean-Pierre (1995). Penguin Atlas of Diasporas. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670854394" title="Special:BookSources/9780670854394"><bdi>9780670854394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Atlas+of+Diasporas&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780670854394&rft.aulast=Chaliand&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.au=Rageau%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cohen" title="Robin Cohen">Cohen, Robin</a> (2008). Global Diasporas: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415435505" title="Special:BookSources/9780415435505"><bdi>9780415435505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Diasporas%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415435505&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Délano Alonso, Alexandra & <a href="/wiki/Harris_Mylonas" title="Harris Mylonas">Mylonas, Harris</a>. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160">The Microfoundations of Diaspora Politics: Unpacking the State and Disaggregating the Diaspora</a>", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Volume 45, Issue 4: 473–491.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubnow1931" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dubnow, Simon (1931). "Diaspora". In Johnson, Alvin (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. 5. New York: Macmillan. pp. 126–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diaspora&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126-130&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Dubnow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufoix2017" class="citation book cs1">Dufoix, Stéphane (2017). The Dispersion: A History of the Word Diaspora. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004326910" title="Special:BookSources/9789004326910"><bdi>9789004326910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dispersion%3A+A+History+of+the+Word+Diaspora&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004326910&rft.aulast=Dufoix&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Galil" title="Gershon Galil">Galil, Gershon</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Weinfeld" title="Moshe Weinfeld">Weinfeld, Moshe</a>, Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography: Presented to Zekharyah Ḳalai, Brill, 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayasuriyaPankhurst2003" class="citation book cs1">Jayasuriya, Shihan De S.; Pankhurst, Richard, eds. (2003). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Trenton: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865439801" title="Special:BookSources/9780865439801"><bdi>9780865439801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Diaspora+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.place=Trenton&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780865439801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kantor, Mattis, The Jewish Timeline Encyclopedia: A Year-by-year History from Creation to the Present, (new updated edition), Northvalem New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1992</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Kevin (2013). Diaspora: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Luciuk, Lubomyr, Searching for Place: Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada and the Migration of Memory. University of Toronto Press, 2000.</li> <li>Mahroum, Sami & De Guchteneire, P. (2007), Transnational Knowledge Through Diaspora Networks-Editorial. International Journal of Multicultural Societies 8 (1), pp. 1–3</li> <li>Mahroum, Sami; Eldridge, Cynthia; Daar, Abdallah S. (2006). Transnational diaspora options: How developing countries could benefit from their emigrant populations. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2006.</li> <li>Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36968937/Вплив_етнічних_діаспор_на_прийняття_правових_актів_у_США">Impact of ethnic diasporas on the adoption of normative legal acts in the United States</a>". Viche. 8: pp. 19–23.</li> <li>Oonk, G., Global Indian Diasporas: trajectories of migration and theory, Amsterdam University Press, 2007 Free download <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205054154/http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/260518">here</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafran1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safran" title="William Safran">Safran, William</a> (1991). "Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return". Diaspora. 1 (1): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdsp.1991.0004">10.1353/dsp.1991.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143442531">143442531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diaspora&rft.atitle=Diasporas+in+Modern+Societies%3A+Myths+of+Homeland+and+Return&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-99&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fdsp.1991.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143442531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Safran&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shain, Yossi, Kinship and Diasporas in International Politics, Michigan University Press, 2007</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTölölyan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tölölyan, Khachig (1996). "Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transnational Moment". Diaspora. 5 (1): 3–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdsp.1996.0000">10.1353/dsp.1996.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145562896">145562896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diaspora&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Diaspora%28s%29%3A+Stateless+Power+in+the+Transnational+Moment&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-36&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fdsp.1996.0000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145562896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6l%C3%B6lyan&rft.aufirst=Khachig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Weheliye, Alexander G. "My Volk to Come: Peoplehood in Recent Diaspora Discourse and Afro-German Popular Music." Black Europe and the African Diaspora. Ed. Darlene Clark. Hine, Trica Danielle. Keaton, and Stephen Small. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2009. pp. 161–179.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinar2010" class="citation book cs1">Weinar, Agnieszka (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWBuLV9L8WoC&pg=PA73">"Instrumentalising diasporas for development: International and European policy discourses"</a>. In Bauböck, Rainer; Faist, Thomas (eds.). Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 73–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789089642387" title="Special:BookSources/9789089642387"><bdi>9789089642387</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instrumentalising+diasporas+for+development%3A+International+and+European+policy+discourses&rft.btitle=Diaspora+and+Transnationalism%3A+Concepts%2C+Theories+and+Methods&rft.pages=73-89&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789089642387&rft.aulast=Weinar&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWBuLV9L8WoC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaspora" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Xharra, B. & Wählisch, M. Beyond Remittances: Public Diplomacy and Kosovo's Diaspora, Foreign Policy Club, Pristina (2012), abstract and free access <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2108317">here</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cohen, Robin, and Carolin Fischer (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Diaspora Studies (2019)</li> <li>Gewecke, Frauke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/d_Diaspora.html">"Diaspora"</a> (2012). University Bielefeld – Center for InterAmerican Studies.</li> <li>Knott, Kim, and Sean McLoughlin, eds. Diasporas: Concepts, Intersections, Identities (2010)</li> <li>Sheffer, Gabriel. Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaspora&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaspora" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:diaspora">diaspora</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diasporas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diasporas">diasporas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/di-dn/diaspora/diaspora.htm">Livius.org: Diaspora</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202726/http://www.livius.org/di-dn/diaspora/diaspora.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205054154/http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/260518">Open access book on Diasporas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322051627/http://www.unaoc.org/communities/migrationintegration/">Integration: Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS)</a> UN Alliance of Civilizations online community on Good Practices of Integration of Migrants across the World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/chssedinburgh/sets/diasporic-trajectories">Diasporic Trajectories: Transnational Cultures in the 21st Century</a> Podcast playlist of a seminar series held in 2015 at the University of Edinburgh, School of Literatures, Languages, and Cultures</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diasporas" title="Template:Diasporas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Diasporas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Diasporas (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diasporas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diasporas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diasporas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diasporas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_the_African_Union.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Regions_of_the_African_Union.png/60px-Regions_of_the_African_Union.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Regions_of_the_African_Union.png/90px-Regions_of_the_African_Union.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Regions_of_the_African_Union.png/120px-Regions_of_the_African_Union.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_diaspora" title="Cameroonian diaspora">Cameroonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese diaspora">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_diaspora" title="South Sudanese diaspora">South Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_diaspora" title="Ethiopian diaspora">Ethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_diaspora" title="Algerian diaspora">Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_diaspora" title="Moroccan diaspora">Moroccans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy diaspora">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_diaspora" title="Malawian diaspora">Malawians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_diaspora" title="South African diaspora">South Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_diaspora" title="Zimbabwean diaspora">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_diaspora" title="Cape Verdean diaspora">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian diaspora">Ghanaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivorian diaspora">Ivorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Nigerians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration from Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_diaspora" title="Asian diaspora">Asia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/60px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/90px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/120px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="2240" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols#Geographic_distribution" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_diaspora" title="Mongolian diaspora">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese" title="Overseas Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_diaspora" title="Maldivian diaspora">Maldivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Resident Nepali">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_diaspora" title="Baloch diaspora">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Odia" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_diaspora" title="Kashmiri diaspora">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpuri_diaspora" title="Mirpuri diaspora">Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_diaspora" title="Mizo diaspora">Mizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_diaspora" title="Saraiki diaspora">Saraikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_diaspora" title="South Indian diaspora">South Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_diaspora" title="Malayali diaspora">Malayalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">In the Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_diaspora" title="Telugu diaspora">Telugus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_diaspora" title="Burmese diaspora">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians" title="Overseas Indonesians">Indonesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Acehnese" title="Overseas Acehnese">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_diaspora" title="Javanese diaspora">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Minangkabau" title="Overseas Minangkabau">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluccan_diaspora" title="Moluccan diaspora">Moluccans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_diaspora" title="Laotian diaspora">Laotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Malays" title="Overseas Malays">Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Singaporean" title="Overseas Singaporean">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Thai" title="Overseas Thai">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_diaspora" title="Emirati diaspora">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora" title="Iraqi diaspora">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_diaspora" title="Yemeni diaspora">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jews</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population#Diaspora" title="Kurdish population">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Europe_map_with_description.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe_map_with_description.png/60px-Europe_map_with_description.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe_map_with_description.png/90px-Europe_map_with_description.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe_map_with_description.png/120px-Europe_map_with_description.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="710" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">Britain</a> and Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_diaspora" title="Chechen diaspora">Chechens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Georgians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrians_Abroad" title="Austrians Abroad">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_diaspora" title="Kashubian diaspora">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_diaspora" title="Slovak diaspora">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_diaspora" title="Slovene diaspora">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_abroad" title="Swiss abroad">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_diaspora" title="Belarusian diaspora">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danes#Diaspora" title="Danes">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians#Emigration" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_diaspora" title="Finnish diaspora">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_diaspora" title="Icelandic diaspora">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_diaspora" title="Latvian diaspora">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians#Diaspora" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_diaspora" title="Norwegian diaspora">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Kosovars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_diaspora" title="Aromanian diaspora">Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_diaspora" title="Bosnian diaspora">Bosnians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_diaspora" title="Bulgarian diaspora">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">Greek Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_diaspora" title="Macedonian diaspora">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_diaspora" title="Moldovan diaspora">Moldovans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_diaspora" title="Serbian diaspora">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora#Diaspora_of_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Turkish diaspora">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwestern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people#Maltese_emigration_and_expatriation" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spaniards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturians#Emigration" title="Asturians">Asturians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_diaspora" title="Basque diaspora">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Canarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicians#People_of_Galician_origin" title="Galicians">Galicians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian diaspora">Belgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people#Diaspora" title="Flemish people">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_people#Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon people">Walloons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebecois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_people#Breton_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_people#The_Corsican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican people">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers#Location" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_diaspora" title="Oceanian diaspora">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_diaspora" title="Australian diaspora">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_diaspora" title="New Zealand diaspora">New Zealanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Hemisphere <a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/60px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/90px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">Jamaicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_diaspora" title="Latin American diaspora">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_diaspora" title="Brazilian diaspora">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Colombia" title="Emigration from Colombia">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_diaspora" title="Dominican diaspora">Dominicans (Dominican Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Ecuador" title="Emigration from Ecuador">Ecuadorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora" title="Haitian diaspora">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_diaspora" title="Honduran diaspora">Hondurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican diaspora">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_diaspora" title="Nicaraguan diaspora">Nicaraguans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Uruguay" title="Emigration from Uruguay">Uruguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_diaspora" title="Venezuelan diaspora">Venezuelans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="American diaspora">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_diaspora" title="Canadian diaspora">Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Religious" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist diaspora">Buddhist diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_emigration" title="Christian emigration">Christian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain diaspora">Jain diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Muslim diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_diaspora" title="Colonial diaspora">Colonial diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">Trading diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_language" title="Diaspora language">Diaspora language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics / sociology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non–academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" 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[\"CITEREFDemick2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemir2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartamento_de_Derecho_y_Ciencias_Políticas_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Matanza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubnow1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDufoix2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDélano_AlonsoMylonas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEltis1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansAbraham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabaccia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGauntAttoBarthoma2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilchrist2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarutyunyan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasuriyaPankhurst2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalaydjievaGreshamCalafell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKissi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemenčič\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKodmani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonrádBarthMrňka2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLionaisMurrayDonatelli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaCartier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkham1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin_Ember,_Carol_R._Ember_and_Ian_Skoggard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonks2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro-Hay1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMylonas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjoroge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivares2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson-de_la_Cueva2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPozzetta1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafran1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchama2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahRoyAhluwalia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanti1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilke_Carty2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSori1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobagi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTölölyan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Den_BosNell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWwirtz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYun2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFپایگاه_خبری_تحلیلی_انتخاب2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Diasporas\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 4,\n [\"Globalization\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Not to be confused with\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oed\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","23.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","11.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.9"],["recursiveClone 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