CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Elinor Ostrom - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2bcd13f5-082c-4df0-99a4-9e0b1fd6345d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Elinor_Ostrom","wgTitle":"Elinor Ostrom","wgCurRevisionId":1255520170,"wgRevisionId":1255520170,"wgArticleId":5033761,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from June 2012","Articles with hCards","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles containing video clips","1933 births", "2012 deaths","Nobel laureates in Economics","American Nobel laureates","Women Nobel laureates","20th-century American economists","21st-century American economists","Climate economists","Environmental economists","Information economists","New institutional economists","American women economists","Jewish American economists","Jewish American non-fiction writers","Jewish women writers","21st-century American women writers","20th-century American non-fiction writers","20th-century American women writers","21st-century American non-fiction writers","American women political scientists","American women non-fiction writers","American Protestants","Beverly Hills High School alumni","Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences","Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences","Public commons","University of California, Los Angeles alumni","Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Indiana","Members of the American Philosophical Society"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Elinor_Ostrom","wgRelevantArticleId":5033761,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q153761", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible" ,"mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg/1200px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1784"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg/800px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1189"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg/640px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="952"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Elinor Ostrom - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Elinor_Ostrom rootpage-Elinor_Ostrom skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Elinor+Ostrom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Elinor+Ostrom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Elinor+Ostrom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Elinor+Ostrom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Design_principles_illustrated_by_long-enduring_CPR_(Common_Pool_Resource)_institutions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Design_principles_illustrated_by_long-enduring_CPR_(Common_Pool_Resource)_institutions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Design principles illustrated by long-enduring CPR (Common Pool Resource) institutions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Design_principles_illustrated_by_long-enduring_CPR_(Common_Pool_Resource)_institutions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Environmental protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ostrom's_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostrom's_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ostrom's law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostrom's_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize_in_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nobel Prize in Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize_in_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters_in_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters_in_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Chapters in books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters_in_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elinor Ostrom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="إلينور أوستروم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلينور أوستروم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="الینور اوستروم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الینور اوستروم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="এলিনর অস্ট্রম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এলিনর অস্ট্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Элинор Остром – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Элинор Остром" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элінар Острам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элінар Острам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Елинор Остром – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елинор Остром" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostromov%C3%A1" title="Elinor Ostromová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elinor Ostromová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC" title="Έλινορ Όστρομ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έλινορ Όστρομ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="الینور اوستروم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الینور اوستروم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%88_%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%AC" title="엘리너 오스트롬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리너 오스트롬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Էլինոր Օսթրոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլինոր Օսթրոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE" title="इलिनॉर ऑस्ट्रॉम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलिनॉर ऑस्ट्रॉम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אלינור אוסטרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלינור אוסטרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელინორ ოსტრომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელინორ ოსტრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinora_Ostroma" title="Elinora Ostroma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elinora Ostroma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="इलिनर अस्ट्रम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इलिनर अस्ट्रम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="എലിനോർ ഓസ്‌ട്രോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എലിനോർ ഓസ്‌ട്രോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE" title="इलिनॉर ओस्ट्रॉम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इलिनॉर ओस्ट्रॉम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="الينور اوستروم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الينور اوستروم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="इलिनर अस्ट्रम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलिनर अस्ट्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0" title="エリノア・オストロム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリノア・オストロム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE" title="ਏਲੀਨੋਰ ਓਸਟਰੋਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਲੀਨੋਰ ਓਸਟਰੋਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="الینور آسٹروم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الینور آسٹروم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Остром, Элинор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остром, Элинор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostromov%C3%A1" title="Elinor Ostromová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elinor Ostromová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئێلینۆر ئۆسترۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلینۆر ئۆسترۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Елинор Остром – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елинор Остром" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எலினோர் ஒசுட்ரொம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலினோர் ஒசுட்ரொம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Элинор Остром – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Элинор Остром" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%82" title="ఎలినార్ అస్ట్రోం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలినార్ అస్ట్రోం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Елинор Остром – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Елинор Остром" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Остром, Элинор – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Остром, Элинор" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Елінор Остром – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елінор Остром" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%85" title="الینراوسٹرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الینراوسٹرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%89%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86" title="埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86" title="奧斯特羅姆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧斯特羅姆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Elinor Ostrom" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%89%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86" title="埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153761#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Elinor_Ostrom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Elinor_Ostrom" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Elinor_Ostrom" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&oldid=1255520170" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Elinor_Ostrom&id=1255520170&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElinor_Ostrom"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElinor_Ostrom"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Elinor_Ostrom&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elinor_Ostrom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153761" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political economist (1933–2012)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Elinor Ostrom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg/220px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg/330px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg/440px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ostrom in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Elinor Claire Awan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1933-08-07</span>)</span>August 7, 1933<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 12, 2012<span style="display:none">(2012-06-12)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Scott<br /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ostrom" title="Vincent Ostrom">Vincent Ostrom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–2012; her death)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data">Dwaine Marvick</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_analysis" title="Institutional analysis">Institutional Analysis and Development framework</a></li><li><i>Governing the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize</a></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award</a></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">US National Academy of Sciences electee</a></div></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science">Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science</a></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pos55.html">Information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elinor Claire</b> "<b>Lin</b>" <b>Ostrom</b> (née <b>Awan</b>; August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature-obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose work was associated with <a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New Institutional Economics</a> and the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> for her "analysis of economic governance, especially <a href="/wiki/The_commons" class="mw-redirect" title="The commons">the commons</a>", which she shared with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a>; she was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">the first woman</a> to win the prize.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trained in political science at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, Ostrom was a faculty member at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a> in Bloomington for 47 years. Beginning in the 1960s, Ostrom was involved in resource management policy and created a research center, the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, which attracted scientists from different disciplines from around the world. Working and teaching at her center was created on the principle of a workshop, rather than a university with lectures and a strict hierarchy. Late in her career, she held an affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>. </p><p>Ostrom studied the interaction of people and ecosystems for many years and showed that the use of exhaustible resources by groups of people (communities, cooperatives, trusts, trade unions) can be rational and prevent depletion of the resource without either <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> intervention or <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elinor Claire Awan was born in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a> as the only child of Leah Hopkins, a musician, and Adrian Awan, a set designer.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TelegraphObit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphObit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her parents separated early in her life, and Elinor lived with her mother most of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attended a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> church with her mother and often spent weekends with her father's Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing up in the post-Depression era to divorced artisans, Ostrom described herself as a "poor kid."<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her major recreational activity was swimming, where she eventually joined a swimming team and swam competitively until she started teaching swimming to earn funds to help put herself through college.<sup id="cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom grew up across the street from <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_High_School" title="Beverly Hills High School">Beverly Hills High School</a>, which she attended, graduating in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She regarded this as fortunate, for the school had a very high rate of college admittance. During Ostrom's junior year, she was encouraged to join the debate team. Learning debate tactics had an important impact on her ways of thinking. It allowed her to realize there are two sides to public policy and it is imperative to have quality arguments for both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a high school student, Elinor Ostrom had been discouraged from studying <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, as girls without top marks in <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> were not allowed to take the subject. No one in her immediate family had any college experience, but seeing that 90% of students in her high school attended college, she saw it as the "normal" thing to do.<sup id="cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother did not wish for her to attend college, seeing no reason for it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She attended UCLA, receiving a B.A. with honors in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By attending multiple summer sessions and extra classes throughout semesters, she was able to graduate in three years. She worked at the library, <a href="/wiki/Dime_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Dime store">dime store</a> and bookstore in order to pay her fees which were $50 per semester.<sup id="cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation, she had trouble finding a job because employers presumed that she was only looking for jobs as a teacher or secretary. She began a job as an export clerk after taking a correspondence course for <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a>, which she later found to be helpful when taking notes in face-to-face interviews on research projects. After a year, she obtained a position as assistant personnel manager in a business firm that had never before hired a woman in anything but a secretarial position. This job inspired her to think about attending graduate-level courses and eventually applying for a research assistantship and admission to a Ph.D. program.<sup id="cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lacking any math from her undergraduate education and trigonometry from high school, she was consequently rejected for an economics Ph.D. program at UCLA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was admitted to UCLA's graduate program in political science, where she was awarded an M.A. in 1962 and a Ph.D. in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teams of graduate students she was involved with were analyzing the political economic effects of a group of groundwater basins in Southern California. Specifically, Ostrom was assigned to look at the West Basin. She found it is very difficult to manage a common-pool resource when it is used between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locals were pumping too much groundwater and salt water seeped into the basin. Ostrom was impressed with how people from conflicting and overlapping jurisdictions who depended on that source found incentives to settle contradictions and solve the problem. She made the study of this collaboration the topic of her dissertation, laying the foundation for the study of "shared resources". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ostrom was informed by fieldwork, both her own and that of others. During her PhD at the University of California, Los Angeles, she spent years studying the water wars and pumping races going on in the 1950s in her own dry backyard. In contrast to the prevailing rational-economic predictions of <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>, she showed cases where humans were not trapped and helpless amid diminishing supplies. In her book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governing_the_Commons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Governing the Commons (page does not exist)">Governing the Commons</a></i>, she draws on studies of irrigation systems in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, mountain villages in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and fisheries in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ostrom" title="Vincent Ostrom">Vincent Ostrom</a>, Charles Tiebout, and Robert Warren published "The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas," which would go on to be an influential article and introduced themes that would be central to the Ostroms' work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the article aggravated a conflict with UCLA's Bureau of Governmental Research because, counter to the Bureau's interests, it advised against centralization of metropolitan areas in favor of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polycentric" class="extiw" title="wikt:polycentric">polycentrism</a>. This conflict prompted the Ostroms to leave UCLA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They moved to <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>, in 1965, when Vincent accepted a political science professorship at Indiana University.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She joined the faculty as a visiting assistant professor. The first course she taught was an evening class on American government.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zagorski_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagorski-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Ostrom is probably best known for revisiting the so-called “<a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>" – a theory proposed by biologist <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"In an article by the same name published in the journal Science, Hardin theorized that if each herdsman sharing a piece of common grazing land made the individually rational economic decision of increasing the number of cattle he keeps on the land, the collective effect would deplete or destroy the commons. In other words, multiple individuals—acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest—will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even when it is clear that it is not in anyone’s long-term interest for this to happen. Ostrom believes that the “tragedy” in such situations isn’t inevitable, as Hardin thought. Instead, if the herders decide to cooperate with one another, monitoring each other’s use of the land and enforcing rules for managing it, they can avoid the tragedy."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a> believes that the most important aspect that we need to realize today is the need to abandon the principle of shared resources in reproduction. A possible alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a> (shared needs) was described in Elinor Ostrom's book <i>Governing the Commons</i>. Based on her fieldwork, the book demonstrates that there are practical algorithms for the collective use of a limited common resource, which solve the many issues with both government/regulation driven solutions and market-based ones. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/SPEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University in Bloomington, where Ostrom taught.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1973, Ostrom and her husband founded the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examining the use of <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (sociology)">trust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> in the management of <a href="/wiki/Common_pool_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Common pool resources">common pool resources</a> (CPR), her institutional approach to public policy, known as the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_analysis_and_development_framework" title="Institutional analysis and development framework">Institutional analysis and development framework</a> (IAD), has been considered sufficiently distinct to be thought of as a separate school of <a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">public choice theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She authored many books in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">organizational theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>. Elinor Ostrom was a dedicated scholar until the very end of her life. Indeed, on the day before she died, she sent e-mail messages to at least two different sets of coauthors about papers that she was writing with them. She was the chief scientific advisor for the International Council for Science (ICSU) Planet Under Pressure meeting in London in March, and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Rockstr%C3%B6m" title="Johan Rockström">Johan Rockström</a> of the Stockholm Resilience Centre wrote that</p><blockquote><p>"Lin, up until the very end, was heavily involved in our preparations for the Nobel laureate dialogues on global sustainability we will be hosting in Rio 17th and 18th of June during the UN Rio+20 Earth Summit. In the end, she decided she could not come in person, but was contributing sharp, enthusiastically charged, inputs, in the way only she could."<sup id="cite_ref-Arrow_13135–13136_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow_13135–13136-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It was long unanimously held among economists that natural resources that were collectively used by their users would be over-exploited and destroyed in the long-term. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters and forests. She showed that when natural resources are jointly used by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and they become used in a way that is both economically and ecologically sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom was appointed Professor of Political Science in 1974. She was the head of the department from 1980 to 1984, and then held the Arthur F. Bentley Chair of Political Science<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was appointed Distinguished Professor in 2010 and held a partial appointment in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. </p><p>She was senior research director of the Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Distinguished Professor and Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences, and professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis was meant to utilize diverse scholars throughout economics, political science, and other fields to collaborate and attempt to understand how institutional arrangements in a diverse set of ecological and social economic political settings affected behavior and outcomes. The goal was not to fly around the world collecting data, rather it is to create a network of scholars who live in particular areas of the world and had strong interests in forest conditions and forest policy conducted the studies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom's innovative and ground-breaking research was supported by <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew Mellon Foundation</a>, the Hynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>, U.S.A.I.D., the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom has been involved in international activities throughout her long and productive career. She had experience in Kenya, Nepal and Nigeria, and also made research trips to Australia, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Indonesia, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. During workshops and research grants, she and her husband supported many international students, and visited researchers and policymakers. They did not have children of their own and used personal funds and efforts to receive grants to help others. In a 2010 interview, Ostrom noted that because they had no family to support, “I was not ever concerned about salary, so that’s never been an issue for me. For some colleagues who have big families, and all the rest, it’s a major issue.” <sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom was a founding member and first president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Study_of_the_Commons" title="International Association for the Study of the Commons">IASC (International Association for the Study of the Commons)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a lead researcher for the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP), managed by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a> and funded by <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Researcher_for_Virginia_Tech_program_wins_Nobel_Prize_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Researcher_for_Virginia_Tech_program_wins_Nobel_Prize-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 2008, she and her husband <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ostrom" title="Vincent Ostrom">Vincent Ostrom</a> advised the journal <i>Transnational Corporations Review</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ostrom's early work emphasized the role of public choice on decisions influencing the production of public goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among her better known works in this area is her study on the polycentricity of police functions in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caring for the commons had to be a multiple task, organised from the ground up and shaped to cultural norms. It had to be discussed face to face, and based on trust. Dr. Ostrom, besides poring over satellite data and quizzing lobstermen herself, enjoyed employing game theory to try to predict the behaviour of people faced with limited resources. In her Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University—set up with her husband Vincent, a political scientist, in 1973—her students were given shares in a national common. When they discussed what they should do before they did it, their rate of return from their "investments" more than doubled. Her later, and more famous, work focused on how humans interact with <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Common pool resources include many forests, fisheries, oil fields, grazing lands, and irrigation systems. She conducted her field studies on the management of pasture by locals in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and irrigation systems management in villages of western <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang Deukhuri</a>). Her work has considered how societies have developed diverse <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutional arrangements</a> for <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">managing natural resources</a> and avoiding <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_collapse" title="Ecosystem collapse">ecosystem collapse</a> in many cases, even though some arrangements have failed to prevent resource exhaustion. Her work emphasized the multifaceted nature of human–ecosystem interaction and argues against any singular "panacea" for individual <a href="/wiki/Social_ecological_model" title="Social ecological model">social-ecological system</a> problems.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Design_principles_illustrated_by_long-enduring_CPR_(Common_Pool_Resource)_institutions""><span id=".22Design_principles_illustrated_by_long-enduring_CPR_.28Common_Pool_Resource.29_institutions.22"></span>"Design principles illustrated by long-enduring CPR (Common Pool Resource) institutions"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Design principles illustrated by long-enduring CPR (Common Pool Resource) institutions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In <i>Governing the Commons</i>, Ostrom summarized eight design principles that were present in the sustainable common pool resource institutions she studied:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>1. Clearly defined boundaries   </p><p>   Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from the CPR must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the CPR itself. </p><p>2. Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions   </p><p>   Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local labor, material, and/or money. </p><p>3. Collective-choice arrangements   </p><p>   Most individuals affected by the operational rules can participate in modifying the operational rules. </p><p>4. Monitoring   </p><p>   Monitors, who actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators. </p><p>5. Graduated sanctions   </p><p>   Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or by both. </p><p>6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms   </p><p>   Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials. </p><p>7. Minimal recognition of rights to organize   </p><p>   The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities. </p><p><i>For CPRs that fire parts of larger systems:</i> </p><p>8. Nested enterprises   </p><p> Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises.</p></blockquote><p>These principles have since been slightly modified and expanded to include a number of additional variables believed to affect the success of <a href="/wiki/Self-organized#Self-organization_in_human_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-organized">self-organized governance systems</a>, including effective communication, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">internal trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a>, and the nature of the resource system as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive "<a href="/wiki/Socio-ecological_system" title="Socio-ecological system">Social-Ecological Systems</a> (SES) framework", within which much of the still-evolving theory of common-pool resources and collective <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> is now located.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_protection">Environmental protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_for_Urban_and_Regional_Research" title="Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research">Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research</a>, "Ostrom cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective action problem of coordinating work against <a href="/wiki/Environmental_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental destruction">environmental destruction</a>. Partly, this is due to their complexity, and partly to the diversity of actors involved. Her proposal was that of a polycentric approach, where key management decisions should be made as close to the scene of events and the actors involved as possible." Ostrom helped disprove the idea held by economists that natural resources would be over-used and destroyed in the long run. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters in Maine and Indonesia, and forests in Nepal. She showed that when natural resources are jointly managed by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and used in a way that is both economically and ecologically sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostrom's_law"><span id="Ostrom.27s_law"></span>Ostrom's law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ostrom's law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ostrom's law</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Adage" class="mw-redirect" title="Adage">adage</a> that represents how Elinor Ostrom's works in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> challenge previous theoretical frameworks and assumptions about <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>. Ostrom's detailed analyses of functional examples of the commons create an alternative view of the arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">resources</a> that are both practically and theoretically possible. This <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous law">eponymous law</a> is stated succinctly by Lee Anne Fennell as: </p> <blockquote><p>A resource arrangement that works in practice can work in theory.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After college, Ostrom married a classmate, Charles Scott, and worked at <a href="/wiki/General_Radio" title="General Radio">General Radio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, while Scott attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divorced several years later when Ostrom began contemplating a Ph.D.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harford_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harford-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her postgraduate seminar was led by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ostrom" title="Vincent Ostrom">Vincent Ostrom</a>, an associate professor of political science, 14 years her senior, whom she married in 1963. This marked the beginning of a lifelong partnership named "love and contestation," as Ostrom put it in her dedication to her seminal 1990 book, <i>Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ostrom was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zagorski_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagorski-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> and the Public Choice Society. In 1999, she became the first woman to receive the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science">Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostrom was awarded the Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award for Political Economy in 1998. Her presented paper, on "The Comparative Study of Public Economies",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was followed by a discussion among <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>. She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Carty_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carty-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 2005, received the James Madison Award by the American Political Science Association. In 2008, she became the first woman to receive the <a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a> Prize in political science; and, the following year, she received the Tisch Civic Engagement Research Prize from the <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Tisch_College_of_Citizenship_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service">Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>. In 2010, the <i><a href="/wiki/Utne_Reader" title="Utne Reader">Utne Reader</a></i> magazine included Ostrom as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World".<sup id="cite_ref-utne_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utne-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was named one of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2012. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_Studies" title="International Institute of Social Studies">International Institute of Social Studies</a> (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship to her in 2002.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv/220px-seek%3D4-Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="588" data-mwtitle="Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Economics_2009-5.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Telephone interview with Elinor Ostrom</figcaption></figure><p>In 2008 she was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a>, doctor honoris causa, at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, Indiana University Bloomington announced that as part of their Bridging the Visibility Gap initiative, a statue of Ostrom would be placed outside of the building which houses the university's political science department.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize_in_Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize in Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, Ostrom became the first woman to receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> cited Ostrom "for her analysis of economic governance", saying her work had demonstrated how <a href="/wiki/Common_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Common property">common property</a> could be successfully managed by groups using it. Ostrom and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a> shared the 10-million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> (€990,000; $1.44 million) prize for their separate work in <a href="/wiki/Economic_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic governance">economic governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_20091012_ostromprize_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_20091012_ostromprize-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she had done with previous monetary prizes, Ostrom donated her award to the Workshop she helped to found.<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arrow_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_Photo_(4171912803).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Group_Photo_%284171912803%29.jpg/220px-Group_Photo_%284171912803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Group_Photo_%284171912803%29.jpg/330px-Group_Photo_%284171912803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Group_Photo_%284171912803%29.jpg/440px-Group_Photo_%284171912803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2709" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Elinor Ostrom with the other 2009 Nobel laureates</figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Ostrom's "research brought this topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific attention...by showing how common resources—forests, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil fields">oil fields</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing lands</a>—can be managed successfully by the people who use them rather than by governments or private companies". Ostrom's work in this regard challenged <a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a>, showing that common resources can be successfully managed without <a href="/wiki/Government_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regulation">government regulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In awarding Ostrom the Nobel Prize for the Analysis of Economic Governance, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted that her work "teaches us novel lessons about the deep mechanisms that sustain cooperation in human societies." Even if Ostrom's selection (along with co-recipient Oliver Williamson of the University of California, Berkeley) seemed odd to some, others saw it as an appropriate reaction to free-market inefficiencies highlighted by the 2008 financial crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ostrom was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final year of her life, she continued to write and lecture, giving the <a href="/wiki/Hayek_Lecture" title="Hayek Lecture">Hayek Lecture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> just eleven weeks before her death.<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died at 6:40 a.m. Tuesday, June 12, 2012, at IU Health Bloomington Hospital at the age of 78.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of her death, she published her last article, "Green from the Grassroots," in <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> president Michael McRobbie wrote: "Indiana University has lost an irreplaceable and magnificent treasure with the passing of Elinor Ostrom".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her Indiana colleague Michael McGinnis commented after her death that Ostrom donated her share of the $1.4 million Nobel award money to the Workshop—the biggest, by far, of several academic prizes with monetary awards that the Ostroms had given to the center over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrow_13135–13136_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow_13135–13136-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her husband Vincent died 17 days later from complications related to cancer. He was 92.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOstrom1990" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governingcommons0000ostr/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40599-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40599-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+Commons%3A+The+Evolution+of+Institutions+for+Collective+Action&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40599-7&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoverningcommons0000ostr%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromSchroederWynne1993" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Schroeder, Larry; Wynne, Susan (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/institutionalinc0000ostr/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Institutional incentives and sustainable development: infrastructure policies in perspective</i></a></span>. Boulder: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1619-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1619-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-1619-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutional+incentives+and+sustainable+development%3A+infrastructure+policies+in+perspective&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1619-2&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Larry&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finstitutionalinc0000ostr%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromWalkerGardner1994" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Walker, James; Gardner, Roy (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rulesgamescommon0000ostr"><i>Rules, games, and common-pool resources</i></a></span>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06546-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06546-2"><bdi>978-0-472-06546-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules%2C+games%2C+and+common-pool+resources&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06546-2&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Walker%2C+James&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frulesgamescommon0000ostr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromWalker2003" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Walker, James (2003). <i>Trust and reciprocity: interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research</i>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-647-0"><bdi>978-0-87154-647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+and+reciprocity%3A+interdisciplinary+lessons+from+experimental+research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87154-647-0&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Walker%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonAnderssonOstromShivakumar2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Clark C.; Andersson, Krister; Ostrom, Elinor; Shivakumar, Sujai (2005). <i>The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid</i>. Oxford Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-27885-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-27885-5"><bdi>978-0-199-27885-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samaritan%27s+Dilemma%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Development+Aid&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-199-27885-5&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Clark+C.&rft.au=Andersson%2C+Krister&rft.au=Ostrom%2C+Elinor&rft.au=Shivakumar%2C+Sujai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingins0000ostr/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Understanding institutional diversity</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12238-0"><bdi>978-0-691-12238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+institutional+diversity&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12238-0&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingins0000ostr%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromKanburGuha-Khasnobis2007" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Kanbur" title="Ravi Kanbur">Kanbur, Ravi</a>; Guha-Khasnobis, Basudeb (2007). <i>Linking the formal and informal economy: concepts and policies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923729-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linking+the+formal+and+informal+economy%3A+concepts+and+policies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923729-6&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Kanbur%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Guha-Khasnobis%2C+Basudeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromHess2007" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Hess, Charlotte (2007). <i>Understanding knowledge as a commons: from theory to practice</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51603-7"><bdi>978-0-262-51603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+knowledge+as+a+commons%3A+from+theory+to+practice&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51603-7&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Hess%2C+Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromPoteeteJanssen2010" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Poteete, Amy R; Janssen, Marco A (2010). <i>Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14604-1"><bdi>978-0-691-14604-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Together%3A+Collective+Action%2C+the+Commons%2C+and+Multiple+Methods+in+Practice&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14604-1&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Poteete%2C+Amy+R&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Marco+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromLamPradhanShivakoti2011" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Lam, Wai Fung; Pradhan, Prachanda; Shivakoti, Ganesh (2011). <i>Improving Irrigation in Asia Sustainable Performance of an Innovative Intervention in Nepal</i>. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-93826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-93826-8"><bdi>978-0-857-93826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+Irrigation+in+Asia+Sustainable+Performance+of+an+Innovative+Intervention+in+Nepal&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-93826-8&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Lam%2C+Wai+Fung&rft.au=Pradhan%2C+Prachanda&rft.au=Shivakoti%2C+Ganesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeOstrom2011" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Daniel H.; Ostrom, Elinor (2011). <i>Property in Land and Other Resources</i>. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55844-228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55844-228-3"><bdi>978-1-55844-228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+in+Land+and+Other+Resources&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Lincoln+Institute+of+Land+Policy&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55844-228-3&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Ostrom%2C+Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromChangPenningtonTarko2012" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Chang, Christina; Pennington, Mark; Tarko, Vlad (2012). <i>The Future of the Commons Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation</i>. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-255-36653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-255-36653-3"><bdi>978-0-255-36653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Commons+Beyond+Market+Failure+and+Government+Regulation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-255-36653-3&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Chang%2C+Christina&rft.au=Pennington%2C+Mark&rft.au=Tarko%2C+Vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters_in_books">Chapters in books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chapters in books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2009" class="citation cs2">Ostrom, Elinor (2009), "Engaging with impossibilities and possibilities", in <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Kanbur" title="Ravi Kanbur">Kanbur, Ravi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Basu, Kaushik</a> (eds.), <i>Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume II: Society, institutions and development</i>, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 522–541, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923997-9"><bdi>978-0-19-923997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Engaging+with+impossibilities+and+possibilities&rft.btitle=Arguments+for+a+better+world%3A+essays+in+honor+of+Amartya+Sen+%26%23124%3B+Volume+II%3A+Society%2C+institutions+and+development&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=522-541&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923997-9&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromCrawford1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Crawford, Sue E. S. (September 1995). "A grammar of institutions". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>89</b> (3): 582–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2082975">10.2307/2082975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2082975">2082975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144457898">144457898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=A+grammar+of+institutions&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=582-600&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144457898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2082975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2082975&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Sue+E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgmu.hse.ru/data/2010/12/31/1208184461/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%205-52.pdf">"A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2585925">10.2307/2585925</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2585925">2585925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140934199">140934199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=A+behavioral+approach+to+the+rational+choice+theory+of+collective+action%3A+Presidential+address%2C+American+Political+Science+Association%2C+1997&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140934199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2585925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2585925&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvgmu.hse.ru%2Fdata%2F2010%2F12%2F31%2F1208184461%2F%25D0%259E%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25205-52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (July 24, 2009). "A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5939): 419–422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..419O">2009Sci...325..419O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172133">10.1126/science.1172133</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11059%2F14638">11059/14638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628857">19628857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39710673">39710673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+General+Framework+for+Analyzing+Sustainability+of+Social-Ecological+Systems&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5939&rft.pages=419-422&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11059%2F14638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39710673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..419O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19628857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172133&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (June 2010). "Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems". <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>100</b> (3): 641–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.100.3.641">10.1257/aer.100.3.641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2371158">2371158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+markets+and+states%3A+polycentric+governance+of+complex+economic+systems&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=641-672&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.100.3.641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2371158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105113916/http://bnp.binghamton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Ostrom-2010-Polycentric-Governance.pdf">Pdf version.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coproduction_(public_services)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coproduction (public services)">Co-production of public services</a> by service users and communities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_analysis_and_development_framework" title="Institutional analysis and development framework">Institutional analysis and development framework</a> (IAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216033008/http://www.shareable.net/blog/no-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom">"No Panaceas! Elinor Ostrom talks with Fran Korten"</a>. <i>Shareable: Civic System</i>. March 18, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shareable.net/blog/no-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom">the original</a> on February 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shareable%3A+Civic+System&rft.atitle=No+Panaceas%21+Elinor+Ostrom+talks+with+Fran+Korten&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshareable.net%2Fblog%2Fno-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature-obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature-obit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, M. A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F487172a">"Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>487</b> (7406): 172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.487..172J">2012Natur.487..172J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F487172a">10.1038/487172a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22785305">22785305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+%281933%E2%80%932012%29&rft.volume=487&rft.issue=7406&rft.pages=172&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22785305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F487172a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.487..172J&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F487172a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, R. K. (2012). "Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012)". <i>Science</i>. <b>337</b> (6095): 661. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..661W">2012Sci...337..661W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1227725">10.1126/science.1227725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22879496">22879496</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206544072">206544072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+%281933%E2%80%932012%29&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=6095&rft.pages=661&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1227725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206544072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22879496&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...337..661W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAligicaBoettke2010" class="citation book cs1">Aligica, Paul Dragos; Boettke, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2010_O000109">"Ostrom, Elinor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics"><i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i></a> (Online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ostrom%2C+Elinor&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.edition=Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Aligica&rft.aufirst=Paul+Dragos&rft.au=Boettke%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryofeconomics.com%2Farticle%3Fid%3Dpde2010_O000109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/">"Nobel Prize Awarded Women"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Awarded+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fnobel-prize-awarded-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom1990" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (1990). <i>Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40599-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+Commons%3A+The+Evolution+of+Institutions+for+Collective+Action&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40599-7&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2009" class="citation news cs1">Leonard, Mike (December 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415173651/http://ww.heraldtimesonline.com//stories/2009/12/06/news.qp-7916285.sto?code=d9341e1a-e395-11e4-a7e0-10604b9f2f2e">"Nobel winner Elinor Ostrom is a gregarious teacher who loves to solve problems"</a>. <i>The Herald-Times</i>. Bloomington, Indiana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww.heraldtimesonline.com//stories/2009/12/06/news.qp-7916285.sto?code=d9341e1a-e395-11e4-a7e0-10604b9f2f2e">the original</a> on April 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+winner+Elinor+Ostrom+is+a+gregarious+teacher+who+loves+to+solve+problems&rft.date=2009-12-06&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww.heraldtimesonline.com%2F%2Fstories%2F2009%2F12%2F06%2Fnews.qp-7916285.sto%3Fcode%3Dd9341e1a-e395-11e4-a7e0-10604b9f2f2e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TelegraphObit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphObit_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9329881/Elinor-Ostrom.html">"Elinor Ostrom"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. June 13, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9329881/Elinor-Ostrom.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F9329881%2FElinor-Ostrom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wall_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wall_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wall_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wall_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Wall" title="Derek Wall">Wall, Derek</a> (2014). <i>The Sustainable Economics of Elinor Ostrom: Commons, Contestation and Craft</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sustainable+Economics+of+Elinor+Ostrom%3A+Commons%2C+Contestation+and+Craft&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214213925/http://www.swedishwire.com/business/1985-the-story-of-non-economist-elinor-ostrom">"The story of non-economist Elinor Ostrom"</a>. <i>The Swedish Wire</i>. December 9, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedishwire.com/business/1985-the-story-of-non-economist-elinor-ostrom">the original</a> on December 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Swedish+Wire&rft.atitle=The+story+of+non-economist+Elinor+Ostrom&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swedishwire.com%2Fbusiness%2F1985-the-story-of-non-economist-elinor-ostrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21557717">"Elinor Ostrom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. June 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21557717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elinor_Ostrom_–_Biographical_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom-bio.html">"Elinor Ostrom – Biographical"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2Flaureates%2F2009%2Fostrom-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlad2017" class="citation book cs1">Vlad, Tarko (2017). <i>Elinor Ostrom : an intellectual biography</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-588-8"><bdi>978-1-78348-588-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965120114">965120114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elinor+Ostrom+%3A+an+intellectual+biography&rft.place=London&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965120114&rft.isbn=978-1-78348-588-8&rft.aulast=Vlad&rft.aufirst=Tarko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKayBennett2014" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Bonnie J.; Bennett, Joan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ostrom-elinor.pdf"><i>Biographical Memoir of Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Memoir+of+Elinor+Ostrom+%281933%E2%80%932012%29&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+J.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fostrom-elinor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elinor Ostrom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ubs.com/microsites/nobel-perspectives/en/laureates/elinor-ostrom.html">https://www.ubs.com/microsites/nobel-perspectives/en/laureates/elinor-ostrom.html</a> in UBS Nobel Perspectives interview, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21557717">"Elinor Ostrom"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. June 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21557717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.090808.123259">"A Long Polycentric Journey"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.090808.123259">10.1146/annurev.polisci.090808.123259</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=A+Long+Polycentric+Journey&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.090808.123259&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.polisci.090808.123259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woo_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2012" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Elaine (June 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-elinor-ostrom-20120613-story.html">"Elinor Ostrom dies at 78; first woman to win Nobel in economics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+dies+at+78%3B+first+woman+to+win+Nobel+in+economics&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-elinor-ostrom-20120613-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zagorski-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zagorski_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zagorski_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagorski2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zagorski, Nick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748208">"Profile of Elinor Ostrom"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>103</b> (51): 19221–19223. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10319221Z">2006PNAS..10319221Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0609919103">10.1073/pnas.0609919103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748208">1748208</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17164324">17164324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Elinor+Ostrom&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=19221-19223&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748208%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17164324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0609919103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10319221Z&rft.aulast=Zagorski&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Burke, Maureen (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/pdf/people.pdf">"People in Economics. The Master Artisan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Finance & Development</i>: 2–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finance+%26+Development&rft.atitle=People+in+Economics.+The+Master+Artisan.&rft.pages=2-5&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2011%2F09%2Fpdf%2Fpeople.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderiesJanssen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Anderies, John M.; Janssen, Marco A. (October 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3473022">"Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012): Pioneer in the Interdisciplinary Science of Coupled Social-Ecological Systems"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>10</b> (10): e1001405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001405">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3473022">3473022</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+%281933%E2%80%932012%29%3A+Pioneer+in+the+Interdisciplinary+Science+of+Coupled+Social-Ecological+Systems&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1001405&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3473022%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001405&rft.aulast=Anderies&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Marco+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3473022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007083917/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/">"The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis"</a>. Indiana.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop">the original</a> on October 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+in+Political+Theory+and+Policy+Analysis&rft.pub=Indiana.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~workshop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, W. C. (1988). "Virginia, Rochester, and Bloomington: Twenty-five years of public choice and political science". <i>Public Choice</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 101–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00115751">10.1007/BF00115751</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153671519">153671519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Choice&rft.atitle=Virginia%2C+Rochester%2C+and+Bloomington%3A+Twenty-five+years+of+public+choice+and+political+science&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-119&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00115751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153671519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrow_13135–13136-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrow_13135–13136_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrow_13135–13136_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowKeohaneLevin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arrow, Kenneth J.; Keohane, Robert O.; Levin, Simon A. (August 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3421197">"Elinor Ostrom: An uncommon woman for the commons"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (33): 13135–13136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10913135A">2012PNAS..10913135A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1210827109">10.1073/pnas.1210827109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3421197">3421197</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom%3A+An+uncommon+woman+for+the+commons&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=13135-13136&rft.date=2012-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3421197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1210827109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10913135A&rft.aulast=Arrow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Keohane%2C+Robert+O.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Simon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3421197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/facts/">"Ostrom Facts"</a>, Nobel Prize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/facts/">"Elinor Ostrom – Facts"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+%E2%80%93+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F2009%2Fostrom%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandSene2010" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Guillaume; Sene, Omar (September 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fredp.203.0441">"Elinor Ostrom et la Gouvernance Economique"</a>. <i>Revue d'économie politique</i>. <b>120</b> (3): 441–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fredp.203.0441">10.3917/redp.203.0441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-2630">0373-2630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%A9conomie+politique&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom+et+la+Gouvernance+Economique&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-452&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fredp.203.0441&rft.issn=0373-2630&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft.au=Sene%2C+Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fredp.203.0441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elinorostrom.com/">"Elinor Ostrom, 2009 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences: Indiana University"</a>. <i>www.elinorostrom.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elinorostrom.com&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom%2C+2009+Nobel+Laureate+in+Economic+Sciences%3A+Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elinorostrom.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/biographical/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F2009%2Fostrom%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCay;_Bennett2014" class="citation book cs1">McCay; Bennett (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ostrom-elinor.pdf"><i>Elinor Ostrom. Biographical Memoirs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elinor+Ostrom.+Biographical+Memoirs&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.au=McCay%3B+Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fostrom-elinor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iasc-commons.org/about-commons/">"About the Commons"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiasc-commons.org%2Fabout-commons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Researcher_for_Virginia_Tech_program_wins_Nobel_Prize-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Researcher_for_Virginia_Tech_program_wins_Nobel_Prize_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2009/10/2009-789.html">"Researcher for Virginia Tech program wins Nobel Prize"</a>. Virginia Tech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researcher+for+Virginia+Tech+program+wins+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Virginia+Tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtnews.vt.edu%2Farticles%2F2009%2F10%2F2009-789.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnc-online.net/page/2010NO2/index.php">"Transnational Corporations Review"</a>. <i>Taylor & Francis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.atitle=Transnational+Corporations+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnc-online.net%2Fpage%2F2010NO2%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403071654/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/volume2.html">"Polycentricity and Local Public Economies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/volume2.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polycentricity+and+Local+Public+Economies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~workshop%2Fpublications%2Fmaterials%2Fvolume2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstromParksWhitaker1973" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrom, Elinor; Parks, Roger B.; Whitaker, Gordon P. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102151203/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/reprints/R73_4.pdf">"Do We Really Want to Consolidate Urban Police Forces? A Reappraisal of Some Old Assertions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Public Administration Review</i>. <b>33</b> (5): 423–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F974306">10.2307/974306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/974306">974306</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/reprints/R73_4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Do+We+Really+Want+to+Consolidate+Urban+Police+Forces%3F+A+Reappraisal+of+Some+Old+Assertions&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=423-432&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F974306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F974306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Parks%2C+Roger+B.&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+Gordon+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~workshop%2Fpublications%2Fmaterials%2Freprints%2FR73_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByXM47Ri1Kc">"Beyond the tragedy of the commons"</a>. Stockholm Whiteboard Seminars. April 3, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/ByXM47Ri1Kc">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+tragedy+of+the+commons&rft.pub=Stockholm+Whiteboard+Seminars&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DByXM47Ri1Kc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom1990" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (1990). <i>Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 90, 91–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40599-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+Commons%3A+The+Evolution+of+Institutions+for+Collective+Action&rft.pages=90%2C+91-102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40599-7&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBig_Think2012" class="citation cs2">Big Think (April 23, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr5Q3VvpI7w"><i>Ending The Tragedy of The Commons</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/Qr5Q3VvpI7w">archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ending+The+Tragedy+of+The+Commons&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.au=Big+Think&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQr5Q3VvpI7w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoteete,_JanssenElinor_Ostrom2010" class="citation book cs1">Poteete, Janssen; Elinor Ostrom (2010). <i>Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Together%3A+Collective+Action%2C+the+Commons%2C+and+Multiple+Methods+in+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Poteete%2C+Janssen&rft.au=Elinor+Ostrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ostrom, E.</a> (2009). "A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5939): 419–422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..419O">2009Sci...325..419O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172133">10.1126/science.1172133</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11059%2F14638">11059/14638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628857">19628857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39710673">39710673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+General+Framework+for+Analyzing+Sustainability+of+Social-Ecological+Systems&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5939&rft.pages=419-422&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11059%2F14638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39710673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..419O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19628857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172133&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vedeld, Trond. 2010, February 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nibrinternational.no/#post9">"A New Global Game – And How Best to Play It,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015615/http://blog.nibrinternational.no/#post9">Archived</a> June 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The NIBR International Blog</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fennell, Lee Anne (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fijc.252">"Ostrom's Law: Property rights in the commons"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Commons</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 9–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fijc.252">10.18352/ijc.252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F7080">10535/7080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-0281">1875-0281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Commons&rft.atitle=Ostrom%27s+Law%3A+Property+rights+in+the+commons&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-27&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F7080&rft.issn=1875-0281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18352%2Fijc.252&rft.aulast=Fennell&rft.aufirst=Lee+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18352%252Fijc.252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harford-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harford_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarford2013" class="citation news cs1">Harford, Tim (August 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715022258/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/afc5377e-1026-11e3-a258-00144feabdc0.html">"Do You Believe in Sharing?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/afc5377e-1026-11e3-a258-00144feabdc0.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Do+You+Believe+in+Sharing%3F&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft.aulast=Harford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fafc5377e-1026-11e3-a258-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Elinor+Ostrom&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DElinor%2BOstrom%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314212229/http://skytteprize.statsvet.uu.se/PrizeWinners/tabid/1953/language/en-US/Default.aspx">"The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science – Prize Winners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skytteprize.statsvet.uu.se/PrizeWinners/tabid/1953/language/en-US/Default.aspx">the original</a> on March 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Johan+Skytte+Prize+in+Political+Science+%E2%80%93+Prize+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskytteprize.statsvet.uu.se%2FPrizeWinners%2Ftabid%2F1953%2Flanguage%2Fen-US%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212155120/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/seidmanweb.htm">"Frank E. Seidman Award: Acceptance Paper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/seidmanweb.htm">the original</a> on February 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+E.+Seidman+Award%3A+Acceptance+Paper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~workshop%2Fpublications%2Fmaterials%2Fseidmanweb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carty-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carty_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229180532/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty">"John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science"</a>. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty">the original</a> on December 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+J.+Carty+Award+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3DAWARDS_carty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utne-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utne_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/Politics/Utne-Reader-Visionaries-Elinor-Ostrom-Commons.aspx">"Elinor Ostrom: The Commoner"</a>. Utne Reader. October 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom%3A+The+Commoner&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2FPolitics%2FUtne-Reader-Visionaries-Elinor-Ostrom-Commons.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntnu.edu/phd/honorary-doctors">"Honorary doctors at NTNU"</a>. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+doctors+at+NTNU&rft.pub=Norwegian+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.edu%2Fphd%2Fhonorary-doctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomington2019" class="citation web cs1">Bloomington, Inside IU (July 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.iu.edu/stories/2019/07/iub/inside/09-news-roundup.html">"Around IU Bloomington"</a>. <i>News at IU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+at+IU&rft.atitle=Around+IU+Bloomington&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Bloomington&rft.aufirst=Inside+IU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.iu.edu%2Fstories%2F2019%2F07%2Fiub%2Finside%2F09-news-roundup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_20091012_ostromprize-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_20091012_ostromprize_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8302662.stm">"First woman wins economics Nobel"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 12, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021193547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8302662.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=First+woman+wins+economics+Nobel&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F8302662.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrow-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arrow_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowKeohaneLevin2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow, Kenneth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Keohane" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Keohane">Keohane, Robert O.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_A._Levin" title="Simon A. Levin">Levin, Simon A.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3421197">"Elinor Ostrom: An Uncommon Woman for The Commons"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (33): 13135–13136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10913135A">2012PNAS..10913135A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1210827109">10.1073/pnas.1210827109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3421197">3421197</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom%3A+An+Uncommon+Woman+for+The+Commons&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=13135-13136&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3421197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1210827109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10913135A&rft.aulast=Arrow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Keohane%2C+Robert+O.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Simon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3421197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTObit-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampell2012" class="citation news cs1">Rampell, Catherine (June 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/business/elinor-ostrom-winner-of-nobel-in-economics-dies-at-78.html">"Elinor Ostrom, Winner of Nobel in Economics, Dies at 78"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom%2C+Winner+of+Nobel+in+Economics%2C+Dies+at+78&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Rampell&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Felinor-ostrom-winner-of-nobel-in-economics-dies-at-78.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Cole2012" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Cole (June 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/13/elinor-ostrom">"obituary"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=obituary&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.au=Daniel+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2Fjun%2F13%2Felinor-ostrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2012" class="citation web cs1">Stokes, Kyle (June 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stateimpact.npr.org/indiana/2012/06/13/how-iu-nobel-laureate-elinor-ostrom-changed-the-world/">"How IU Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom Changed the World"</a>. <i>StateImpact</i>. Indiana Public Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StateImpact&rft.atitle=How+IU+Nobel+Laureate+Elinor+Ostrom+Changed+the+World&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstateimpact.npr.org%2Findiana%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2Fhow-iu-nobel-laureate-elinor-ostrom-changed-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessop" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop, Bob</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beyondostrom.blog.rosalux.de/files/2013/07/I-2013a-Introduction-to-Ostrom.pdf">"Introduction to Elinor Ostrom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Beyond Ostrom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beyond+Ostrom&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Elinor+Ostrom&rft.aulast=Jessop&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeyondostrom.blog.rosalux.de%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F07%2FI-2013a-Introduction-to-Ostrom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom2012" class="citation web cs1">Ostrom, Elinor (June 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/green-from-the-grassroots">"Green from the Grassroots"</a>. Project Syndicate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+from+the+Grassroots&rft.pub=Project+Syndicate&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.project-syndicate.org%2Fcommentary%2Fgreen-from-the-grassroots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/06/12/elinor-ostrom-only-female-nobel-laureate-in-economics-dies/">"Elinor Ostrom, Only Female Nobel Laureate in Economics, Dies"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. June 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Elinor+Ostrom%2C+Only+Female+Nobel+Laureate+in+Economics%2C+Dies&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Feconomics%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Felinor-ostrom-only-female-nobel-laureate-in-economics-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/22741.html">"Distinguished Indiana University scholar Vincent Ostrom dies: IU News Room: Indiana University"</a>. <i>newsinfo.iu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsinfo.iu.edu&rft.atitle=Distinguished+Indiana+University+scholar+Vincent+Ostrom+dies%3A+IU+News+Room%3A+Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.iu.edu%2Fnews-archive%2F22741.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAligica2008" class="citation book cs1">Aligica, Paul Dragos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n225.xml">"Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor (1919– and 1933– )"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n225">10.4135/9781412965811.n225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ostrom%2C+Vincent+and+Elinor+%281919%E2%80%93+and+1933%E2%80%93+%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n225&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Aligica&rft.aufirst=Paul+Dragos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn225.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAligicaBoettke2009" class="citation book cs1">Aligica, Paul Dragos; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Boettke, Peter</a> (2009). <i>Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development: The Bloomington School</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415778206" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415778206"><bdi>978-0415778206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenging+Institutional+Analysis+and+Development%3A+The+Bloomington+School&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415778206&rft.aulast=Aligica&rft.aufirst=Paul+Dragos&rft.au=Boettke%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Auer, Matthew (August 2014). "Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms: The Principled Optimism of Elinor Ostrom". <i>Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 265–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19390459.2014.941177">10.1080/19390459.2014.941177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154060595">154060595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Resources+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Collective+Action+and+the+Evolution+of+Social+Norms%3A+The+Principled+Optimism+of+Elinor+Ostrom.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=265-271&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19390459.2014.941177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154060595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocher" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Locher, Fabien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308694416">"Third World Pastures. The Historical Roots of the Commons Paradigm (1965–1990)"</a>. <i>Quaderni Storici</i>. 2016/1: 303–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+Storici&rft.atitle=Third+World+Pastures.+The+Historical+Roots+of+the+Commons+Paradigm+%281965%E2%80%931990%29&rft.volume=2016%2F1&rft.pages=303-333&rft.aulast=Locher&rft.aufirst=Fabien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F308694416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocher2018" class="citation journal cs1">Locher, Fabien (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.tau.ac.il/ojs/index.php/til/article/view/1581">"Historicizing Elinor Ostrom: Urban Politics, International Development and Expertise in the U.S. Context (1970–1990)"</a>. <i>Theoretical Inquiries in Law</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 533–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ftil-2018-0027">10.1515/til-2018-0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158378074">158378074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Inquiries+in+Law&rft.atitle=Historicizing+Elinor+Ostrom%3A+Urban+Politics%2C+International+Development+and+Expertise+in+the+U.S.+Context+%281970%E2%80%931990%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=533-558&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ftil-2018-0027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158378074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Locher&rft.aufirst=Fabien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7.tau.ac.il%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ftil%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElinor+Ostrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor Ostrom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013195015/http://www.mercatus.org/PublicationDetails.aspx?id=15952">"Rethinking Institutional Analysis: Interviews with Vincent and Elinor Ostrom."</a> By Paul Dragos Aligica. Interview, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercatus.org/">Mercatus Center at George Mason University</a>, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elinor_Ostrom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></span>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Elinor_Ostrom" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00f1l78">On Collaboration</a> Elinor Ostrom speaks on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004kln9">BBC The Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/">Ostrom Workshop</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017183218/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/people/lostromcv.htm">Elinor Ostrom Curriculum Vitae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206013311/http://csid.asu.edu/">Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912201804/http://www.shareable.net/blog/no-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom">No Panaceas! Elinor Ostrom Talks with Fran Korten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/846">Elinor Ostrom</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153761#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2009 <i>Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100810142539/http://www.heraldtimesonline.com/pages/nobel">Elinor Ostrom news, photos and videos</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Times" title="The Herald-Times">The Herald-Times</a></i>, Bloomington, Indiana.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051702/http://www.iss.nl/About-ISS/History/Honorary-Fellows">Profile</a> at the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS).</li> <li>Video of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/page/audio#ostrom">Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Elinor Ostrom</a> (2011).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ostrom-elinor.pdf">Bonnie J. McCay and Joan Bennett, "Elinor Ostrom", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ostrom%2C%20Elinor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Elinor%20Ostrom%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ostrom%2C%20Elinor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Elinor%20Ostrom%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ostrom%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Elinor%20Ostrom%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ostrom%2C%20Elinor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Elinor%20Ostrom%22%29%20OR%20%28%221933-2012%22%20AND%20Ostrom%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Elinor Ostrom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> </b><br />2009 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter A. Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Institutional_economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instecon" title="Template:Instecon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instecon" title="Template talk:Instecon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instecon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instecon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Institutional_economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional economists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Abelshauser" title="Werner Abelshauser">Werner Abelshauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Edwin_Ayres" title="Clarence Edwin Ayres">Clarence Edwin Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_S._Bain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe S. Bain">Joe S. Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Bichler" title="Shimshon Bichler">Shimshon Bichler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Brady" title="Robert A. Brady">Robert A. Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bromley" title="Daniel Bromley">Daniel Bromley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John Maurice Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Robert H. Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Hale_Hamilton" title="Walton Hale Hamilton">Walton Hale Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orris_C._Herfindahl" title="Orris C. Herfindahl">Orris C. Herfindahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_O._Hirschman" title="Albert O. Hirschman">Albert O. Hirschman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodgson" title="Geoffrey Hodgson">Geoffrey Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Lewis" title="Hunter Lewis">Hunter Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_W._Markham" title="Jesse W. Markham">Jesse W. Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nitzan" title="Jonathan Nitzan">Jonathan Nitzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Samuels" title="Warren Samuels">Warren Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Simiand" title="François Simiand">François Simiand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stilwell_(economist)" title="Frank Stilwell (economist)">Frank Stilwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_P%C3%A5lsson_Syll" title="Lars Pålsson Syll">Lars Pålsson Syll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrence_Wheelwright" title="Edward Lawrence Wheelwright">Edward Lawrence Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Zimmermann" title="Erich Zimmermann">Erich Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional economists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armen_Alchian" title="Armen Alchian">Armen Alchian </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahiko_Aoki" title="Masahiko Aoki">Masahiko Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_N._S._Cheung" title="Steven N. S. Cheung">Steven N. S. Cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Demsetz" title="Harold Demsetz">Harold Demsetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avner_Greif" title="Avner Greif">Avner Greif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_M%C3%A9nard_(economist)" title="Claude Ménard (economist)">Claude Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancur_Olson" title="Mancur Olson">Mancur Olson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Ainslie_(psychologist)" title="George Ainslie (psychologist)">George Ainslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Ariely" title="Dan Ariely">Dan Ariely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Ashraf" title="Nava Ashraf">Nava Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofer_Azar" title="Ofer Azar">Ofer Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bernheim" title="Douglas Bernheim">Douglas Bernheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brosnan" title="Sarah Brosnan">Sarah Brosnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Camerer" title="Colin Camerer">Colin Camerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarini" title="David Cesarini">David Cesarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay-Yut_Chen" title="Kay-Yut Chen">Kay-Yut Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Croson" title="Rachel Croson">Rachel Croson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_De_Bondt" title="Werner De Bondt">Werner De Bondt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dolan_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Dolan (academic)">Paul Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Duneier" title="Stephen Duneier">Stephen Duneier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_C._Eckel" title="Catherine C. Eckel">Catherine C. Eckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Falk" title="Armin Falk">Armin Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_Fischbacher" title="Urs Fischbacher">Urs Fischbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Gneezy" title="Uri Gneezy">Uri Gneezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halpern_(psychologist)" title="David Halpern (psychologist)">David Halpern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Holt" title="Charles A. Holt">Charles A. Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ryan_Just" title="David Ryan Just">David Ryan Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Kalil" title="Ariel Kalil">Ariel Kalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Katona" title="George Katona">George Katona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Kling" title="Jeffrey R. Kling">Jeffrey R. Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Loewenstein" title="George Loewenstein">George Loewenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Loomes" title="Graham Loomes">Graham Loomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_C._Madrian" title="Brigitte C. Madrian">Brigitte C. Madrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_McClelland" title="Gary McClelland">Gary McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Motterlini" title="Matteo Motterlini">Matteo Motterlini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendhil_Mullainathan" title="Sendhil Mullainathan">Sendhil Mullainathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Norton_(professor)" title="Michael Norton (professor)">Michael Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rachlin" title="Howard Rachlin">Howard Rachlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_M._Schmidt" title="Klaus M. Schmidt">Klaus M. Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldar_Shafir" title="Eldar Shafir">Eldar Shafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersh_Shefrin" title="Hersh Shefrin">Hersh Shefrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Sunde" title="Uwe Sunde">Uwe Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Vishny" title="Robert W. Vishny">Robert W. Vishny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Georg Weizsäcker">Georg Weizsäcker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Beckert" title="Jens Beckert">Jens Beckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Block" title="Fred L. Block">Fred L. Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smoot_Coleman" title="James Smoot Coleman">James S. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_DiMaggio" title="Paul DiMaggio">Paul DiMaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Angus_MacKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Angus MacKenzie">Donald Angus MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_M._Podolny" title="Joel M. Podolny">Joel M. Podolny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_Spillman" title="Lynette Spillman">Lynette Spillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swedberg" title="Richard Swedberg">Richard Swedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Laurent Thévenot">Laurent Thévenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Trigilia" title="Carlo Trigilia">Carlo Trigilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_White" title="Harrison White">Harrison White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviana_Zelizer" title="Viviana Zelizer">Viviana Zelizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administered_prices" title="Administered prices">Administered prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countervailing_power" title="Countervailing power">Countervailing power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_competition" title="Effective competition">Effective competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfindahl_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Herfindahl index">Herfindahl index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiding_hand_principle" title="Hiding hand principle">Hiding hand principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschman_cycle" title="Hirschman cycle">Hirschman cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuznets_swing" title="Kuznets swing">Kuznets cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_structure" title="Market structure">Market structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness" title="Backwardness">Penalty of taking the lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisficing" title="Satisficing">Satisficing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93conduct%E2%80%93performance_paradigm" title="Structure–conduct–performance paradigm">Structure–conduct–performance paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostructure" title="Technostructure">Technostructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_two-level_planning" title="Theory of two-level planning">Theory of two-level planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblenian_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Veblenian dichotomy">Veblenian dichotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought#French_historical_school" title="Schools of economic thought">French historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Property" title="Category:Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law" title="Category:Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country" title="Category:Property law by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (United States/United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (Israel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> (Germany/Romania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> (Canada/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> (United States/Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> (United Kingdom/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elinor Ostrom</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">2008</a></dd> <dd><b>2009 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2010_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2010 Nobel Prize winners">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2011_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2011 Nobel Prize winners">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2012 Nobel Prize winners">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2014 Nobel Prize winners">2014</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recipients_of_the_Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Template:Recipients of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recipients_of_the_Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Template talk:Recipients of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recipients_of_the_Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recipients of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science" title="Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science">Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_L._George" title="Alexander L. George">Alexander L. George</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1999</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_W._Scharpf" title="Fritz W. Scharpf">Fritz W. Scharpf</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Barry" title="Brian Barry">Brian Barry</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Verba" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Fenichel_Pitkin" title="Hanna Fenichel Pitkin">Hanna Pitkin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Blondel" title="Jean Blondel">Jean Blondel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_C._Schmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe C. Schmitter">Philippe C. Schmitter</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Adam Przeworski</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pippa_Norris" title="Pippa Norris">Pippa Norris</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Collier_(political_scientist)" title="David Collier (political scientist)">David Collier</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Elster" title="Jon Elster">Jon Elster</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2018</span> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Mansbridge" title="Jane Mansbridge">Jane Mansbridge</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2019</span> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Levi" title="Margaret Levi">Margaret Levi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2020</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2021</span> <a href="/wiki/David_D._Laitin" title="David D. Laitin">David D. Laitin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2022</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Goodin" title="Robert E. Goodin">Robert E. Goodin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2023</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Slider_updated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Logo_Slider_updated.png/80px-Logo_Slider_updated.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Logo_Slider_updated.png/120px-Logo_Slider_updated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Logo_Slider_updated.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Political_Science_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Political_Science_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Political Science Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Political_Science_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Political Science Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Political_Science_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Political Science Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Political_Science_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1903–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Johnson_Goodnow" title="Frank Johnson Goodnow">Frank Johnson Goodnow</a> (1903–1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Shaw_(journalist)" title="Albert Shaw (journalist)">Albert Shaw</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Frederick N. Judson (1906–1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a> (1908–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simeon_E._Baldwin" title="Simeon E. Baldwin">Simeon E. Baldwin</a> (1910–1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Albert Bushnell Hart</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Westel_W._Willoughby" title="Westel W. Willoughby">Westel W. Willoughby</a> (1912–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bassett_Moore" title="John Bassett Moore">John Bassett Moore</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Freund" title="Ernst Freund">Ernst Freund</a> (1914–1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Macy" title="Jesse Macy">Jesse Macy</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munroe_Smith" title="Munroe Smith">Munroe Smith</a> (1916–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones_Ford" title="Henry Jones Ford">Henry Jones Ford</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Paul Samuel Reinsch</a> (1919–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Stanton_Rowe" title="Leo Stanton Rowe">Leo Stanton Rowe</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Augustus_Garfield" title="Harry Augustus Garfield">Harry Augustus Garfield</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilford_Garner" title="James Wilford Garner">James Wilford Garner</a> (1923–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Charles Edward Merriam</a> (1924–1925)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">William B. Munro</a> (1926–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jesse S. Reeves (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Fairlie" title="John Archibald Fairlie">John A. Fairlie</a> (1928–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Benjamin F. Shambaugh (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Samuel_Corwin" title="Edward Samuel Corwin">Edward Samuel Corwin</a> (1930–1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Willoughby" title="William F. Willoughby">William F. Willoughby</a> (1931–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Isidor Loeb (1932–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Walter J. Shepard (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Francis W. Coker (1934–1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_N._Holcombe" title="Arthur N. Holcombe">Arthur N. Holcombe</a> (1935–1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Thomas Reed Powell (1936–1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Addison_Dykstra" title="Clarence Addison Dykstra">Clarence Addison Dykstra</a> (1937–1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Charles Grove Haines (1938–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert C. Brooks (1939–1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Austin_Ogg" title="Frederic Austin Ogg">Frederic A. Ogg</a> (1940–1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_(political_scientist)" title="William Anderson (political scientist)">William Anderson</a> (1941–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert E. Cushman (1942–1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_D._White" title="Leonard D. White">Leonard D. White</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John Gaus (1944–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._Dodd" title="Walter F. Dodd">Walter F. Dodd</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacMahon" title="Arthur MacMahon">Arthur MacMahon</a> (1946–1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Henry R. Spencer (1947–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Pollock" title="James K. Pollock">James K. Pollock</a> (1949–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Odegard" title="Peter H. Odegard">Peter H. Odegard</a> (1950–1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist)" title="Luther Gulick (social scientist)">Luther Gulick</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._Pendleton_Herring" title="E. Pendleton Herring">E. Pendleton Herring</a> (1952–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a> (1953–1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Charles McKinley (1954–1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Eric_Schattschneider" title="Elmer Eric Schattschneider">Elmer Eric Schattschneider</a> (1956–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V._O._Key_Jr." title="V. O. Key Jr.">V. O. Key Jr.</a> (1957–1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">R. Taylor Cole (1958–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brent_Swisher" title="Carl Brent Swisher">Carl Brent Swisher</a> (1959–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmette_Redford" title="Emmette Redford">Emmette Redford</a> (1960–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Charles S. Hyneman (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Friedrich" title="Carl Joachim Friedrich">Carl Joachim Friedrich</a> (1962–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">C. Herman Pritchett (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Truman" title="David Truman">David Truman</a> (1964–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Almond" title="Gabriel Almond">Gabriel Almond</a> (1965–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a> (1966–1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Fainsod" title="Merle Fainsod">Merle Fainsod</a> (1967–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Easton" title="David Easton">David Easton</a> (1968–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Deutsch" title="Karl Deutsch">Karl Deutsch</a> (1969–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lane" title="Robert E. Lane">Robert E. Lane</a> (1970–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Heinz Eulau (1971–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert E. Ward (1972–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Avery Leiserson (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Austin_Ranney" title="J. Austin Ranney">J. Austin Ranney</a> (1974–1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a> (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beer" title="Samuel Beer">Samuel Beer</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wahlke" title="John Wahlke">John Wahlke</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Epstein" title="Leon Epstein">Leon Epstein</a> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Miller_(political_scientist)" title="Warren Miller (political scientist)">Warren Miller</a> (1979–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Lindblom" title="Charles E. Lindblom">Charles E. Lindblom</a> (1980–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> (1981–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a> (1982–1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Converse" title="Philip Converse">Philip Converse</a> (1983–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fenno" title="Richard Fenno">Richard Fenno</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Wildavsky" title="Aaron Wildavsky">Aaron Wildavsky</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> (1987–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Lucian Pye</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judith_N._Shklar" title="Judith N. Shklar">Judith N. Shklar</a> (1989–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_J._Lowi" title="Theodore J. Lowi">Theodore J. Lowi</a> (1990–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Barker" title="Lucius Barker">Lucius Barker</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Jones" title="Charles O. Jones">Charles O. Jones</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Verba" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a> (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elinor Ostrom</a> (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._Kent_Jennings" title="M. Kent Jennings">M. Kent Jennings</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Holden" title="Matthew Holden">Matthew Holden</a> (1998–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a> (1999–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a> (2000–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> (2001–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a> (2002–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Hoeber_Rudolph" title="Susanne Hoeber Rudolph">Susanne Hoeber Rudolph</a> (2003–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Levi" title="Margaret Levi">Margaret Levi</a> (2004–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Katznelson" title="Ira Katznelson">Ira Katznelson</a> (2005–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a> (2006–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Pinderhughes" title="Dianne Pinderhughes">Dianne Pinderhughes</a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Brady" title="Henry E. Brady">Henry E. Brady</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">G. Bingham Powell (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Mansbridge" title="Jane Mansbridge">Jane Mansbridge</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Aldrich_(political_scientist)" title="John Aldrich (political scientist)">John Aldrich</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Rodney E. Hero (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hochschild" title="Jennifer Hochschild">Jennifer Hochschild</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Lake" title="David A. Lake">David A. Lake</a> (2016–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Thelen" title="Kathleen Thelen">Kathleen Thelen</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Smith" title="Rogers Smith">Rogers Smith</a> (2018–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paula_D._McClain" title="Paula D. McClain">Paula D. McClain</a> (2019–2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_M._Box-Steffensmeier" title="Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier">Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier</a> (2020–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ishiyama" title="John Ishiyama">John Ishiyama</a> (2021–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Martin_(political_scientist)" title="Lisa Martin (political scientist)">Lisa Martin</a> (2022–2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Warren" title="Mark E. Warren">Mark E. Warren</a> (2023–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153761#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109213780">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/85285664">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/331158070738708780005">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9559159248650604870009">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9984159248565004870003">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48323/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrpCRkqvh3jHrfHfy66PP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121145107">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001519">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12895732f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12895732f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001121570">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ostrom, Elinor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV015487">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35402759">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2006371969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5345821">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069165882">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90185867">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249362&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=187790">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201004487">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpscht37tks84">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810617600305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266249205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514361606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14568909">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01117386?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=245344">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ostrom.elinor">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RKN66-kAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/84/11375">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/879737">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/940297">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121145107">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085723193">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63f851s">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&oldid=1255520170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&oldid=1255520170</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_births" title="Category:1933 births">1933 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_deaths" title="Category:2012 deaths">2012 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Economics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Economics">Nobel laureates in Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:American Nobel laureates">American Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Women Nobel laureates">Women Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_economists" title="Category:20th-century American economists">20th-century American economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_economists" title="Category:21st-century American economists">21st-century American economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_economists" title="Category:Climate economists">Climate economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_economists" title="Category:Environmental economists">Environmental economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_economists" title="Category:Information economists">Information economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_institutional_economists" title="Category:New institutional economists">New institutional economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_economists" title="Category:American women economists">American women economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_economists" title="Category:Jewish American economists">Jewish American economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers">Jewish American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_women_writers" title="Category:Jewish women writers">Jewish women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_writers" title="Category:21st-century American women writers">21st-century American women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers">20th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_writers" title="Category:20th-century American women writers">20th-century American women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers">21st-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_political_scientists" title="Category:American women political scientists">American women political scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American women non-fiction writers">American women non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Protestants" title="Category:American Protestants">American Protestants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beverly_Hills_High_School_alumni" title="Category:Beverly Hills High School alumni">Beverly Hills High School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences">Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_commons" title="Category:Public commons">Public commons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_alumni" title="Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni">University of California, Los Angeles alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_pancreatic_cancer_in_Indiana" title="Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Indiana">Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from June 2012">Use mdy dates from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 10:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Ostrom&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-vxwkl","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.316","walltime":"1.571","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8001,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":309405,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10338,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":316441,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1296.340 1 -total"," 25.49% 330.498 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.30% 237.272 1 Template:Infobox_economist"," 16.71% 216.573 22 Template:Cite_book"," 9.23% 119.625 6 Template:Navbox"," 8.83% 114.407 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.42% 83.169 20 Template:Cite_web"," 6.41% 83.091 1 Template:Instecon"," 5.41% 70.086 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.53% 58.681 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.825","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10100452,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-49vgg","timestamp":"20241124220908","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Elinor Ostrom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elinor_Ostrom","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153761","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153761","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-06T17:05:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T10:04:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-30.jpg","headline":"American political economist (1933-2012)"}</script> </body> </html>