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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Key works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labour_in_the_West_Indies:_The_Birth_of_a_Workers'_Movement_(1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_in_the_West_Indies:_The_Birth_of_a_Workers'_Movement_(1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement</i> (1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_in_the_West_Indies:_The_Birth_of_a_Workers'_Movement_(1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Lewis_model"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Lewis_model""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The "Lewis model"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Lewis_model"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Theory_of_Economic_Growth_(1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Theory_of_Economic_Growth_(1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>The Theory of Economic Growth</i> (1955)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Theory_of_Economic_Growth_(1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_in_West_Africa_(1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_in_West_Africa_(1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Politics in West Africa</i> (1965)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_in_West_Africa_(1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">W. Arthur Lewis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ويليام آرثر لويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام آرثر لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_L%C3%BCis" title="Artur Lüis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Artur Lüis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آرتور لوئیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرتور لوئیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="আর্থার লুইস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্থার লুইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Артур Льюіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артур Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Артър Луис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артър Луис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="W. Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="W. Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آرتور لوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتور لوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_(%C3%A9conomiste)" title="Arthur Lewis (économiste) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arthur Lewis (économiste)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Lewis" title="Sir Arthur Lewis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sir Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아서 루이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아서 루이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Ուիլյամ Արթուր Լյուիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Արթուր Լյուիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="W. Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ארתור לואיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארתור לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ართურ ლევისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ართურ ლევისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_(ekonomis)" title="Arthur Lewis (ekonomis) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Arthur Lewis (ekonomis)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Льюис Артур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Льюис Артур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Arthurus_Lewis" title="Gulielmus Arthurus Lewis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Arthurus Lewis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Артур Луис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Артур Луис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വില്യം ആർതർ ലൂയിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യം ആർതർ ലൂയിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89)" title="آرثر لويس (اقتصادى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آرثر لويس (اقتصادى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="W. Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="アーサー・ルイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーサー・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڈبلیو آرتھر لیوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈبلیو آرتھر لیوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Льюис, Артур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Артур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="W. Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லியம் ஆர்தர் லூயிஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியம் ஆர்தர் லூயிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81" title="Артур Люїс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артур Люїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڈبلیو آرتھر لیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈبلیو آرتھر لیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arthur Lewis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_(a%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80-%E1%BB%8Dk%C3%B2w%C3%B2)" title="Arthur Lewis (aṣeọ̀rọ̀-ọkòwò) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Arthur Lewis (aṣeọ̀rọ̀-ọkòwò)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·阿瑟·刘易斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·阿瑟·刘易斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Saint Lucian economist and Nobel laureate (1915–1991)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">W. Arthur Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Lewis_(Nobel_photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Arthur_Lewis_%28Nobel_photo%29.jpg/220px-Arthur_Lewis_%28Nobel_photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/84/Arthur_Lewis_%28Nobel_photo%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sir William Arthur Lewis, official <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> photo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Arthur Lewis</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-01-23</span>)</span>23 January 1915<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Castries" title="Castries">Castries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">British Windward Islands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-06-15)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael,_Barbados" title="Saint Michael, Barbados">Saint Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-sector_model" title="Dual-sector model">Dual-sector model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_turning_point" title="Lewis turning point">Lewis turning point</a></li> <li>Industrial structure</li> <li>History of the world economy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Gladys Jacobs Lewis (m. 1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 daughters<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Montgomery_Lewis" title="Allen Montgomery Lewis">Allen Montgomery Lewis</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (1979)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> <span class="nowrap">(1938–48)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> <span class="nowrap">(1948–58)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="University of West Indies">University of West Indies</a> <span class="nowrap">(1959–63)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> <span class="nowrap">(1963–91)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> The Economics of Loyalty Contracts </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1940)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Plant" title="Arnold Plant">Sir Arnold Plant</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir William Arthur Lewis</b> (23 January 1915 – 15 June 1991) was a <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and the James Madison Professor of Political Economy at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis was known for his contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. In 1979, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arthur Lewis was born in <a href="/wiki/Castries" title="Castries">Castries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, then still part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">British Windward Islands</a> federal colony, the fourth of the five sons of George Ferdinand and Ida Lewis (the others being Stanley, Earl, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Montgomery_Lewis" title="Allen Montgomery Lewis">Allen</a> and Victor).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents had migrated from <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> shortly after the turn of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Lewis died when Arthur was seven years old and his brothers aged from five to 17, leaving Ida to raise her five children alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age.<sup id="cite_ref-tignor78_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tignor78-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After finishing school when he was 14 years old, Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to be old enough to sit the examination for a government scholarship to a British university, which would be in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he began a lifelong friendship with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a>, the future first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tignor1113_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tignor1113-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis's initial career choice was to become an engineer, "but this seemed pointless since neither the government nor the white firms would employ a black engineer," as he later said: "Eventually I decided to study business administration, planning to return to St. Lucia for a job in the municipal service or in private trade. I would simultaneously study law to fall back on if nothing administrative turned up."<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 18, he earned the government scholarship to attend the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE), becoming the first black individual to gain acceptance there. While enrolled to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree ("which offered accounting, business management, commercial law and a little economics and statistics") in 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he would achieve similar success as he did at grade school. While at LSE, he studied under <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Plant" title="Arnold Plant">Arnold Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>. </p><p>After Lewis graduated in 1937 with first-class honours, LSE gave him a scholarship to read for a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">industrial economics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the supervision of Arnold Plant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis would become the first black faculty member at LSE:<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1938 he was given a teaching appointment, and in 1939 was made an Assistant Lecturer,<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing to work as a member of the LSE staff until 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Lewis married Gladys Jacobs,<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that year he was selected as a lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a>, and moved there with his family, becoming Britain's first black lecturer. In 1948, at the age of 33, he was made a full professor.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught at Manchester until 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from their European colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lewis served as an economic advisor to numerous African and Caribbean governments, including <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, Trinidad and Tobago, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>. When Ghana (where in 1929 his eldest brother Stanley had settled)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gained independence in 1957, Lewis was appointed as the country's first economic advisor. He helped draw up its first Five-Year Development Plan (1959–1963).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, Lewis returned to the Caribbean region when appointed <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chancellor">Vice Chancellor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> by the British government for his achievements and for his contributions to economics. That year, he was also appointed Professor of Public and International Affairs at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> – the first black instructor to be given a full <a href="/wiki/University_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="University professor">professorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and subsequently held the position of James Madison Professor of Political Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_Elections_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_Elections-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served from 1966 to 1973 he served as Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guyana" title="University of Guyana">University of Guyana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_Elections_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_Elections-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. Lewis helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a> and in 1970 he was selected as its first president, serving in that capacity until 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Economics in 1979, sharing it with <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore Schultz</a>, "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis died on 15 June 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown</a>, Barbados, aged 76. He was buried in the grounds of the St. Lucian community college named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, Lewis married <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>-born Gladys Jacobs, with whom he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Barbara.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_works">Key works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_in_the_West_Indies:_The_Birth_of_a_Workers'_Movement_(1939)"><span id="Labour_in_the_West_Indies:_The_Birth_of_a_Workers.27_Movement_.281939.29"></span><i>Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement</i> (1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Worker's Movement</i>, first published by the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> in 1939, was an account of the 1930s <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indian_labour_unrest_of_1934%E2%80%931939" title="British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–1939">labour movement in the Caribbean</a>. It remained the only work published on the Caribbean-wide movement and the Labour Rebellions in the English-speaking Caribbean for decades. The book was republished by <a href="/wiki/John_La_Rose" title="John La Rose">John La Rose</a> and Sarah White at <a href="/wiki/New_Beacon_Books" title="New Beacon Books">New Beacon Books</a> in February 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis is now characterised as "among the earliest proponents of <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a> for the former West Indies for Britain's colonial wrongs" because of the ideas he put forward in this work.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Lewis_model""><span id="The_.22Lewis_model.22"></span>The "Lewis model"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The "Lewis model""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dual_sector_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual sector model">Dual sector model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_turning_point" title="Lewis turning point">Lewis turning point</a></div> <p>Lewis published in 1954 what was to be his most influential development economics article, "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour" (Manchester School).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this publication, he introduced what came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Dual_sector_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual sector model">dual sector model</a>, or the "Lewis model".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis combined an analysis of the historical experience of developed countries with the central ideas of the classical economists to produce a broad picture of the development process. In his theory, a "capitalist" sector develops by taking labour from a non-capitalist backward "subsistence" sector. The subsistence sector is governed by informal institutions and social norms so that producers do not maximize profits and workers can be paid above their marginal product. At an early stage of development, the "unlimited" supply of labour from the subsistence economy means that the capitalist sector can expand for some time without the need to raise wages. This results in higher returns to capital, which are reinvested in capital accumulation. In turn, the increase in the capital stock leads the "capitalists" to expand employment by drawing further labour from the subsistence sector. Given the assumptions of the model (for example, that the profits are reinvested and that capital accumulation does not substitute for skilled labour in production), the process becomes self-sustaining and leads to modernization and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The point at which the excess labour in the subsistence sector is fully absorbed into the modern sector, and where further capital accumulation begins to push the balance of power towards labour (thus increasing wages) in both capitalist and subsistence sectors, is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Turning_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Turning Point">Lewisian turning point</a>. It has recently been widely discussed in the context of economic development in China.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work building on Lewis's analysis has shown that productivity gains in the areas formerly occupied by the subsistence sector (e.g. agriculture) can offset some of the labour demand.<sup id="cite_ref-economic_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Theory_of_Economic_Growth_(1955)"><span id="The_Theory_of_Economic_Growth_.281955.29"></span><i>The Theory of Economic Growth</i> (1955)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1955 book, <i>The Theory of Economic Growth</i>, Lewis sought to "provide an appropriate framework for studying economic development", driven by a combination of "curiosity and of practical need."<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, England was experiencing the worst economic turmoil of its time. It would not be until an economic enlightenment took place that cities began to shift towards factories and labour-intensive methods of production as they experienced giant shifts in the labour and agriculture markets, thus, eventually leading to higher production, and higher income. Lewis theorized if England could turn its misfortune around, the same could be done for developing countries around the world. His theories proved true for some countries such as Nigeria and Barbados, as they would see some economic development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_in_West_Africa_(1965)"><span id="Politics_in_West_Africa_.281965.29"></span><i>Politics in West Africa</i> (1965)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics in West Africa (1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1965 book, <i>Politics in West Africa</i>, Lewis examines the weakness of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">opposition parties</a> in West African states. He criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">majoritarian</a> winner-takes-all model of politics, arguing that while it may work in European and American contexts, it cannot in the context of many African states. The reason for this is that African states are divided on linguistic and tribal lines, making it hard for peaceful co-existence between groups when one group controls the central government. Lewis argues <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">powersharing</a> needs to be facilitated, which he argues can be best done through <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition governments</a>. Democracy can be maintained through institutional design more suited to the cleavages of African states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement</i> (1939). Reprinted, with Afterword by Susan Craig, London: <a href="/wiki/New_Beacon_Books" title="New Beacon Books">New Beacon Books</a>, 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Principles of Economic Planning</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>The Theory of Economic Growth</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Politics in West Africa</i> (1965). Allen and Unwin.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Development Planning</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Tropical Development 1880–1913</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Growth and Fluctuations 1870–1913</i> (1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_awards_and_honours">Selected awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knighthood</a> for contributions to economics.</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_caribbean_states_eccb_100_dollars_2019.00.00_b244_pnl_ad_000000_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/East_caribbean_states_eccb_100_dollars_2019.00.00_b244_pnl_ad_000000_r.jpg/142px-East_caribbean_states_eccb_100_dollars_2019.00.00_b244_pnl_ad_000000_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/East_caribbean_states_eccb_100_dollars_2019.00.00_b244_pnl_ad_000000_r.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Lewis on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_dollar" title="Eastern Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar</a> $100 bill</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Community_College" title="Sir Arthur Lewis Community College">Sir Arthur Lewis Community College</a>, St. Lucia, was named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_Building" title="Arthur Lewis Building">Arthur Lewis Building</a> (opened in 2007) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Arthur Lewis Lectures are held annually at the University of Manchester, having begun in 2015, the centenary of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Lectures_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lectures-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He is commemorated by the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) on the three campuses of <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of the West Indies">The University of the West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir Arthur Lewis's portrait appears on the <a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">Eastern Caribbean 100-dollar bill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A newly-titled <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> building was unveiled in a ceremony attended by Sir Arthur Lewis’ family, including his daughter and granddaughter, and the High Commissioner for St Lucia on Thursday 23 March 2023. Formerly known as 32 Lincoln’s Inn Fields (32L) the site, now called the Sir Arthur Lewis Building (SAL), is home to various departments including the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), the International Growth Centre (IGC), the Department of Economics, the Centre for Macroeconomics, and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Arthur Lewis Auditorium, the main auditorium of Robertson Hall, home of the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">Princeton School of Public and International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 10 December 2020, the 41st anniversary of his receiving the Nobel Prize, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> celebrated the late Sir Arthur Lewis with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nobel_Prize_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nobel Prize laureates">Black Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_turning_point" title="Lewis turning point">Lewis turning point</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021144725/http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/historical/brookings/17301_economictheory.pdf">"Lewis, W. Arthur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/historical/brookings/17301_economictheory.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis%2C+W.+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffraser.stlouisfed.org%2Fdocs%2Fhistorical%2Fbrookings%2F17301_economictheory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/04/19/legacy-nobel-laureate-sir-w-arthur-lewis-commemorated-robertson-hall">"Legacy of Nobel laureate Sir W. Arthur Lewis commemorated at Robertson Hall"</a>. <i>Princeton University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+Nobel+laureate+Sir+W.+Arthur+Lewis+commemorated+at+Robertson+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F19%2Flegacy-nobel-laureate-sir-w-arthur-lewis-commemorated-robertson-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavo1991" class="citation news cs1">Ravo, Nick (17 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/obituaries/sir-w-arthur-lewis-76-is-dead-winner-of-nobel-economics-prize.html#:~:text=Sir%20Arthur%20is%20survived%20by,Lucia.">"Sir W. Arthur Lewis, 76, Is Dead; Winner of Nobel Economics Prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+W.+Arthur+Lewis%2C+76%2C+Is+Dead%3B+Winner+of+Nobel+Economics+Prize&rft.date=1991-06-17&rft.aulast=Ravo&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F17%2Fobituaries%2Fsir-w-arthur-lewis-76-is-dead-winner-of-nobel-economics-prize.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSir%2520Arthur%2520is%2520survived%2520by%2CLucia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Institute_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/salises/about-us/sir-w-arthur-lewis.aspx">"Sir W. Arthur Lewis"</a>. <i>Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies</i>. The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados, West Indies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sir+Arthur+Lewis+Institute+of+Social+and+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Sir+W.+Arthur+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavehill.uwi.edu%2Fsalises%2Fabout-us%2Fsir-w-arthur-lewis.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1979/">"The Sverige's Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979"</a>, Nobel in Economics, 1979. Retrieved 5 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_biographical-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_biographical_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1979/lewis/biographical/">"Sir Arthur Lewis: Biographical"</a>. The Nobel Prize<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Arthur+Lewis%3A+Biographical&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F1979%2Flewis%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tignor78-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tignor78_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTignor2006" class="citation book cs1">Tignor, Robert L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbXLpTpInREC&pg=PA320"><i>W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12141-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12141-3"><bdi>978-0-691-12141-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+Arthur+Lewis+and+the+Birth+of+Development+Economics&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12141-3&rft.aulast=Tignor&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbXLpTpInREC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tignor1113-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tignor1113_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tignor, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTignor2006" class="citation book cs1">Tignor, Robert L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbXLpTpInREC&pg=PA27"><i>W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691121413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691121413"><bdi>978-0691121413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+Arthur+Lewis+and+the+Birth+of+Development+Economics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0691121413&rft.aulast=Tignor&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbXLpTpInREC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitschel2020" class="citation news cs1">Ritschel, Chelsea (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sir-w-arthur-lewis-google-doodle-economics-b1768963.html">"Sir W Arthur Lewis: How the famed economist broke down barriers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sir+W+Arthur+Lewis%3A+How+the+famed+economist+broke+down+barriers&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Ritschel&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fsir-w-arthur-lewis-google-doodle-economics-b1768963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/about-lse/lse-people/Sir-Arthur-Lewis">"Sir Arthur Lewis"</a>. <i>LSE people</i>. The London School of Economics and Political Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+people&rft.atitle=Sir+Arthur+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fabout-lse%2Flse-people%2FSir-Arthur-Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/economics/about/people/arthur-lewis/">"Arthur Lewis"</a>. <i>Economics</i>. The University of Manchester<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economics&rft.atitle=Arthur+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk%2Feconomics%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Farthur-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlay1980" class="citation journal cs1">Findlay, Ronald (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3439553">"On W. Arthur Lewis' Contributions to Economics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Journal of Economics">Scandinavian Journal of Economics</a></i>. <b>82</b> (1): 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3439553">10.2307/3439553</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3439553">3439553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=On+W.+Arthur+Lewis%27+Contributions+to+Economics&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3439553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3439553%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3439553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sta.uwi.edu/stan/archives/jul-sept2005.pdf">"The Middle Passage – UWI receives George James Christian papers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>St Augustine News</i>. university of the West Indies. July–September 2005. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Augustine+News&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Passage+%E2%80%93+UWI+receives+George+James+Christian+papers&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2005-07%2F2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsta.uwi.edu%2Fstan%2Farchives%2Fjul-sept2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenton, Felix, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/?q=gah/sir-william-arthur-lewis-1915-1991">"Sir (William) Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)"</a>, Black Past website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/william-arthur-lewis">"William Arthur Lewis"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=William+Arthur+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fwilliam-arthur-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caribbean_Elections-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_Elections_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_Elections_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/lewis_arthur.asp">"William Arthur Lewis"</a>. Caribbean Elections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Arthur+Lewis&rft.pub=Caribbean+Elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fknowledge%2Fbiography%2Fbios%2Flewis_arthur.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Arthur+Lewis&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DArthur%2BLewis%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribank.org/about-cdb/organisation/sir-arthur-lewis-past-president">"Sir Wm. Arthur Lewis: President 1970–1973"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054335/http://www.caribank.org/about-cdb/organisation/sir-arthur-lewis-past-president">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Caribbean Development Bank.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_BritannicaAmy_Tikkanen" class="citation web cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica; Amy Tikkanen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Lewis">"Sir Arthur Lewis"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lse.ac.uk&rft.atitle=LSE+renames+building+after+Sir+Arthur+Lewis&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FNews%2FLatest-news-from-LSE%2F2023%2Fc-March-2023%2FLSE-renames-building-after-Sir-Arthur-Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder2018" class="citation web cs1">Binder, Sarah M. (19 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/04/19/legacy-nobel-laureate-sir-w-arthur-lewis-commemorated-robertson-hall">"Legacy of Nobel laureate Sir W. Arthur Lewis commemorated at Robertson Hall"</a>. <i>Princeton University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+Nobel+laureate+Sir+W.+Arthur+Lewis+commemorated+at+Robertson+Hall&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F19%2Flegacy-nobel-laureate-sir-w-arthur-lewis-commemorated-robertson-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/sir-w-arthur-lewis-google-celebrates-economist-professor-with-doodle-7098842/">"Sir W. Arthur Lewis: Google celebrates economist, professor with doodle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Sir+W.+Arthur+Lewis%3A+Google+celebrates+economist%2C+professor+with+doodle&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftrending%2Ftrending-globally%2Fsir-w-arthur-lewis-google-celebrates-economist-professor-with-doodle-7098842%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandy2020" class="citation web cs1">Nandy, Sumana (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/google-celebrates-economist-professor-author-sir-w-arthur-lewis-with-doodle-2336584">"Google Celebrates Economist, Professor, Author Sir W Arthur Lewis With Doodle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Google+Celebrates+Economist%2C+Professor%2C+Author+Sir+W+Arthur+Lewis+With+Doodle&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Nandy&rft.aufirst=Sumana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Fgoogle-celebrates-economist-professor-author-sir-w-arthur-lewis-with-doodle-2336584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-sir-w-arthur-lewis/">"Celebrating Sir W. Arthur Lewis"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Sir+W.+Arthur+Lewis&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fcelebrating-sir-w-arthur-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108223246/http://www.stlucianobellaureates.org/arthur_lewis.htm">Biography</a> at stlucianobellaureates.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001152055/http://www.salcc.edu.lc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=64">Biography</a> on the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College website</li> <li>Breit, William, and Barry T. Hirsch (eds., 2004). <i>Lives of the Laureates</i> (4th edn). Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-52450-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-52450-3">0-262-52450-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, William Arthur (2003). <i>The Theory of Economic Growth</i>. London: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31301-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31301-8"><bdi>978-0-415-31301-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Economic+Growth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31301-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=William+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span> 453 pp.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Figueroa, M. (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/222744605">"W. Arthur Lewis's Social Analysis and the Transformation of Tropical Economies"</a>. <i>Social and Economic Studies</i>, 54(4), 72–90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27866445">27866445</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/W._Arthur_Lewis" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/pn89d659s">Arthur Lewis Papers</a> at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlucianobellaureates.org">Saint Lucian Nobel Laureates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830193153/http://www.stlucianobellaureates.org/">Archived</a> 30 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Biography available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00RK9E7HQ">Nobel Laureates of Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/693">Sir Arthur Lewis</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272519#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001152055/http://www.salcc.edu.lc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=64">Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128211616/http://ca.geocities.com/econ_0909meet/lewis-lecture.html">Sir Arthur Lewis – Nobel Prize Lecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/ple39.html">IDEAS/RePEc</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22W.+Arthur+Lewis%22">"W. Arthur Lewis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W.+Arthur+Lewis&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522W.%2BArthur%2BLewis%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014055/http://iple.cass.cn/file/workingpaper65.pdf">The Lewisian Turning Point and Its Implications to Labor Protection</a> (The Institute of Population and Labor Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Lewis.html">"W. Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=W.+Arthur+Lewis+%281915%E2%80%931991%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FLewis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+Arthur+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/143779826">W. Arthur Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272519#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> </b><br />1979 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_W._Schultz" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore W. Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence R. Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir Ralph W. Lacey</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Statistical_Society" title="Manchester Statistical Society">Manchester Statistical Society</a> </b><br />1955–56 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">A. H. Allman</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1979_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1979 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1979_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1979 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a> (Greece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan MacLeod Cormack</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore Schultz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (St. Lucia/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners">1974</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><b>1979 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners">1981</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis A. Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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