CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Korean War - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ae317100-e900-47e3-9d7e-3918ea99b53d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Korean_War","wgTitle":"Korean War","wgCurRevisionId":1259231884,"wgRevisionId":1259231884,"wgArticleId":16772,"wgIsArticle" :true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Korean_War","wgRelevantArticleId":16772,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym": "Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym": "Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym": "Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym": "Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym": "Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym": "Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu", "autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn", "mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8663","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready" ,"ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chosin.jpg/1200px-Chosin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="963"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chosin.jpg/800px-Chosin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="642"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chosin.jpg/640px-Chosin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="514"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Korean War - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Korean_War rootpage-Korean_War stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Korean+War" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Korean+War" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Korean War</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Korean_War" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_War" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Korean+War" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other conflicts and wars involving Korea, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Korean battles">List of Korean battles</a>. For the conflict from 1945 to the present, see <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style>The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> fought between <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was supported by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, while South Korea was supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> (UNC) led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN-25">[c]</a> Fighting ended in 1953 with an armistice, with no treaty signed. <div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Korean War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chosin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chosin.jpg/137px-Chosin.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chosin.jpg/206px-Chosin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chosin.jpg/274px-Chosin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="2294"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="2198"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Inchon_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Battle_of_Inchon_%28cropped%29.png/142px-Battle_of_Inchon_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Battle_of_Inchon_%28cropped%29.png/213px-Battle_of_Inchon_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Battle_of_Inchon_%28cropped%29.png/284px-Battle_of_Inchon_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="2175"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Namdaemun,_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Namdaemun%2C_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Namdaemun%2C_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Namdaemun%2C_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_%28cropped%29.jpg/213px-Namdaemun%2C_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Namdaemun%2C_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_%28cropped%29.jpg/284px-Namdaemun%2C_Main_Southern_Entrance_to_Seoul_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="431"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="2065"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG/139px-C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG" decoding="async" width="139" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG/209px-C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG/278px-C-119B_Flying_Boxcar_drops_supplies_near_Chungju_1951.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1860"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>Clockwise from top left:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>A column of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division" title="1st Marine Division">1st Marine Division</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armor</a> moves through Chinese lines during their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">breakout from the Chosin Reservoir</a></li> <li>Explosion during the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Wonsan" title="Blockade of Wonsan">Blockade of Wonsan</a></li> <li>Damaged gate of the <a href="/wiki/Hwaseong_Fortress" title="Hwaseong Fortress">Hwaseong Fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a></li> <li>A U.S. <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar" title="Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar">Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar</a> flying near <a href="/wiki/Chungju" title="Chungju">Chungju</a></li> <li>Korean refugees in front of a U.S. <a href="/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a> tank</li> <li>UN landing at <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Inchon</a> harbor, starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Incheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Incheon">Battle of Inchon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> (3 years, 1 month and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Strait" title="Korea Strait">Korea Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border" title="China–North Korea border">China–North Korea border</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> established <ul><li>North Korea gains the city of <a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a>, but loses a net total of 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi), including the city of <a href="/wiki/Sokcho" title="Sokcho">Sokcho</a>, to South Korea<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Forces_in_the_Korean_War" title="United Nations Forces in the Korean War">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-nbUNforces-2">[a]</a><div><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Philippines</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">Thailand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/46px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Chung_Il-kwon" title="Chung Il-kwon">Chung Il-kwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Paik_Sun-yup" title="Paik Sun-yup">Paik Sun-yup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hyung-geun" title="Lee Hyung-geun">Lee Hyung-geun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Shin_Sung-mo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Sung-mo">Shin Sung-mo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong">Kim Tu-bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Pak_Hon-yong" title="Pak Hon-yong">Pak Hon-yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(official)" title="Choe Yong-gon (official)">Choe Yong-gon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chaek" title="Kim Chaek">Kim Chaek</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie" title="Trygve Lie">Trygve Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Walton_Walker" title="Walton Walker">Walton Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Fleet" title="James Van Fleet">James Van Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Stratemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="George Stratemeyer">George Stratemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/C._Turner_Joy" title="C. Turner Joy">C. Turner Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Geng" title="Chen Geng">Chen Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Hua" title="Deng Hua">Deng Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Song_Shilun" title="Song Shilun">Song Shilun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Xianchu" title="Han Xianchu">Han Xianchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yalou" title="Liu Yalou">Liu Yalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Zhigarev" title="Pavel Zhigarev">Pavel Zhigarev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Peak strength (combat troops):</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931949%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931949%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931949%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 602,902<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> 326,863<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> 14,198<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> 8,123<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a> 5,455<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></a> 2,282<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 2,274<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)"><img alt="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,496<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,389<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,271<a href="#cite_note-517KWA-11">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a> 1,263<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-517KWA-11">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic"><img alt="French Fourth Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/46px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,185<a href="#cite_note-517KWA-11">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,068 <a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 900<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa"><img alt="Union of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 826<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 819<a href="#cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></a> 44<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Medical support and others: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/46px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 346<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></a> 170<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></a> 120<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[11]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></a> 109<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/35px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/46px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></a> 100<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/46px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a> 72<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Together: 968,302 </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Total strength<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> (combat troops): </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> 1,789,000<a href="#cite_note-Fact_Sheet:_America's_Wars-14">[12]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,300,000<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> 56,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> 26,791 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a> 21,212 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></a> 17,164 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)"><img alt="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> 7,420 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 6,326 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 5,322 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 5,100 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a> 4,992 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> 3,794 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 3,518 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 3,498 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic"><img alt="French Fourth Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/46px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 3,421 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa"><img alt="Union of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 826 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></a> 110 Medical support and others: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></a> 1,124 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/35px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/46px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></a> 630 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/46px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 627 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></a> 623 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/46px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a> 189 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></a> 120 Together: 3,257,797 </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">Peak strength (combat troops): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a> 266,600<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 1,450,000<a href="#cite_note-zhang257-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> 26,000<a href="#cite_note-Whipped-21">[19]</a></li></ul> Together: 1,742,000 </div> Total: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> 2,970,000<a href="#cite_note-xu-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> 72,000<a href="#cite_note-Whipped-21">[19]</a> Together: 3,042,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Total civilian deaths: 2–3 million (est.)<a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-24">[22]</a></li> <li>South Koreans: 990,968 total casualties<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a></li> <li>North Koreans: 1,550,000 total casualties (est.)<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div></div></div> After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, Korea, which had been a <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colony</a> for 35 years, was <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided</a> by the Soviet Union and the US into two occupation zones<a href="#cite_note-26">[d]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>, with plans for a future independent state. Due to political disagreements and influence from their backers, the zones formed their own governments in 1948. The DPRK was led by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, and the ROK by <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>; both claimed to be the sole <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a> government of all of Korea and engaged in limited battles. On 25 June 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA), equipped and trained by the Soviets, launched an invasion of the south. In the absence of the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-UN-25">[c]</a> the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">denounced</a> the attack and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">recommended</a> countries to repel the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> UN forces comprised 21 countries, with the US providing around 90% of military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> After two months, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">Republic of Korea Army</a> (ROKA) and its allies were nearly defeated, holding onto only the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Pusan Perimeter</a>. In September 1950, however, UN forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">landed at Inchon</a>, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines. They <a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea" title="UN offensive into North Korea">invaded North Korea</a> in October 1950 and advanced towards the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>—the border with China. On 19 October 1950, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> (PVA) crossed the Yalu and entered the war.<a href="#cite_note-Devine_2007_819-821-31">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/UN_retreat_from_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="UN retreat from North Korea">UN forces retreated from North Korea</a> in December, following the PVA's <a href="/wiki/First_Phase_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Phase Offensive">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Phase_Offensive" title="Second Phase Offensive">second offensive</a>. Communist forces <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Third Battle of Seoul">captured Seoul</a> again in January 1951 before losing it to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ripper" title="Operation Ripper">counterattacks</a> two months later. After the abortive <a href="/wiki/Chinese_spring_offensive" title="Chinese spring offensive">Chinese spring offensive</a>, UN forces <a href="/wiki/UN_May%E2%80%93June_1951_counteroffensive" title="UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive">retook territory</a> up to the 38th parallel, and the final two years of the fighting turned into a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a>. Combat ended on 27 July 1953 when the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> was signed, allowing the exchange of prisoners and creating the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> (DMZ). The conflict displaced millions of people, inflicting 3 million fatalities and a larger proportion of civilian deaths than World War II or the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Alleged war crimes include the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_League_massacre" title="Bodo League massacre">killing of suspected communists</a> by Seoul and the torture and starvation of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> by the North Koreans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] North Korea became one of the most heavily bombed countries in history,<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-32">[28]</a> and virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_119-120-33">[29]</a> No <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> was ever signed, making the war a <a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">frozen conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HeFeng2013-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiCribb2014-35">[31]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names">1 Names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">2 Background</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Imperial_Japanese_rule_(1910%E2%80%931945)">2.1 Imperial Japanese rule (1910–1945)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Korea_divided_(1945%E2%80%931949)">2.2 Korea divided (1945–1949)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Chinese_Civil_War_(1945%E2%80%931949)">2.3 Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Communist_insurgency_in_South_Korea_(1948%E2%80%931950)">2.4 Communist insurgency in South Korea (1948–1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Prelude_to_war_(1950)">2.5 Prelude to war (1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Comparison_of_forces">2.6 Comparison of forces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Course_of_the_war">3 Course of the war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Operation_Pokpung">3.1 Operation Pokpung</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Factors_in_U.S._intervention">3.2 Factors in U.S. intervention</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions">3.3 United Nations Security Council resolutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#United_States'_response_(July%E2%80%93August_1950)">3.4 United States' response (July–August 1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#The_drive_south_and_Pusan_(July%E2%80%93September_1950)">3.5 The drive south and Pusan (July–September 1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Battle_of_Incheon_(September_1950)">3.6 Battle of Incheon (September 1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Breakout_from_the_Pusan_Perimeter">3.7 Breakout from the Pusan Perimeter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#UN_forces_invade_North_Korea_(September%E2%80%93October_1950)">3.8 UN forces invade North Korea (September–October 1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#China_intervenes_(October%E2%80%93December_1950)">3.9 China intervenes (October–December 1950)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Fighting_around_the_38th_parallel_(January%E2%80%93June_1951)">3.10 Fighting around the 38th parallel (January–June 1951)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Stalemate_(July_1951%E2%80%93July_1953)">3.11 Stalemate (July 1951–July 1953)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Armistice_(July_1953%E2%80%93November_1954)">3.12 Armistice (July 1953–November 1954)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Continued_division_(1954%E2%80%93present)">3.13 Continued division (1954–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Casualties">4 Casualties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Military">4.1 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Civilian">4.2 Civilian</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Characteristics">5 Characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#U.S._unpreparedness">5.1 U.S. unpreparedness</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Armored_warfare">5.2 Armored warfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Naval_warfare">5.3 Naval warfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Aerial_warfare">5.4 Aerial warfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#U.S._threat_of_atomic_warfare">5.5 U.S. threat of atomic warfare</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#War_crimes">6 War crimes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Aftermath">7 Aftermath</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#North_Korea">7.1 North Korea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#South_Korea">7.2 South Korea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Communism">7.3 Communism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#War_memorials">8.1 War memorials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Bibliography">10.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Historical">11.1 Historical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Media">11.2 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Organizations">11.3 Organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Memorials">11.4 Memorials</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Korean War</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">South Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6·25 전쟁 or 한국 전쟁</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data">六二五戰爭 or 韓國戰爭</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hanguk Jeonjaeng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Han'guk Chŏnjaeng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">North Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data">조국해방전쟁</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data">祖國解放戰爭</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Joguk haebang Jeonjaeng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> In South Korea, the war is usually referred to as the "625 War" (6·25 전쟁; 六二五戰爭), the "625 Upheaval" (6·25 동란; 六二五動亂; yugio dongnan), or simply "625", reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June.<a href="#cite_note-Hoare1999-36">[32]</a> In North Korea, the war is officially referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War (Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng) or the "<a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea#Korea" title="Names of Korea">Chosŏn</a> [Korean] War" (조선전쟁; Chosŏn chŏnjaeng).<a href="#cite_note-Kim2003-37">[33]</a> In mainland China, the segment of the war after the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> is commonly and officially known as the "Resisting America and Assisting Korea War"<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 抗美援朝战争; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng), although the term "<a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea#Chinese-speaking_areas" title="Names of Korea">Chosŏn</a> War" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 朝鮮戰爭; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng) is sometimes used unofficially. The term "<a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Hán</a> (Korean) War" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 韓戰; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Hán Zhàn) is most used in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Republic of China), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. In the US, the war was initially described by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Police_action" title="Police action">police action</a>" as the US never formally declared war on its opponents, and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the UN.<a href="#cite_note-Truman1950-39">[35]</a> It has been sometimes referred to in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> as "The Forgotten War" or "The Unknown War" because of the lack of public attention it received during and afterward, relative to the global scale of World War II, which preceded it, and the subsequent angst of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which succeeded it.<a href="#cite_note-Naval_Historical_Center-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam20072-41">[37]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Japanese_rule_(1910–1945)">Imperial Japanese rule (1910–1945)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> diminished the influence of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> over Korea in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–95), ushering in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990-42">[38]</a> A decade later, after defeating <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, Japan made the Korean Empire its <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Eulsa_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulsa Treaty">Eulsa Treaty</a> in 1905, then annexed it with the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a>. The Korean Empire fell, and Korea was directly ruled by Japan between 1910–45.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel1972-43">[39]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalists</a> fled the country. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> was founded in 1919 in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Nationalist China</a>. It failed to achieve international recognition, failed to unite the nationalist groups, and had a fractious relationship with its US-based founding president, <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck200219%E2%80%9320-44">[40]</a> From 1919 to 1925 and beyond, Korean <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> led internal and external warfare against the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199023-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot1995516-46">[42]</a> In China, the nationalist <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> and the communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military, which had also occupied parts of China. The Nationalist-backed Koreans, led by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Yi Pom-Sok</a>, fought in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> (1941-45). The communists, led by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, fought the Japanese in Korea and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005160%E2%80%9361,_195%E2%80%9396-47">[43]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> in 1943, China, the UK, and the US decided that "in due course, Korea shall become free and independent".<a href="#cite_note-Early1943-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea_divided_(1945–1949)">Korea divided (1945–1949)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></div> At the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in 1943 and the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> within three months of the <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">victory in Europe</a>. Germany officially surrendered on 8 May 1945, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">the USSR declared war on Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">and invaded Manchuria</a> on 8 August 1945, two days after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Bombing_of_Hiroshima" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot1995516-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whelan1991-49">[45]</a> By 10 August, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> had begun to occupy the north of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199024,_25-50">[46]</a> On 10 August in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, US Colonels <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bonesteel_III" title="Charles H. Bonesteel III">Charles H. Bonesteel III</a> were assigned to divide Korea into Soviet and US occupation zones and proposed the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> as the dividing line. This was incorporated into the US <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._1" title="General Order No. 1">General Order No. 1</a>, which responded to the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "Even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U. S. [sic] forces in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of U.S. forces immediately available and time and space factors which would make it difficult to reach very far north before Soviet troops could enter the area".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulden198317-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> As Rusk's comments indicate, the US doubted whether the Soviets would agree.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough1992-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCune1946-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grajdanzev1945-56">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, however, maintained his wartime policy of cooperation, and on 16 August, the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of US forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199024,_25-50">[46]</a> On 7 September 1945, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> issued Proclamation No. 1 to the people of Korea, announcing US military control over Korea south of the 38th parallel and establishing English as the official language during military control.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> On 8 September, US Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/John_R._Hodge" title="John R. Hodge">John R. Hodge</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998-54">[50]</a> Appointed as military governor, Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> (USAMGIK 1945–48).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam200763-58">[54]</a> In December 1945, Korea was administered by a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea#US%E2%80%93Soviet_Joint_Commission" title="Division of Korea">US–Soviet Union Joint Commission</a>, as agreed at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1945)" title="Moscow Conference (1945)">Moscow Conference</a>, to grant independence after a five-year trusteeship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199025%E2%80%9326-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker200553-60">[56]</a> Waiting five years for independence was unpopular among Koreans, and riots broke out.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel1972-43">[39]</a> To contain them, the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and People's Committees on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager201341%E2%80%9342-61">[57]</a> Following further civilian unrest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1981chapter_3,_4-62">[58]</a> the USAMGIK declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US government decided[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] to hold an election under UN auspices to create an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and Korean communists refused to cooperate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians boycotted it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005211-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager201347-64">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1948_South_Korean_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 South Korean general election">1948 South Korean general election</a> was held in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199026-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time1946-66">[62]</a> The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July and elected Syngman Rhee as <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president</a> on 20 July. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Soviet-Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviets agreed to the establishment of a communist government<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199026-65">[61]</a> led by Kim Il Sung.<a href="#cite_note-AMH-67">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1948_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="1948 North Korean parliamentary election">1948 North Korean parliamentary elections</a> took place in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200113-68">[64]</a> The Soviet Union withdrew its forces in 1948 and the US in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Civil_War_(1945–1949)">Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)</h3></div> With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">war with Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> resumed in earnest between the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist</a>-led government. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">matériel</a> and manpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994110-71">[67]</a> According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese PLA during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994110%E2%80%9311-72">[68]</a> North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994110-71">[67]</a> The North Korean contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Communist victory</a> were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans who served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994110-71">[67]</a> China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994111-73">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_insurgency_in_South_Korea_(1948–1950)">Communist insurgency in South Korea (1948–1950)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_War" title="Special:EditPage/Korean War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> By 1948, a North Korea-backed insurgency had broken out in the southern half of the peninsula. This was exacerbated by the undeclared border war between the Koreas, which saw division-level engagements and thousands of deaths on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] The ROK was almost entirely trained and focused on counterinsurgency, rather than conventional warfare. They were equipped and advised by a force of a few hundred American officers, who were successful in helping the ROKA to subdue guerrillas and hold its own against <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korean military</a> (Korean People's Army, KPA) forces along the 38th parallel.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan,_p._76-75">[71]</a> Approximately 8,000 South Korean soldiers and police officers died in the insurgent war and border clashes.<a href="#cite_note-EB-76">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jeju_uprising" title="Jeju uprising">first socialist uprising</a> occurred without direct North Korean participation, though the guerrillas still professed support for the northern government. Beginning in April 1948 on <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>, the campaign saw arrests and repression by the South Korean government in the fight against the South Korean Labor Party, resulting in 30,000 violent deaths, among them 14,373 civilians, of whom ~2,000 were killed by rebels and ~12,000 by ROK security forces. The <a href="/wiki/Yeosu%E2%80%93Suncheon_rebellion" title="Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion">Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion</a> overlapped with it, as several thousand army defectors waving red flags massacred right-leaning families. This resulted in another brutal suppression by the government and between 2,976 and 3,392 deaths. By May 1949, both uprisings had been crushed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Insurgency reignited in the spring of 1949 when attacks by guerrillas in the mountainous regions (buttressed by army defectors and North Korean agents) increased.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Insurgent activity peaked in late 1949 as the ROKA engaged so-called People's Guerrilla Units. Organized and armed by the North Korean government, and backed by 2,400 KPA commandos who had infiltrated through the border, these guerrillas launched an offensive in September aimed at undermining the South Korean government and preparing the country for the KPA's arrival in force. This offensive failed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] However, the guerrillas were now entrenched in the Taebaek-san region of the <a href="/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province" title="North Gyeongsang Province">North Gyeongsang Province</a> and the border areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan,_p._78-78">[74]</a> While the insurgency was ongoing, the ROKA and KPA engaged in battalion-sized battles along the border, starting in May 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan,_p._76-75">[71]</a> Border clashes between South and North continued on 4 August 1949, when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel. The 2nd and 18th ROK Infantry Regiments repulsed attacks in Kuksa-bong,<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> and KPA troops were "completely routed".<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Border incidents decreased by the start of 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan,_p._78-78">[74]</a> Meanwhile, counterinsurgencies in the South Korean interior intensified; persistent operations, paired with worsening weather, denied the guerrillas sanctuary and wore away their fighting strength. North Korea responded by sending more troops to link up with insurgents and build more partisan cadres; North Korean infiltrators had reached 3,000 soldiers in 12 units by the start of 1950, but all were destroyed or scattered by the ROKA.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> On 1 October 1949, the ROKA launched a three-pronged assault on the insurgents in <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Cholla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Taegu</a>. By March 1950, the ROKA claimed 5,621 guerrillas killed or captured and 1,066 small arms seized. This operation crippled the insurgency. Soon after, North Korea made final attempts to keep the uprising active, sending battalion-sized units of infiltrators under the commands of Kim Sang-ho and Kim Moo-hyon. The first battalion was reduced to a single man over the course of engagements by the ROKA <a href="/wiki/8th_Maneuver_Division" title="8th Maneuver Division">8th Division</a>. The second was annihilated by a two-battalion <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_anvil" title="Hammer and anvil">hammer-and-anvil maneuver</a> by units of the ROKA <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="6th Infantry Division (South Korea)">6th Division</a>, resulting in a toll of 584 KPA guerrillas (480 killed, 104 captured) and 69 ROKA troops killed, plus 184 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> By the spring of 1950, guerrilla activity had mostly subsided; the border, too, was calm.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_war_(1950)">Prelude to war (1950)</h3></div> By 1949, South Korean and US military actions had reduced indigenous communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000. However, Kim Il Sung believed widespread uprisings had weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population. Kim began seeking Stalin's support for an invasion in March 1949, traveling to Moscow to persuade him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20023%E2%80%934-84">[80]</a> Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea. PLA forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, while US forces remained stationed in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20023-85">[81]</a> By spring 1950, he believed that the strategic situation had changed: PLA forces under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> had secured final victory, US forces had withdrawn from Korea, and the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">had detonated their first nuclear bomb</a>, breaking the US monopoly. As the US had not directly intervened to stop the communists in China, Stalin calculated they would be even less willing to fight in Korea, which had less strategic significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20029,_10-86">[82]</a> The Soviets had cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with their <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">embassy in Moscow</a>, and reading dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20029,_10-86">[82]</a> Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200211-87">[83]</a> In April 1950, Stalin permitted Kim to attack the government in the South, under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210-88">[84]</a> For Kim, this was the fulfillment of his goal to unite Korea. Stalin made it clear Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the US<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210-88">[84]</a> Kim met with Mao in May 1950 and differing historical interpretations of the meeting have been put forward. According to Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgeng, Mao agreed to support Kim despite concerns of American intervention, as China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006139%E2%80%9340-89">[85]</a> Kathryn Weathersby cites Soviet documents which said Kim secured Mao's support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199329-90">[86]</a> Along with Mark O'Neill, she says this accelerated Kim's war preparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200213-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jian_(academic)" title="Chen Jian (academic)">Chen Jian</a> argues Mao never seriously challenged Kim's plans and Kim had every reason to inform Stalin that he had obtained Mao's support.<a href="#cite_note-Jian-93">[89]</a>: 112 Citing more recent scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Zhao Suisheng</a> contends Mao did not approve of Kim's war proposal and requested verification from Stalin, who did so via a telegram.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-94">[90]</a>: 28–9 Mao accepted the decision made by Kim and Stalin to unify Korea but cautioned Kim over possible US intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-94">[90]</a>: 30 Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from World War II were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. They completed plans for attack by May<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199329%E2%80%9330-95">[91]</a> and called for a skirmish to be initiated in the <a href="/wiki/Ongjin_County,_South_Hwanghae" title="Ongjin County, South Hwanghae">Ongjin Peninsula</a> on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch an attack to capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the ROK. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants and capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200214-96">[92]</a> On 7 June 1950, Kim called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in <a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a> on 15–17 June. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture, which Rhee rejected outright.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210-88">[84]</a> On 21 June, Kim revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in Ongjin. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and that South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200215-97">[93]</a> While these preparations were underway in the North, there were clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at <a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a> and Ongjin, many initiated by the South.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005247%E2%80%9353-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck200271-99">[95]</a> The ROK was being trained by the US <a href="/wiki/Korean_Military_Advisory_Group" title="Korean Military Advisory Group">Korean Military Advisory Group</a> (KMAG). On the eve of the war, KMAG commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005255%E2%80%9356-100">[96]</a> For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when US diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> visited Korea on 18 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005249%E2%80%9358-101">[97]</a> Though some South Korean and US intelligence officers predicted an attack, similar predictions had been made before and nothing had happened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200717-102">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> noted the southward movement by the KPA but assessed this as a "defensive measure" and concluded an invasion was "unlikely".<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> On 23 June UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_forces">Comparison of forces</h3></div> Chinese involvement was extensive from the beginning, building on previous collaboration between the Chinese and Korean communists during the Chinese Civil War. Throughout 1949 and 1950, the Soviets continued arming North Korea. After the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, ethnic Korean units in the PLA were sent to North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200714-105">[101]</a> In the fall of 1949, two PLA divisions composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Korean-Chinese</a> troops (the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="5th Division (North Korea)">164th</a> and <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="6th Division (North Korea)">166th</a>) entered North Korea, followed by smaller units throughout the rest of 1949. The reinforcement of the KPA with PLA veterans continued into 1950, with the <a href="/wiki/12th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="12th Division (North Korea)">156th Division</a> and several other units of the former Fourth Field Army arriving in February; the PLA 156th Division was reorganized as the KPA 7th Division. By mid-1950, between 50,000 and 70,000 former PLA troops had entered North Korea, forming a significant part of the KPA's strength on the eve of the war's beginning.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The combat veterans and equipment from China, the tanks, artillery, and aircraft supplied by the Soviets, and rigorous training increased North Korea's military superiority over the South, armed by the U.S. military with mostly small arms, but no heavy weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200715-107">[103]</a> Several generals, such as <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kwon-mu" title="Lee Kwon-mu">Lee Kwon-mu</a>, were PLA veterans born to ethnic Koreans in China. While older histories of the conflict often referred to these ethnic Korean PLA veterans as being sent from northern Korea to fight in the Chinese Civil War before being sent back, recent Chinese archival sources studied by Kim Donggill indicate that this was not the case. Rather, the soldiers were indigenous to China, as part of China's longstanding ethnic Korean community, and were recruited to the PLA in the same way as any other Chinese citizen.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> According to the first official census in 1949, the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000,<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> and by mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, <a href="/wiki/Chuncheon" title="Chuncheon">Chuncheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uijeongbu" title="Uijeongbu">Uijeongbu</a>, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 <a href="/wiki/T-34#T-34-85" title="T-34">T-34-85</a> tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, 150 <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yak</a> fighter planes, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998-54">[50]</a> Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as seaborne artillery for their armies. In contrast, the South Korean population was estimated at 20 million,<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-110">[106]</a> but its army was unprepared and ill-equipped. As of 25 June 1950, the ROK had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-plane air force comprising 12 <a href="/wiki/Liaison_aircraft" title="Liaison aircraft">liaison-type</a> and 10 <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">AT-6</a> advanced-trainer airplanes. Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman199817-111">[107]</a> but only 200–300 U.S. troops were in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-james19500625-112">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/170px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="871"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/170px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" data-width="170" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/255px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/340px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Territory often changed hands early in the war, until the front stabilized.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Chinese and Soviet forces</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> North Korean forces</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> South Korean and United Nations forces</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/220px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="434"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/220px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/330px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/440px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Pokpung">Operation Pokpung</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpung" title="Operation Pokpung">Operation Pokpung</a></div> At dawn on 25 June 1950, the KPA crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014-113">[109]</a> It justified its assault with the claim ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman199821-114">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ongjin">Fighting began</a> on the strategic Ongjin Peninsula in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005260%E2%80%9363-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> There were initial South Korean claims that the <a href="/wiki/17th_Infantry_Brigade_(South_Korea)" title="17th Infantry Brigade (South Korea)">17th Regiment</a> had counterattacked at Haeju; some scholars argue the claimed counterattack was instead the instigating attack, and therefore that the South Koreans may have fired first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005260%E2%80%9363-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> However, the report that contained the Haeju claim contained errors and outright falsehoods.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> KPA forces attacked all along the 38th parallel within an hour. The KPA had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery. The ROK had no tanks, anti-tank weapons, or heavy artillery. The South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion, and these were routed in a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200718%E2%80%9319-119">[115]</a> On 27 June, Rhee evacuated Seoul with some of the government. At 02:00 on 28 June the ROK <a href="/wiki/Hangang_Bridge_bombing" title="Hangang Bridge bombing">blew up the Hangang Bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> in an attempt to stop the KPA. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it, and hundreds were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Chosun2010-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnston20-121">[117]</a> Destroying the bridge trapped many ROK units north of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200718%E2%80%9319-119">[115]</a> In spite of such desperate measures, <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Seoul" title="First Battle of Seoul">Seoul fell</a> that same day. Some South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and 48 subsequently pledged allegiance to the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005269%E2%80%9370-122">[118]</a> On 28 June, Rhee ordered the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_League_massacre" title="Bodo League massacre">massacre of suspected political opponents</a> in his own country.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards32-123">[119]</a> In five days, the ROK, which had 95,000 troops on 25 June, was down to less than 22,000 troops. In early July, when US forces arrived, what was left of the ROK was placed under US operational command of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_in_U.S._intervention">Factors in U.S. intervention</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Korean_War" title="United States in the Korean War">United States in the Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a> was unprepared for the invasion. Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim197330-125">[121]</a> Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than that of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> The administration was worried a war in Korea could quickly escalate without American intervention. Diplomat John Foster Dulles stated: "To sit by while Korea is overrun by unprovoked armed attack would start a disastrous chain of events leading most probably to world war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2018447-127">[123]</a> While there was hesitance by some in the US government to get involved, considerations about Japan fed into the decision to engage on behalf of South Korea. After the fall of China to the communists, US experts saw Japan as the region's counterweight to the Soviet Union and China. While there was no US policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased its importance. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim197346-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Another consideration was the Soviet reaction if the US intervened. The Truman administration was fearful a Korean war was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the US committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196422-130">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>—a possible Soviet target because of the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito-Stalin split</a>—was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>'s post-North Korea invasion list of "chief danger spots".<a href="#cite_note-schindler19980224-131">[127]</a> Truman believed if aggression went unchecked, a chain reaction would start that would marginalize the UN and encourage communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans, and the US immediately began using air and naval forces in the area to that end. The Truman administration still refrained from committing troops on the ground, because advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196423-132">[128]</a> The Truman administration was uncertain whether the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union, or just a test of US resolve. The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against US forces in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196426-133">[129]</a> The Truman administration believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions">United Nations Security Council resolutions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea</a></div> On 25 June 1950, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of South Korea with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">Resolution 82</a>. The Soviet Union, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto-wielding power</a>, had boycotted Council meetings since January 1950, protesting <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s occupation of <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China's permanent seat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200116-134">[130]</a> The Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">Resolution 83</a> recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help. On 4 July the Soviet deputy foreign minister accused the U.S. of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Gromyko1950-135">[131]</a> The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from US Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a> Article 32; and the fighting was beyond the Charter's scope, because the initial north–south border fighting was classed as a civil war. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council, some legal scholars posited that deciding upon this type of action required the unanimous vote of all five permanent members.<a href="#cite_note-Gross1951-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schick1950-137">[133]</a> Within days of the invasion, masses of ROK soldiers—of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime—were retreating southwards or <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defecting</a> en masse to the northern side, the KPA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199023-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States'_response_(July–August_1950)">United States' response (July–August 1950)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A group of soldiers readying a large gun in some brush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg/220px-KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="629"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg/220px-KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg" data-alt="A group of soldiers readying a large gun in some brush" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg/330px-KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg/440px-KumRiver_Howitzer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River, 15 July</figcaption></figure> As soon as word of the attack was received,<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> Acheson informed Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulden198348-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hess2001-140">[136]</a> Truman and Acheson discussed a US invasion response and agreed the US was obligated to act, comparing the North Korean invasion with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s aggressions in the 1930s, and the mistake of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> must not be repeated.<a href="#cite_note-Graebner1979-141">[137]</a> US industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Truman later explained he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> of communism as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/NSC_68" title="NSC 68">National Security Council Report 68 (NSC 68)</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Communism was acting in Korea, just as Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese had ten, fifteen, and twenty years earlier. I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall, Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores. If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world, no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-Truman1980-143">[139]</a></blockquote> In August 1950, Truman and Acheson obtained the consent of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to appropriate $12 billion for military action, equivalent to $152 billion in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Hess2001-140">[136]</a> Because of the extensive defense cuts and emphasis on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were able to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, was faced with deploying a force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2003290-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Acting on Acheson's recommendation, Truman ordered MacArthur, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> in Japan, to transfer matériel to the South Korean military, while giving air cover to evacuation of US nationals. Truman disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral bombing of the North Korean forces and ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">U.S. Seventh Fleet</a> to protect Taiwan, whose government asked to fight in Korea. The US denied Taiwan's request for combat, lest it provoke retaliation from the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196427-146">[142]</a> Because the US had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a>, Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> criticized the UN and US initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006140-147">[143]</a> The US supported the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_in_Burma" title="Kuomintang in Burma">Kuomintang in Burma</a> in the hope these KMT forces would harass China from the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">southwest</a>, thereby diverting Chinese resources from Korea.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-148">[144]</a>: 65 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_drive_south_and_Pusan_(July–September_1950)">The drive south and Pusan (July–September 1950)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg/220px-KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg/220px-KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg/330px-KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg/440px-KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG/220px-HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG/220px-HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG" data-width="220" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG/330px-HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG/440px-HA-SC-98-06983-Crew_of_M24_along_Naktong_River_front-Korean_war-17_Aug_1950.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Crew of an U.S. <a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a> tank along the Nakdong River front, August 1950</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osan" title="Battle of Osan">Battle of Osan</a>, the first significant US engagement, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, a small forward element of the <a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="24th Infantry Division (United States)">24th Infantry Division</a> flown in from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199045-149">[145]</a> On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the KPA at <a href="/wiki/Osan" title="Osan">Osan</a> but without weapons capable of destroying KPA tanks. The KPA defeated the US, with 180 American casualties. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back US forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongtaek" title="Battle of Pyongtaek">Pyongtaek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chonan" title="Battle of Chonan">Chonan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chochiwon" title="Battle of Chochiwon">Chochiwon</a>, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to <a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Taejeon</a>, which the KPA captured in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taejon" title="Battle of Taejon">Battle of Taejon</a>. The 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including its commander, Major General <a href="/wiki/William_F._Dean" title="William F. Dean">William F. Dean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199048-150">[146]</a> By August, the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK and the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth United States Army</a> southwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199053-151">[147]</a> The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks was keenly felt, as US troops fought costly rearguard actions. Facing a veteran and well-led KPA force, and lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, the Americans retreated and the KPA advanced down the Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> By September, UN forces were hemmed into a corner of southeast Korea, near <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Pusan</a>. This 230-kilometre (140-mile) perimeter enclosed about 10% of Korea, in a line defined by the <a href="/wiki/Nakdong_River" title="Nakdong River">Nakdong River</a>. The KPA purged South Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, MacArthur warned Kim Il Sung he would be held responsible for KPA atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199056-154">[150]</a> Kim's early successes led him to predict the war would finish by the end of August. Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible US deployment, Zhou secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and he deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a>. Zhou authorized a topographical survey of Korea and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military adviser in Korea, to analyze the military situation. Lei concluded MacArthur would likely attempt a landing at Incheon.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to PLA commanders to prepare for US naval activity in the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Strait" title="Korea Strait">Korea Strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006141-157">[153]</a> In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Battle of Pusan Perimeter</a>, UN forces withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="Battle of Naktong Bulge">the Naktong Bulge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong" title="Battle of P'ohang-dong">P'ohang-dong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taegu" title="Battle of Taegu">Taegu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a>, which destroyed 32 bridges, halting daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199047%E2%80%9348,_66-158">[154]</a> To deny military equipment and supplies to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, refineries, and harbors, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> aircraft attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the overextended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199058-159">[155]</a> On 27 August, <a href="/wiki/67th_Fighter_Squadron" title="67th Fighter Squadron">67th Fighter Squadron</a> aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory, and the Soviet Union called the Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The US proposed a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation, but the Soviets vetoed this.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Meanwhile, US garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and military supplies to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199059%E2%80%9360-163">[159]</a> MacArthur went so far as to call for Japan's rearmament.<a href="#cite_note-masuda12-164">[160]</a> Tank battalions deployed to Korea, from the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_San_Francisco" title="Port of San Francisco">port of San Francisco</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Busan" title="Port of Busan">port of Pusan</a>, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had 500 medium tanks battle-ready.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199061-165">[161]</a> In early September 1950, UN forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman199861-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Incheon_(September_1950)">Battle of Incheon (September 1950)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Incheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Incheon">Battle of Incheon</a></div> Against the rested and rearmed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN, they lacked naval and air support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199058,_61-167">[163]</a> To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, MacArthur recommended an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious landing</a> at Incheon, near Seoul, well over 160 km (100 mi) behind the KPA lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199067-168">[164]</a> On 6 July, he ordered Major General <a href="/wiki/Hobart_R._Gay" title="Hobart R. Gay">Hobart R. Gay</a>, commander of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a>, to plan an amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan, to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-Cavalry_Outpost_Publications-169">[165]</a> Soon after the war began, MacArthur began planning an Incheon landing, but <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> opposed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199067-168">[164]</a> When authorized, he activated a combined <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>, and ROK force. The <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(United_States)" title="X Corps (United States)">X Corps</a>, consisted of 40,000 troops of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division" title="1st Marine Division">1st Marine Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Division</a> and around 8,600 ROK soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199068-170">[166]</a> By 15 September, the amphibious force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of Incheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199070-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakout_from_the_Pusan_Perimeter">Breakout from the Pusan Perimeter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter_offensive" title="Pusan Perimeter offensive">Pusan Perimeter offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/UN_September_1950_counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="UN September 1950 counteroffensive">UN September 1950 counteroffensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">Second Battle of Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_U.S._Marine_tank_follows_a_line_of_prisoners_of_war_down_a_village_street._-_NARA_-_532408.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a> tanks during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">Second Battle of Seoul</a> in September 1950. In the foreground, UN troops round up North Korean prisoners-of-war.</figcaption></figure> On 16 September Eighth Army began its breakout from the Pusan Perimeter. Task Force Lynch,<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> 3rd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a>, and 70th Tank Battalion units advanced through 171.2 km (106.4 mi) of KPA territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan on 27 September.<a href="#cite_note-Cavalry_Outpost_Publications-169">[165]</a> X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199071%E2%80%9372-174">[170]</a> On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov" title="Matvei Zakharov">H. M. Zakharov</a> to advise Kim to halt his offensive around the Pusan Perimeter, and redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. Zhou suggested the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the UN forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143-175">[171]</a> On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by UN forces. US air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and artillery. KPA troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143-175">[171]</a> During the retreat, only 25,000-30,000 KPA soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-KIMH-177">[173]</a> On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a>, where he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_forces_invade_North_Korea_(September–October_1950)">UN forces invade North Korea (September–October 1950)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea" title="UN offensive into North Korea">UN offensive into North Korea</a></div> On 27 September, MacArthur received secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily".<a href="#cite_note-Weintraub2000-178">[174]</a> On 29 September, MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143-175">[171]</a> The Joint Chiefs of Staff on 27 September sent MacArthur a comprehensive directive: it stated the primary goal was the destruction of the KPA, with unification of the Peninsula under Rhee as a secondary objective "if possible"; the Joint Chiefs added this objective was dependent on whether the Chinese and Soviets would intervene, and was subject to changing conditions.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_War,_train_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg/220px-Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg/220px-Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg/330px-Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg/440px-Korean_War%2C_train_attack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> attacking railroads south of <a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a> on the eastern coast of North Korea</figcaption></figure> On 30 September, Zhou warned the US that China was prepared to intervene if the US crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise KPA commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics that allowed Chinese Communist forces to escape Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">encirclement campaigns</a> in the 1930s, but KPA commanders did not use these tactics effectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143%E2%80%9344-180">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Bruce Cumings</a> argues, however, that the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005278%E2%80%9381-181">[177]</a> By 1 October, the UN Command had driven the KPA past the 38th parallel, and RoK forces pursued the KPA northwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199079%E2%80%9394-182">[178]</a> MacArthur demanded the KPA's unconditional surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006144-183">[179]</a> On 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199081-184">[180]</a> The Eighth US Army drove up western Korea and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1950)" title="Battle of Pyongyang (1950)">captured Pyongyang</a> on 19 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199090-185">[181]</a> On 20 October, the <a href="/wiki/187th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="187th Infantry Regiment (United States)">US 187th Airborne Regiment</a> made their first of their two combat jumps during the war <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongyu" title="Battle of Yongyu">at Sunchon and Sukchon</a>. The mission was to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping Pyongyang, and to rescue US <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 80–161 km (50–100 mi) of mountainous terrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck200292%E2%80%9393-186">[182]</a> In addition to the 135,000 captured, the KPA had suffered some 200,000 soldiers killed or wounded, for a total of 335,000 casualties since end of June 1950, and lost 313 tanks. A mere 25,000 KPA regulars retreated across the 38th parallel, as their military had collapsed. The UN forces on the peninsula numbered 229,722 combat troops (including 125,126 Americans and 82,786 South Koreans), 119,559 rear area troops, and 36,667 US Air Force personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter198911-187">[183]</a> MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the war into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean effort. Truman disagreed and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199083-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_intervenes_(October–December_1950)">China intervenes (October–December 1950)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg/220px-China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg/220px-China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg/330px-China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/China_Crosses_Yalu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chinese forces cross the frozen Yalu River.</figcaption></figure></div></div> On 3 October 1950, China attempted to warn the US, through its embassy in India, it would intervene if UN forces crossed the Yalu River.<a href="#cite_note-:322-189">[185]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-Jian-93">[89]</a>: 169 The US did not respond as policymakers in Washington, including Truman, considered it a bluff.<a href="#cite_note-:322-189">[185]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-Jian-93">[89]</a>: 169 <a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a>: 57 On 15 October Truman and MacArthur <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island_Conference" title="Wake Island Conference">met at Wake Island</a>. This was much publicized because of MacArthur's discourteous refusal to meet the president in the contiguous US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199088-191">[187]</a> To Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199089-192">[188]</a> and the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria and 100,000–125,000 at the Yalu River. He concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without Soviet air force protection.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donovan1996-193">[189]</a> Meanwhile on 13 October, the Politburo decided China would intervene even without Soviet air support, basing its decision on a belief superior morale could defeat an enemy that had superior equipment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-194">[190]</a> To that end, 200,000 Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> (PVA) troops crossed the Yalu into North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006147%E2%80%9348-195">[191]</a> UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouac</a> discipline minimized detection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990102-196">[192]</a> The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers remained motionless if an aircraft appeared;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990102-196">[192]</a> PVA officers were under orders to shoot security violators.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-<a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> army to march the 460 km (286 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">An-tung</a>, Manchuria, to the combat zone in 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 29 km (18 mi) daily for 18 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998-54">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_(November_1950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2058"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg/330px-U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg/440px-U.S._Army_machine_gun_team_near_the_Chongchon_River_in_North_Korea_%28November_1950%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soldiers from the US <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> in action near the Ch'ongch'on River (20 November 1950).</figcaption></figure> After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the <a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea#Chinese_First_Phase_Campaign_(25_October-6_November)" title="UN offensive into North Korea">First Phase Offensive</a> on 25 October, attacking advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after PVA troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a> to provide air cover and supported more aid to China.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Korea)" title="II Corps (South Korea)">II Corps</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Onjong" title="Battle of Onjong">Battle of Onjong</a>, the first confrontation between Chinese and US military occurred on 1 November 1950. Deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA <a href="/wiki/79th_Group_Army" title="79th Group Army">39th Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircled</a> and attacked the US <a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="8th Cavalry Regiment">8th Cavalry Regiment</a> with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Unsan" title="Battle of Unsan">Battle of Unsan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-198">[194]</a> On 13 November, Mao appointed Zhou overall commander and coordinator of the war effort, with <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> as field commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006147%E2%80%9348-195">[191]</a> On 25 November, on the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River">Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River</a>, and then inflicted heavy losses on the US <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> on the UN forces' right flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199098%E2%80%9399-199">[195]</a> Believing they could not hold against the PVA, the Eighth Army began to <a href="/wiki/UN_Forces_retreat_from_North_Korea" title="UN Forces retreat from North Korea">retreat, crossing the 38th parallel</a> in mid-December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossman1990160-200">[196]</a> In the east, on 27 November, the PVA 9th Army Group initiated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">Battle of Chosin Reservoir</a>. Here, the UN forces fared better: like the Eighth Army, the surprise attack forced X Corps to retreat from northeast Korea, but they were able to break out from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir#Aftermath" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">successful tactical withdrawal</a>. X Corps established a defensive perimeter at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Hungnam" title="Hungnam">Hungnam</a> on 11 December and <a href="/wiki/Hungnam_evacuation" title="Hungnam evacuation">evacuated by 24 December</a>, to reinforce the depleted Eighth Army to the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990104%E2%80%9311-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossman1990158-202">[198]</a> About 193 shiploads of UN forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990110-203">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SS_Meredith_Victory" title="SS Meredith Victory">SS Meredith Victory</a> was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN forces <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">razed</a> most of Hungnam, with particular attention to the port.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoyleMayer1979-204">[200]</a> In early December UN forces, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">29th Infantry Brigade</a>, evacuated Pyongyang along with refugees.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Around 4.5 million North Koreans are estimated to have fled South or elsewhere abroad.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> On 16 December Truman declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency#United_States" title="State of emergency">national state of emergency</a> with Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953),<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> which remained in force until September 1978.<a href="#cite_note-nbJolley1971-208">[e]</a> The next day, 17 December, Kim Il Sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_around_the_38th_parallel_(January–June_1951)">Fighting around the 38th parallel (January–June 1951)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg/220px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="2359"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg/220px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg/330px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg/440px-Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A-26_Invader" class="mw-redirect" title="A-26 Invader">B-26 Invaders</a> bomb logistics depots in Wonsan, North Korea, 1951</figcaption></figure> A ceasefire presented by the UN to the PRC, after the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River on 11 December, was rejected by the PRC, which was convinced of the PVA's invincibility after its victory in that battle and the wider <a href="/wiki/Second_Phase_Offensive" title="Second Phase Offensive">Second Phase Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1995119%E2%80%93126-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> With Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a> assuming command of the Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Third Battle of Seoul">Third Phase Offensive</a> on New Year's Eve. Using night attacks in which UN fighting positions were encircled and assaulted by numerically superior troops, who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which facilitated tactical communication and disoriented the enemy. UN forces had no familiarity with this tactic, and some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990117-212">[207]</a> The offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to capture Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951. These setbacks prompted MacArthur to consider using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> against the Chinese or North Korean interiors, intending radioactive fallout zones to interrupt the Chinese supply chains.<a href="#cite_note-MacArthur-213">[208]</a> However, upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway, the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army revived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990113-214">[209]</a> UN forces retreated to <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Wonju" title="Wonju">Wonju</a> in the center, and the territory north of <a href="/wiki/Samcheok" title="Samcheok">Samcheok</a> in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990117-212">[207]</a> The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990118-215">[210]</a> On 25 late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became <a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1951)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1951)">Operation Thunderbolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121-216">[211]</a> A full-scale advance fully exploited the UN's air superiority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990120-217">[212]</a> concluding with the UN forces reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121-216">[211]</a> Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_498" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498">Resolution 498</a> on 1 February, condemning the PRC as an aggressor and calling upon its forces to withdraw from Korea.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> In early February, the ROK <a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Division_(South_Korea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Division (South Korea) (page does not exist)">11th Division</a> ran an operation to destroy guerrillas and pro-DPRK sympathizers in the <a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" title="South Gyeongsang Province">South Gyeongsang Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jd030210-220">[215]</a> The division and police committed the <a href="/wiki/Geochang_massacre" title="Geochang massacre">Geochang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sancheong%E2%80%93Hamyang_massacre" title="Sancheong–Hamyang massacre">Sancheong–Hamyang massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jd030210-220">[215]</a> In mid-February, the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved victory <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoengsong" title="Battle of Hoengsong">at Hoengseong</a>. However, the offensive was blunted by US <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_States)" title="IX Corps (United States)">IX Corps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jipyeong-ri" title="Jipyeong-ri">Chipyong-ni</a> in the center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121-216">[211]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="23rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">23rd Regimental Combat Team</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Battalion_in_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="French Battalion in the Korean War">French Battalion</a> fought a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipyong-ni" title="Battle of Chipyong-ni">short but desperate battle</a> that broke the attack's momentum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121-216">[211]</a> The battle is sometimes known as the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> of the Korean War": 5,600 U.S., and French troops were surrounded by 25,000 PVA. UN forces had previously retreated in the face of large PVA/KPA forces instead of getting cut off, but this time, they stood and won.<a href="#cite_note-Timmons-221">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg/180px-U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 233px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg/180px-U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg/270px-U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg/360px-U.S._Marines_in_the_Korean_War_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces.</figcaption></figure> In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Thunderbolt was followed by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Killer" title="Operation Killer">Operation Killer</a>, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121-216">[211]</a> Operation Killer concluded with US <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_States)" title="I Corps (United States)">I Corps</a> re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990122-222">[217]</a> On 7 March the Eighth Army attacked with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ripper" title="Operation Ripper">Operation Ripper</a>, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March. This was the fourth and final conquest of the city in a year, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 and people were suffering from food shortages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990122-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-KIMH-177">[173]</a> In late April, Peng sent his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a>, to brief Zhou in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but having no food, bullets, or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods, but these were never sufficient. Large-scale air defense training programs were carried out and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> (PLAAF) began participating in the war from September 1951 onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006149-223">[218]</a> The Fourth Phase Offensive had failed to match the achievements of the Second Phase or the limited gains of the Third Phase. The UN forces, after earlier defeats and retraining, proved much harder to infiltrate by Chinese light infantry than in previous months. From 31 January to 21 April, the Chinese suffered 53,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> On 11 April Truman <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Douglas_MacArthur" title="Relief of Douglas MacArthur">relieved General MacArthur</a> as supreme commander in Korea for several reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990123%E2%80%9327-225">[220]</a> MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed the use of nuclear weapons should be his decision, not the president's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199469-226">[221]</a> MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a larger war, feeling a truce and orderly withdrawal could be a valid solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam2007600-227">[222]</a> MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined he had defied the orders of the president and thus violated the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">US Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199479-228">[223]</a> A popular criticism of MacArthur was he never spent a night in Korea and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam2007498-229">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea,_March_1951._BF454.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg/220px-Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg/220px-Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg/330px-Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg/440px-Centurion_tanks_and_infantry_of_the_Gloucestershire_Regiment_advancing_to_attack_Hill_327_in_Korea%2C_March_1951._BF454.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>British UN troops advance alongside a <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion tank</a>, March 1951</figcaption></figure> Ridgway was appointed supreme commander, and he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990127-230">[225]</a> while General <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Fleet" title="James Van Fleet">James Van Fleet</a> assumed command of the Eighth Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990130-231">[226]</a> Further attacks depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations <a href="/wiki/Operation_Courageous" title="Operation Courageous">Courageous</a> (23–28 March) and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tomahawk" title="Operation Tomahawk">Tomahawk</a> (23 March) (a combat jump by the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team) were joint ground and airborne infiltrations meant to trap PVA forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to the Kansas Line, north of the 38th parallel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990131-232">[227]</a> The PVA counterattacked in April 1951, with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_spring_offensive" title="Chinese spring offensive">Fifth Phase Offensive</a>, with three field armies (700,000 men).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990131%E2%80%9332-233">[228]</a> The first thrust of the offensive fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Imjin_River" title="Battle of the Imjin River">Battle of the Imjin River</a> (22–25 April) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong" title="Battle of Kapyong">Battle of Kapyong</a> (22–25 April), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the No-name Line north of Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990133%E2%80%9334-234">[229]</a> Casualty ratios were grievously disproportionate; Peng had expected a 1:1 or 2:1 ratio, but instead, Chinese combat casualties from 22 to 29 April totaled between 40,000 and 60,000 compared to only 4,000 for the UN—a ratio between 10:1 and 15:1.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> By the time Peng had called off the attack in the western sector on 29 April, the three participating armies had lost a third of their front-line combat strength within a week.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> On 15 May the PVA commenced the second impulse of the spring offensive and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Soyang_River" title="Battle of the Soyang River">attacked the ROK and U.S. X Corps</a> in the east at the <a href="/wiki/Soyang_River" title="Soyang River">Soyang River</a>. Approximately 370,000 PVA and 114,000 KPA troops had been mobilized, with the bulk attacking in the eastern sector, with about a quarter attempting to pin the I Corps and IX Corps in the western sector. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May and repulsed over the following days, with Western histories generally designating 22 May as the end of the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990136%E2%80%9337-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> At month's end, the Chinese planned the third step of the Fifth Phase Offensive (withdrawal), which they estimated would take 10-15 days to complete for their 340,000 remaining men, and set the date for the night of 23 May. They were caught off guard when the Eighth Army counterattacked and regained the Kansas Line on the morning of 12 May, 23 hours before the expected withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990137%E2%80%9338-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xiaobing_2014,_p._181-240">[235]</a> The surprise attack turned the retreat into "the most severe loss since our forces had entered Korea"; between 16-23 May, the PVA suffered another 45,000 to 60,000 casualties before their soldiers managed to evacuate.<a href="#cite_note-Xiaobing_2014,_p._181-240">[235]</a> The Fifth Phase Offensive as a whole had cost the PVA 102,000 soldiers (85,000 killed/wounded, 17,000 captured), with significant losses for the KPA.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> The end of the Fifth Phase Offensive preceded the start of the <a href="/wiki/UN_May%E2%80%93June_1951_counteroffensive" title="UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive">UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive</a>. During the counteroffensive, the US-led coalition captured land up to about 10 km (6 mi) north of the 38th parallel, with most forces stopping at the Kansas Line and a minority going further to the Wyoming Line. PVA and KPA forces suffered greatly, especially in the Chuncheon sector and at Chiam-ni and Hwacheon; in the latter sector alone the PVA/KPA suffered over 73,207 casualties, including 8,749 captured, compared to 2,647 total casualties of the IX Corps.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> The halt at the Kansas Line and offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953. The disastrous failure of the Fifth Phase Offensive (which Peng recalled as one of only four mistakes he made in his military career) "led Chinese leaders to change their goal from driving the UNF out of Korea to merely defending China's security and ending the war through negotiations".<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalemate_(July_1951–July_1953)">Stalemate (July 1951–July 1953)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M46_tiger_paint.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M46_tiger_paint.png/220px-M46_tiger_paint.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M46_tiger_paint.png/220px-M46_tiger_paint.png" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M46_tiger_paint.png/330px-M46_tiger_paint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/M46_tiger_paint.png/440px-M46_tiger_paint.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a> tanks, painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces</figcaption></figure> For the rest of the war, the UN and the PVA/KPA fought but exchanged little territory. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement#Armistice_discussions" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">armistice negotiations</a> began on 10 July 1951 at Kaesong in the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990145,_175%E2%80%9377-244">[239]</a> On the Chinese side, Zhou directed peace talks, and <a href="/wiki/Li_Kenong" title="Li Kenong">Li Kenong</a> and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006149-223">[218]</a> Combat continued; the goal of the UN forces was to recapture all of South Korea and avoid losing territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990159-245">[240]</a> The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations and later effected military and psychological operations to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war. The sides constantly traded artillery fire along the front, with American-led forces possessing a large firepower advantage over Chinese-led forces. In the last three months of 1952 the UN fired 3,553,518 field gun shells and 2,569,941 mortar shells, while the communists fired 377,782 field gun shells and 672,194 mortar shells: a 5.8:1 ratio.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> The communist insurgency, reinvigorated by North Korean support and scattered bands of KPA stragglers, resurged in the south. In the autumn of 1951, Eighth Army Commander General James Van Fleet ordered Major General <a href="/wiki/Paik_Sun-yup" title="Paik Sun-yup">Paik Sun-yup</a> to break the back of guerrilla activity. From December 1951 to March 1952, ROK security forces claimed to have killed 11,090 partisans and sympathizers and captured 9,916 more.<a href="#cite_note-EB-76">[72]</a> PVA troops suffered from deficient military equipment, logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. These factors led to a rate of Chinese casualties far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that in November 1951 Zhou called a conference in <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. It was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields, to increase the trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to address the problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006148-247">[242]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg/220px-02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg/220px-02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg/330px-02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg/440px-02_Dad_in_action_april1952_Korea_sepia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New Zealand artillery crew in action, 1952</figcaption></figure> In the months after the Shenyang conference, Peng went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties and the increasing difficulty of keeping front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced the war would be protracted and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">Military Commission</a>, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of government agencies. After government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the war demands, Peng shouted: "You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou called a series of meetings, where it was agreed the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate training of pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006148%E2%80%9349-248">[243]</a> With peace negotiations ongoing, the Chinese attempted a final offensive in the final weeks of the war to capture territory: on 10 June, 30,000 Chinese troops struck South Korean and U.S. divisions on a 13 km (8 mi) front, and on 13 July, 80,000 Chinese soldiers struck the east-central Kumsong sector, with the brunt of their attack falling on 4 South Korean divisions. The Chinese had success in penetrating South Korean lines but failed to capitalize, particularly when US forces responded with overwhelming firepower. Chinese casualties in their final major offensive (above normal wastage for the front) were about 72,000, including 25,000 killed compared to 14,000 for the UN (most were South Koreans, 1,611 were Americans).<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice_(July_1953–November_1954)">Armistice (July 1953–November 1954)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_(AWM_157648).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png/220px-C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png/220px-C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png/330px-C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png/440px-C_Coy_2_RAR_soldiers_on_The_Hook_Jun_1953_%28AWM_157648%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Men from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="Royal Australian Regiment">Royal Australian Regiment</a>, June 1953</figcaption></figure> The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990144%E2%80%9353-250">[245]</a> first at Kaesong, then <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">Panmunjom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990147-251">[246]</a> A problematic point was <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> repatriation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990187%E2%80%9399-252">[247]</a> The PVA, KPA and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north,<a href="#cite_note-Boose2000-253">[248]</a> which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990189%E2%80%9390-254">[249]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nations_Repatriation_Commission" title="Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission">Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission</a> was set up to handle the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990242%E2%80%9345-255">[250]</a> On 29 November 1952 U.S. President-Elect <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> went to Korea to learn what might end the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990240-256">[251]</a> Eisenhower took office on 20 January 1953. Stalin died on 5 March. The new Soviet leaders, engaged in their internal power struggle, had no desire to continue supporting China's efforts and called for an end to the hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> China could not continue without Soviet aid, and North Korea was no longer a major player. Armistice talks entered a new phase. With UN acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice,<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> the KPA, PVA and UN Command signed the armistice agreement on 27 July 1953. South Korean President Syngman Rhee refused to sign. The war ended at this point, even though there was no <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_neutral_commission-259">[254]</a> North Korea nevertheless claims it won the war.<a href="#cite_note-Ho1993-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-KCNA2011-261">[256]</a> Under the agreement, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) which mostly follows the 38th parallel. In the eastern part, the DMZ runs north of the 38th parallel; to the west, it travels south of it. Kaesong, site of the initial negotiations, was in pre-war South Korea but is now part of North Korea. The DMZ has since been patrolled by the KPA and the ROKA, with the US still operating as the UN Command. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Glory" title="Operation Glory">Operation Glory</a> was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatants to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 US Army and US Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN POW camps were delivered to the South Korean government.<a href="#cite_note-OperationGlory-262">[257]</a> After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Cemetery_of_the_Pacific" title="National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific">National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Prisoner_of_War/Missing_Personnel_Office" title="Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office">Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office</a> (DPMO) records indicate the PRC and North Korea transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as from the US, and all but 416 were identified by name.<a href="#cite_note-DPMO-263">[258]</a> From 1996 to 2006, North Korea recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.<a href="#cite_note-Army_Times-264">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_division_(1954–present)">Continued division (1954–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg/220px-Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg/220px-Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg/330px-Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg/440px-Korean_War_armistice_agreement_1953.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">P'anmunjŏm</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission. Since 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nations_Supervisory_Commission" title="Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission">Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission</a>, composed of members from the Swiss<a href="#cite_note-SwissArmy-265">[260]</a> and Swedish<a href="#cite_note-SwedishArmy-266">[261]</a> armed forces, has been stationed near the DMZ. In April 1975, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>'s capital of <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Saigon was captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a>. Encouraged by that communist success, Kim Il Sung saw it as an opportunity to invade South Korea. Kim visited China in April 1975 and met with Mao and Zhou to ask for military aid. Despite Pyongyang's expectations, Beijing refused to help North Korea in another war.<a href="#cite_note-KimIlsung1975-267">[262]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ObservationPostOuellette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ObservationPostOuellette.jpg/220px-ObservationPostOuellette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ObservationPostOuellette.jpg/220px-ObservationPostOuellette.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ObservationPostOuellette.jpg/330px-ObservationPostOuellette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ObservationPostOuellette.jpg/440px-ObservationPostOuellette.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>US Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post (OP) Ouellette, viewing northward, in April 2008</figcaption></figure> Since the armistice, there have been incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea. From 1966 to 1969, many cross-border incursions took place in what has been referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a> or Second Korean War. In 1968, a North Korean commando team unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue House Raid">Blue House Raid</a>. In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident" title="Korean axe murder incident">Korean axe murder incident</a> was widely publicized. Since 1974, 4 incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered. In 2010, a North Korean submarine <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking">torpedoed and sank</a> the South Korean <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_(PCC-772)" title="ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)">ROKS Cheonan</a>, resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2010-268">[263]</a> Again in 2010, North Korea <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong</a> island, killing 2 military personnel and 2 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters2010-269">[264]</a> After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that the armistice had become invalid.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> On 13 March, North Korea confirmed it ended the Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression".<a href="#cite_note-end_of_armistise-271">[266]</a> On 30 March, North Korea stated it entered a "state of war" and "the long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over".<a href="#cite_note-NK_state_of_war-272">[267]</a> Speaking on 4 April, US Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> said that Pyongyang "formally informed" the Pentagon that it "ratified" the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the US, including Guam and Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Hagel stated the US would deploy the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense" title="Terminal High Altitude Area Defense">Terminal High Altitude Area Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">anti-ballistic missile</a> system to Guam because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> In 2016, it was revealed North Korea approached the US about conducting formal peace talks to end the war officially. While the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> agreed to secret peace talks, the plan was rejected because North Korea refused to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-CassellaChiacu-275">[270]</a> In 2018, it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talk to end the conflict. They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> and South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> In September 2021, Moon reiterated his call to end the war formally, in a speech at the UN.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> About 3 million people were killed in the war, mostly civilians, making it perhaps the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era.<a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim_p.45-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> Samuel Kim lists the war as the deadliest conflict in East Asia—the region most affected by armed conflict related to the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-Kim_p.45-279">[274]</a> Though only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than World War II or the Vietnam War, with Bruce Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a> in the range of 2-3 million.<a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-24">[22]</a> Cumings states that civilians represent at least half the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests it may have gone as high as 70%, compared to his estimates of 42% in World War II and 30%–46% in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-24">[22]</a> Data compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo">Peace Research Institute Oslo</a> lists just under 1 million battle deaths over the war and a mid-estimate of 3 million total deaths, attributing the difference to excess mortality among civilians from one-sided massacres, starvation, and disease.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> Compounding this devastation for civilians, virtually all major cities on the Peninsula were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-24">[22]</a> In per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the most devastated by the war. According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Armstrong" title="Charles K. Armstrong">Charles K. Armstrong</a>, the war resulted in the death of an estimated 12%–15% of the North Korean population (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million), "a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet citizens killed in World War II</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/330px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/440px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country; this one is in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, South Africa.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_Korean_War" title="Australia in the Korean War">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Volunteer_Corps_for_Korea" title="Belgian Volunteer Corps for Korea">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Battalion" title="Colombian Battalion">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagnew_Battalion" title="Kagnew Battalion">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Battalion" title="French Battalion">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Expeditionary_Force_(Korea)" title="Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea)">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_the_Korean_War" title="Luxembourg in the Korean War">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regiment_van_Heutsz#Korean_War" title="Regiment van Heutsz">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Korean_War" title="New Zealand in the Korean War">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Expeditionary_Forces_to_Korea" title="Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Korean_War" title="Thailand in the Korean War">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Brigade" title="Turkish Brigade">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Squadron_SAAF#Korean_War" title="2 Squadron SAAF">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Korean_War" title="United Kingdom in the Korean War">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Korean_War" title="United States in the Korean War">United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_in_the_Korean_War" title="North Korea in the Korean War">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_the_Korean_War" title="Soviet Union in the Korean War">Soviet Union</a></div> South Korea reported some 137,899 military deaths and 24,495 missing, 450,742 wounded, 8,343 POW.<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> The US suffered 33,686 battle deaths, 7,586 missing,<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> along with 2,830 non-battle deaths. There were 17,730 other non-battle US military deaths that occurred outside Korea during the same period that were erroneously included as war deaths until 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Vogel-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-amerdead-285">[280]</a> The US suffered 103,284 wounded in action.<a href="#cite_note-casualties-286">[281]</a> UN losses, excluding those of the US or South Korea, amounted to 4,141 dead and 12,044 wounded in action. American combat casualties were over 90% of non-Korean UN losses. US battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> The first four months prior to the Chinese intervention were by far the bloodiest per day for US forces, as they engaged the well-equipped KPA in intense fighting. American medical records show that from July to October 1950, the army sustained 31% of the combat deaths it ultimately incurred in the entire 37-month war.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> The US spent US$30 billion on the war.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> Some 1,789,000 American soldiers served in the war, accounting for 31% of the 5,720,000 Americans who served on active duty worldwide from June 1950 to July 1953.<a href="#cite_note-Fact_Sheet:_America's_Wars-14">[12]</a> Deaths from non-American UN militaries totaled 3,730, with another 379 missing.<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Details</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: 1,109 dead<a href="#cite_note-BESeoul-290">[285]</a> 2,674 wounded<a href="#cite_note-BESeoul-290">[285]</a> 179 MIA<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 977 POW<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: 516 dead<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> 1,042 wounded<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> 1 MIA<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 33 POW<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/46px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 121 dead 536 wounded </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 101 dead 478 wounded 5 MIA 1 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Philippines</a>:<a href="#cite_note-GWHQ2002-295">[290]</a> 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA/POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>:<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[11]</a> 79 dead </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 34 dead 9 POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>:<a href="#cite_note-GWHQ2002-295">[290]</a> 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA/POW </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 3 dead </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ROK_Web-10">[8]</a> 2 dead 13 wounded </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/46px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>:<a href="#cite_note-The_Times,_14_August_1950-296">[291]</a> 1 dead </li></ul> </div> Chinese sources reported that the PVA suffered 114,000 battle deaths, 21,000 deaths from wounds, 13,000 deaths from illness, 340,000 wounded, and 7,600 missing. 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China.<a href="#cite_note-xu-22">[20]</a> In 2010, the Chinese government revised their official tally of war losses to 183,108 dead (114,084 in combat, 70,000 deaths from wounds, illness and other causes) and 21,374 POW,<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> 25,621 missing.<a href="#cite_note-china.org.cn-298">[293]</a> Overall, 73% of Chinese infantry troops served in Korea (25 of 34 armies, or 79 of 109 infantry divisions, were rotated in). More than 52% of the Chinese air force, 55% of the tank units, 67% of the artillery divisions, and 100% of the railroad engineering divisions were sent to Korea as well.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> Chinese soldiers who served in Korea faced a greater chance of being killed than those who served in World War II or the Chinese Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> China spent over 10 billion yuan on the war (roughly US$3.3 billion), not counting USSR aid.<a href="#cite_note-Xiaobing_2009,_p._112-301">[296]</a> This included $1.3 billion in money owed to the Soviet Union by the end of it. This was a relatively large cost, as China had only 4% of the national income of the US.<a href="#cite_note-xu-22">[20]</a> Spending on the war constituted 34–43% of China's annual government budget from 1950 to 1953, depending on the year.<a href="#cite_note-Xiaobing_2009,_p._112-301">[296]</a> Despite its underdeveloped economy, Chinese military spending was the world's fourth largest globally for most of the war after that of the US, the Soviet Union, and the UK; however, by 1953, with the winding down of the Korean War and the escalation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, French spending also surpassed Chinese spending by about a third.<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, North Korean military losses totaled 294,151 dead, 91,206 missing, and 229,849 wounded, giving North Korea the highest military deaths of any belligerent in absolute and relative terms.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_C._Nahm_2004_pages_129-130-303">[298]</a> The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset gave a similar figure for North Korean military deaths of 316,579.<a href="#cite_note-PRIO-304">[299]</a> Chinese sources reported similar figures for the North Korean military of 290,000 "casualties" and 90,000 captured.<a href="#cite_note-xu-22">[20]</a> The financial cost of the war for North Korea was massive in direct losses and lost economic activity; the country was devastated by the cost of the war and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea_1950-1953" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of North Korea 1950-1953">the American strategic bombing campaign</a>, which, among other things, destroyed 85% of North Korea's buildings and 95% of its power generation.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> The Soviet Union suffered 299 dead, with 335 planes lost.<a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev1997-306">[301]</a> The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the US, 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were "eliminated" from the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-xu-22">[20]</a> Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded, while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed, 303,000 wounded, and over 101,000 captured or missing.<a href="#cite_note-Hickey-307">[302]</a> Cumings cites a much higher figure of 900,000 fatalities among Chinese soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3></div> According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, there were over 750,000 confirmed violent civilians deaths during the war, another million civilians were pronounced missing, and millions more ended up as refugees. Estimates of the number of civilians killed in the entire war range from 244,000 to 990,000 for South Korea. The North Korean government has never published estimates of civilian deaths in the war, but more than one million killed has been an estimate common among historians who have studied the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> Over 1.5 million North Koreans fled to the South.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_C._Nahm_2004_pages_129-130-303">[298]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._unpreparedness">U.S. unpreparedness</h3></div> In postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of US forces deployed during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Floyd_L._Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd L. Parks">Floyd L. Parks</a> stated "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg/220px-Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="603"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg/220px-Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg/330px-Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg/440px-Dutch_soldier_returns_sniper_fire_in_Korea-1952.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A soldier of the Dutch detachment of the UN forces in North Korea prepares to return sniper fire, 1952</figcaption></figure> By 1950, US Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> had established a policy of faithfully following Truman's defense economization plans and aggressively attempted to implement it, even in the face of steadily increasing external threats. He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks and widespread reports of ill-equipped and inadequately trained military forces in the war's early stages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2003-310">[305]</a> As an initial response to the invasion, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only "on paper" since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2003-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-blockade-311">[306]</a> Army officials, desperate for weaponry, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Roll-Up" title="Operation Roll-Up">recovered</a> <a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">Sherman tanks</a> and other equipment from Pacific War battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2003-310">[305]</a> Army ordnance officials at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> pulled down <a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a> tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army's hastily formed <a href="/wiki/70th_Tank_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="70th Tank Battalion">70th Tank Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter-bomber aircraft, the Air Force took <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">F-51 (P-51)</a> propeller-driven aircraft out of storage or from existing <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> squadrons and rushed them into front-line service. A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls. A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Army Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> infantry soldiers and new inductees (called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions) found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces: artillery, ammunition, heavy tanks, ground-support aircraft, even effective anti-tank weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Bazooka#Rocket_Launcher,_M20_%22Super_Bazooka%22" title="Bazooka">M20 3.5-inch (89 mm) "Super Bazooka"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn-out, "red-lined" <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 rifles</a> or <a href="/wiki/M1_Carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Carbine">carbines</a> in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> Only the Marine Corps, whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons, proved ready for deployment, though they still were woefully understrength,<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations (Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units).<a href="#cite_note-Shipmate2000-318">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armored_warfare">Armored warfare</h3></div> The initial assault by KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-34-85" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34-85">T-34-85</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43-319">[314]</a> A KPA <a href="/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tank corps (Soviet Union)">tank corps</a> equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These faced an ROK that had few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the T-34s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039-320">[315]</a> Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrett1987134%E2%80%9335-321">[316]</a> The KPA tanks had a good deal of early successes against ROK infantry, Task Force Smith, and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a> light tanks that they encountered.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199418-323">[318]</a> Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing KPA armor. The tide turned in favor of the UN forces in August 1950 when the KPA suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including American <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4A3 Sherman</a> and M26 medium tanks, alongside British <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182%E2%80%9384-324">[319]</a> The Incheon landings on 15 September cut off the KPA supply lines, causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel, ammunition, and other supplies. As a result of this and the Pusan perimeter breakout, the KPA had to retreat, and many of the T-34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned. By the time the KPA withdrew from the South, 239 T-34s and 74 <a href="/wiki/SU-76" title="SU-76">SU-76</a> self-propelled guns were lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrett1987135-325">[320]</a> After November 1950, KPA armor was rarely encountered.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> Following the initial assault by the North, the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large-scale tank battles. The mountainous, forested terrain, especially in the eastern central zone, was poor tank country, limiting their mobility. Through the last two years of the war in Korea, UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERavinoCarty2003130-327">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_warfare">Naval warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_US_Navy_ships_sunk_or_damaged_in_action_during_the_Korean_War" title="List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean War">List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg/220px-KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2274"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg/220px-KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg/330px-KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg/440px-KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>To disrupt North Korean communications, <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> fires a salvo from its 16-inch guns at shore targets near <a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a>, North Korea, 21 October 1950</figcaption></figure> Because neither Korea had a significant navy, the war featured few naval battles. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the U.S. Navy cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Juneau_(CL-119)" title="USS Juneau (CL-119)">USS Juneau</a>, the Royal Navy cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jamaica_(44)" title="HMS Jamaica (44)">HMS Jamaica</a> and the Royal Navy frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Swan_(L57)" title="HMS Black Swan (L57)">HMS Black Swan</a> fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them. USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship PC-703 sank a North Korean minelayer in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haeju" title="Battle of Haeju">Battle of Haeju</a> Island, near Incheon. Three other supply ships were sunk by PC-703 two days later in the Yellow Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Marolda2003-328">[323]</a> During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to UN navy ships was from <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic mine">magnetic mines</a>. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines: two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug. Mines and coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_warfare">Aerial warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/USAF_units_and_aircraft_of_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War">USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea" title="Bombing of North Korea">Bombing of North Korea</a></div> The war was the first in which <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> played the central role in air combat. Once-formidable fighters such as the P-51 Mustang, <a href="/wiki/F4U_Corsair" class="mw-redirect" title="F4U Corsair">F4U Corsair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury" title="Hawker Sea Fury">Hawker Sea Fury</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990174-330">[325]</a>—all <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">piston-engined</a>, propeller-driven, and designed during World War II—relinquished their air-superiority roles to a new generation of faster, <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">jet-powered</a> fighters arriving in the theater. For the initial months of the war, the <a href="/wiki/P-80_Shooting_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="P-80 Shooting Star">P-80 Shooting Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/F9F_Panther" class="mw-redirect" title="F9F Panther">F9F Panther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a>, and other jets under the UN flag dominated the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean People's Air Force">Korean People's Air Force</a> (KPAF) propeller-driven Soviet <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9" title="Yakovlev Yak-9">Yakovlev Yak-9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-9" title="Lavochkin La-9">Lavochkin La-9s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182-331">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerrell200571-332">[327]</a> By early August 1950, the KPAF was reduced to only about 20 planes.<a href="#cite_note-airforcemag1april20-333">[328]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg/220px-F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="2925"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg/220px-F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg/330px-F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg/440px-F-80C_dropping_napalm_Korea_May1952.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A USAF <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star</a> dropping napalm in Korea, May 1952</figcaption></figure> The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the KPAF with the <a href="/wiki/MiG-15" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-15">MiG-15</a>, one of the world's most advanced jet fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182-331">[326]</a> The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the <a href="/wiki/F-86_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabre</a>. These arrived in December 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990183-334">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerrell200576%E2%80%9377-335">[330]</a> The Soviet Union denied the involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the radio in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war expand to include the Soviet Union and potentially escalate into atomic warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182-331">[326]</a> After the war and to the present day, the USAF reported an inflated F-86 Sabre <a href="/wiki/Loss_exchange_ratio" title="Loss exchange ratio">kill ratio</a> in excess of 10:1, with 792 MiG-15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres, and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire.<a href="#cite_note-Puckett2005-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air-to-air victories and 335 MiG combat losses, while China's PLAAF reported 231 combat losses, mostly MiG-15s, and 168 other aircraft lost. The KPAF reported no data, but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war's first stage, and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention. The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F-86s, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> More modern American estimates place the overall USAF kill ratio at around 1.8:1 with the ratio dropping to 1.3:1 against MiG-15s with Soviet pilots but increasing to a dominant 12:1 against Chinese and North Korean adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> Reports by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Sidor_Slyusarev" title="Sidor Slyusarev">Sidor Slyusarev</a>, commander of Soviet air forces in Korea, are more favorable to the communist side. The 64th Corps claimed a total 1,097 enemy aircraft of all types during operations, for the loss of 335 aircraft (including lost to enemy ground fire, accidents, etc) and 110 pilots. Soviet reports put the overall kill ratio at 3.4:1 in favor of Soviet pilots.<a href="#cite_note-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org-343">[338]</a> As reported, effectiveness of the Soviet fighters declined as the war progressed. from an overall kill ratio of 7.9:1 from November 1950 through January 1952, declining to 2.2:1 in later 1952 and 1.9:1 in 1953. This was because more advanced jet fighters appeared on the UN side as well as improved U.S. tactics.<a href="#cite_note-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org-343">[338]</a> Regardless of the actual ratio, American Sabres were very effective at controlling the skies over Korea. Since no other UN fighter could contend with the MiG-15, F-86s largely took over air combat once they arrived, relegating other aircraft to air-to-ground operations. Despite much greater numbers (the number of Sabres in theater never exceeded 150 while MiG-15s reached 900 at their peak), communist aircraft were seldom encountered south of Pyongyang. UN ground forces, supply lines, and infrastructure were not attacked from the air. Although North Korea had 75 airfields capable of supporting MiGs, after 1951, any serious effort to operate from them was abandoned. The MiGs were instead based across the Yalu River in the safety of China. This confined most air-to-air engagements to <a href="/wiki/MiG_Alley" title="MiG Alley">MiG Alley</a>. UN aircraft had free rein to conduct strike missions over enemy territory with little fear of interception. Although jet dogfights are remembered as a prominent part of the Korean War, counter-air missions comprised just 12% of <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Far East Air Forces">Far East Air Forces</a> sorties, and four times as many sorties were performed for close air support and interdiction.<a href="#cite_note-airforcemag1april20-333">[328]</a> The war marked a major milestone not only for fixed-wing aircraft, but also for <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a>, featuring the first large-scale deployment of <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> for <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> (medevac).<a href="#cite_note-Kreisher2007-344">[339]</a> In 1944–45, during World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_R-4" title="Sikorsky R-4">YR-4 helicopter</a> had seen limited ambulance duty. In Korea, where rough terrain prevented use of the <a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">jeep</a> as a speedy medevac vehicle,<a href="#cite_note-OliveDrab-345">[340]</a> helicopters like the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19_Chickasaw" title="Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw">Sikorsky H-19</a> were heavily used. This helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Army_Surgical_Hospital" title="Mobile Army Surgical Hospital">Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals</a> (MASH).<a href="#cite_note-Day-346">[341]</a> As such, the medical evacuation and care system for the wounded was so effective for the UN forces that a wounded soldier who arrived at a MASH unit alive typically had a 97% chance of survival.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> The limitations of jet aircraft for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> highlighted the helicopter's potential in the role, leading to the development of the helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-Kreisher2007-344">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._threat_of_atomic_warfare">U.S. threat of atomic warfare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/220px-Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="465"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/220px-Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/330px-Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/440px-Mk4_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mark 4 bomb, seen on display, transferred to the <a href="/wiki/9th_Bombardment_Wing,_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy">9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy</a></figcaption></figure> On 5 November 1950, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases, if either of their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there. President Truman ordered the transfer of nine <a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">Mark 4 nuclear bombs</a> "to the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/9th_Bombardment_Wing,_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy">Ninth Bomb Group</a>, the designated carrier of the weapons ... [and] signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets", which he never transmitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005289%E2%80%9392-348">[343]</a> Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear-capable (but not nuclear-armed) B-29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> of 1948–1949. Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military. During Truman's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950, he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war. By July, Truman approved another B-29 deployment to Britain, this time with bombs (but without their <a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">cores</a>), to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability. Deployment of a similar fleet to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> was leaked to The New York Times. As UN forces retreated to Pusan, and the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan, the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them.<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538736-349">[344]</a> As PVA forces pushed back the UN forces from the Yalu River, Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was "always [under] active consideration", with control under the local military commander.<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538736-349">[344]</a> Indian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Kavalam_Madhava_Panikkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalam Madhava Panikkar">K. Madhava Panikkar</a> reports "that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea. But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up. The 'Aid Korea to resist America' campaign was made the slogan for increased production, greater national integration, and more rigid control over anti-national activities. One could not help feeling that Truman's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution, to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities."<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knightley1982-350">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panikkar1981-351">[346]</a> After his statement caused concern in Europe, Truman met on 4 December with UK Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> spokesman <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, French Premier <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a>, and French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion. The U.S.' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of "a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China to escalate [the Korean War]", but because UN allies—notably the UK, the Commonwealth, and France—were concerned about a <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> imbalance rendering <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> defenseless while the U.S. fought China, who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Truman1955-352">[347]</a> The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the U.S. would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops, or to prevent a "major military disaster".<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538736-349">[344]</a> On 6 December after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN armies from northern North Korea, General <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">J. Lawton Collins</a> (Army Chief of Staff), General MacArthur, Admiral <a href="/wiki/C._Turner_Joy" title="C. Turner Joy">C. Turner Joy</a>, General <a href="/wiki/George_E._Stratemeyer" title="George E. Stratemeyer">George E. Stratemeyer</a> and staff officers Major General <a href="/wiki/Doyle_Overton_Hickey" title="Doyle Overton Hickey">Doyle Hickey</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Willoughby" title="Charles A. Willoughby">Charles A. Willoughby</a> and Major General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Kennedy_Wright" title="Edwin Kennedy Wright">Edwin K. Wright</a> met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a> <ul><li>In the first scenario: If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China, and without Taiwanese reinforcements, and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 (four National Guard divisions were due to arrive), then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a></li> <li>In the second scenario: If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior, and the Taiwanese soldiers were maximally exploited, and tactical atomic bombing was to hand, then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a></li> <li>In the third scenario: if China agreed not to cross the 38th parallel border, MacArthur would recommend UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel, and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards. The Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul–Incheon area, while X Corps would retreat to Pusan. A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-176">[172]</a></li></ul> Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications. Truman and his senior advisors agreed and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538736-349">[344]</a> In 1951, the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea. Because China deployed new armies to the Sino-Korean frontier, ground crews at the <a href="/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare, "lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores." In October 1951, the United States effected <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hudson_Harbor" title="Operation Hudson Harbor">Operation Hudson Harbor</a> to establish a nuclear weapons capability. USAF B-29 bombers practiced individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea (using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs), coordinated from <a href="/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base" title="Yokota Air Base">Yokota Air Base</a> in east-central Japan. Hudson Harbor tested "actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike, including weapons assembly and testing, leading, [and] ground control of bomb aiming". The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry, because the "timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare".<a href="#cite_note-Hasbrouck1951-353">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiefof_Staff1951-354">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watson1998-355">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-CommandingGeneral1951-356">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FarEastCommand-357">[352]</a> Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea. An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China. The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons, but whether they learned about the B-29 deployment is unclear, and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea. The B-29s returned to the United States in June.<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538736-349">[344]</a> Despite the greater destructive power that atomic weapons would bring to the war, their effects on determining the war's outcome would have likely been minimal. Tactically, given the dispersed nature of PVA/KPA forces, the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers, and the small number of bombs available (most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets), atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces. Strategically, attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians. Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea's behalf, the threat of a possible nuclear exchange was unimportant in the decision not to deploy atomic bombs; their use offered little operational advantage and would undesirably lower the "threshold" for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953, he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea. The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China, but like Truman, he feared that doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan. The war ended as it began, without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle.<a href="#cite_note-jstor2538736-349">[344]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">War crimes in the Korean War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners,_Taejon,_South_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/220px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="337"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/220px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/330px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/440px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon, July 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_civilians_fleeing_from_the_North_Korean_forces,_killed_when_caught_in_the_line_of_fire_during_night_attack_by_guerrilla_forces_near_Yongsan_HD-SN-99-03166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Korean_civilians_fleeing_from_the_North_Korean_forces%2C_killed_when_caught_in_the_line_of_fire_during_night_attack_by_guerrilla_forces_near_Yongsan_HD-SN-99-03166.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Korean_civilians_fleeing_from_the_North_Korean_forces%2C_killed_when_caught_in_the_line_of_fire_during_night_attack_by_guerrilla_forces_near_Yongsan_HD-SN-99-03166.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Korean_civilians_fleeing_from_the_North_Korean_forces%2C_killed_when_caught_in_the_line_of_fire_during_night_attack_by_guerrilla_forces_near_Yongsan_HD-SN-99-03166.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Korean_civilians_fleeing_from_the_North_Korean_forces%2C_killed_when_caught_in_the_line_of_fire_during_night_attack_by_guerrilla_forces_near_Yongsan_HD-SN-99-03166.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan, August 1950</figcaption></figure> There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean War committed by both sides, starting in the war's first days. In 2005–2010, a <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)">South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> investigated atrocities and other human rights violations through much of the 20th century, from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial period</a> through the Korean War and beyond. It excavated some mass graves from the Bodo League massacres and confirmed the general outlines of those political executions. Of the Korean War-era massacres the commission was petitioned to investigate, 82% were perpetrated by South Korean forces, with 18% perpetrated by North Korean forces.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloodbath-361">[356]</a> The commission also received petitions alleging more than 200 large-scale killings of South Korean civilians by the U.S. military during the war, mostly air attacks. It confirmed several such cases, including refugees crowded into a cave attacked with napalm bombs, which survivors said killed 360 people, and an air attack that killed 197 refugees gathered in a field in the far south. It recommended South Korea seek reparations from the United States, but in 2010, a reorganized commission under a new, conservative government concluded that most U.S. mass killings resulted from "military necessity", while in a small number of cases, they concluded, the U.S. military had acted with "low levels of unlawfulness", but the commission recommended against seeking reparations.<a href="#cite_note-bloodbath-361">[356]</a> Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005297%E2%80%9398-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013237%E2%80%9342-363">[358]</a> The war's highest-ranking U.S. POW, Major General William F. Dean,<a href="#cite_note-Witt2005-364">[359]</a> reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow-covered wasteland.<a href="#cite_note-Cumings2004-365">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> North Korean factories, schools, hospitals, and government offices were forced to move underground, and air defenses were "non-existent".<a href="#cite_note-japanfocus.org-367">[362]</a> North Korea ranks as among the most heavily bombed countries in history,<a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> and the U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs (including 32,557 tons of napalm) on Korea, more than during the entire Pacific War.<a href="#cite_note-Walkom2010-369">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-japanfocus.org-367">[362]</a> By the end of the war, eighteen of the twenty-two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated according to damage assessments by the U.S. Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> During a Senate hearing in the spring of 1951, MacArthur expressed his horror at the devastation that the war was inflicting on the Koreans, describing it as the worst he had ever seen in his military career. As the most humane solution, MacArthur suggested that the war should be escalated in order to bring it to an end sooner.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Korean_War" title="Aftermath of the Korean War">Aftermath of the Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean reunification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3></div> As a result of the war, "North Korea had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society". After the armistice, Kim Il Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance. In September 1953, the Soviet government agreed to "cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts", and promised to grant North Korea one billion <a href="/wiki/Rubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubles">rubles</a> in monetary aid, industrial equipment and consumer goods. Eastern European members of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> also contributed with "logistical support, technical aid, [and] medical supplies". China canceled North Korea's war debts, provided 800 million <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a>, promised trade cooperation and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-japanfocus.org-367">[362]</a> Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> and continues to be a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> dictatorship since the end of the war, with an elaborate <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">cult of personality</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-373">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-374">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-375">[370]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> are owned by the state through <a href="/wiki/State-run_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State-run enterprise">state-run enterprises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivized farms</a>. Most services—such as healthcare, education, housing and food production—are subsidized or state-funded. Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a> and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Spoorenberg,_Thomas_pp._133-158-376">[371]</a> A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18-year-old males were 13 cm (5 in) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/170px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/170px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/255px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/340px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> at night, shown in a 2017 composite photograph from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></figcaption></figure> Present-day North Korea follows <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a>, or "military-first" policy and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of troops">highest number of military and paramilitary personnel</a> in the world, with 7,769,000 active, reserve and paramilitary personnel, or approximately 30% of its population. Its active-duty army of 1.28 million is the fourth largest in the world, after China, the United States and India; consisting of 4.9% of its population. North Korea <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">possesses nuclear weapons</a>. A 2014 UN inquiry into abuses of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">human rights in North Korea</a> concluded that, "the gravity, scale and nature of these violations reveal a state that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world," with <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> holding similar views.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2007-378">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-379">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw1-380">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw2-381">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div> Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas. South Korea, which started from a far lower industrial base than North Korea (the latter contained 80% of Korea's heavy industry in 1945),<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_119-120-33">[29]</a> stagnated in the first postwar decade. In 1953, South Korea and the United States signed a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93South_Korea)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a>. South Korean <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-American sentiment in Korea">anti-Americanism</a> after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea" title="United States Forces Korea">United States Forces Korea</a> military personnel and U.S. support for Park's authoritarian regime, a fact still evident during the country's democratic transition in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes12July1987-382">[377]</a> However, anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years, from 46% favorable in 2003 to 74% favorable in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> A large number of <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">mixed-race</a> "GI babies" (offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women) were filling up the country's orphanages. Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties, bloodlines, and purity of race, children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society. International adoption of Korean children began in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Jang1998-385">[380]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Act of 1952">Immigration Act of 1952</a> legalized the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> of non-Blacks and non-Whites as U.S. citizens and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Act of 1965">Immigration Act of 1965</a>, which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans, <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Koreans</a> became one of the fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> groups in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Choe2005-386">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism">Communism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NKmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/220px-NKmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="361"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/220px-NKmuseum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/330px-NKmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NKmuseum.jpg/440px-NKmuseum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>North Koreans touring the <a href="/wiki/Sinchon_Museum_of_American_War_Atrocities" title="Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities">Museum of American War Atrocities</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> Mao Zedong's decision to take on the United States was a direct attempt to confront what the communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-communist power in the world, undertaken at a time when the Chinese communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War. Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea, but because he believed that a military conflict with the U.S. was inevitable after the U.S. entered the war, and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao's goal of making China a major world military power. Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international. In his later years, Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China's entrance into the Korean War. Inside mainland China, the war improved the long-term prestige of Mao, Zhou, and Peng, allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-communist dissent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006150-387">[382]</a> The Chinese government has encouraged the viewpoint that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea, though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Stalin to enter the war. In Chinese media, the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China's engaging the strongest power in the world with an underequipped army, forcing it to retreat, and fighting it to a military stalemate. These successes were contrasted with China's <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">historical humiliations</a> by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years, highlighting the abilities of the PLA and the Chinese Communist Party. The most significant negative long-term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kaishek's regime in Taiwan, effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006150-387">[382]</a> Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Mass_movement_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass movement (politics)">mass movements</a> in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC.<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-U.S. sentiments</a>, which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War, were ingrained into Chinese culture during the <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">communist propaganda</a> campaigns of the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> The Korean War affected other participant combatants. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, for example, entered NATO in 1952,<a href="#cite_note-StateDept-390">[385]</a> and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Korea–Turkey relations">relations with South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turquie2010-391">[386]</a> The war also played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">refugee crisis in Turkey in 1950–1951</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/25px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/34px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_in_popular_culture" title="Korean War in popular culture">Korean War in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean%E2%80%93American_Volunteer_Group" title="Korean–American Volunteer Group">Korean–American Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Korean_War" title="List of books about the Korean War">List of books about the Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients">List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_War_weapons" title="List of Korean War weapons">List of Korean War weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_in_the_Korean_War" title="List of military equipment used in the Korean War">List of military equipment used in the Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisans_in_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisans in the Korean War">Partisans in the Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_People%27s_Volunteer_Army_soldiers%27_remains_from_South_Korea_to_China" title="Transfer of People's Volunteer Army soldiers' remains from South Korea to China">Transfer of People's Volunteer Army soldiers' remains from South Korea to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command_Military_Armistice_Commission" title="United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission">UN Command Military Armistice Commission</a> operating from 1953 to the present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_for_the_Unification_and_Rehabilitation_of_Korea" title="United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea">UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Commission_on_Korea" title="United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea">UN Temporary Commission on Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" title="United Service Organizations">United Service Organizations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_memorials">War memorials</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg/220px-24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg/220px-24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg/330px-24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg/440px-24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonville National Historic Site">Andersonville National Historic Site</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Memorial_Wall_(Canada)" title="Korean War Memorial Wall (Canada)">Korean War Memorial Wall</a>,<a href="#endnote_25">map</a> <a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans Memorial</a>, Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_of_the_War_to_Resist_US_Aggression_and_Aid_Korea" title="Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea">Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(New_Zealand)" title="National War Memorial (New Zealand)">National War Memorial (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Korean_War_Memorial" title="Philadelphia Korean War Memorial">Philadelphia Korean War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">United Nations Memorial Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore%27de_Sava%C5%9Fan_T%C3%BCrkler_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Kore'de Savaşan Türkler Anıtı">Memorial of Turks Who Fought in Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (in Turkish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorious_War_Museum" title="Victorious War Museum">Victorious War Museum</a>, Pyongyang, North Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_Korea" title="War Memorial of Korea">War Memorial of Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Yongsan-dong,_Seoul" title="Yongsan-dong, Seoul">Yongsan-dong</a>, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South Korea</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nbUNforces-2"><a href="#cite_ref-nbUNforces_2-0">^</a> On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%; ROK: 23.3%; other UNC: 6.3%.<a href="#cite_note-kim-1996-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> End of physical conflict and signing of an armistice. De jure, North and South Korea are still at war. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_25-1">b</a> At the time, China as a permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) was represented by <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a>) not <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (People's Republic of China). This prompted the Soviet Union's boycott of the UN and absence from the UNSC.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">Provisional People's Committee of North Korea</a> administered by the Soviets and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> in the south </li> <li id="cite_note-nbJolley1971-208"><a href="#cite_ref-nbJolley1971_208-0">^</a> See 50 U.S.C. S 1601: "All powers and authorities possessed by the President, any other officer or employee of the Federal Government, or any executive agency... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976."; Jolley v. INS, 441 F.2d 1245, 1255 n.17 (5th Cir. 1971). </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kim-1996-1"><a href="#cite_ref-kim-1996_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKim1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Kim, Heesu (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2408/1/U615357.pdf">Anglo-American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953–1960</a> (PDF) (Thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 213. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050726/http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2408/1/U615357.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Anglo-American+Relations+and+the+Attempts+to+Settle+the+Korean+Question+1953%E2%80%931960&rft.inst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Heesu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F2408%2F1%2FU615357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirtle2000" class="citation book cs1">Birtle, Andrew J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm">The Korean War: Years of Stalemate</a>. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724211722/https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+Years+of+Stalemate&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Birtle&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fkw-stale%2Fstale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2001" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan Reed, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9JFvmnDiH-gC&pg=PA692">The Korean War, Volume 3</a>. Korea Institute of Military History. U of Nebraska Press. p. 692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803277960" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803277960"><bdi>978-0803277960</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 February 2013. <q>Total Strength 602,902 troops</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=692&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0803277960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9JFvmnDiH-gC%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kane" title="Tim Kane">Kane, Tim</a> (27 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/10/global-us-troop-deployment-1950-2003">"Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950–2003"</a>. Reports. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128071747/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/10/global-us-troop-deployment-1950-2003">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+U.S.+Troop+Deployment%2C+1950%E2%80%932003&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2004%2F10%2Fglobal-us-troop-deployment-1950-2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_Rowland2008" class="citation news cs1">Ashley Rowland (22 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294">"U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)" title="Stars and Stripes (newspaper)">Stars and Stripes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512203739/http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&rft.atitle=U.S.+to+keep+troop+levels+the+same+in+South+Korea&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft.au=Ashley+Rowland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fu-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonel_Tommy_R._Mize,_United_States_Army2012" class="citation web cs1">Colonel Tommy R. Mize, United States Army (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA562829.pdf">"U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea, Anachronistic?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">United States Army War College</a>. Defense Technical Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408133136/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA562829">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Army+War+College&rft.atitle=U.S.+Troops+Stationed+in+South+Korea%2C+Anachronistic%3F&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Colonel+Tommy+R.+Mize%2C+United+States+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA562829.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_H._ZanardiBarbara_A._SchmittPeter_KonjevichM._Elizabeth_Guran1991" class="citation web cs1">Louis H. Zanardi; Barbara A. Schmitt; Peter Konjevich; M. Elizabeth Guran; Susan E. Cohen; Judith A. McCloskey (August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615234749/http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/150991.pdf">"Military Presence: U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater"</a> (PDF). Reports to Congressional Requesters. <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States General Accounting Office">United States General Accounting Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/150991.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reports+to+Congressional+Requesters&rft.atitle=Military+Presence%3A+U.S.+Personnel+in+the+Pacific+Theater&rft.date=1991-08&rft.au=Louis+H.+Zanardi&rft.au=Barbara+A.+Schmitt&rft.au=Peter+Konjevich&rft.au=M.+Elizabeth+Guran&rft.au=Susan+E.+Cohen&rft.au=Judith+A.+McCloskey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fassets%2F160%2F150991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNC-USFK-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNC-USFK_7-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSFK_Public_Affairs_Office" class="citation web cs1">USFK Public Affairs Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usfk.mil/About/United-Nations-Command/">"USFK United Nations Command"</a>. United States Forces Korea. United States Department of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711030514/http://www.usfk.mil/About/United-Nations-Command">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016. <q>Republic of Korea – 590,911 Colombia – 1,068 United States – 302,483 Belgium – 900 United Kingdom – 14,198 South Africa – 826 Canada – 6,146 Netherlands – 819 Turkey – 5,453 Luxembourg – 44 Australia – 2,282 Philippines – 1,496 New Zealand – 1,385 Thailand – 1,204[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Ethiopia – 1,271 Greece – 1,263 France – 1,119</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USFK+United+Nations+Command&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.au=USFK+Public+Affairs+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usfk.mil%2FAbout%2FUnited-Nations-Command%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpOp2OO1-DAC&pg=PA126">Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950–1953</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275978358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275978358"><bdi>978-0275978358</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 February 2013. <q>A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952, with over 40,000 total serving in Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War+Order+of+Battle%3A+United+States%2C+United+Nations%2C+and+Communist+Ground%2C+Naval%2C+and+Air+Forces%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0275978358&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpOp2OO1-DAC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukindprk.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-dprk/uk-korea-relations">"UK-Korea Relations"</a>. British Embassy Pyongyang. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a>. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2013. <q>When war came to Korea in June 1950, Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea. 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict, and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Embassy+Pyongyang&rft.atitle=UK-Korea+Relations&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukindprk.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fworking-with-dprk%2Fuk-korea-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_D._Walker" class="citation web cs1">Jack D. Walker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwva.org/brief_account_of_the_korean_war.htm">"A Brief Account of the Korean War"</a>. Information. Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043212/http://www.kwva.org/brief_account_of_the_korean_war.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2013. <q>Other countries to furnish combat troops, with their peak strength, were: United States (302,483), United Kingdom (14,198), Canada (6,146), Turkey (5,455), Australia (2,282), Thailand (2,274), Philippines (1,496), New Zealand (1,389), France (1,185), Colombia (1,068), Ethiopia (1,271), Greece (1,263), Belgium (900), Netherlands (819), Republic of South Africa (826), Luxembourg (44)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Account+of+the+Korean+War&rft.au=Jack+D.+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwva.org%2Fbrief_account_of_the_korean_war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/korea/didyouknow">"Land of the Morning Calm: Canadians in Korea 1950–1953"</a>. Veterans Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 7 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093839/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/korea/didyouknow">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013. <q>Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.atitle=Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%3A+Canadians+in+Korea+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fcollections%2Fkorea%2Fdidyouknow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROK_Web-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROK_Web_10-26">aa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040603/http://www.imhc.mil.kr/imhcroot/data/korea_view.jsp?seq=4&page=1">"Casualties of Korean War"</a> (in Korean). Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imhc.mil.kr/imhcroot/data/korea_view.jsp?seq=4&page=1">the original</a> on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualties+of+Korean+War&rft.pub=Ministry+of+National+Defense+of+Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imhc.mil.kr%2Fimhcroot%2Fdata%2Fkorea_view.jsp%3Fseq%3D4%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517KWA-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-517KWA_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-517KWA_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-517KWA_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2006" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gYCm0bM68sC&pg=PA517">Korean War Almanac</a>. Almanacs of American wars. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816074679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816074679"><bdi>978-0816074679</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War+Almanac&rft.series=Almanacs+of+American+wars&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0816074679&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gYCm0bM68sC%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandran2017" class="citation news cs1">Ramachandran, D. p (19 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-doctor-heroes-of-war/article17529390.ece">"The doctor-heroes of war"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164250/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-doctor-heroes-of-war/article17529390.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+doctor-heroes+of+war&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=D.+p&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fopen-page%2Fthe-doctor-heroes-of-war%2Farticle17529390.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris-Suzuki2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Morris-Suzuki" title="Tessa Morris-Suzuki">Morris-Suzuki, Tessa</a> (29 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/2012/10/31/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3803/article.html">"Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 10 (31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518035219/https://apjjf.org/2012/10/31/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3803/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=Post-War+Warriors%3A+Japanese+Combatants+in+the+Korean+War&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=31&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft.aulast=Morris-Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2012%2F10%2F31%2FTessa-Morris-Suzuki%2F3803%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fact_Sheet:_America's_Wars-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_Sheet:_America's_Wars_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_Sheet:_America's_Wars_14-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf">Fact Sheet: America's Wars".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127070133/https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf">Archived</a> 27 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington D.C., May 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpva.go.kr/ycnc/selectBbsNttView.do?key=493&bbsNo=130&nttNo=215661&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=1&integrDeptCode=">"19만7056명 첫 全數조사 "젊은사람들 내 뒤에서 '얼마나 죽였길래' 수군수군 이젠 훈장 안 달고 다녀…세상이 야속하고 나 스스로 비참할 뿐""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714033626/https://www.mpva.go.kr/ycnc/selectBbsNttView.do?key=493&bbsNo=130&nttNo=215661&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=1&integrDeptCode=">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=19%EB%A7%8C7056%EB%AA%85+%EC%B2%AB+%E5%85%A8%E6%95%B8%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC+%22%EC%A0%8A%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C%EB%93%A4+%EB%82%B4+%EB%92%A4%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C+%27%EC%96%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98+%EC%A3%BD%EC%98%80%EA%B8%B8%EB%9E%98%27+%EC%88%98%EA%B5%B0%EC%88%98%EA%B5%B0+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%A0+%ED%9B%88%EC%9E%A5+%EC%95%88+%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%A0+%EB%8B%A4%EB%85%80%E2%80%A6%EC%84%B8%EC%83%81%EC%9D%B4+%EC%95%BC%EC%86%8D%ED%95%98%EA%B3%A0+%EB%82%98+%EC%8A%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A1%9C+%EB%B9%84%EC%B0%B8%ED%95%A0+%EB%BF%90%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpva.go.kr%2Fycnc%2FselectBbsNttView.do%3Fkey%3D493%26bbsNo%3D130%26nttNo%3D215661%26searchCtgry%3D%26searchCnd%3Dall%26searchKrwd%3D%26pageIndex%3D1%26integrDeptCode%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html">The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709114538/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Korean) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf">The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004201/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Korean) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrader1995" class="citation book cs1">Shrader, Charles R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcGs__qQCzgC&pg=PA90">Communist Logistics in the Korean War</a>. Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313295096" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313295096"><bdi>978-0313295096</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2013. <q>NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+Logistics+in+the+Korean+War&rft.series=Issue+160+of+Contributions+in+Military+Studies&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0313295096&rft.aulast=Shrader&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcGs__qQCzgC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang257-19"><a href="#cite_ref-zhang257_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang1995">Zhang 1995</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Xiaobing, Li (2009). A History of the Modern Chinese Army Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 105: "By December 1952, the Chinese forces in Korea had reached a record high of 1.45 million men, including fifty-nine infantry divisions, ten artillery divisions, five antiaircraft divisions, and seven tank regiments. CPVF numbers remained stable until the armistice agreement was signed in July 1953." </li> <li id="cite_note-Whipped-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whipped_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whipped_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kolb, Richard K. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43694886">"In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force"</a>. VFW Magazine. 86 (11). Retrieved 17 February 2013. <q>Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale. During the war, 72,000 Soviet troops (among them 5,000 pilots) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria. At least 12 air divisions rotated through. A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VFW+Magazine&rft.atitle=In+Korea+we+whipped+the+Russian+Air+Force&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P3-43694886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-xu-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xu_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xu_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xu_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xu_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xu_22-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2003" class="citation web cs1">Xu, Yan (29 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715215412/http://www.nyconsulate.prchina.org/eng/xw/t31430.htm">"Korean War: In the View of Cost-effectiveness"</a>. Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyconsulate.prchina.org/eng/xw/t31430.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+War%3A+In+the+View+of+Cost-effectiveness&rft.pub=Consulate+General+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+New+York&rft.date=2003-07-29&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyconsulate.prchina.org%2Feng%2Fxw%2Ft31430.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumings_p._35-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (2011). The Korean War: A History. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812978964" title="Special:BookSources/9780812978964"><bdi>9780812978964</bdi></a>. <q>Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of non-hostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812978964&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Lewy, Guenter</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/America_in_Vietnam" title="America in Vietnam">America in Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 450–453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199874231" title="Special:BookSources/9780199874231"><bdi>9780199874231</bdi></a>. <q>For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=450-453&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780199874231&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1950" class="citation news cs1">White, James D. (31 July 1950). "Soviet Union Ending Boycott of United Nation [sic] Because War in Korea Getting Bit Too Hot". <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_Union-Bulletin" title="Walla Walla Union-Bulletin">Walla Walla Union-Bulletin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. No. 106. <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington" title="Walla Walla, Washington">Walla Walla, Washington</a>. p. 9 – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperArchive" title="NewspaperArchive">NewspaperArchive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walla+Walla+Union-Bulletin%2FAssociated+Press&rft.atitle=Soviet+Union+Ending+Boycott+of+United+Nation+%5Bsic%5D+Because+War+in+Korea+Getting+Bit+Too+Hot&rft.issue=106&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1950-07-31&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Derek W. Bowett, United Nations Forces: A Legal Study of United Nations Practice, Stevens, London, 1964, pp. 29–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPembroke2018" class="citation book cs1">Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Hardie Grant Books. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Where+the+American+Century+Began&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Hardie+Grant+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pembroke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unc.mil/History/1950-1953-Korean-War-Active-Conflict/">"United Nations Command > History > 1950–1953: Korean War (Active Conflict)"</a>. www.unc.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920141812/https://www.unc.mil/History/1950-1953-Korean-War-Active-Conflict/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unc.mil&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Command+%3E+History+%3E+1950%E2%80%931953%3A+Korean+War+%28Active+Conflict%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.mil%2FHistory%2F1950-1953-Korean-War-Active-Conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devine_2007_819-821-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Devine_2007_819-821_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevineBreenFredericksonWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Devine, Robert A.; Breen, T.H.; Frederickson, George M.; Williams, R. Hal; Gross, Adriela J.; Brands, H.W. (2007). America Past and Present. Vol. II: Since 1865 (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Longman</a>. pp. 819–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321446619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321446619"><bdi>978-0321446619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=819-21&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0321446619&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Breen%2C+T.H.&rft.au=Frederickson%2C+George+M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+R.+Hal&rft.au=Gross%2C+Adriela+J.&rft.au=Brands%2C+H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2015" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Max (3 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime">"Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Americans+have+forgotten+what+we+did+to+North+Korea&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F8%2F3%2F9089913%2Fnorth-korea-us-war-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_119-120-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_119-120_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_119-120_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael E (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119">Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey</a>. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119">119</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824831745" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824831745"><bdi>978-0824831745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Twentieth-Century+Odyssey&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0824831745&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreastwentieth00robi%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeFeng2013-34"><a href="#cite_ref-HeFeng2013_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeFeng2013" class="citation book cs1">He, Kai; Feng, Huiyun (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAaHqijyLy8C&pg=PA50">Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific: Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior</a>. Routledge. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135131197" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135131197"><bdi>978-1135131197</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704225317/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAaHqijyLy8C&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospect+Theory+and+Foreign+Policy+Analysis+in+the+Asia+Pacific%3A+Rational+Leaders+and+Risky+Behavior&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135131197&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Feng%2C+Huiyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAaHqijyLy8C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiCribb2014-35"><a href="#cite_ref-LiCribb2014_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiCribb2014" class="citation book cs1">Li, Narangoa; Cribb, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfMYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231160704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231160704"><bdi>978-0231160704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704225317/https://books.google.com/books?id=zfMYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Northeast+Asia%2C+1590%E2%80%932010%3A+Korea%2C+Manchuria%2C+Mongolia%2C+Eastern+Siberia&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0231160704&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Narangoa&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfMYBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoare1999-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoare1999_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrattRuttHoare1999" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James (1999). Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700704644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700704644"><bdi>978-0700704644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+Historical+and+Cultural+Dictionary&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0700704644&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft.au=Rutt%2C+Richard&rft.au=Hoare%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim2003-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim2003_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2003" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Ilpyong J. (2003). Historical Dictionary of North Korea. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810843318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810843318"><bdi>978-0810843318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+North+Korea&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0810843318&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ilpyong+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawnsley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rawnsley, Gary D. (2009). "'The Great Movement to Resist America and Assist Korea': How Beijing Sold the Korean War". <a href="/wiki/Media,_War_%26_Conflict" title="Media, War & Conflict">Media, War & Conflict</a>. 2 (3): 285–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750635209345186">10.1177/1750635209345186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143193818">143193818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+War+%26+Conflict&rft.atitle=%27The+Great+Movement+to+Resist+America+and+Assist+Korea%27%3A+How+Beijing+Sold+the+Korean+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-315&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1750635209345186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143193818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rawnsley&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman1950-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Truman1950_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1950" class="citation web cs1">Truman, Harry S. (29 June 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226063925/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594">"The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950"</a>. Teachingamericanhistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594">the original</a> on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+President%27s+News+Conference+of+June+29%2C+1950&rft.pub=Teachingamericanhistory.org&rft.date=1950-06-29&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Flibrary%2Findex.asp%3Fdocument%3D594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naval_Historical_Center-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Naval_Historical_Center_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819014820/http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/korea/korea1.htm">"Remembering the Forgotten War: Korea, 1950–1953"</a>. Naval Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/korea/korea1.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Forgotten+War%3A+Korea%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fac%2Fkorea%2Fkorea1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam20072-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam20072_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam2007">Halberstam 2007</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnabel1972-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel1972_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel1972_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabel1972" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, James F. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/P&D.HTM">Policy and Direction: The First Year</a>. United States Army in the Korean War. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 3, 18, 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160359552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160359552"><bdi>978-0160359552</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517132751/http://www.history.army.mil/books/P%26D.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+and+Direction%3A+The+First+Year&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+the+Korean+War&rft.pages=3%2C+18%2C+22&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0160359552&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FP%26D.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck200219–20-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStueck200219%E2%80%9320_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStueck2002">Stueck 2002</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199023-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199023_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199023_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot1995516-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot1995516_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot1995516_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot1995">Dear & Foot 1995</a>, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005160–61,_195–96-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005160%E2%80%9361,_195%E2%80%9396_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 160–61, 195–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Early1943-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Early1943_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly1943" class="citation web cs1">Early, Stephen (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46/002_46tx.html">"Cairo Communiqué"</a>. Japan: National Diet Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206020831/http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46/002_46tx.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cairo+Communiqu%C3%A9&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=National+Diet+Library&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fconstitution%2Fe%2Fshiryo%2F01%2F002_46%2F002_46tx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whelan1991-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Whelan1991_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan1991" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Richard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawinglinekorea00whel/page/22">Drawing the Line: the Korean War 1950–53</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawinglinekorea00whel/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316934039" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316934039"><bdi>978-0316934039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+the+Line%3A+the+Korean+War+1950%E2%80%9353&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0316934039&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrawinglinekorea00whel%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199024,_25-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199024,_25_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199024,_25_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 24, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulden198317-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoulden198317_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoulden1983">Goulden 1983</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d771">"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The British Commonwealth, The Far East, Volume VI - Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105150706/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d771">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+Diplomatic+Papers%2C+1945%2C+The+British+Commonwealth%2C+The+Far+East%2C+Volume+VI+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945v06%2Fd771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCullough1992-53"><a href="#cite_ref-McCullough1992_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Truman_(book)" title="Truman (book)">Truman</a>. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truman00mccu_0/page/785">785–86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671869205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671869205"><bdi>978-0671869205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman&rft.pages=785-86&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0671869205&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman1998_54-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McCune1946-55"><a href="#cite_ref-McCune1946_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCune1946" class="citation journal cs1">McCune, Shannon Boyd Bailey (1946). "Physical Basis for Korean Boundaries". Far Eastern Quarterly. 5 (3): 286–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049050">10.2307/2049050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049050">2049050</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32463018">32463018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155917488">155917488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Physical+Basis+for+Korean+Boundaries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=286-287&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32463018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155917488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049050%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049050&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=Shannon+Boyd+Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajdanzev1945-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Grajdanzev1945_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrajdanzev1945" class="citation journal cs1">Grajdanzev, Andrew J. (1945). "Korea Divided". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (20): 281–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3022068">10.2307/3022068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8949">0362-8949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3022068">3022068</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/482287795">482287795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=Korea+Divided&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=281-283&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F482287795&rft.issn=0362-8949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3022068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3022068&rft.aulast=Grajdanzev&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d776">"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The British Commonwealth, The Far East, Volume VI - Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111012102/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d776">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+Diplomatic+Papers%2C+1945%2C+The+British+Commonwealth%2C+The+Far+East%2C+Volume+VI+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945v06%2Fd776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam200763-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam200763_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam2007">Halberstam 2007</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199025–26-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199025%E2%80%9326_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker200553-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker200553_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBecker2005">Becker 2005</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager201341–42-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager201341%E2%80%9342_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings1981chapter_3,_4-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings1981chapter_3,_4_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings1981">Cumings 1981</a>, chapter 3, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005211-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005211_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager201347-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager201347_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199026-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199026_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199026_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1946-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Time1946_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106193407/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C792877-1%2C00.html">"Korea: For Freedom"</a>. Time. 20 May 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792877-1,00.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Korea%3A+For+Freedom&rft.date=1946-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C792877-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMH-67"><a href="#cite_ref-AMH_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Richard_W.2005" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter8.htm">"The Korean War, 1950–1953"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/index.htm#cont">American Military History, Volume 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 30-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095626/http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.btitle=American+Military+History%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FAMH-V2%2FAMH%2520V2%2Fchapter8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200113-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200113_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkasian2001">Malkasian 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Division-of-Korea">"Korea - Division of Korea"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227041057/https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Division-of-Korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Korea+-+Division+of+Korea&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKorea%2FDivision-of-Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-the-decision-withdraw-us-forces-from-korea-1947-1949">"Statement by the President on the Decision To Withdraw U.S. Forces From Korea, 1947-1949. | The American Presidency Project"</a>. presidency.ucsb.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818010130/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-the-decision-withdraw-us-forces-from-korea-1947-1949">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+President+on+the+Decision+To+Withdraw+U.S.+Forces+From+Korea%2C+1947-1949.+%7C+The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fstatement-the-president-the-decision-withdraw-us-forces-from-korea-1947-1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994110-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen1994110_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen1994110_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen1994110_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen1994">Chen 1994</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994110–11-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen1994110%E2%80%9311_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen1994">Chen 1994</a>, pp. 110–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1994111-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen1994111_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen1994">Chen 1994</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Gibby, Bryan (2012). Will to Win: American Military Advisors in Korea, 1946–1953. University Alabama Press. p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan,_p._76-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan,_p._76_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan,_p._76_75-1">b</a> Bryan, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War">"Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090911/https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Korean+War+%26%23124%3B+Combatants%2C+Summary%2C+Years%2C+Map%2C+Casualties%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FKorean-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Bryan, pp. 76-77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan,_p._78-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan,_p._78_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan,_p._78_78-1">b</a> Bryan, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapcarta.com/16197292">"Kuksa-bong"</a>. Mapcarta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021061118/https://mapcarta.com/16197292">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mapcarta&rft.atitle=Kuksa-bong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapcarta.com%2F16197292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2010" class="citation book cs1">Cumings, Bruce (27 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lY5-7ZirsmgC&q=august+4+1949">The Korean War: A History</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679603788" title="Special:BookSources/9780679603788"><bdi>9780679603788</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 November 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.isbn=9780679603788&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlY5-7ZirsmgC%26q%3Daugust%2B4%2B1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Bryan, pp. 79-80. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Bryan, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Bryan, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20023–4-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20023%E2%80%934_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20023-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20023_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20029,_10-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20029,_10_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby20029,_10_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, pp. 9, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200211-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200211_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200210_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006139–40-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006139%E2%80%9340_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, pp. 139–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199329-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199329_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby1993">Weathersby 1993</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200213-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200213_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Mark O'Neill, "Soviet Involvement in the Korean War: A New View from the Soviet-Era Archives", OAH Magazine of History, Spring 2000, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jian-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jian_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jian_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jian_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJian1994" class="citation book cs1">Jian, Chen (27 November 1994). China's Road to the Korean War. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231100250" title="Special:BookSources/9780231100250"><bdi>9780231100250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Road+to+the+Korean+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994-11-27&rft.isbn=9780231100250&rft.aulast=Jian&rft.aufirst=Chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhao-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199329–30-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199329%E2%80%9330_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby1993">Weathersby 1993</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200214-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200214_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200215-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeathersby200215_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeathersby2002">Weathersby 2002</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005247–53-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005247%E2%80%9353_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 247–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck200271-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStueck200271_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStueck2002">Stueck 2002</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005255–56-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005255%E2%80%9356_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 255–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005249–58-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005249%E2%80%9358_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 249–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200717-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett200717_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillett2007">Millett 2007</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Gjelten2010" class="citation news cs1">Tom Gjelten (25 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128092817">"CIA Files Show U.S. Blindsided By Korean War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824155650/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128092817">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=CIA+Files+Show+U.S.+Blindsided+By+Korean+War&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft.au=Tom+Gjelten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D128092817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2010" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykoreafrom00seth">A history of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykoreafrom00seth/page/n344">324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742567160" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742567160"><bdi>978-0742567160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0742567160&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorykoreafrom00seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200714-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett200714_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillett2007">Millett 2007</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuecker2004" class="citation book cs1">Stuecker, William (2004). Korean War: World History. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 102–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War%3A+World+History&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stuecker&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200715-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett200715_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillett2007">Millett 2007</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Zhihua Shen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&dq=were+indigenous+in+Northeast+China+and+that+the+North+Korean+regime+never+dispatched+soldiers+to+Manchuria&pg=PT306">"A Misunderstood Friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino–North Korean Relations, 1949–1976".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407163505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&dq=were+indigenous+in+Northeast+China+and+that+the+North+Korean+regime+never+dispatched+soldiers+to+Manchuria&pg=PT306">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Columbia University Press, September 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Eberstadt2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eberstadt" title="Nicholas Eberstadt">Nick Eberstadt</a> (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72lpTkNcJQ4C&pg=PA61">Policy and Economic Performance in Divided Korea During the Cold War Era: 1945–91</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844742748" title="Special:BookSources/9780844742748"><bdi>9780844742748</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+and+Economic+Performance+in+Divided+Korea+During+the+Cold+War+Era%3A+1945%E2%80%9391&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.isbn=9780844742748&rft.au=Nick+Eberstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72lpTkNcJQ4C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116204532/https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf">"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960"</a> (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal. 8 (51): 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2019. <q>The number of Korean dead, injured or missing by war's end approached three million, ten percent of the overall population. The majority of those killed were in the North, which had half of the population of the South; although the DPRK does not have official figures, possibly twelve to fifteen percent of the population was killed in the war, a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of Soviet citizens killed in World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+and+Reconstruction+of+North+Korea%2C+1950%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F-Charles-K--Armstrong%2F3460%2Farticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman199817-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman199817_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-james19500625-112"><a href="#cite_ref-james19500625_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1950" class="citation news cs1">James, Jack (25 June 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1950/06/25/North-Koreans-invade-South-Korea/1012416555294/">"North Koreans invade South Korea"</a>. United Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141249/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1950/06/25/North-Koreans-invade-South-Korea/1012416555294/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Koreans+invade+South+Korea&rft.date=1950-06-25&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1950%2F06%2F25%2FNorth-Koreans-invade-South-Korea%2F1012416555294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman199821-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman199821_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005260–63-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005260%E2%80%9363_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005260%E2%80%9363_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 260–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo">The Making of Modern Korea</a>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n88">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415237499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415237499"><bdi>978-0415237499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415237499&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingmodernkore00buzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoneMcCormack1993" class="citation book cs1">Lone, Stewart; <a href="/wiki/Gavan_McCormack" title="Gavan McCormack">McCormack, Gavan</a> (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. pp. 110–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+since+1850&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=Longman+Cheshire&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lone&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1973" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, Robert R. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/652006">"Some Myths about June 1950"</a>. The China Quarterly. 54 (54): 354–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000015563">10.1017/S0305741000015563</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/652006">652006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154722887">154722887</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206191426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/652006">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Some+Myths+about+June+1950&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=354-361&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154722887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F652006%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000015563&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F652006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200718–19-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett200718%E2%80%9319_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett200718%E2%80%9319_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillett2007">Millett 2007</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chosun2010-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Chosun2010_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/06/29/2010062902370.html"><bdi lang="ko">만물상 625 한강다리 폭파의 희생자들</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosun Ilbo">Chosun Ilbo</a> (in Korean). 29 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501063615/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/06/29/2010062902370.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%EB%A7%8C%EB%AC%BC%EC%83%81+625+%ED%95%9C%EA%B0%95%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC+%ED%8F%AD%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%98+%ED%9D%AC%EC%83%9D%EC%9E%90%EB%93%A4&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2010%2F06%2F29%2F2010062902370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston20-121"><a href="#cite_ref-johnston20_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, William (1 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64ZAy7NvwCgC&q=Han%20River%20demolish&pg=PA20">A war of patrols: Canadian Army operations in Korea</a>. Univ of British Columbia Pr. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774810081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774810081"><bdi>978-0774810081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+war+of+patrols%3A+Canadian+Army+operations+in+Korea&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Univ+of+British+Columbia+Pr&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0774810081&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64ZAy7NvwCgC%26q%3DHan%2520River%2520demolish%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005269–70-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005269%E2%80%9370_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 269–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards32-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards32_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2010" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scZN59DXeOwC&q=Rhee%20bodo%20league%20massacre%20order&pg=PA32">Historical Dictionary of the Korean War</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810867734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810867734"><bdi>978-0810867734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Korean+War&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.isbn=978-0810867734&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DscZN59DXeOwC%26q%3DRhee%2520bodo%2520league%2520massacre%2520order%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb" class="citation web cs1">Webb, William J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/KW-Outbreak/outbreak.htm">"The Korean War: The Outbreak"</a>. United States Army Center for Military History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612073344/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/KW-Outbreak/outbreak.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+The+Outbreak&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+for+Military+History&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2FKW-Outbreak%2Foutbreak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim197330-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim197330_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim1973">Kim 1973</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2020" class="citation web cs1">Wells, Samuel (23 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/korea-and-fear-world-war-iii">"Korea and the Fear of World War III"</a>. Wilson Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185115/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/korea-and-fear-world-war-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea+and+the+Fear+of+World+War+III&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fkorea-and-fear-world-war-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2018447-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2018447_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeschloss2018">Beschloss 2018</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim197346-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim197346_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim1973">Kim 1973</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Glass2018" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Glass (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/27/this-day-in-politics-june-27-1950-665397">"Truman orders U.S. military intervention in Korea, June 27, 1950"</a>. POLITICO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105150709/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/27/this-day-in-politics-june-27-1950-665397">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Truman+orders+U.S.+military+intervention+in+Korea%2C+June+27%2C+1950&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft.au=Andrew+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F06%2F27%2Fthis-day-in-politics-june-27-1950-665397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196422-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees196422_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees1964">Rees 1964</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-schindler19980224-131"><a href="#cite_ref-schindler19980224_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler,_John_R.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler, John R. (24 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://20committee.com/2015/09/29/dodging-armageddon-the-third-world-war-that-almost-was-1950/">"Dodging Armageddon: The Third World War That Almost Was, 1950"</a>. Cryptologic Quarterly: 85–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930082157/http://20committee.com/2015/09/29/dodging-armageddon-the-third-world-war-that-almost-was-1950/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryptologic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dodging+Armageddon%3A+The+Third+World+War+That+Almost+Was%2C+1950&rft.pages=85-95&rft.date=1998-02-24&rft.au=Schindler%2C+John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F20committee.com%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2Fdodging-armageddon-the-third-world-war-that-almost-was-1950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196423-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees196423_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees1964">Rees 1964</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196426-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees196426_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees1964">Rees 1964</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200116-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200116_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkasian2001">Malkasian 2001</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gromyko1950-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Gromyko1950_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGromyko1950" class="citation web cs1">Gromyko, Andrei A. (4 July 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1950-gromyko-korea.html">"On American Intervention in Korea, 1950"</a>. Modern History Sourcebook. New York: Fordham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141853/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1950-gromyko-korea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+History+Sourcebook&rft.atitle=On+American+Intervention+in+Korea%2C+1950&rft.date=1950-07-04&rft.aulast=Gromyko&rft.aufirst=Andrei+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1950-gromyko-korea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross1951-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Gross1951_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1951" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Leo (February 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5390&context=ylj">"Voting in the Security Council: Abstention from Voting and Absence from Meetings"</a>. The Yale Law Journal. 60 (2): 209–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F793412">10.2307/793412</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/793412">793412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426173818/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5390&context=ylj">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Voting+in+the+Security+Council%3A+Abstention+from+Voting+and+Absence+from+Meetings&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-257&rft.date=1951-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F793412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F793412%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5390%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schick1950-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Schick1950_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchick1950" class="citation journal cs1">Schick, F. B. (September 1950). "Videant Consules". The Western Political Quarterly. 3 (3): 311–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F443348">10.2307/443348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/443348">443348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Videant+Consules&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-325&rft.date=1950-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F443348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F443348%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=F.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408045123/https://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/coldwar/docs/onkorea.html">"Truman Address on Korea"</a>. www.learner.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/coldwar/docs/onkorea.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.learner.org&rft.atitle=Truman+Address+on+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learner.org%2Fworkshops%2Fprimarysources%2Fcoldwar%2Fdocs%2Fonkorea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulden198348-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoulden198348_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoulden1983">Goulden 1983</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess2001-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess2001_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess2001_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2001" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Gary R. (2001). Presidential Decisions for War : Korea, Vietnam and the Persian Gulf. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801865152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801865152"><bdi>978-0801865152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Decisions+for+War+%3A+Korea%2C+Vietnam+and+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0801865152&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graebner1979-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Graebner1979_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebnerTrani1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Graebner, Norman A.; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_P._Trani" title="Eugene P. Trani">Trani, Eugene P.</a> (1979). The Age of Global Power: The United States Since 1939. Vol. V3641. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/477631060">477631060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Global+Power%3A+The+United+States+Since+1939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F477631060&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rft.au=Trani%2C+Eugene+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Reis, M. (12 May 2014), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/industrial-mobilization-records-overview/">WWII and Korean War Industrial Mobilization: History Programs and Related Records</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715064838/http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/industrial-mobilization-records-overview/">Archived</a> 15 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), History Associates, retrieved 17 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman1980-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Truman1980_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumanFerrell1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman, Harry S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Ferrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert H. Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (1980). The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870810909" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870810909"><bdi>978-0870810909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0870810909&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft.au=Ferrell%2C+Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2003290-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2003290_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair2003">Blair 2003</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Hofmann, George F., "Tanks and the Korean War: A case study of unpreparedness", Armor, Vol. 109 Issue 5 (Sep/Oct 2000), pp. 7–12: In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> had to impose an 80 percent reduction in equipment requirements, deferring any equipment modernization. When the Joint Chiefs of Staff submitted a $30 billion total defense budget for FY 1948, the administration capped the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DOD</a> budget at the $14.4 billion set in 1947 and progressively reduced in succeeding fiscal years until January 1950, when it was reduced again to $13.5 billion. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees196427-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees196427_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees1964">Rees 1964</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006140-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006140_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-:Han-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:Han_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2024" class="citation book cs1">Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0"><bdi>978-0-19-769659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ripple+Effect%3A+China%27s+Complex+Presence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-769659-0&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Enze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199045-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199045_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199048-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199048_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199053-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199053_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Dunford, J.F. (Lt. Col.) The Strategic Implications of Defensive Operations at the Pusan Perimeter July–September 1950, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College (7 April 1999) pp. 6–8, 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Zabecki, David T., Stand or Die: 1950 Defense of Korea's Pusan Perimeter, Military History (May 2009): The inability of US forces to stop the 1950 North Korean summer offensive cost the Eighth Army 4,280 killed in action, 12,377 wounded, with 2,107 missing and 401 confirmed captured between 5 July and 16 September 1950. In addition, the lives of tens of thousands of South Korean soldiers and civilians were lost as well. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199056-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199056_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan_Kwoh_Jack2006" class="citation cs2">Tan Kwoh Jack (January 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/rsis-pubs/WP105.pdf">THE KOREAN WAR JUNE-OCTOBER 1950: INCHON AND STALIN IN THE "TRIGGER VS. JUSTIFICATION" DEBATE</a> (PDF), Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, p. 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128195523/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/rsis-pubs/WP105.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2022, retrieved 28 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+KOREAN+WAR+JUNE-OCTOBER+1950%3A+INCHON+AND+STALIN+IN+THE+%22TRIGGER+VS.+JUSTIFICATION%22+DEBATE&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Institute+of+Defence+and+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2006-01&rft.au=Tan+Kwoh+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsis.edu.sg%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Frsis-pubs%2FWP105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QoyAAAAMAAJ&q=%E4%BB%81%E5%B7%9D%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86">在最高统帅部当参谋: 雷英夫将军回忆录</a> (in Chinese (China)). 百花洲文艺出版社. 28 November 1997. pp. 147, 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787805798998" title="Special:BookSources/9787805798998"><bdi>9787805798998</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421193437/https://books.google.com/books?id=2QoyAAAAMAAJ&q=%E4%BB%81%E5%B7%9D%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%BB%9F%E5%B8%85%E9%83%A8%E5%BD%93%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%3A+%E9%9B%B7%E8%8B%B1%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E5%BD%95&rft.pages=147%2C+153-154&rft.pub=%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997-11-28&rft.isbn=9787805798998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QoyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E4%25BB%2581%25E5%25B7%259D%25E7%2599%25BB%25E9%2599%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006141-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006141_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199047–48,_66-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199047%E2%80%9348,_66_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 47–48, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199058-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199058_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/pg_793">493rd meeting of the UN Security Council, 31 August 1950</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173851/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/pg_793">Archived</a> 2 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> Official Records No. 35, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/d551">Telegram, Dean Rusk to James Webb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302165211/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/d551">Archived</a> 2 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations Series">Foreign Relations of the United States</a> 1950 Volume VII, Korea, Document 551 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"work of the Security Council from August 1, 1950 to September 18, 1950". <a href="/wiki/International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization">International Organization</a>. 4 (4): 638. 1950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300029465">10.1017/S0020818300029465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414462">249414462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=work+of+the+Security+Council+from+August+1%2C+1950+to+September+18%2C+1950&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=638&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818300029465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249414462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199059–60-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199059%E2%80%9360_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-masuda12-164"><a href="#cite_ref-masuda12_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasudaYamamoto2012" class="citation book cs1">Masuda, Hiroshi; Yamamoto, Reiko (2012). "The Korean War and the Dismissal of Mac Arthur, June 1950 to April 1951". Mac Arthur in Asia. pp. 249–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9780801449390.003.0013">10.7591/cornell/9780801449390.003.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801449390" title="Special:BookSources/9780801449390"><bdi>9780801449390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War+and+the+Dismissal+of+Mac+Arthur%2C+June+1950+to+April+1951&rft.btitle=Mac+Arthur+in+Asia&rft.pages=249-274&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9780801449390.003.0013&rft.isbn=9780801449390&rft.aulast=Masuda&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Reiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199061-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199061_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleman199861-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleman199861_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199058,_61-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199058,_61_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 58, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199067-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199067_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199067_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalry_Outpost_Publications-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalry_Outpost_Publications_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalry_Outpost_Publications_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/">"History of the 1st Cavalry Division and Its Subordinate Commands"</a>. Cavalry Outpost Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308064029/http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+1st+Cavalry+Division+and+Its+Subordinate+Commands&rft.pub=Cavalry+Outpost+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.first-team.us%2Ftableaux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199068-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199068_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199070-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199070_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1984" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Edwin P. (1984). On to the Yalu. New York: Stein and Day. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+to+the+Yalu&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/sn28.htm">"CHAPTER XXVIII: Pursuit and Exploitation"</a>. history.army.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205040750/https://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/KOREA/20-2-1/sn28.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.army.mil&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+XXVIII%3A+Pursuit+and+Exploitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2F20-2-1%2Fsn28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199071–72-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199071%E2%80%9372_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143_175-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnabel-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_176-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabel1992" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, James F (1992) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/P&D.HTM">United States Army in the Korean War: Policy And Direction: The First Year</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. pp. 155–92, 212, 283–84, 288–89, 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160359552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160359552"><bdi>978-0160359552</bdi></a>. CMH Pub 20-1-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517132751/http://www.history.army.mil/books/P%26D.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Army+in+the+Korean+War%3A+Policy+And+Direction%3A+The+First+Year&rft.pages=155-92%2C+212%2C+283-84%2C+288-89%2C+304&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0160359552&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=James+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FP%26D.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KIMH-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KIMH_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KIMH_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorea_Institute_of_Military_History2000" class="citation book cs1">Korea Institute of Military History (2000). The Korean War: Korea Institute of Military History. 3-volume set. Vol. 1, 2. Bison Books, University of Nebraska Press. pp. 512–29, 730. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803277946" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803277946"><bdi>978-0803277946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+Korea+Institute+of+Military+History&rft.series=3-volume+set&rft.pages=512-29%2C+730&rft.pub=Bison+Books%2C+University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0803277946&rft.au=Korea+Institute+of+Military+History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weintraub2000-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Weintraub2000_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macarthurswarkor00wein/page/157">MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macarthurswarkor00wein/page/157">157–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684834191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684834191"><bdi>978-0684834191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacArthur%27s+War%3A+Korea+and+the+Undoing+of+an+American+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157-58&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0684834191&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacarthurswarkor00wein%2Fpage%2F157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Appleman 1998, pp. 607-609. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143–44-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006143%E2%80%9344_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, pp. 143–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005278–81-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005278%E2%80%9381_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 278–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199079–94-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199079%E2%80%9394_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 79–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006144-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006144_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199081-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199081_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199090-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199090_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck200292–93-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStueck200292%E2%80%9393_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStueck2002">Stueck 2002</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter198911-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter198911_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter1989">Clodfelter 1989</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199083-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199083_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:322_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:322_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Shulsky, Abram (2000). Deterrence theory and Chinese behavior. Santa Monica, California: RAND. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833028532" title="Special:BookSources/9780833028532"><bdi>9780833028532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deterrence+theory+and+Chinese+behavior&rft.place=Santa+Monica%2C+California&rft.pub=RAND&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780833028532&rft.aulast=Shulsky&rft.aufirst=Abram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199088-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199088_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199089-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199089_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan1996-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Donovan1996_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1996" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Robert J (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tumultuousyearsp0000dono/page/285">Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman 1949–1953</a>. University of Missouri Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tumultuousyearsp0000dono/page/285">285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826210852" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826210852"><bdi>978-0826210852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumultuous+Years%3A+The+Presidency+of+Harry+S.+Truman+1949%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0826210852&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftumultuousyearsp0000dono%2Fpage%2F285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-194"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">The dragon roars back: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006147–48-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006147%E2%80%9348_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006147%E2%80%9348_195-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, pp. 147–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990102-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990102_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990102_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Zhihua (2010). "China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War". Journal of Strategic Studies. 33 (2): 211–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402391003590291">10.1080/01402391003590291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154427564">154427564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Dispatch+of+the+Soviet+Air+Force%3A+The+Formation+of+the+Chinese%E2%80%93Soviet%E2%80%93Korean+Alliance+in+the+Early+Stage+of+the+Korean+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-230&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402391003590291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154427564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Zhihua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Richard W (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm">"The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention"</a>. history.army.mil. U.S. Army Center of Military History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203234437/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.army.mil&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War%3A+The+Chinese+Intervention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fkw-chinter%2Fchinter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199098–99-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199098%E2%80%9399_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossman1990160-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossman1990160_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMossman1990">Mossman 1990</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990104–11-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990104%E2%80%9311_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 104–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossman1990158-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossman1990158_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMossman1990">Mossman 1990</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990110-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990110_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-DoyleMayer1979-204"><a href="#cite_ref-DoyleMayer1979_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleMayer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle, James H.; Mayer, Arthur J (April 1979). "December 1950 at Hungnam". U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. 105 (4): 44–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Naval+Institute+Proceedings&rft.atitle=December+1950+at+Hungnam&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=44-65&rft.date=1979-04&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Arthur+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd">"Pyongyang taken as UN retreats, 1950"</a>. BBC Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821095028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Archive&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+taken+as+UN+retreats%2C+1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farchive%2Fpyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats%2Fznhynrd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/faces-of-the-korean-war/g-16973830">"Faces of the Korean War | DW | 25.07.2013"</a>. DW.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925044408/https://www.dw.com/en/faces-of-the-korean-war/g-16973830">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Faces+of+the+Korean+War+%7C+DW+%7C+25.07.2013&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffaces-of-the-korean-war%2Fg-16973830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2914-proclaiming-the-existence-national-emergency">"The American Presidency Project Harry S Truman Proclamation 2914—Proclamation 2914—Proclaiming the Existence of a National Emergency"</a>. UC Santa Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022143108/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2914-proclaiming-the-existence-national-emergency">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Barbara&rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency+Project+Harry+S+Truman+Proclamation+2914%E2%80%94Proclamation+2914%E2%80%94Proclaiming+the+Existence+of+a+National+Emergency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-2914-proclaiming-the-existence-national-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, MAO: The Unknown Story. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1995119–126-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1995119%E2%80%93126_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang1995">Zhang 1995</a>, pp. 119–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bevin_Alexander" title="Bevin Alexander">Alexander, Bevin R.</a> (1986), Korea: The First War We Lost, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, pp. 371–376, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87052-135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87052-135-5"><bdi>978-0-87052-135-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+First+War+We+Lost&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=371-376&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books%2C+Inc&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87052-135-5&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Bevin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990117-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990117_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990117_212-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacArthur-213"><a href="#cite_ref-MacArthur_213-0">^</a> Reminiscences, MacArthur, Douglas. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990113-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990113_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990118-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990118_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121_216-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990121_216-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990120-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990120_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm">"Resolution 498(V) Intervention of the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China in Korea"</a>. United Nations. 1 February 1951. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+498%28V%29+Intervention+of+the+Central+People%27s+Government+of+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+Korea&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1951-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdocuments%2Fga%2Fres%2F5%2Fares5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930121857/http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-3262.html">"Cold War International History Project's Cold War Files"</a>. Wilson Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-3262.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project%27s+Cold+War+Files&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.wilsoncenter.org%2Fcoldwarfiles%2Findex-3262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jd030210-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jd030210_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jd030210_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1932280">"SURVIVOR Hundreds were killed in a 1951 massacre. One man is left to remember"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="JoongAng Daily">JoongAng Daily</a>. 10 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608041139/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1932280">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=SURVIVOR+Hundreds+were+killed+in+a+1951+massacre.+One+man+is+left+to+remember.&rft.date=2003-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoongangdaily.joins.com%2Farticle%2Fview.asp%3Faid%3D1932280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timmons-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Timmons_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmons" class="citation web cs1">Timmons, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113141628/http://8tharmy.korea.army.mil/20110222chipyongni-timmons.asp">"Allies mark 60th anniversary of Chipyong-ni victory"</a>. 8tharmy.korea.army.mil. US Eighth Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://8tharmy.korea.army.mil/20110222chipyongni-timmons.asp">the original</a> on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=8tharmy.korea.army.mil&rft.atitle=Allies+mark+60th+anniversary+of+Chipyong-ni+victory&rft.aulast=Timmons&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F8tharmy.korea.army.mil%2F20110222chipyongni-timmons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990122-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990122_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990122_222-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006149-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006149_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006149_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Xiaobing, Li (2014). China's Battle for Korea: The 1951 Spring Offensive. Indiana University Press. p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990123–27-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990123%E2%80%9327_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 123–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199469-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199469_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1994">Stein 1994</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam2007600-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam2007600_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam2007">Halberstam 2007</a>, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199479-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199479_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1994">Stein 1994</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam2007498-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam2007498_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam2007">Halberstam 2007</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990127-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990127_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990130-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990130_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990131-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990131_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990131–32-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990131%E2%80%9332_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 131–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990133–34-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990133%E2%80%9334_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 133–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Xiaobing 2014, pp. 124-125. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Xiaobing 2014, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990136–37-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990136%E2%80%9337_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 136–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Xiaobing 2014, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990137–38-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990137%E2%80%9338_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 137–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiaobing_2014,_p._181-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xiaobing_2014,_p._181_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xiaobing_2014,_p._181_240-1">b</a> Xiaobing 2014, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Xiaobing 2009, pp. 101-102 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Mossman, Billy (1988). United States Army in the Korean War: Ebb and Flow November 1950 – July 1951. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Xiaobing 2009, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990145,_175–77-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990145,_175%E2%80%9377_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 145, 175–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990159-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990159_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Clodfelter 1989, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006148-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006148_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006148–49-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006148%E2%80%9349_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, pp. 148–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Clodfelter 1989, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990144–53-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990144%E2%80%9353_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 144–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990147-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990147_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990187–99-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990187%E2%80%9399_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 187–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boose2000-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Boose2000_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoose2000" class="citation web cs1">Boose, Donald W. Jr. (Spring 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712210732/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/korea/boose.html">"Fighting While Talking: The Korean War Truce Talks"</a>. OAH Magazine of History. Organization of American Historians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/korea/boose.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2009. <q>... the UNC advised that only 70,000 out of over 170,000 North Korean and Chinese prisoners desired repatriation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Fighting+While+Talking%3A+The+Korean+War+Truce+Talks&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Boose&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oah.org%2Fpubs%2Fmagazine%2Fkorea%2Fboose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990189–90-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990189%E2%80%9390_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 189–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990242–45-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990242%E2%80%9345_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 242–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990240-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990240_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Agov, Avram (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/528256">"North Korea's Alliances and the Unfinished Korean War"</a>. The Journal of Korean Studies. 18 (2): 225–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjks.2013.0020">10.1353/jks.2013.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145216046">145216046</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604110556/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/528256">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Alliances+and+the+Unfinished+Korean+War&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-262&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjks.2013.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145216046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Agov&rft.aufirst=Avram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F528256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison_(Lt._Col.)" class="citation web cs1">Harrison (Lt. Col.), William T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA404504.pdf">"Military Armistice in Korea: A Case Study for Strategic Leaders"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801180412/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA404504">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Armistice+in+Korea%3A+A+Case+Study+for+Strategic+Leaders&rft.aulast=Harrison+%28Lt.+Col.%29&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA404504.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_neutral_commission-259"><a href="#cite_ref-US_neutral_commission_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427205513/http://www.fas.org/news/dprk/1995/950313-dprk-usia.htm">"US State Department statement regarding 'Korea: Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission' and the Armistice Agreement 'which ended the Korean War'"</a>. FAS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/news/dprk/1995/950313-dprk-usia.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+State+Department+statement+regarding+%27Korea%3A+Neutral+Nations+Supervisory+Commission%27+and+the+Armistice+Agreement+%27which+ended+the+Korean+War%27&rft.pub=FAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnews%2Fdprk%2F1995%2F950313-dprk-usia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ho1993-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Ho1993_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo1993" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Jong Ho (1993). The US Imperialists started the Korean War. Pyongyang, N. Korea: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CP2AZ">B0000CP2AZ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+US+Imperialists+started+the+Korean+War&rft.place=Pyongyang%2C+N.+Korea&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CP2AZ%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Jong+Ho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCNA2011-261"><a href="#cite_ref-KCNA2011_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130625/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201108/news01/20110801-02ee.html">"War Victory Day of DPRK Marked in Different Countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a>. 1 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201108/news01/20110801-02ee.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Victory+Day+of+DPRK+Marked+in+Different+Countries&rft.pub=Korean+Central+News+Agency&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcna.co.jp%2Fitem%2F2011%2F201108%2Fnews01%2F20110801-02ee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OperationGlory-262"><a href="#cite_ref-OperationGlory_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/korea/op_glory.htm">"Operation Glory"</a>. Fort Lee, VA: Army Quartermaster Museum, US Army. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228095437/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/korea/op_glory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Glory&rft.place=Fort+Lee%2C+VA&rft.pub=Army+Quartermaster+Museum%2C+US+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil%2Fkorea%2Fop_glory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPMO-263"><a href="#cite_ref-DPMO_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Defense" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106054156/http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/news/special_reports/documents/010228_punch_bowl_239.pdf">"DPMO White Paper: Punch Bowl 239"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/news/special_reports/documents/010228_punch_bowl_239.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DPMO+White+Paper%3A+Punch+Bowl+239&rft.au=US+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdpmo%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Fdocuments%2F010228_punch_bowl_239.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army_Times-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Army_Times_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/03/ap_korea_remains_022908/">"Remains from Korea identified as Ind. soldier"</a>. Army News. 1 March 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remains+from+Korea+identified+as+Ind.+soldier&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armytimes.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2Fap_korea_remains_022908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwissArmy-265"><a href="#cite_ref-SwissArmy_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825200823/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Forces-abroad/Korea-/">"NNSC in Korea"</a>. Swiss Armed Forces, International Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtg.admin.ch/internet/vtg/en/home/themen/einsaetze/peace/korea.parsys.0003.downloadList.53335.DownloadFile.tmp/nnsc2011e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NNSC+in+Korea&rft.pub=Swiss+Armed+Forces%2C+International+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtg.admin.ch%2Finternet%2Fvtg%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fthemen%2Feinsaetze%2Fpeace%2Fkorea.parsys.0003.downloadList.53335.DownloadFile.tmp%2Fnnsc2011e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedishArmy-266"><a href="#cite_ref-SwedishArmy_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825200823/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Forces-abroad/Korea-/">"Korea – NSCC"</a>. Forsvarsmakten.se. Swedish Armed Forces. 1 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Forces-abroad/Korea-/">the original</a> on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forsvarsmakten.se&rft.atitle=Korea+%E2%80%93+NSCC&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forsvarsmakten.se%2Fen%2FForces-abroad%2FKorea-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KimIlsung1975-267"><a href="#cite_ref-KimIlsung1975_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRia_Chae2012" class="citation web cs1">Ria Chae (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/nkidp-e-dossier-no-7-east-german-documents-kim-il-sung%E2%80%99s-april-1975-trip-to-beijing#_ftn2">"NKIDP e-Dossier No. 7: East German Documents on Kim Il Sung's April 1975 Trip to Beijing"</a>. North Korea International Documentation Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124051/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/nkidp-e-dossier-no-7-east-german-documents-kim-il-sung%E2%80%99s-april-1975-trip-to-beijing">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NKIDP+e-Dossier+No.+7%3A+East+German+Documents+on+Kim+Il+Sung%27s+April+1975+Trip+to+Beijing&rft.series=North+Korea+International+Documentation+Project&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2012-05&rft.au=Ria+Chae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fnkidp-e-dossier-no-7-east-german-documents-kim-il-sung%25E2%2580%2599s-april-1975-trip-to-beijing%23_ftn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2010-268"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2010_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10129703">"'North Korean torpedo' sank South's navy ship – report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210225444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10129703">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27North+Korean+torpedo%27+sank+South%27s+navy+ship+%E2%80%93+report&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10129703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters2010-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters2010_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimLee2010" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Jack; Lee, Jae-won (23 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-artillery-idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123">"North Korea shells South in fiercest attack in decades"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104032417/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/23/us-korea-north-artillery-idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=North+Korea+shells+South+in+fiercest+attack+in+decades&rft.date=2010-11-23&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jae-won&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-korea-north-artillery-idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation news cs1">Park, Madison (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/11/world/asia/north-korea-armistice/index.html">"North Korea declares 1953 armistice invalid"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311175505/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/11/world/asia/north-korea-armistice/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=North+Korea+declares+1953+armistice+invalid&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Madison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F11%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fnorth-korea-armistice%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-end_of_armistise-271"><a href="#cite_ref-end_of_armistise_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang-Won" class="citation web cs1">Chang-Won, Lim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702052515/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/9765-north-korea-confirms-end-of-war-armistice">"North Korea confirms end of war armistice"</a>. Tolo News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/9765-north-korea-confirms-end-of-war-armistice">the original</a> on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+confirms+end+of+war+armistice&rft.pub=Tolo+News&rft.aulast=Chang-Won&rft.aufirst=Lim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolonews.com%2Fen%2Fafghanistan%2F9765-north-korea-confirms-end-of-war-armistice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NK_state_of_war-272"><a href="#cite_ref-NK_state_of_war_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21979127">"North Korea enters 'state of war' with South"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 30 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013512/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21979127">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea+enters+%27state+of+war%27+with+South&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-21979127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/07/north-korea-threatens-nuclear-strike-us">"North Korea threatens pre-emptive nuclear strike against US"</a>. The Guardian. 7 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104194322/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/07/north-korea-threatens-nuclear-strike-us">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Korea+threatens+pre-emptive+nuclear+strike+against+US&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F07%2Fnorth-korea-threatens-nuclear-strike-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22021832">"North Korea threats: US to move missiles to Guam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404001650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22021832">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea+threats%3A+US+to+move+missiles+to+Guam&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-22021832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CassellaChiacu-275"><a href="#cite_ref-CassellaChiacu_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassellaChiacu2016" class="citation news cs1">Cassella, Megan; Chiacu, Doina (21 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN0VU0XE">"U.S. rejected North Korea peace talks offer before last nuclear test: State Department"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222022637/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN0VU0XE">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+rejected+North+Korea+peace+talks+offer+before+last+nuclear+test%3A+State+Department&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft.aulast=Cassella&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft.au=Chiacu%2C+Doina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN0VU0XE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2018" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, James (27 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/27/asia/korean-summit-intl/index.html">"North and South Korea vow to end the Korean War in historic accord"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092617/https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/27/asia/korean-summit-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=North+and+South+Korea+vow+to+end+the+Korean+War+in+historic+accord&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F04%2F27%2Fasia%2Fkorean-summit-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_Korea:_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs2018" class="citation web cs1">South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (11 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5478/view.do?seq=319130&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1&titleNm=">"Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula (2018.4.27)"</a>. Ministry of Public Affairs Republic of Korea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429002936/https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5478/view.do?seq=319130&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1&titleNm=">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Public+Affairs+Republic+of+Korea&rft.atitle=Panmunjom+Declaration+for+Peace%2C+Prosperity+and+Unification+of+the+Korean+Peninsula+%282018.4.27%29&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.au=South+Korea%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.kr%2Feng%2Fbrd%2Fm_5478%2Fview.do%3Fseq%3D319130%26srchFr%3D%26srchTo%3D%26srchWord%3D%26srchTp%3D%26multi_itm_seq%3D0%26itm_seq_1%3D0%26itm_seq_2%3D0%26company_cd%3D%26company_nm%3D%26page%3D1%26titleNm%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korean-leader-repeats-call-declaration-end-korean-war-2021-09-21/">"South Korean leader repeats call for declaration to end Korean War"</a>. Reuters. 21 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922131541/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korean-leader-repeats-call-declaration-end-korean-war-2021-09-21/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=South+Korean+leader+repeats+call+for+declaration+to+end+Korean+War&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fsouth-korean-leader-repeats-call-declaration-end-korean-war-2021-09-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_p.45-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_p.45_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_p.45_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2014). "The Evolving Asian System". International Relations of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442226418" title="Special:BookSources/9781442226418"><bdi>9781442226418</bdi></a>. <q>With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the Chinese Civil War (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the Vietnam War (2 million), and the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">genocide</a> in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Asian+System&rft.btitle=International+Relations+of+Asia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442226418&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2010" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu">Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu/page/n217">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139486224" title="Special:BookSources/9781139486224"><bdi>9781139486224</bdi></a>. <q>In Korea, war in the early 1950s cost nearly 3 million lives, including nearly a million civilian dead in South Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth%2C+Health%2C+and+Democracy+in+East+Asia+and+Latin+America&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139486224&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwealthhealthdemo00mcgu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">Painter, David S.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain">The Cold War: An International History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain/page/n40">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415153164" title="Special:BookSources/9780415153164"><bdi>9780415153164</bdi></a>. <q>Before it ended, the Korean War cost over 3 million people their lives, including over 50,000 U.S. servicemen and women, and a much higher number of Chinese and Korean lives. The war also set in motion a number of changes that led to the militarization and intensification of the Cold War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415153164&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarinternati00pain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacina2009" class="citation web cs1">Lacina, Bethany (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf">"The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo">Peace Research Institute Oslo</a>. pp. 359–362. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328071648/https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+PRIO+Battle+Deaths+Dataset%2C+1946%E2%80%932008%2C+Version+3.0&rft.pages=359-362&rft.pub=Peace+Research+Institute+Oslo&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Lacina&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.prio.org%2FReplicationData%2FBattleDeathsDataset%2FPRIO%2520Battle%2520Deaths%2520Dataset%25203.0%2520Documentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpaa.mil/Our-Missing/Past-Conflicts/">"Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency > Our Missing > Past Conflicts"</a>. www.dpaa.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501075425/https://www.dpaa.mil/Our-Missing/Past-Conflicts/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dpaa.mil&rft.atitle=Defense+POW%2FMIA+Accounting+Agency+%3E+Our+Missing+%3E+Past+Conflicts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpaa.mil%2FOur-Missing%2FPast-Conflicts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Vogel_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2000" class="citation news cs1">Vogel, Steve (25 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/06/25/death-miscount-etched-into-history/ab9d6830-b10d-429c-a3b0-cbdbaa3a23d1/">"Death Miscount Etched Into History"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109082437/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/06/25/death-miscount-etched-into-history/ab9d6830-b10d-429c-a3b0-cbdbaa3a23d1/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Death+Miscount+Etched+Into+History&rft.date=2000-06-25&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2000%2F06%2F25%2Fdeath-miscount-etched-into-history%2Fab9d6830-b10d-429c-a3b0-cbdbaa3a23d1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amerdead-285"><a href="#cite_ref-amerdead_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhem,_Kathleen_T.2000" class="citation news cs1">Rhem, Kathleen T. (8 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114121831/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45275">"Defense.gov News Article: Korean War Death Stats Highlight Modern DoD Safety Record"</a>. defense.gov. US Department of Defense. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45275">the original</a> on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Defense.gov+News+Article%3A+Korean+War+Death+Stats+Highlight+Modern+DoD+Safety+Record&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft.au=Rhem%2C+Kathleen+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D45275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-286"><a href="#cite_ref-casualties_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicheal_Clodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Micheal Clodfelter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA664">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015</a>. McFarland. p. 664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786474707" title="Special:BookSources/9780786474707"><bdi>9780786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015&rft.pages=664&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780786474707&rft.au=Micheal+Clodfelter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8urEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?dt=2512&sc=27406%2C27409%2C27410%2C27361%2C27363%2C27364%2C27366%2C27384%2C27392&cat=all&tf=F&bc=%2Csl%2Cfd&q=&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq=&nfo_27406=V%2C10%2C1900&op_27406=0&txt_27406=&nfo_27409=V%2C40%2C1900&op_27409=0&txt_27409=&nfo_27410=V%2C1%2C1900&cl_27410=&nfo_27361=N%2C8%2C1889&op_27361=3&txt_27361=&txt_27361=&nfo_27363=V%2C50%2C1900&op_27363=0&txt_27363=&nfo_27364=V%2C50%2C1900&op_27364=0&txt_27364=&nfo_27366=V%2C2%2C1900&cl_27366=&nfo_27384=D%2C8%2C1950&op_27384=8&txt_27384=06%2F28%2F1950&txt_27384=10%2F31%2F1950&nfo_27392=V%2C2%2C1900&cl_27392=H">Defense Casualty Analysis System search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141221221335/http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?dt=2512&sc=27406,27409,27410,27361,27363,27364,27366,27384,27392&cat=all&tf=F&bc=,sl,fd&q=&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq=&nfo_27406=V,10,1900&op_27406=0&txt_27406=&nfo_27409=V,40,1900&op_27409=0&txt_27409=&nfo_27410=V,1,1900&cl_27410=&nfo_27361=N,8,1889&op_27361=3&txt_27361=&txt_27361=&nfo_27363=V,50,1900&op_27363=0&txt_27363=&nfo_27364=V,50,1900&op_27364=0&txt_27364=&nfo_27366=V,2,1900&cl_27366=&nfo_27384=D,8,1950&op_27384=8&txt_27384=06/28/1950&txt_27384=10/31/1950&nfo_27392=V,2,1900&cl_27392=H">Archived</a> 21 December 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Korean War Extract Data File. Accessed 21 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/reister/appb.htm">Office of Medical History – Army Nurse Corps History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808093826/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/reister/appb.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 7 January 2019. Table B-1. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Daggett, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22926.pdf">Costs of Major U.S. Wars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116202015/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22926.pdf">Archived</a> 16 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-BESeoul-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BESeoul_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BESeoul_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Defence_Attaché2010" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Defence Attaché (30 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409080726/http://ukinrok.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-korea/defence-relations/korean-war">"Korean war"</a>. British Embassy Seoul. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukinrok.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-korea/defence-relations/korean-war">the original</a> on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Embassy+Seoul&rft.atitle=Korean+war&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.au=Office+of+the+Defence+Attach%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukinrok.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fworking-with-korea%2Fdefence-relations%2Fkorean-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130062836/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/teach_resources/korwebquest/grp02/korsum">"Korean War WebQuest"</a>. Veterans Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 11 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/teach_resources/korwebquest/grp02/korsum">the original</a> on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. <q>In Brampton, Ontario, there is a 60-metre long "Memorial Wall" of polished granite, containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.atitle=Korean+War+WebQuest&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fteach_resources%2Fkorwebquest%2Fgrp02%2Fkorsum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006110456/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/KoreaWar/koreawar_fact">"Canada Remembers the Korean War"</a>. Veterans Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 1 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/KoreaWar/koreawar_fact">the original</a> on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2013. <q>The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.atitle=Canada+Remembers+the+Korean+War&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fhistory%2FKoreaWar%2Fkoreawar_fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiysha_AbdullahKirk_Fachnie2010" class="citation web cs1">Aiysha Abdullah; Kirk Fachnie (6 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072128/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/news-nouvelles/story-reportage-eng.asp?id=4854">"Korean War veterans talk of "forgotten war""</a>. Canadian Army. Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/news-nouvelles/story-reportage-eng.asp?id=4854">the original</a> on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. <q>Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Army&rft.atitle=Korean+War+veterans+talk+of+%22forgotten+war%22&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft.au=Aiysha+Abdullah&rft.au=Kirk+Fachnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.forces.gc.ca%2Fland-terre%2Fnews-nouvelles%2Fstory-reportage-eng.asp%3Fid%3D4854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvacanada.com/canadians_in_the_korean_war.htm">"Canadians in the Korean War"</a>. kvacanada.com. Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511043518/http://www.kvacanada.com/canadians_in_the_korean_war.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. <q>Canada's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kvacanada.com&rft.atitle=Canadians+in+the+Korean+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvacanada.com%2Fcanadians_in_the_korean_war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102154432/http://news.ca.msn.com/canada/2013-declared-year-of-korean-war-veteran">"2013 declared year of Korean war veteran"</a>. MSN News. The Canadian Press. 8 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ca.msn.com/canada/2013-declared-year-of-korean-war-veteran">the original</a> on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. <q>The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three-year conflict included 516 people who died.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSN+News&rft.atitle=2013+declared+year+of+Korean+war+veteran&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ca.msn.com%2Fcanada%2F2013-declared-year-of-korean-war-veteran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Barris2003" class="citation web cs1">Ted Barris (1 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720042136/http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2003/07/canadians-in-korea/">"Canadians in Korea"</a>. legionmagazine.com. Royal Canadian Legion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2003/07/canadians-in-korea/">the original</a> on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. <q>Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legionmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Canadians+in+Korea&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft.au=Ted+Barris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegionmagazine.com%2Fen%2Findex.php%2F2003%2F07%2Fcanadians-in-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/korea/mia/">Australian War Memorial Korea MIA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328164845/https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/korea/mia/">Archived</a> 28 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 17 March 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-GWHQ2002-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GWHQ2002_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GWHQ2002_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA160">Ground Warfare: H–Q</a>. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576073445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576073445"><bdi>978-1576073445</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320155413/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA160">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2013. <q>Philippines: KIA 92; WIA 299; MIA/POW 97 New Zealand: KIA 34; WIA 299; MIA/POW 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+H%E2%80%93Q&rft.series=Volume+2+of+Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576073445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times,_14_August_1950-296"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Times,_14_August_1950_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times,_14_August_1950" class="citation news cs1">"Two War Reporters Killed". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. 14 August 1950. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Two+War+Reporters+Killed&rft.date=1950-08-14&rft.issn=0140-0460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/8584/">"南北375万人死亡した朝鮮戦争終戦宣言が期待されるも数歩後退に"</a>. KOREA WORLD TIMES. 30 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092413/https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/8584/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KOREA+WORLD+TIMES&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97375%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89+%E7%B5%82%E6%88%A6%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80%E3%81%8C%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%85%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E6%95%B0%E6%AD%A9%E5%BE%8C%E9%80%80%E3%81%AB&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaworldtimes.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2F8584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china.org.cn-298"><a href="#cite_ref-china.org.cn_298-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm">"180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War, says Chinese general"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603132334/http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. China Daily, 28 June 2010. State Council Information Office, Chinese government, Beijing. "According to statistics compiled by the army's medical departments and hospitals, 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents, and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing. The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds, illness and other causes, he said. To date, civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs, Xu said." </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Xiaobing 2009, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Xiaobing 2009, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiaobing_2009,_p._112-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xiaobing_2009,_p._112_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xiaobing_2009,_p._112_301-1">b</a> Xiaobing 2009, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Correlates of War: National Material Capabilities (v4.0) Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/military-spending">here.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808224851/https://ourworldindata.org/military-spending">Archived</a> 8 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 8 August 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_C._Nahm_2004_pages_129-130-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_C._Nahm_2004_pages_129-130_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_C._Nahm_2004_pages_129-130_303-1">b</a> Andrew C. Nahm; James Hoare (2004). "Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea". Scarecrow Press, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-PRIO-304"><a href="#cite_ref-PRIO_304-0">^</a> Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005. ―Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths.‖ European Journal of Population: 21(2–3): 145–166. Korean data available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf">"The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604135816/https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf">Archived</a> 4 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 359–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Harden, Blaine (2017). King of Spies: The Dark Reign of America's Spymaster in Korea. New York, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Krivosheev1997-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev1997_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrivošeev1997" class="citation book cs1">Krivošeev, Grigorij F. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853672804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853672804"><bdi>978-1853672804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1853672804&rft.aulast=Krivo%C5%A1eev&rft.aufirst=Grigorij+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Hickey_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey" class="citation web cs1">Hickey, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_04.shtml">"The Korean War: An Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205152624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_04.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+An+Overview&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fcoldwar%2Fkorea_hickey_04.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway-Lanz2006" class="citation book cs1">Conway-Lanz, Sahr (2006). Collateral Damage: Americans, Noncombatant Immunity, and Atrocity after World War II. New York: Routledge. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collateral+Damage%3A+Americans%2C+Noncombatant+Immunity%2C+and+Atrocity+after+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Conway-Lanz&rft.aufirst=Sahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Lewis, Adrian R., The American culture of war, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415979757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415979757">978-0415979757</a> (2007), p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2003-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2003_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2003_310-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2003_310-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair2003">Blair 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-blockade-311"><a href="#cite_ref-blockade_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809213846/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week2/kw_78_1.jpg">"Memorandum of Information for the Secretary – Blockade of Korea"</a>. Truman Presidential Library – Archives. 6 July 1950. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week2/kw_78_1.jpg">the original</a> on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Information+for+the+Secretary+%E2%80%93+Blockade+of+Korea&rft.pub=Truman+Presidential+Library+%E2%80%93+Archives&rft.date=1950-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fkorea%2Flarge%2Fweek2%2Fkw_78_1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor1992" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Arthur W. (1992). The Armor Debacle in Korea, 1950: Implications For Today. U.S. Army War College. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armor+Debacle+in+Korea%2C+1950%3A+Implications+For+Today&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+War+College&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Close, Robert A. (Cmdr), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usna.com/SSLPage.aspx?pid=656">Helo Operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214182049/https://www.usna.com/SSLPage.aspx?pid=656">Archived</a> 14 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Class of '45, U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association & Foundation: "There were insufficient spare sets of blades for all ships having helos. Naturally, the ship didn't have a set. So we used our hands to smooth the busted [wooden] ribs and fabric back into reasonable aerodynamic shape and bandaged the wound with masking tape...Flew that way for two weeks." </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953, Naval Institute Press (2003), p. 50: The planned introduction into service of the M20, an antitank weapon urgently required to defeat the thick cast armor of Soviet tanks being supplied to the North Koreans, had been cancelled due to budget cuts. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/anderson_william/index.htm#Defective">"Memoirs, William E. Anderson sub. Defective Weapons"</a>. Korean War Educator. 1999–2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013162139/http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/anderson_william/index.htm#Defective">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs%2C+William+E.+Anderson+sub.+Defective+Weapons&rft.pub=Korean+War+Educator&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreanwar-educator.org%2Fmemoirs%2Fanderson_william%2Findex.htm%23Defective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/gatliff_george/index.htm">"Veterans' Memoirs: George W. Gatliff"</a>. Korean War Educator. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031418/http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/gatliff_george/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korean+War+Educator&rft.atitle=Veterans%27+Memoirs%3A+George+W.+Gatliff&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreanwar-educator.org%2Fmemoirs%2Fgatliff_george%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Warren, James A., American Spartans: The U.S. Marines, New York: Simon & Schuster (2005), pp. 139–40: Repeated cuts in active-duty <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Forces</a> (FMF), planned combat deployments in the Atlantic and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> (in the event of war with the Soviet Union), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">Sixth Fleet</a> deployments in the Mediterranean left only the under-strength <a href="/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Marine Division (United States)">4th Marine Division</a> – a reserve unit – available for combat in the western Pacific. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shipmate2000-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Shipmate2000_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrulak2000" class="citation journal cs1">Krulak, Lieutenant General Victor H. (USMC retired) (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021113195108/http://www.usna.com/News_pubs/Publications/Shipmate/2000/2000_06/inchon.htm">"You Can't Get There From Here: The Inchon Story"</a>. Shipmate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usna.com/News_pubs/Publications/Shipmate/2000/2000_06/inchon.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shipmate&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Get+There+From+Here%3A+The+Inchon+Story&rft.date=2000-06&rft.aulast=Krulak&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant+General+Victor+H.+%28USMC+retired%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usna.com%2FNews_pubs%2FPublications%2FShipmate%2F2000%2F2000_06%2Finchon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 14, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrett1987134–35-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrett1987134%E2%80%9335_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrett1987">Perrett 1987</a>, pp. 134–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="#Reference-Zaloga-1996">Zaloga & Kinnear 1996: 36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199418-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199418_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1994">Stein 1994</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182–84-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182%E2%80%9384_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 182–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrett1987135-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrett1987135_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrett1987">Perrett 1987</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="#Reference-Zaloga-1996">Zaloga & Kinnear 1996: 33–34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERavinoCarty2003130-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERavinoCarty2003130_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRavinoCarty2003">Ravino & Carty 2003</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marolda2003-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Marolda2003_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarolda2003" class="citation web cs1">Marolda, Edward (26 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629131922/http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/korea/navalbattles.htm">"Naval Battles"</a>. US Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/korea/navalbattles.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naval+Battles&rft.pub=US+Navy&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.aulast=Marolda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fwars%2Fkorea%2Fnavalbattles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050209/http://www.korean-war.com/USNavy/usnavyshipssunk.html">"Korean War"</a>. korean-war.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-war.com/USNavy/usnavyshipssunk.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=korean-war.com&rft.atitle=Korean+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean-war.com%2FUSNavy%2Fusnavyshipssunk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990174-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990174_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182_331-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182_331-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerrell200571-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerrell200571_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerrell2005">Werrell 2005</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-airforcemag1april20-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-airforcemag1april20_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-airforcemag1april20_333-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrell2020" class="citation web cs1">Correll, John T. (1 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-difference-in-korea/">"The Difference in Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Magazine">Air Force Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715062930/https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-difference-in-korea/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Difference+in+Korea&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.aulast=Correll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcemag.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-difference-in-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990183-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990183_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerrell200576–77-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerrell200576%E2%80%9377_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerrell2005">Werrell 2005</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Puckett2005-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Puckett2005_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuckett2005" class="citation web cs1">Puckett, Allen L. (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119204158/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123010176">"Say 'hello' to the bad guy"</a>. af.mil. US Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123010176">the original</a> on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=af.mil&rft.atitle=Say+%27hello%27+to+the+bad+guy&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Puckett&rft.aufirst=Allen+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D123010176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrans_P.B._Osinga2007" class="citation book cs1">Frans P.B. Osinga (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3DtoVuj_Sn4C&pg=PA24">Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd</a>. Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134197095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134197095"><bdi>978-1134197095</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234731/https://books.google.com/books?id=3DtoVuj_Sn4C&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Strategy+and+War%3A+The+Strategic+Theory+of+John+Boyd&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1134197095&rft.au=Frans+P.B.+Osinga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3DtoVuj_Sn4C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._LorellHugh_P._Levaux1998" class="citation book cs1">Mark A. Lorell; Hugh P. Levaux (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhtEM2Knh_cC&pg=PA48">The Cutting Edge: A Half Century of Fighter Aircraft R&D</a>. Rand Corporation. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0833025951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0833025951"><bdi>978-0833025951</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921220856/https://books.google.com/books?id=EhtEM2Knh_cC&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cutting+Edge%3A+A+Half+Century+of+Fighter+Aircraft+R%26D&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0833025951&rft.au=Mark+A.+Lorell&rft.au=Hugh+P.+Levaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhtEM2Knh_cC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_C._Hannah2002" class="citation book cs1">Craig C. Hannah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEb1sFobGgcC&pg=PA90">Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1585441464" title="Special:BookSources/978-1585441464"><bdi>978-1585441464</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044307/https://books.google.com/books?id=CEb1sFobGgcC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striving+for+Air+Superiority%3A+The+Tactical+Air+Command+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1585441464&rft.au=Craig+C.+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEb1sFobGgcC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Sewell, Stephen L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-war.com/sovietunion.html">"Russian Claims from the Korean War 1950–53."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101081848/http://www.korean-war.com/sovietunion.html">Archived</a> 1 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> korean-war.com. Retrieved: 19 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Zhang, Xiaoming. Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-201-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-201-1">1-58544-201-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Dorr, Robert F.; Lake, Jon; and Thompson, Warren E. Korean War Aces. London: Osprey Publishing, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-501-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-501-2">1-85532-501-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> Stillion, John and Scott Perdue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mossekongen.no/downloads/2008_RAND_Pacific_View_Air_Combat_Briefing.pdf">"Air Combat Past, Present and Future."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120643/http://www.mossekongen.no/downloads/2008_RAND_Pacific_View_Air_Combat_Briefing.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Project Air Force, Rand, August 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Igor Seidov and Stuart Britton. Red Devils over the Yalu: A Chronicle of Soviet Aerial Operations in the Korean War 1950–53 (Helion Studies in Military History). Helion and Company 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909384415" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909384415">978-1909384415</a>. Page 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org_343-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/report-64th-fighter-aviation-corps-soviet-air-forces-korea">"Report from the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps of the Soviet Air Forces in Korea | Wilson Center Digital Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225231244/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/report-64th-fighter-aviation-corps-soviet-air-forces-korea">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+from+the+64th+Fighter+Aviation+Corps+of+the+Soviet+Air+Forces+in+Korea+%26%23124%3B+Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2Freport-64th-fighter-aviation-corps-soviet-air-forces-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreisher2007-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kreisher2007_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kreisher2007_344-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreisher2007" class="citation web cs1">Kreisher, Otto (16 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/the-rise-of-the-helicopter-during-the-korean-war.htm">"The Rise of the Helicopter During the Korean War"</a>. historynet.com. Weider History Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106153420/http://www.historynet.com/the-rise-of-the-helicopter-during-the-korean-war.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynet.com&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Helicopter+During+the+Korean+War&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft.aulast=Kreisher&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fthe-rise-of-the-helicopter-during-the-korean-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OliveDrab-345"><a href="#cite_ref-OliveDrab_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olive-drab.com/od_medical_evac_helio_ww2.php">"WW II Helicopter Evacuation"</a>. Olive Drab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113060208/http://olive-drab.com/od_medical_evac_helio_ww2.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WW+II+Helicopter+Evacuation&rft.pub=Olive+Drab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olive-drab.com%2Fod_medical_evac_helio_ww2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day-346"><a href="#cite_ref-Day_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay" class="citation web cs1">Day, Dwayne A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119001032/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/MASH/HE12.htm">"M.A.S.H./Medevac Helicopters"</a>. CentennialOfFlight.gov. US Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/MASH/HE12.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CentennialOfFlight.gov&rft.atitle=M.A.S.H.%2FMedevac+Helicopters&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Dwayne+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FRotary%2FMASH%2FHE12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingJatoi2005" class="citation journal cs1">King, Booker; Jatoi, Ismail (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569328">"The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy"</a>. Journal of the National Medical Association. 97 (5): 650–651. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569328">2569328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15926641">15926641</a>. <q>Air evacuation undoubtedly contributed to the dramatic reduction in the death rate of wounded soldiers in the Korean War, compared with previous conflicts (World War I, 8.5%; World War II, 4%; and Korean War, 2.5%)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Mobile+Army+Surgical+Hospital+%28MASH%29%3A+A+Military+and+Surgical+Legacy&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=650-651&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2569328%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15926641&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Booker&rft.au=Jatoi%2C+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2569328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005289–92-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005289%E2%80%9392_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 289–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor2538736-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538736_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538736_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538736_349-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538736_349-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538736_349-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor2538736_349-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingman1988–1989" class="citation journal cs1">Dingman, R. (1988–1989). "Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War". International Security. 13 (3): 50–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538736">10.2307/2538736</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538736">2538736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154823668">154823668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Atomic+Diplomacy+during+the+Korean+War&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=50-91&rft.date=1988%2F1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154823668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538736&rft.aulast=Dingman&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knightley1982-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Knightley1982_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightley1982" class="citation book cs1">Knightley, Phillip (1982). The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist and Myth-maker. Quartet. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801869518" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801869518"><bdi>978-0801869518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Casualty%3A+The+War+Correspondent+as+Hero%2C+Propagandist+and+Myth-maker&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Quartet&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0801869518&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panikkar1981-351"><a href="#cite_ref-Panikkar1981_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kavalam_Madhava_Panikkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalam Madhava Panikkar">Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava</a> (1981). In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat. Hyperion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830500130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830500130"><bdi>978-0830500130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Two+Chinas%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Diplomat&rft.pub=Hyperion+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0830500130&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=Kavalam+Madhava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman1955-352"><a href="#cite_ref-Truman1955_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1955–1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman, Harry S</a> (1955–1956). Memoirs (2 volumes). Vol. II. Doubleday. 394–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568520629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568520629"><bdi>978-1568520629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+%282+volumes%29&rft.pages=394-395&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1955%2F1956&rft.isbn=978-1568520629&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasbrouck1951-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasbrouck1951_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasbrouck1951" class="citation cs2">Hasbrouck, S. V. (1951), memo to file (November 7, 1951), G-3 Operations file, box 38-A, Library of Congress</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=memo+to+file+%28November+7%2C+1951%29%2C+G-3+Operations+file%2C+box+38-A&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hasbrouck&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiefof_Staff1951-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Chiefof_Staff1951_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmy_Chief_of_Staff1951" class="citation cs2">Army Chief of Staff (1951), memo to file (November 20, 1951), G-3 Operations file, box 38-A, Library of Congress</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=memo+to+file+%28November+20%2C+1951%29%2C+G-3+Operations+file%2C+box+38-A&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Army+Chief+of+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson1998-355"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson1998_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonSchnabel1998" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert J.; Schnabel, James F. (1998). The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1950–1951, The Korean War and 1951–1953, The Korean War. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Volume III, Parts I and II. Office of Joint History, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. part 1, p. v, part 2, p. 614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+and+National+Policy%2C+1950%E2%80%931951%2C+The+Korean+War+and+1951%E2%80%931953%2C+The+Korean+War&rft.series=History+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+Volume+III%2C+Parts+I+and+II&rft.pages=part+1%2C+p.+v%2C+part+2%2C+p.+614&rft.pub=Office+of+Joint+History%2C+Office+of+the+Chairman+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Schnabel%2C+James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommandingGeneral1951-356"><a href="#cite_ref-CommandingGeneral1951_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommanding_General,_Far_East_Air_Force1951" class="citation cs2">Commanding General, Far East Air Force (1951), Memo to 98th Bomb Wing Commander, Okinawa</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memo+to+98th+Bomb+Wing+Commander%2C+Okinawa&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Commanding+General%2C+Far+East+Air+Force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FarEastCommand-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FarEastCommand_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFar_East_Command_G-2_Theater_Intelligence1951" class="citation cs2">Far East Command G-2 Theater Intelligence (1951), Résumé of Operation, Record Group 349, box 752</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9+of+Operation%2C+Record+Group+349%2C+box+752&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Far+East+Command+G-2+Theater+Intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2016" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Robert (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/what-if-the-united-states-had-used-the-bomb-in-korea/">"What If the United States had Used the Bomb in Korea?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107130940/http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/what-if-the-united-states-had-used-the-bomb-in-korea/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=What+If+the+United+States+had+Used+the+Bomb+in+Korea%3F&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F01%2Fwhat-if-the-united-states-had-used-the-bomb-in-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-south-korea-2005">"Truth Commission: South Korea 2005"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224046/http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-south-korea-2005">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truth+Commission%3A+South+Korea+2005&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2Ftruth-commission-south-korea-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> cf. the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's preliminary March 2009 report: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171441/http://jinsil.go.kr/pdf/%EC%98%81%EB%AC%B8%EB%B0%B1%EC%84%9C_20MS%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_0205.pdf">"Truth and Reconciliation: Activities of the Past Three Years"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)</a>. March 2009. p. 39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jinsil.go.kr/pdf/%EC%98%81%EB%AC%B8%EB%B0%B1%EC%84%9C_20MS%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_0205.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. <q>Out of those 9,600 petitions, South Korean forces conducted 7,922 individual massacres and North Korean forces conducted 1,687 individual massacres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation%3A+Activities+of+the+Past+Three+Years&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+%28South+Korea%29&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjinsil.go.kr%2Fpdf%2F%25EC%2598%2581%25EB%25AC%25B8%25EB%25B0%25B1%25EC%2584%259C_20MS%25ED%258C%258C%25EC%259D%25BC_0205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloodbath-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloodbath_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloodbath_361-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame-2010jul10-story.html">"Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame"</a>. The San Diego Union Tribune. 10 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104180904/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame-2010jul10-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2019. <q>Last November, after investigating petitions from surviving relatives, the commission announced it had verified and identified 4,934 execution victims. But historian Kim Dong-choon, the former commissioner who led that investigation, estimates at least 60,000 to 110,000 died, and similar numbers were summarily executed when northern troops were driven from South Korea later in 1950 and alleged southern collaborators were rounded up. 'I am estimating conservatively,' he said. Korean War historian Park Myung-lim, methodically reviewing prison records, said he believes perhaps 200,000 were slaughtered in mid-1950 alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Korea+bloodbath+probe+ends%3B+US+escapes+much+blame&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame-2010jul10-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumings2005297–98-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumings2005297%E2%80%9398_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumings2005">Cumings 2005</a>, pp. 297–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013237–42-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013237%E2%80%9342_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, pp. 237–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Witt2005-364"><a href="#cite_ref-Witt2005_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittBellafaireGranrudBinker2005" class="citation book cs1">Witt, Linda; Bellafaire, Judith; Granrud, Britta; Binker, Mary Jo (2005). A Defense Weapon Known to be of Value: Servicewomen of the Korean War Era. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584654728" title="Special:BookSources/978-1584654728"><bdi>978-1584654728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Defense+Weapon+Known+to+be+of+Value%3A+Servicewomen+of+the+Korean+War+Era&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1584654728&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Bellafaire%2C+Judith&rft.au=Granrud%2C+Britta&rft.au=Binker%2C+Mary+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumings2004-365"><a href="#cite_ref-Cumings2004_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cumings, Bruce (10 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monde-diplomatique.de/pm/2004/12/10/a0034.text">"Napalm über Nordkorea"</a> (in German). Le Monde diplomatique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206082821/http://monde-diplomatique.de/pm/2004/12/10/a0034.text">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Napalm+%C3%BCber+Nordkorea&rft.pub=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.date=2004-12-10&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonde-diplomatique.de%2Fpm%2F2004%2F12%2F10%2Fa0034.text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> William F Dean (1954) General Dean's Story, (as told to William L Worden), Viking Press, pp. 272–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-japanfocus.org-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japanfocus.org_367-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-japanfocus.org_367-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-japanfocus.org_367-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Charles (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html">"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal. 8 (51). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+and+Reconstruction+of+North+Korea%2C+1950%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=51&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-charles_k_-armstrong%2F3460%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanOwen2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Owen, Taylor (27 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf">"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications"</a> (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal. 13 (17). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Making+More+Enemies+than+We+Kill%3F+Calculating+U.S.+Bomb+Tonnages+Dropped+on+Laos+and+Cambodia%2C+and+Weighing+Their+Implications&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2015%2F13%2F16%2FBen-Kiernan%2F4313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walkom2010-369"><a href="#cite_ref-Walkom2010_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkom2010" class="citation web cs1">Walkom, Thomas (25 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/896502--walkom-north-korea-s-unending-war-rages-on">"Walkom: North Korea's unending war rages on"</a>. Toronto Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501192619/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/896502--walkom-north-korea-s-unending-war-rages-on">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Walkom%3A+North+Korea%27s+unending+war+rages+on&rft.date=2010-11-25&rft.aulast=Walkom&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F896502--walkom-north-korea-s-unending-war-rages-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2000" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Conrad C. (2000). American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Airpower+Strategy+in+Korea%2C+1950-1953&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Conrad+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> Committee on Foreign Relations, Military Situation in the Far East, 43, 82-83, 194, 219, 397-398,1362-1363. MacArthur's comments were popular with the weekly news magazines. See "The MacArthur Hearing," Time, May 14, 1951, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20100818000783&cpv=0">North Korea cornered with snowballing debts-The Korea Herald</a>. View.koreaherald.com (18 August 2010). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-373"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_373-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929">"North Korea country profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 9 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085335/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea+country+profile&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-15256929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-374"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_374-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/north-korea-defectors/">"Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201200057/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/north-korea-defectors/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong+Un%27s+North+Korea%3A+Life+inside+the+totalitarian+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2F2017%2Fworld%2Fnorth-korea-defectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-375"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_375-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism">"Totalitarianism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816213316/https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftotalitarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spoorenberg,_Thomas_pp._133-158-376"><a href="#cite_ref-Spoorenberg,_Thomas_pp._133-158_376-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoorenbergSchwekendiek2012" class="citation journal cs1">Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008". <a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a>. 38 (1): 133–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2012.00475.x">10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2012.00475.x">10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=Demographic+Changes+in+North+Korea%3A+1993%E2%80%932008&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-158&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2012.00475.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2012.00475.x&rft.aulast=Spoorenberg&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Schwekendiek%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemick2011" class="citation news cs1">Demick, Barbara (8 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8809102/The-unpalatable-appetites-of-Kim-Jong-il.html">"The unpalatable appetites of Kim Jong-il"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009210703/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8809102/The-unpalatable-appetites-of-Kim-Jong-il.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+unpalatable+appetites+of+Kim+Jong-il&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft.aulast=Demick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnorthkorea%2F8809102%2FThe-unpalatable-appetites-of-Kim-Jong-il.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amnesty_International_2007-378"><a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_2007_378-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmnesty_International2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329050950/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/north_korea/index.do">"North Korea: Human Rights Concerns"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/north_korea/index.do">the original</a> on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+Human+Rights+Concerns&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Amnesty+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fcountries%2Fnorth_korea%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohchr.org-379"><a href="#cite_ref-ohchr.org_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc">"Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Chapter VII. Conclusions and recommendations"</a>, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, p. 346, 17 February 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227104633/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc">archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014, retrieved 1 November 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Commission+of+Inquiry+on+Human+Rights+in+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea%2C+Chapter+VII.+Conclusions+and+recommendations&rft.pages=346&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FCoIDPRK%2FReport%2FA.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw1-380"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw1_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay_Seok2007" class="citation web cs1">Kay Seok (15 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/16/nkorea15944.htm">"Grotesque indifference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929174709/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/16/nkorea15944.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Grotesque+indifference&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft.au=Kay+Seok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2007%2F05%2F16%2Fnkorea15944.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw2-381"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw2_381-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay_Seok2009" class="citation web cs1">Kay Seok (17 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/17/human-rights-north-korea">"Human Rights in North Korea"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429044053/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/17/human-rights-north-korea">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.au=Kay+Seok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2009%2F02%2F17%2Fhuman-rights-north-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes12July1987-382"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes12July1987_382-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof1987" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D6113FF931A25754C0A961948260">"Anti-Americanism Grows in South Korea"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+Grows+in+South+Korea&rft.date=1987-07-12&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B0DE7D6113FF931A25754C0A961948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2007/06/27/chapter-1-views-of-the-u-s-and-american-foreign-policy/">"Global Unease With Major World Powers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310043046/http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/06/27/chapter-1-views-of-the-u-s-and-american-foreign-policy/">Archived</a> 10 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pew Research Center. 27 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf">Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123070720/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf">Archived</a> 23 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jang1998-385"><a href="#cite_ref-Jang1998_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJang1998" class="citation news cs1">Jang, Jae-il (11 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/Heartland/Village/5473/articles/11.html">"Adult Korean Adoptees in Search of Roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040603/http://www.geocities.ws/Heartland/Village/5473/articles/11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Adult+Korean+Adoptees+in+Search+of+Roots&rft.date=1998-12-11&rft.aulast=Jang&rft.aufirst=Jae-il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.ws%2FHeartland%2FVillage%2F5473%2Farticles%2F11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choe2005-386"><a href="#cite_ref-Choe2005_386-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoeKimHan2005" class="citation web cs1">Choe, Yong-Ho; Kim, Ilpyong J.; Han, Moo-Young (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102130808/http://www.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0501.html">"Annotated Chronology of the Korean Immigration to the United States: 1882 to 1952"</a>. Duke.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0501.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duke.edu&rft.atitle=Annotated+Chronology+of+the+Korean+Immigration+to+the+United+States%3A+1882+to+1952&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=Yong-Ho&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ilpyong+J.&rft.au=Han%2C+Moo-Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duke.edu%2F~myhan%2Fkaf0501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006150-387">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006150_387-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnouinYu2006150_387-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnouinYu2006">Barnouin & Yu 2006</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> 沈志华、李丹慧．《战后中苏关系若干问题研究》(Research into Some Issues of Sino-USSR Relationship After WWII)人民出版社，2006年：p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2002" class="citation cs2">Zhang, Hong (2002), The Making of Urban Chinese Images of the United States, 1945–1953, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 164–167, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313310010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313310010"><bdi>978-0313310010</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Urban+Chinese+Images+of+the+United+States%2C+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=164-167&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0313310010&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateDept-390"><a href="#cite_ref-StateDept_390-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm">"Turkey"</a>. State.gov. US Department of State. 9 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129164010/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3432.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turquie2010-391"><a href="#cite_ref-Turquie2010_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022746/http://www.turquie-news.fr/spip.php?article4494">"Revue de la presse turque 26.06.2010"</a>. turquie-news.fr (in French). 26 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turquie-news.fr/spip.php?article4494">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turquie-news.fr&rft.atitle=Revue+de+la+presse+turque+26.06.2010&rft.date=2010-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turquie-news.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle4494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Cite error: A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "rozhlas cz" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Korean_War#Further_reading" title="United States in the Korean War">United States in the Korean War § Further reading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleman1998" class="citation book cs1">Appleman, Roy E (1998) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235336/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm">South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. pp. 3, 15, 381, 545, 771, 719. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160019180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160019180"><bdi>978-0160019180</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+to+the+Naktong%2C+North+to+the+Yalu&rft.pages=3%2C+15%2C+381%2C+545%2C+771%2C+719&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0160019180&rft.aulast=Appleman&rft.aufirst=Roy+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2F20-2-1%2Ftoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnouinYu2006" class="citation book cs1">Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgeng (2006). Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9629962807" title="Special:BookSources/978-9629962807"><bdi>978-9629962807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhou+Enlai%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9629962807&rft.aulast=Barnouin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Yu%2C+Changgeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2005" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jasper (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck">Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170443"><bdi>978-0195170443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Regime%3A+Kim+Jong+Il+and+the+Looming+Threat+of+North+Korea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195170443&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frogueregimekimjo00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeschloss2018" class="citation book cs1">Beschloss, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSxyDwAAQBAJ">Presidents of War: The Epic Story, from 1807 to Modern Times</a>. New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40960-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40960-7"><bdi>978-0-307-40960-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidents+of+War%3A+The+Epic+Story%2C+from+1807+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-307-40960-7&rft.aulast=Beschloss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSxyDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clay_Blair" title="Clay Blair">Blair, Clay</a> (2003). The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953. Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+War%3A+America+in+Korea%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1994" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Jian (1994). China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231100250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231100250"><bdi>978-0231100250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Road+to+the+Korean+War%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sino-American+Confrontation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0231100250&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter1989" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (1989). A Statistical History of the Korean War: 1950-1953. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Statistical+History+of+the+Korean+War%3A+1950-1953&rft.place=Bennington%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Merriam+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun : A Modern History. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393327021" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393327021"><bdi>978-0393327021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Place+in+the+Sun+%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0393327021&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (1981). "3, 4". Origins of the Korean War. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8976966124" title="Special:BookSources/978-8976966124"><bdi>978-8976966124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%2C+4&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Korean+War&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-8976966124&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearFoot1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._C._B._Dear" title="I. C. B. Dear">Dear, Ian</a>; <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M.R.D.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/516">The Oxford Companion to World War II</a>. Oxford, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/516">516</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198662259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198662259"><bdi>978-0198662259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0198662259&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Foot%2C+M.R.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00dear%2Fpage%2F516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulden1983" class="citation book cs1">Goulden, Joseph C (1983). Korea: The Untold Story of the War. New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070235809" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070235809"><bdi>978-0070235809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0070235809&rft.aulast=Goulden&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Coldest_Winter:_America_and_the_Korean_War" title="The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War">The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War</a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1401300524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1401300524"><bdi>978-1401300524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coldest+Winter%3A+America+and+the+Korean+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1401300524&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager">Jager, Sheila Miyoshi</a> (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846680670" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846680670"><bdi>978-1846680670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers+at+War+%E2%80%93+The+Unending+Conflict+in+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1846680670&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Miyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1973" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Yǒng-jin (1973). Major Powers and Korea. Silver Spring, MD: Research Institute on Korean Affairs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251811671">251811671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Powers+and+Korea&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+MD&rft.pub=Research+Institute+on+Korean+Affairs&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251811671&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Y%C7%92ng-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Steven Hugh (14 June 2014). "The Korean War in History and Historiography". The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 21 (2): 185–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18765610-02102010">10.1163/18765610-02102010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-3947">1058-3947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American-East+Asian+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War+in+History+and+Historiography&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-206&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18765610-02102010&rft.issn=1058-3947&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Steven+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lin, L., et al. "Whose history? An analysis of the Korean war in history textbooks from the United States, South Korea, Japan, and China". Social Studies 100.5 (2009): 222–232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Hoge/publication/249038081_Whose_History_An_Analysis_of_the_Korean_War_in_History_Textbooks_from_the_United_States_South_Korea_Japan_and_China/links/55108ab00cf20352196c0c69/Whose-History-An-Analysis-of-the-Korean-War-in-History-Textbooks-from-the-United-States-South-Korea-Japan-and-China.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110137/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Hoge/publication/249038081_Whose_History_An_Analysis_of_the_Korean_War_in_History_Textbooks_from_the_United_States_South_Korea_Japan_and_China/links/55108ab00cf20352196c0c69/Whose-History-An-Analysis-of-the-Korean-War-in-History-Textbooks-from-the-United-States-South-Korea-Japan-and-China.pdf">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkasian2001" class="citation book cs1">Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War, 1950–1953. Essential Histories. London; Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579583644" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579583644"><bdi>978-1579583644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.place=London%3B+Chicago&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1579583644&rft.aulast=Malkasian&rft.aufirst=Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Matray, James I., and Donald W. Boose Jr, eds. The Ashgate research companion to the Korean War (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ashgate-Research-Companion-Korean-War/dp/0367669382/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901052646/https://www.amazon.com/Ashgate-Research-Companion-Korean-War/dp/0367669382">Archived</a> 1 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; covers historiography</li> <li>Matray, James I. "Conflicts in Korea" in Daniel S. Margolies, ed. A Companion to Harry S. Truman (2012) pp 498–531; emphasis on historiography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2007" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan R. (2007). The Korean War: The Essential Bibliography. The Essential Bibliography Series. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574889765" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574889765"><bdi>978-1574889765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+The+Essential+Bibliography&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.series=The+Essential+Bibliography+Series&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1574889765&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Allan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossman1990" class="citation book cs1">Mossman, Billy C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129051533/https://history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/fm.htm">Ebb and Flow, November 1950 – July 1951</a>. United States Army in the Korean War. Vol. 5. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16764325">16764325</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/fm.htm">the original</a> on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebb+and+Flow%2C+November+1950+%E2%80%93+July+1951&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+the+Korean+War&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16764325&rft.aulast=Mossman&rft.aufirst=Billy+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2Febb%2Ffm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett1987" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietarmoursinc0000perr">Soviet Armour Since 1945</a>. London: Blandford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713717358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713717358"><bdi>978-0713717358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Armour+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blandford&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0713717358&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietarmoursinc0000perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavinoCarty2003" class="citation book cs1">Ravino, Jerry; Carty, Jack (2003). Flame Dragons of the Korean War. Paducah, KY: Turner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flame+Dragons+of+the+Korean+War&rft.place=Paducah%2C+KY&rft.pub=Turner&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ravino&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Carty%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1964" class="citation book cs1">Rees, David (1964). Korea: The Limited War. New York: St Martin's. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078693">1078693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+Limited+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078693&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1994" class="citation book cs1">Stein, R. Conrad (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarthefor00stei">The Korean War: "The Forgotten War"</a>. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0894905261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0894905261"><bdi>978-0894905261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+%22The+Forgotten+War%22&rft.place=Hillside%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0894905261&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=R.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwarthefor00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesbury1990" class="citation book cs1">Stokesbury, James L (1990). A Short History of the Korean War. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688095130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688095130"><bdi>978-0688095130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Korean+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0688095130&rft.aulast=Stokesbury&rft.aufirst=James+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStueck1995" class="citation cs2">Stueck, William W. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarinterna0000stue">The Korean War: An International History</a>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691037677" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691037677"><bdi>978-0691037677</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0691037677&rft.aulast=Stueck&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwarinterna0000stue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStueck2002" class="citation cs2">Stueck, William W. (2002), Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691118475" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691118475"><bdi>978-0691118475</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Korean+War%3A+A+New+Diplomatic+and+Strategic+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0691118475&rft.aulast=Stueck&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeathersby1993" class="citation cs2">Weathersby, Kathryn (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/soviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian">Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945–50: New Evidence From the Russian Archives</a>, Cold War International History Project: Working Paper No. 8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225022000/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/soviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian">archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021, retrieved 21 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Aims+in+Korea+and+the+Origins+of+the+Korean+War%2C+1945%E2%80%9350%3A+New+Evidence+From+the+Russian+Archives&rft.pub=Cold+War+International+History+Project%3A+Working+Paper+No.+8&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Weathersby&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fsoviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeathersby2002" class="citation cs2">Weathersby, Kathryn (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/should-we-fear-stalin-and-the-danger-war-america">"Should We Fear This?" Stalin and the Danger of War with America</a>, Cold War International History Project: Working Paper No. 39, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031023/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/should-we-fear-stalin-and-the-danger-war-america">archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021, retrieved 21 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Should+We+Fear+This%3F%22+Stalin+and+the+Danger+of+War+with+America&rft.pub=Cold+War+International+History+Project%3A+Working+Paper+No.+39&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Weathersby&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fshould-we-fear-stalin-and-the-danger-war-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerrell2005" class="citation book cs1">Werrell, Kenneth P. (2005). Sabres Over MiG Alley. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591149330" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591149330"><bdi>978-1591149330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabres+Over+MiG+Alley&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1591149330&rft.aulast=Werrell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Zaloga-1997" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J.; Kinnear, Jim; Aksenov, Andrey; Koshchavtsev, Aleksandr (1997). Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941–45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks. Armor at War. Hong Kong: Concord Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9623616155" title="Special:BookSources/9623616155"><bdi>9623616155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tanks+in+Combat+1941%E2%80%9345%3A+The+T-28%2C+T-34%2C+T-34-85%2C+and+T-44+Medium+Tanks&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.series=Armor+at+War&rft.pub=Concord+Publication&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9623616155&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Kinnear%2C+Jim&rft.au=Aksenov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Koshchavtsev%2C+Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang1995" class="citation cs2">Zhang, Shu Guang (1995), Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700607235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700607235"><bdi>978-0700607235</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Military+Romanticism%3A+China+and+the+Korean+War%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0700607235&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Shu+Guang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Korean War at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Korean War">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="c:Korean War">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Korean War">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="q:Korean War">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Korean War">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Korean War">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Korean War">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Korean_War" class="extiw" title="voy:Korean War">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Records of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-commission-for-unification-and-rehabilitation-of-korea-uncurk-1950-1973">the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK) (1950–1973)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421195550/https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-commission-for-unification-and-rehabilitation-of-korea-uncurk-1950-1973">Archived</a> 21 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the United Nations Archives</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar01/index.html">THE KOREAN WAR (1) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1997 (E-BOOK)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122734/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar01/index.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310234112240.pdf">THE KOREAN WAR (1) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1997 (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607035938/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310234112240.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar02/index.html">THE KOREAN WAR (2) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1998 (E-BOOK)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122735/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar02/index.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233492010.pdf">THE KOREAN WAR (2) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1999 (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607120011/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233492010.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar03/index.html">THE KOREAN WAR (3) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1999 (E-BOOK)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122732/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar03/index.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233258330.pdf">THE KOREAN WAR (3) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1998 (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607132444/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233258330.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheJustFatherlandLiberationWarOfHteKoreanPeople">History of the Just Fatherland Liberation War of the Korean People (PDF)</a> The Research Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice">Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice: Truman on Acheson's Crucial Role in Going to War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221204021/http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice">Archived</a> 21 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html">Korean War resources, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626024426/http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html">Archived</a> 26 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project">North Korea International Documentation Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530002127/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project">Archived</a> 30 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421181722/http://gvsu.cdmhost.com/cdm/search/collection/p4103coll2/searchterm/Korean%20War,%201950-1953/field/all/mode/exact/conn/and/cosuppress/">Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project digital collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25KoreaIntro.html">The Forgotten War, Remembered</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309061111/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25KoreaIntro.html">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – four testimonials in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/KW.html">Collection of Books and Research Materials on the Korean War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427055750/http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/KW.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> an online collection of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405233626/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll27">Korean War, US Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection</a> U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/home.htm">Koreanwar-educator.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314194140/http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/home.htm">Archived</a> 14 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.li.263.927">Film No. 927</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/korean-war">West Point Atlas of the Korean War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316035459/https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/korean-war">Archived</a> 16 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228082712/http://www.life.com/gallery/43961/the-korean-war-you-never-knew">The Korean War You Never Knew</a> – slideshows by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607808414225/">U.S. Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080531/https://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607808414225/">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awesomestories.com/history/korean-war/war-pictures">Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223106/http://www.awesomestories.com/history/korean-war/war-pictures">Archived</a> 5 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910141733/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/content/collections/korea/flash/index_en.html">Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea – multimedia project including veteran interviews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=32&display=listBritish">Pathé</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106060612/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=32&display=listBritish">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Online newsreel archive featuring films on the war</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/korean-war/forgotten-heroes-canada-and-the-korean-war/canadas-troops-head-to-korea.html">CBC Digital Archives – Forgotten Heroes: Canada and the Korean War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108131646/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/korean-war/forgotten-heroes-canada-and-the-korean-war/canadas-troops-head-to-korea.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26287786">Uncertain Enemies: Soviet Pilots in the Korean War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815185949/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26287786">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Air Power History. (Spring 1997). 44, 1, 32–45.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102121134/http://kdvamerica.org/About.html">Korea Defense Veterans of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422040026/http://www.koreanwarexpow.org/info/jpac.html">Korean War Ex-POW Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwva.org/pow_mia/index.htm">Korean War Veterans Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307162850/http://www.kwva.org/pow_mia/index.htm">Archived</a> 7 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804200943/http://www.koreanwararchives.com/index.html">The Center for the Study of the Korean War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanchildren.org/">Korean Children's War Memorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304075426/http://www.koreanchildren.org/">Archived</a> 4 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-America/index.htm">Chinese 50th Anniversary Korean War Memorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226202230/http://www.china.org.cn/e-America/index.htm">Archived</a> 26 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&oldid=1259231884">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&oldid=1259231884</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 02:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea-oorlog" title="Korea-oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Korea-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrieg" title="Koreakrieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Koreakrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የኮርያ ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኮርያ ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الكورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الكورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Corea" title="Guerra de Corea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra de Corea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Corea" title="Guerra de Corea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de Corea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_%C3%B1orair%C3%B5" title="Koréa ñorairõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Koréa ñorairõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Koreya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koreya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کوره ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوره ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="কোরীয় যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোরীয় যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2n_Chi%C3%A0n" title="Hân Chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hân Chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Корея һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Корея һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Вайна ў Карэі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна ў Карэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карэйская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карэйская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyera_sa_Korea" title="Gyera sa Korea – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gyera sa Korea" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Корейска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корейска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejski_rat" title="Korejski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Korejski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Korea" title="Brezel Korea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Korea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Corea" title="Guerra de Corea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Corea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Korejská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korejská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Corea" title="Rhyfel Corea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Corea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrigen" title="Koreakrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koreakrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrieg" title="Koreakrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koreakrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_s%C3%B5da" title="Korea sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korea sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πόλεμος της Κορέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος της Κορέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Corea" title="Guerra de Corea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Corea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_milito" title="Korea milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korea milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreako_Gerra" title="Koreako Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koreako Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="جنگ کره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ کره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Korean War" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakr%C3%ADggi%C3%B0" title="Koreakríggið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Koreakríggið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Cor%C3%A9e" title="Guerre de Corée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Corée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaanske_Oarloch" title="Koreaanske Oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koreaanske Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_C%C3%B3ir%C3%A9" title="Cogadh na Cóiré – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na Cóiré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Corea" title="Guerra de Corea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Corea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2n_Chan" title="Hòn Chan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hòn Chan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.25_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="6.25 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="6.25 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կորեական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորեական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="कोरियाई युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोरियाई युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejski_rat" title="Korejski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korejski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_di_Korea" title="Milito di Korea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito di Korea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Korea" title="Perang Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3reustr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Kóreustríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kóreustríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_Corea" title="Guerra di Corea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di Corea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="מלחמת קוריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת קוריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Perang Koréa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Koréa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಕೊರಿಯನ್ ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊರಿಯನ್ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კორეის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორეის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Корей соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корей соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel_Korea" title="Bresel Korea – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bresel Korea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_Korea" title="Vita ya Korea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya Korea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C3%A8r_di_Kor%C3%A9" title="Lagèr di Koré – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lagèr di Koré" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Kor%C3%AAy%C3%AA" title="Şerê Korêyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Korêyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Корей согушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Корей согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B5" title="ສົງຄາມເກົາຫຼີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມເກົາຫຼີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Coreanum" title="Bellum Coreanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Coreanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejas_kar%C5%A1" title="Korejas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korejas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrich" title="Koreakrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koreakrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%97jos_karas" title="Korėjos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korėjos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Koreai háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koreai háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="कोरियाली युद्ध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोरियाली युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Корејска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корејска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="കൊറിയൻ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊറിയൻ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="कोरियन युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोरियन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="კორეაშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კორეაშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Korea" title="Perang Korea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Korea" title="Parang Korea – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang Korea" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_Ci%C3%A9ng" title="Hàng Ciéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hàng Ciéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Солонгосын дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Солонгосын дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ကိုရီးယားစစ်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုရီးယားစစ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaanse_Oorlog" title="Koreaanse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koreaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="कोरियाली युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोरियाली युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="朝鮮戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrich" title="Koreakrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Koreakrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrigen" title="Koreakrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koreakrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrigen" title="Koreakrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koreakrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Cor%C3%A8a" title="Guèrra de Corèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Corèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="କୋରିଆ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋରିଆ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreys_urushi" title="Koreys urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koreys urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ ਯੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="کوریا دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوریا دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د کوريا جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کوريا جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korian_Waar" title="Korian Waar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Korian Waar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81" title="សង្គ្រាមកូរ៉េ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមកូរ៉េ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_%C3%ABd_Cor%C3%A9a" title="Guèra ëd Coréa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra ëd Coréa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakrieg" title="Koreakrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koreakrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_korea%C5%84ska" title="Wojna koreańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna koreańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_da_Coreia" title="Guerra da Coreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra da Coreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Coreea" title="Războiul din Coreea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Coreea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Корейская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корейская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%8D_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Кэриэйэ сэриитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэриэйэ сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_Corea" title="Gherra de Corea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra de Corea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Korean War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_Koreane" title="Lufta Koreane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta Koreane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_Corea" title="Guerra di Corea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra di Corea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="කොරියන් යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොරියන් යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Korean War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rejsk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Kórejská vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kórejská vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejska_vojna" title="Korejska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korejska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شەڕی کۆریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی کۆریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Корејски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корејски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejski_rat" title="Korejski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Korejski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_sota" title="Korean sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korean sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreakriget" title="Koreakriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koreakriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Koreano" title="Digmaang Koreano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Koreano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கொரியப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொரியப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Корея сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корея сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="สงครามเกาหลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามเกาหลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Ҷанги Корея – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги Корея" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Kore Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kore Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Корейська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корейська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کوریا جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوریا جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauzsenh_Cancwngh" title="Cauzsenh Cancwngh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cauzsenh Cancwngh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_de_Corea" title="Guera de Corea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guera de Corea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Chiến tranh Triều Tiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Triều Tiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_s%C3%B5da" title="Korea sõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Korea sõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_di_Cor%C3%AAye" title="Guere di Corêye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere di Corêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%88%B0" title="韓戰 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="韓戰" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_Koreano" title="Gera Koreano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gera Koreano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="韩国战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="韩国战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%88%B0" title="韓戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韓戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuoriej%C4%97s_vaina" title="Kuoriejės vaina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuoriejės vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朝鲜战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鲜战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 02:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sbtsb","wgBackendResponseTime":399,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.045","walltime":"5.718","ppvisitednodes":{"value":51263,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1136445,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":86139,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":65,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1048910,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4641.509 1 -total"," 35.47% 1646.432 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.51% 673.620 170 Template:Sfn"," 11.99% 556.551 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 9.73% 451.715 84 Template:Cite_book"," 9.56% 443.759 80 Template:Cite_web"," 4.94% 229.493 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.38% 203.237 88 Template:Flagicon"," 4.02% 186.712 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 4.00% 185.660 3 Template:Collapsible_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.736","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23767361,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAiysha_AbdullahKirk_Fachnie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmnesty_International2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Glass2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppleman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArmy_Chief_of_Staff1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshley_Rowland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnouinYu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeschloss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirtle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoose2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassellaChiacu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang-Won\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoeKimHan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColonel_Tommy_R._Mize,_United_States_Army2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommanding_General,_Far_East_Air_Force1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConway-Lanz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig_C._Hannah2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearFoot1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemick2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevineBreenFredericksonWilliams2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDingman1988–1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyleMayer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarly1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFar_East_Command_G-2_Theater_Intelligence1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrans_P.B._Osinga2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoulden1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebnerTrani1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrajdanzev1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGromyko1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalberstam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison_(Lt._Col.)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasbrouck1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeFeng2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyt1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_D._Walker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJager2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJang1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJian1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay_Seok2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay_Seok2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernanOwen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimLee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingJatoi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnightley1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolb1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorea_Institute_of_Military_History2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreisher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrivošeev1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrulak2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacina2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiCribb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoneMcCormack1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_H._ZanardiBarbara_A._SchmittPeter_KonjevichM._Elizabeth_Guran1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkasian2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_A._LorellHugh_P._Levaux1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarolda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasudaYamamoto2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCune1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicheal_Clodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris-Suzuki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMossman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_Eberstadt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Defence_Attaché2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanikkar1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPembroke2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrett1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrattRuttHoare1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuckett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamachandran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavinoCarty2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawnsley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhem,_Kathleen_T.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRia_Chae2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRottman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchick1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler,_John_R.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnabel1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnabel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrader1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulsky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouth_Korea:_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoorenbergSchwekendiek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart,_Richard_W.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokesbury1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStueck1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStueck2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuecker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_Kwoh_Jack2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTed_Barris2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Times,_14_August_1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimmons\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Gjelten2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1955–1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumanFerrell1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSFK_Public_Affairs_Office2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Defense\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkom2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonSchnabel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeathersby1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeathersby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeintraub2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerrell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhelan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittBellafaireGranrudBinker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2022\"] = 2,\n [\"Zaloga-1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Additional citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"American conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Korean War\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 13,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 81,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Flag\"] = 25,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 11,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 86,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"Harry S. Truman\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 3,\n [\"Korean War\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 2,\n [\"Naval engagements of the Korean War\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"PRC conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 2,\n [\"Philippine involvement in Korean War\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippines conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 7,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 5,\n [\"ROKS\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 9,\n [\"Russian Conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 170,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Source attribution\"] = 2,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 2,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 43,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","880","27.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","13.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","200","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","5.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","4.4"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getUrl","40","1.3"],["[others]","760","23.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kgm48","timestamp":"20241124053047","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Korean War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8663","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8663","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-02T03:45:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T02:23:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Chosin.jpg","headline":"1950\u20131953 war between North and South Korea"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>