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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. The reason given is: there is significant conflict between thematic and chronological organization throughout the article. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The burakumin (部落民, '<a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a>/village people') are a social grouping of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> descended from members of the feudal class associated with <a href="/wiki/Kegare" title="Kegare">kegare</a> (穢れ, 'impurity'), mainly those with occupations related to death such as <a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">executioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravedigger" title="Gravedigger">gravediggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a> workers, <a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">butchers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanners</a>. Burakumin are physically indistinguishable from other Japanese but have historically been regarded as a socially distinct group. When identified, they are often subject to discrimination and prejudice. As of 2000<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were an estimated 3 million burakumin living in the country, mostly in western Japan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan's feudal era</a>, these occupations acquired a hereditary status of oppression, and later became a formal class within the <a href="/wiki/Edo_society" title="Edo society">class system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1868). The stratum immediately below merchants comprised the <a href="/wiki/Hinin" title="Hinin">hinin</a> (literally "non-persons"), and below them the eta ("great filth"), who were together known as the senmin ("base people"). They were subject to various legal restrictions, such as being forced to live in separate villages or neighborhoods. In 1871, the new <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Meiji government</a> legally abolished the feudal classes, but stigma against the former hinin and eta continued. The term burakumin came into use to refer to these people and their descendants. Some reports indicate that discrimination against burakumin in marriage and employment persists in certain regions. They are more likely to work a low-paying job, live in poverty, or be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">yakuza</a>. A movement for burakumin rights began in the 1920s, and the <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a> was founded in 1946; it has achieved some of its legal goals, including securing restrictions on third-party access to <a href="/wiki/Koseki" title="Koseki">family registries</a>. Notable burakumin include writer <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Nakagami" title="Kenji Nakagami">Kenji Nakagami</a> and politician <a href="/wiki/Hiromu_Nonaka" title="Hiromu Nonaka">Hiromu Nonaka</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition">2 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historical_origins">3 Historical origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Edo_Period">3.1 Edo Period</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#End_of_the_feudal_era">4 End of the feudal era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Post-war_situation">5 Post-war situation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Demographics">5.1 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Discrimination_in_access_to_services">5.2 Discrimination in access to services</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Social_discrimination">5.3 Social discrimination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Yakuza_membership">5.4 Yakuza membership</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Burakumin_rights_movement">6 Burakumin rights movement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Buraku_Liberation_League_and_the_Zenkairen">6.1 Buraku Liberation League and the Zenkairen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Religion">7 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notable_burakumin">8 Notable burakumin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Discrimination_in_Japan">9.1 Discrimination in Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#General">9.2 General</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term burakumin is derived from buraku (部落), a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> term which refers literally to a small, generally rural, commune or <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a>. In the regions of Japan where the burakumin issue is much less publicly prominent, such as Hokkaido and Okinawa, buraku is still used in a non-pejorative sense to refer to any hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Historically, the term buraku was used for an outcast community that was discriminated against officially and formally. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Terms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Roman </th> <th>Kanji </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Annotation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hisabetsu-buraku </td> <td>被差別部落 </td> <td>'Discriminated community/hamlet' </td> <td>Hisabetsu-buraku is a commonly used, polite term, with people from them called hisabetsu-burakumin (被差別部落民, 'discriminated community (hamlet) people') or hisabetsu buraku shusshin-sha (被差別部落出身者, 'person from a discriminated community/hamlet'). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burakumin </td> <td>部落民 </td> <td>'Hamlet people' </td> <td>Burakumin refers either to hamlet people per se or is used as an abbreviation of people from a discriminated community/hamlet. Very old people tend to use the word in the former meaning. Its use is sometimes frowned upon, though it is by far the most commonly used term in English. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mikaihō-buraku </td> <td>未解放部落 </td> <td>'Unliberated communities' </td> <td>Mikaihō-buraku is a term sometimes used by human rights groups, and has a degree of political meaning to it. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tokushu buraku </td> <td>特殊部落 </td> <td>'Special hamlets' </td> <td>Tokushu buraku was a term used during the early 20th century but is now considered pejorative. </td></tr></tbody></table> A term used much for buraku settlements is dōwa chiku (同和地区, 'assimilation districts'), an official term for districts designated for government and local authority assimilation projects from 1969 to 2002. The social issue concerning "discriminated communities" is usually referred to as dōwa mondai (同和問題, 'assimilation issues') or, less commonly, buraku mondai (部落問題, 'hamlet issues'). During the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa period">feudal era</a>, the outcastes were termed eta (穢多, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'an abundance of defilement' or 'an abundance of filth'), a term now considered derogatory. Eta towns were termed etamura (穢多村). Some burakumin refer to their own communities as mura (村, 'villages') and themselves as mura-no-mono (村の者, 'village people').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other outcaste groups from whom buraku may have been descended included the hinin (非人, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'non-human'). The definition of hinin, as well as their social status and typical occupations varied over time, but typically included ex-convicts and vagrants who worked as town guards, street cleaners or entertainers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 19th century, the term burakumin was invented to name the eta and hinin because both classes were forced to live in separate village neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Defining the burakumin as a separate group is difficult. Burakumin parents sometimes do not tell their children about their ancestry in hopes of avoiding discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Because of this, there is an increasingly large population that has no idea that others would consider them burakumin.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Discrimination is primarily based on ancestry and location; someone with no burakumin ancestry may be viewed as one and discriminated against if they move to a former dōwa chiku.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Historical_origins">Historical origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The predecessors to burakumin, called kawata (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="かわた (page does not exist)">かわた</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:かわた">ja</a>], lowly people) or eta (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%A2%E5%A4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穢多 (page does not exist)">穢多</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%A2%E5%A4%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:穢多">ja</a>]) formed as a distinct group some time during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, AD 794–1185. The permeation of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism into Japan</a> in the first millennium led to the castigation of meat eating and similar activities. The <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and Buddhist cultures, which aimed for a certain purity of body and mind, considered working with dead animals, blood, or any sort of decaying object as polluting, and hence occupations like butchery and leather tanning were besmirched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeerman200997-6">[6]</a> The eta, people who held such occupations, dealt with pollution and were thus considered inferior or sub-human. However, because of their ability to deal with pollution, several myths emerged from the Heian through medieval periods about certain eta's abilities to cleanse ritual pollution, and in some portrayals even possess magical powers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Another outcaste, the kawata, were associated with the tanning industry, and had the exclusive rights to tan hides.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Prior to the Edo period, these burakumin (peripatetic or settled) would live outside common population centers and maintained some socio-ethical significance, albeit negligible. They were also employed as mediators in disputes. Spatial and geographic markers played a significant role in the distinction between the burakumin and other members of society.<a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinin" title="Hinin">Hinin</a>, meaning 'non-human', was another pre-burakumin status, applying to certain criminals, beggars and camp followers of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>. Their position was more mobile, and they were usually thought to be less polluted.<a href="#cite_note-Harada_1993-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> regarded beggars as hinin and allowed them to beg in designated areas. They had to work as <a href="/wiki/Restroom_attendant" title="Restroom attendant">restroom attendants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">prison officers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">executioners</a>. Within the hinin and eta communities there would usually be a centralized chieftain<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> who was given the exclusive license of tanning, candle wicks and other similar occupations, employing their peers and concentrating great wealth and local power.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This chieftain took on the name of Danzaemon (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BE%E5%B7%A6%E8%A1%9B%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="ja:弾左衛門">弾左衛門</a>) and was given the authority to supervise the hisabetsumin living in the hamlets located in the eight provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kanto region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Province" title="Izu Province">Izu Province</a>, as well as in parts of <a href="/wiki/Kai_Province" title="Kai Province">Kai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suruga_Province" title="Suruga Province">Suruga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutsu_Province" title="Mutsu Province">Mutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikawa_Province" title="Mikawa Province">Mikawa</a> Provinces.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_Period">Edo Period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Edo Period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1603, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and began systematically curbing the autonomy of the feudal <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a> warlords whose struggles for dominance had defined the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>. By exerting control over strategically important daimyo and their <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>, he centralized power and revitalized the position of <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a> as the de facto leader of Japan. His rule brought about the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, which scholars characterize as the unification of Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate, citing <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucian theory</a>, ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were Shi-nō-kō-shō (士農工商) of "<a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, peasants (hyakushō), craftsmen, and merchants" (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnin" title="Chōnin">chōnin</a>) under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification.<a href="#cite_note-tokyoshoseki-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-uki300823-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-shimonoseki-16">[16]</a> The burakumin held occupations associated with religious impurity, and were subsequently relegated as outcastes and subject to ostracization in the mainstream Japanese society. Among the members of the outcastes were the eta (hereditary outcastes), landless peasants and the hinin, which comprised people guilty of certain crimes and their offspring. As Japanese society stabilized, the demand for leather declined, as it was used largely for warring purposes, and along with the Tokugawa caste policy, the eta were relegated to the peripheries of villages or formed their own communities.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The hinin were eventually forced to join in eta settlements (buraku). As the Edo period witnessed local prosperity, the shogunate augmented the differences between the four classes (even between the burakumin and the hinin), and often used the two outcaste groups as scapegoats.<a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-9">[9]</a> Various humiliating injunctions mandating certain dress codes or hairstyles for burakumin were passed, and by the 18th century, they were prohibited from entering temples, homes of common citizens and schools without permission. At this point, the burakumin were generally economically subsistent on the government's purchase of the war equipment they produced, and they adopted occupations in the military as jailers, torturers and executioners.<a href="#cite_note-Meerman-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="End_of_the_feudal_era">End of the feudal era</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: End of the feudal era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG/200px-Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 287px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG/200px-Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="287" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG/300px-Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Jiichiro_Matsumoto.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The most famous official of the <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiichir%C5%8D_Matsumoto" title="Jiichirō Matsumoto">Jiichirō Matsumoto</a> (1887–1966), who was born a burakumin in <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka prefecture">Fukuoka prefecture</a>. He was a statesman and termed "the father of buraku liberation".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> The feudal caste system in Japan ended formally in 1869 with the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. In 1871, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Era">Meiji</a> government issued the Senmin Haishirei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%BB%83%E6%AD%A2%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賤民廃止令 (page does not exist)">賤民廃止令</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%BB%83%E6%AD%A2%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:賤民廃止令">ja</a>], 'Low Caste Abolishment Edict') decree, giving outcasts equal legal status. It is currently known better as the Kaihōrei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解放令 (page does not exist)">解放令</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:解放令">ja</a>], Emancipation Edict). However, burakumin were deprived of the exclusive rights of disposal of dead bodies of horses and cattle.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-naid120005847717-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The elimination of their monopolies of certain occupations actually resulted in a decrease of their general living standards, while social discrimination simply continued. During the early Meiji era, many anti-Kaihōrei riots (Kaihōrei-hantai-ikki (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%A4%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%BE%E4%B8%80%E6%8F%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解放令反対一揆 (page does not exist)">解放令反対一揆</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%A4%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%BE%E4%B8%80%E6%8F%86" class="extiw" title="ja:解放令反対一揆">ja</a>])) happened around the country. For example, in a village in <a href="/wiki/Okayama_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okayama prefecture">Okayama</a> when "former eta" tried to buy alcohol, four men were killed, four men were injured and 25 houses were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naid120005847717-21">[21]</a> In another village, as part of an anti-Government riot,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> 263 houses were destroyed and 18 former etas were killed. The practice of eating meat existed even during the Edo period,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> but the official ban of the consumption of meat from livestock was ended in 1871 in order to "Westernise" the country. Many former eta began to work in <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">abattoirs</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">butchers</a>, as they were thought to be experienced with the handling of dead bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Harada_1993-10">[10]</a> Slow-changing social attitudes, especially in the countryside, meant that abattoirs and their workers were often met with hostility from local residents. Continued ostracism, the decrease of living standards and the development of modern construction and city sprawl resulted in former eta communities becoming slum areas. Prejudice against the consumption of meat continued throughout the Meiji period. In 1872, a group of <a href="/wiki/Mitake-kyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitake-kyo">Yamabushi</a>, who objected to the Emperor's consumption of meat, tried to enter the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> and four of them were killed. They claimed that gods would leave Japan because the Japanese had eaten meat.<a href="#cite_note-Harada_1993-10">[10]</a> There were many terms used to indicate former outcastes, their communities or settlements at the time. Official documents referred to them as kyu-eta (旧穢多, 'former eta'), while the newly liberated outcasts called themselves shin-heimin (新平民, 'new citizens'), among other terms. <a href="/wiki/Nakae_Ch%C5%8Dmin" title="Nakae Chōmin">Nakae Chōmin</a> was a late 19th century statesman who worked for the liberation of burakumin. He transferred his resident registration to buraku and denounced the discrimination against them when he campaigned during the <a href="/wiki/1890_Japanese_general_election" title="1890 Japanese general election">election of 1890</a> from Osaka and won. The term tokushu buraku (特殊部落, 'special hamlets'), now considered inappropriate, started being used by officials during the 1900s, and resulted in the meaning of the word buraku ('hamlet') coming to imply former eta villages in certain parts of Japan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Attempts to resolve the problem during the early 20th century were of two types: the 'assimilation' (同和, dōwa) philosophy which encouraged improvements in living standards of buraku communities and integration with the mainstream Japanese society, and the 'levelers' (水平社, suiheisha) philosophy which concentrated on confronting and criticising alleged perpetrators of discrimination. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Post-war_situation">Post-war situation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war situation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Although liberated legally during 1871 with the abolition of the feudal <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, this did not end social <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> against burakumin nor improve their living standards; until recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Koseki" title="Koseki">Japanese family registration</a> was fixed to an ancestral home address, which allowed people to deduce their burakumin ancestry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The number of burakumin asserted to be living in modern Japan varies from source to source. Japanese government statistics show the number of residents of assimilation districts who claim buraku ancestry, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a> (BLL) figures are estimates of the total number of descendants of all former and current buraku residents, including current residents without any buraku ancestry. A 1993 report by the Japanese government counted 4,533 dōwa chiku (同和地区, assimilation districts) throughout the country. Most were located in western Japan, while none were located in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōhoku">Tōhoku</a>. About three quarters of the districts are in rural areas. The size of each community ranged from less than five households to more than 1,000 households.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It is estimated that around 1,000 buraku communities chose not to register as dōwa chiku, wanting to avoid the negative attention that could come from explicitly declaring themselves burakumin.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> BLL has extrapolated Meiji-era figures to arrive at an estimate of nearly three million burakumin.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In some areas, burakumin are in a majority; per a 1997 report, they accounted for more than 70 percent of all residents of <a href="/wiki/Yoshikawa,_K%C5%8Dchi" title="Yoshikawa, Kōchi">Yoshikawa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dnan,_K%C5%8Dchi" title="Kōnan, Kōchi">Kōnan</a>) in <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Prefecture" title="Kōchi Prefecture">Kōchi Prefecture</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Oto,_Fukuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto, Fukuoka">Ōtō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a>, they accounted for more than 60 percent.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to a survey performed by the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> during 2003, 76% of Tokyo residents would not change their opinion of a close neighbor whom they discovered to be a burakumin; 4.9% of respondents, on the other hand, would actively avoid a burakumin neighbor. There is still a <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> for being a resident of certain areas associated traditionally with the burakumin, and some lingering <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_issues_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic issues in Japan">discrimination</a> in matters such as <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">employment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_in_access_to_services">Discrimination in access to services</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discrimination in access to services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In many parts of the country, buraku settlements built on the site of former eta villages ceased to exist by the 1960s because of either urban development or integration into mainstream society. However, in other regions, many of their residents continued to suffer from slum-like housing and infrastructure, lower economic status, illiteracy, and lower general educational standards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1969, the government passed the Special Measures Law for Assimilation Projects (同和対策事業特別措置法, dōwa taisaku jigyō tokubetsu sochihō)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> to provide funding to these communities. Communities deemed to be in need of funding were designated for various Assimilation Projects (同和対策事業, dōwa taisaku jigyō), such as construction of new housing and community facilities such as health centers, libraries and swimming pools. The projects were terminated in 2002 with a total funding of an estimated 12 trillion yen over 33 years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_discrimination">Social discrimination</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social discrimination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cases of social discrimination against residents of buraku areas are still an issue in certain regions. Outside of the <a href="/wiki/Kansai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai">Kansai</a> region, people in general are often not aware of the issues experienced by those of buraku ancestry, and if they are, this awareness may only be awareness of the history of feudal Japan. Due to the sensitive nature of the topic and the campaigns by the <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a> to remove any references in the media that may propagate discrimination against them, the issue is rarely discussed in the media.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Prejudice against buraku most often manifests itself in the form of marriage discrimination and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">employment</a>. Traditionalist families have been known to check on the backgrounds of potential in-laws to identify people of buraku ancestry. These checks are now illegal, and marriage discrimination is diminishing; Nadamoto Masahisa of the Buraku History Institute estimates that between 60 and 80% of burakumin marry a non-burakumin, whereas for people born during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the rate was 10%.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Over the past decades, the number of marriages between burakumin and non-burakumin have increased, and opinion polls have shown a decrease in the number of Japanese willing to state they would discriminate against burakumin.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Many companies were known to have used lists of buraku addresses that were developed first in 1975 to exclude the burakumin. The average income of a buraku family was significantly less than the national average (60% in 1992).<a href="#cite_note-guest-34">[34]</a> Cases of continuing social discrimination are known to occur mainly in western Japan, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyogo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> regions, where many people, especially the older generation, stereotype buraku residents (whatever their ancestry) and associate them with squalor, unemployment and criminality.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> No burakumin communities were identified in the following <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akita_Prefecture" title="Akita Prefecture">Akita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture" title="Yamagata Prefecture">Yamagata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture" title="Fukushima Prefecture">Fukushima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yakuza_membership">Yakuza membership</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yakuza membership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to <a href="/wiki/David_E._Kaplan_(author)" title="David E. Kaplan (author)">David E. Kaplan</a> and Alec Dubro in Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld (1986), burakumin account for about 70% of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi-gumi" title="Yamaguchi-gumi">Yamaguchi-gumi</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">yakuza</a> crime syndicate in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Mitsuhiro Suganuma, an ex-member of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">Public Security Intelligence Agency</a>, testified in 2006 that burakumin account for about 60 percent of yakuza.<a href="#cite_note-Suganuma-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Burakumin_rights_movement">Burakumin rights movement</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burakumin rights movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> As early as 1922, officials of the hisabetsu buraku organized a campaign, the "Levelers Association of Japan" (Suiheisha), to advance their rights. The Declaration of the Suiheisha encouraged the burakumin to unite in resistance to discrimination, and sought to create a positive identity for the victims of discrimination, insisting that the time had come to be "proud of being eta". The declaration portrayed the burakumin ancestors as "manly martyrs of industry" and argued that to submit meekly to oppression would be to insult and profane these ancestors. Despite internal divisions among anarchist, Bolshevik, and social democratic factions, and despite the Japanese government's establishment of an alternate organization, the Yūma, designed to reduce the influence of the Suiheisha, the Levelers Association remained active until the late 1930s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the National Committee for Burakumin Liberation was initiated, changing its name to the <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a> (Buraku Kaihō Dōmei) during the 1950s. The league, with the endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Communist Party">communist</a> parties, influenced the government into making important concessions during the late 1960s and 1970s. During the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Sayama_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayama Incident">Sayama Incident</a> publicised the problems of the group. The incident involved the murder conviction of a member of the discriminated communities based on circumstantial evidence, which is generally given little weight against physical evidence in Japanese courts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One concession was the passing of the Special Measures Law for Assimilation Projects, which provided financial aid for the discriminated communities. In 1976, legislation was also approved banning third parties from investigating another person's family registry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This traditional system of registry, kept for all Japanese by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice</a> since the 19th century, would reveal an individual's buraku ancestry if consulted. By the new legislation, these records could now be consulted only for legal cases, making it more difficult to identify or discriminate against members of the group. During the 1980s, some educators and local governments, particularly in areas with relatively large hisabetsu buraku populations, began special education programs which they hoped would encourage greater educational and economic success for young members of the group and decrease the discrimination they faced.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Burakumin rights groups exist presently in all parts of Japan except for <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. "Human Rights Promotion Centers" (人権啓発センター) have been established across the country by prefectural governments and local authorities; these, in addition to promoting burakumin rights, campaign on behalf of a wide range of other groups such as women, the disabled, ethnic minorities, foreign residents and released prisoners.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Even into the early 1990s, however, discussion of the 'liberation' of these discriminated communities, or even their existence, was rare in public discussion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buraku_Liberation_League_and_the_Zenkairen">Buraku Liberation League and the Zenkairen</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buraku Liberation League and the Zenkairen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png/220px-Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png/220px-Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png/330px-Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png/440px-Flag_of_Buraku_Liberation_League.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of the Buraku Liberation League</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a> is considered one of the most militant among burakumin's rights groups. The BLL is known for its fierce "denunciation and explanation sessions", where alleged perpetrators of discriminatory actions or speech are summoned for a public hearing before a panel of activists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early sessions were marked by occasions of violence and kidnapping, and several BLL activists have been arrested for such acts. The legality of these sessions is still disputed, but to this date the authorities have mostly ignored them except in the more extreme cases.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Wolferen" title="Karel van Wolferen">Karel van Wolferen</a>'s criticism of the BLL in his much-acclaimed book <a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Japanese_Power" title="The Enigma of Japanese Power">The Enigma of Japanese Power</a> prompted the BLL to demand the publisher halt publication of the Japanese translation of the book.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Van Wolferen condemned this as an international scandal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The other major buraku activist group is the National Buraku Liberation Alliance (全国部落解放運動連合会, Zenkoku Buraku Kaihō Undō Rengōkai), or Zenkairen, affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a> (JCP). It was formed in 1979<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> by BLL activists who were either purged from the organization or abandoned it during the late 1960s, due to, among other things, their opposition to the decision that subsidies to the burakumin should be limited to the BLL members only. Not all burakumin were BLL members, and not all residents of the areas targeted for subsidies were historically descended from the outcastes.<a href="#cite_note-Upham_1987-44">[44]</a> The Zenkairen often disputed the BLL, accusing them of chauvinism. The conflict between the two organizations increased during 1974 when a clash between teachers belonging to a JCP-affiliated union and BLL activists at a high school in Yoka, rural <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a>, put 29 in hospital.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1988, the BLL formed the International Movement Against All Forms of Discrimination and Racism (IMADR). The BLL sought for the IMADR to be recognized as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-Government Organization</a>, but in 1991, the Zenkairen informed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> about the alleged human rights violations committed by the BLL in the course of their "denunciation sessions" held with accused "discriminators".<a href="#cite_note-Upham_1987-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] According to a BLL-funded think tank, when cases of discrimination were alleged, the Zenkairen often conducted denunciation sessions as fierce as those of the BLL. Nonetheless, the IMADR was designated a UN human rights NGO in March 1993.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> On March 3, 2004, the Zenkairen announced that "the buraku issue has basically been resolved" and formally disbanded. On March 4, 2004, they began a new organization known as the "National Confederation of Human Rights Movements in The Community" (全国地域人権運動総連合, Zenkoku Chiiki Jinken Undō Sōrengō') or Zenkoku Jinken Ren.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: perspective and general expertise cleanup. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (June 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Historically, they were followers of their own folk religion, and even in modern times, a significant portion of the burakumin population practices their own folk religion and ancestor worship. Today, most burakumin share common religious practices with the majority of Japanese citizens, following a unique mixture of Shinto and Buddhism, known as Shinbutsu-shūgō (神仏習合). They perform Shinto rituals at the birth of newborns. Historically, their funeral rituals were based on their own folk rites, and they buried their dead, unlike Buddhists. Many of them have also adopted Buddhism to escape social discrimination, as it offered religious advantages. <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism</a> originally patronized the lower castes[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ">opinion</a>]. In 1922, when the National Levelers' Association (Zenkoku-suiheisha) was initiated in Kyoto, Mankichi Saiko, a founder of the society and Jodo Shinshu priest, said, critiquing aggressive postures on the denouncement of acts of discrimination: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We shouldn't disgrace our ancestors and violate humanity by our harsh words and terrible actions. We, who know how cold the human world is, and how to take care of humanity, can seek and rejoice from the bottom of our hearts in the warmth and light of human life.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></blockquote> After many petitions from the BLL, in 1969 the Honganji changed its opinion on the burakumin issue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Zenkairen, which disassociated from the BLL in 1968, regrets this decision.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Religious discrimination against the burakumin was not recognized until the BLL's criticism sessions became widespread. For example, in 1979 the Director-General of the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> Sect of Buddhism made a speech at the "3rd <a href="/wiki/Religions_for_Peace" title="Religions for Peace">World Conference on Religion and Peace</a>" claiming that there was no discrimination against burakumin in Japan. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notable_burakumin">Notable burakumin</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable burakumin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: Expert expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (April 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Yanai" title="Tadashi Yanai">Tadashi Yanai</a>, founder and president of <a href="/wiki/Uniqlo" title="Uniqlo">Uniqlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Hashimoto" title="Tōru Hashimoto">Tōru Hashimoto</a>, politician of the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Nippon Ishin no Kai</a>, lawyer, the 52nd governor of Osaka Prefecture, and former Mayor of Osaka city<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiichir%C5%8D_Matsumoto" title="Jiichirō Matsumoto">Jiichirō Matsumoto</a>, politician and businessman who was called the "buraku liberation father"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryu_Matsumoto" title="Ryu Matsumoto">Ryu Matsumoto</a>, politician of the Minshutō Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Matsuoka" title="Toru Matsuoka">Toru Matsuoka</a>, politician of the Minshutō Party of Japan, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentar%C5%8D_Mikuni" title="Rentarō Mikuni">Rentarō Mikuni</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manabu_Miyazaki" title="Manabu Miyazaki">Manabu Miyazaki</a>, writer, social critic and public figure known for his underworld ties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenji_Nakagami" title="Kenji Nakagami">Kenji Nakagami</a>, writer, critic, and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiromu_Nonaka" title="Hiromu Nonaka">Hiromu Nonaka</a>, chief cabinet secretary (1998–1999)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akina_Nakamori" title="Akina Nakamori">Akina Nakamori</a>, singer and actress. She is one of the most popular and best-selling artists in Japan.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buraku_Liberation_League" title="Buraku Liberation League">Buraku Liberation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan hierarchy">Feudal Japan hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departures_(2008_film)" title="Departures (2008 film)">Departures (2008 film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_in_Japan">Discrimination in Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discrimination in Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baekjeong" title="Baekjeong">Baekjeong</a>, the former outcast community of Korean society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_(outcast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit (outcast)">Dalit</a>, a collective term for the outcast endogamous communities of India and Nepal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">Cagot</a> or Agotes, the former outcast community of France and Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a> (danhu) ('boat people') in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Tanka" title="Fuzhou Tanka">Fuzhou Tanka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, si-min ('small people') and mianhu in <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, Gaibu and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duomin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duomin (page does not exist)">Duomin</a> (To min; 惰民; duò mín; 'idle/lazy/fallen/indolent people') in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiuxing_yumin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiuxing yumin (page does not exist)">jiuxing yumin</a> (九姓魚民; jiǔxìng yúmín; 'nine name fishermen' in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> River region, yoh-hu ('music people') in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a>, the outcast community of Vietnam after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHankins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Joseph D (2014). Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan. University of California Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520959163" title="Special:BookSources/9780520959163"><bdi>9780520959163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Skin%3A+Making+Leather%2C+Making+a+Multicultural+Japan&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520959163&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrédéric2002" class="citation book cs1">Frédéric, Louis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA93">Japan Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> Reference Library. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017535" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017535"><bdi>9780674017535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Harvard+University+Press+Reference+Library&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674017535&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2QnPijAEmEC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLauchlan2003" class="citation journal cs1">McLauchlan, Alastair (January 31, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/McLauchlan.html">"Solving Anti-Burakujūmin Prejudice in the 21st Century"</a>. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Contemporary+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Solving+Anti-Burakuj%C5%ABmin+Prejudice+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2003-01-31&rft.aulast=McLauchlan&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanesestudies.org.uk%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FMcLauchlan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Joseph D (2014). Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan. University of California Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520959163" title="Special:BookSources/9780520959163"><bdi>9780520959163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Skin%3A+Making+Leather%2C+Making+a+Multicultural+Japan&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520959163&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamagishiSato2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yamagishi, Atsushi; Sato, Yasuhiro (September 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/tky/fseres/2022cf1188.html">"Measuring Discrimination in Spatial Equilibrium: 100 Years of Japan's Invisible Race"</a>. CIRJE F-Series. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIRJE+F-Series&rft.atitle=Measuring+Discrimination+in+Spatial+Equilibrium%3A+100+Years+of+Japan%27s+Invisible+Race&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft.aulast=Yamagishi&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rft.au=Sato%2C+Yasuhiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Ftky%2Ffseres%2F2022cf1188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeerman200997-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeerman200997_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeerman2009">Meerman 2009</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2012" class="citation book cs1">McCormack, Noah Y. (2012). Japan's Outcaste Abolition: the Struggle for National Inclusion and the Making of the Modern State. 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Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese). Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Weekender&rft.atitle=Danzaemon+%E2%80%94+The+Story+of+Old+Japan%27s+Underworld+Kings&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft.aulast=Strusiewicz&rft.aufirst=Cezary+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tokyoweekender.com%2Fart_and_culture%2Fjapanese-culture%2Fdanzaemon-edo-underworld-kings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOBA2012" class="citation journal cs1">OBA, Yoshirō (December 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hokuga.hgu.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/2175">"On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation(2)"</a>. 北海学園大学学園論集. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0385-7271">0385-7271</a>. Retrieved October 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=On+Business+History+of+Hokkaido+Coal+Mining+and+Shipping+Corporation%282%29&rft.volume=154&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.issn=0385-7271&rft.aulast=OBA&rft.aufirst=Yoshir%C5%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhokuga.hgu.jp%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeasley1972">Beasley 1972</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-tokyoshoseki-14"><a href="#cite_ref-tokyoshoseki_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130175341/https://www.tokyo-shoseki.co.jp/question/e/syakai.html"><bdi lang="ja">「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Shoseki" title="Tokyo Shoseki">Tokyo Shoseki</a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tokyo-shoseki.co.jp/question/e/syakai.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Shoseki&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%B2%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E3%80%8D%E3%82%84%E3%80%8C%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%8C%E4%BD%BF%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tokyo-shoseki.co.jp%2Fquestion%2Fe%2Fsyakai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uki300823-15"><a href="#cite_ref-uki300823_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830135959/https://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/2028316"><bdi lang="ja">第35回　教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー　令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Uki,_Kumamoto" title="Uki, Kumamoto">Uki, Kumamoto</a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/2028316">the original</a> on August 30, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uki%2C+Kumamoto&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC35%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%80%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%80%8E%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%B2%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E3%80%8F%E3%81%8C%E6%B6%88%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F+%E3%83%BC%E5%BE%8C%E7%B7%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%80%80%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E3%81%86%E3%81%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%80%8D8%E6%9C%88%E5%8F%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.uki.kumamoto.jp%2F2028316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimonoseki-16"><a href="#cite_ref-shimonoseki_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606001503/https://www.city.shimonoseki.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/58936.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">人権意識のアップデート</bdi></a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.shimonoseki.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/58936.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 6, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shimonoseki&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.shimonoseki.lg.jp%2Fuploaded%2Fattachment%2F58936.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEARY2003" class="citation journal cs1">NEARY, IAN (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971613">""Burakumin" at the End of History"</a>. Social Research. 70 (1): 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-783X">0037-783X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971613">40971613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=%22Burakumin%22+at+the+End+of+History&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-783X&rft.aulast=NEARY&rft.aufirst=IAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meerman-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Meerman_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Meerman, Jacob (June 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgmUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Socio-economic Mobility and Low-status Minorities: Slow Roads to Progress</a>. Routledge. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97281-3"><bdi>978-1-135-97281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio-economic+Mobility+and+Low-status+Minorities%3A+Slow+Roads+to+Progress&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97281-3&rft.aulast=Meerman&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgmUAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss12/reber_old.shtml">Buraku Mondai in Japan: Historical and Modern Perspectives and Directions for the Future</a> – Emily A. Su-lan Reber </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blhrri.org/old/kenkyu/project/ishin/ishin_00016.html">"Meijishonen ni okeru heigyūba shori-sei to to Chiku-Gyō – Hyōgo no jirei kara" <bdi lang="ja">明治初年における斃牛馬処理制とと畜業 -兵庫の事例から</bdi></a> [The Slaughtering System and the Slaughtering Industry in the First Year of the Meiji Era: A Case of Hyogo]. Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute (in Japanese). November 20, 2004. 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"Buraku kaihō hantai ikki ni miru minshū ishiki no shosō" <bdi lang="ja">部落解放反対一揆にみる民衆意識の諸相</bdi> [Phases of Popular Consciousness in Riots against the Buraku Emancipation]. Nara Law Review (in Japanese). 2 (3): 1–30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/NAID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (identifier)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005847717/en/">120005847717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nara+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Buraku+kaih%C5%8D+hantai+ikki+ni+miru+minsh%C5%AB+ishiki+no+shos%C5%8D+%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%BE%E4%B8%80%E6%8F%86%E3%81%AB%E3%81%BF%E3%82%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%86%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E3%81%AE%E8%AB%B8%E7%9B%B8&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1989-12-01&rft.au=%E6%A1%90%E6%9D%91+%E5%BD%B0%E9%83%8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOBA2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">OBA, Yoshirō (March 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hokuga.hgu.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/2262">"Hokkaidō tankō kisen (kabu) hyaku-nen no keiei-shi to keiei-sha-zō (san)" <bdi lang="ja">北海道炭鉱汽船(株)百年の経営史と経営者像(三)</bdi></a> [On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation(3)]. 北海学園大学学園論集 (in Japanese). 155. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0385-7271">0385-7271</a>. Retrieved October 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=Hokkaid%C5%8D+tank%C5%8D+kisen+%28kabu%29+hyaku-nen+no+keiei-shi+to+keiei-sha-z%C5%8D+%28san%29+%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E7%82%AD%E9%89%B1%E6%B1%BD%E8%88%B9%28%E6%A0%AA%29%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E5%96%B6%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E7%B5%8C%E5%96%B6%E8%80%85%E5%83%8F%28%E4%B8%89%29&rft.volume=155&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.issn=0385-7271&rft.aulast=OBA&rft.aufirst=Yoshir%C5%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhokuga.hgu.jp%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF畑中" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">畑中, 敏之. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ritsumeikeizai.koj.jp/koj_pdfs/57103.pdf">"'Eta kari' ni tsuite" <bdi lang="ja">「穢多狩」について</bdi></a> [A new aspect of the word "etagari": rethinking it in a context of history] (PDF). 立命館大学経済学会 (in Japanese). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/NAID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (identifier)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40016155268/en/">40016155268</a>. 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Toyo keizai Inc. (in Japanese). November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toyo+keizai+Inc.&rft.atitle=Nihonjin+wa+Edo+jidai+ni+mo+%27niku%27+o+ai+shoku+shite+ita+nikushoku+o+kihi+shite+ita+to+no+ts%C5%ABsetsu+ga+aru+ga%E2%80%A6+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AF%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82%EF%BD%A2%E8%82%89%EF%BD%A3%E3%82%92%E6%84%9B%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F+%E8%82%89%E9%A3%9F%E3%82%92%E5%BF%8C%E9%81%BF%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%AC%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8C%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoyokeizai.net%2Farticles%2Famp%2F196315%3Fdisplay%3Db%26amp_event%3Dread-body&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF野口道彦" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">野口道彦. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522103357/http://blhrri.org/nyumon/yougo/nyumon_yougo_02.htm"><bdi lang="ja">同和地区</bdi></a>. Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blhrri.org/nyumon/yougo/nyumon_yougo_02.htm">the original</a> on May 22, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buraku+Liberation+and+Human+Rights+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=%E5%90%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.au=%E9%87%8E%E5%8F%A3%E9%81%93%E5%BD%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblhrri.org%2Fnyumon%2Fyougo%2Fnyumon_yougo_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Joseph D (2014). Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan. University of California Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520959163" title="Special:BookSources/9780520959163"><bdi>9780520959163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Skin%3A+Making+Leather%2C+Making+a+Multicultural+Japan&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520959163&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_D._Alldritt2000" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie D. Alldritt (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125094650/http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/7/alldritt001.html">"The Burakumin: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation"</a>. Journal of Buddhist Ethics. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-9005">1076-9005</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/7/alldritt001.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Burakumin%3A+The+Complicity+of+Japanese+Buddhism+in+Oppression+and+an+Opportunity+for+Liberation&rft.date=2000-07&rft.issn=1076-9005&rft.au=Leslie+D.+Alldritt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbe.gold.ac.uk%2F7%2Falldritt001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zusetsu kyō no buraku sabetsu kakuchi no jittai chōsa kekka yori <bdi lang="ja">図説今日の部落差別各地の実態調査結果より</bdi> [Illustrated Today's Buraku Discrimination Based on Survey Results in Various Regions] (in Japanese). <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E3%83%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="extiw" title="ja:部落解放・人権研究所">BLHRRI</a>. March 15, 1997. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7592-0193-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-7592-0193-9"><bdi>4-7592-0193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zusetsu+ky%C5%8D+no+buraku+sabetsu+kakuchi+no+jittai+ch%C5%8Dsa+kekka+yori+%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC+%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5+%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=BLHRRI&rft.date=1997-03-15&rft.isbn=4-7592-0193-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606173704/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~mg5s-hsgw/tkburaku/history/tkbtxt.html">"Tōkyō no hisabetsuburaku no rekishi to genjō zenbun" <bdi lang="ja">東京の被差別部落の歴史と現状・全文</bdi></a> [The History and Present Situation of Discriminated Buraku in Tokyo Full Text] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Buraku Liberation League. March 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~mg5s-hsgw/tkburaku/history/tkbtxt.html">the original</a> on June 6, 2011. 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The House of Representatives, Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+House+of+Representatives%2C+Japan&rft.atitle=H%C5%8Dritsu+dai+roku+j%C5%AB-g%C5%8D+%28Akira+shi+shi+nana+ichi+rei%29+d%C5%8Dwa+taisaku+jigy%C5%8D+tokubetsu+sochi-h%C5%8D+%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E5%8F%B7%28%E6%98%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%9B%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%83%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%80%E3%80%87%29+%E5%90%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%BE%E7%AD%96%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E6%8E%AA%E7%BD%AE%E6%B3%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shugiin.go.jp%2Finternet%2Fitdb_housei.nsf%2Fhtml%2Fhouritsu%2F06119690710060.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuest1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Guest, Robert (July 9, 1992). "From the Cutting Room". <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Economic_Review" title="Far Eastern Economic Review">Far Eastern Economic Review</a>. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=From+the+Cutting+Room&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1992-07-09&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nancho.net/kyoto/nadamoto.html">"Kyoto Ijin: Nadamoto Masahisa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyoto+Ijin%3A+Nadamoto+Masahisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nancho.net%2Fkyoto%2Fnadamoto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Charlie V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604121">"A Case Study of Buraku and Non-Buraku Couples in Japan"</a>. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 38 (1): 31–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjcfs.38.1.31">10.3138/jcfs.38.1.31</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604121">41604121</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Family+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Case+Study+of+Buraku+and+Non-Buraku+Couples+in+Japan&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjcfs.38.1.31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41604121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Charlie+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41604121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guest-34"><a href="#cite_ref-guest_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuest1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Guest, Robert (July 9, 1992). "A tale of two sisters". Far Eastern Economic Review. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+sisters&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1992-07-09&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_McLaughlan" class="citation web cs1">Alastair McLaughlan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430222434/http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=485">"Japan's Burakumin: An Introduction"</a>. Japan Focus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id%3D485">the original</a> on April 30, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Burakumin%3A+An+Introduction&rft.au=Alastair+McLaughlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanfocus.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%253D485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522103357/http://blhrri.org/nyumon/yougo/nyumon_yougo_02.htm">"Dōwa chiku" <bdi lang="ja">同和地区</bdi></a> [Dōwa district] (in Japanese). Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blhrri.org/nyumon/yougo/nyumon_yougo_02.htm">the original</a> on May 22, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C5%8Dwa+chiku+%E5%90%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.pub=Buraku+Liberation+and+Human+Rights+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblhrri.org%2Fnyumon%2Fyougo%2Fnyumon_yougo_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanDubro1986" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, David E.; Dubro, Alec (1986). Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yakuza%3A+The+Explosive+Account+of+Japan%27s+Criminal+Underworld&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Dubro%2C+Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suganuma-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Suganuma_38-0">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WA1X2gCImbQ">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232741/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA1X2gCImbQ">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA1X2gCImbQ">"Speech by Mitsuhiro Suganuma"</a>. Japanese Yakuza. 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(1987), Instrumental Violence and the Struggle for Buraku Liberation, 146–190, in Michael Weiner (ed.), Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan Volume II Indigenous and Colonial Others, London and New York: Routledge Curzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20856-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20856-4">0-415-20856-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Pharr, Susan J. (1990), Burakumin Protest: The incident at Yoka High School_, 133–145, in Michael Weiner(ed.), Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan Volume II Indigenous and Colonial Others, London and New York: Routledge Curzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20856-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20856-4">0-415-20856-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Ichinomiya Yoshinari and Group K21 and Terazono Atsushi (eds.) (2003), Dowa riken no shinso 2 (Jinken Mafia-ka suru "Buraku Kaiho Domei" no renkinjutsu o ou! — The true face of Dowa interests 2 (Chasing the alchemy of the "Buraku Liberation League" which Mafiaizes human rights) ("Invasion of human rights" incidents in liberation education and human rights education), Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/Takarajimasha" title="Takarajimasha">Takarajimasha</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Neary, Ian (1997), Burakumin In Contemporary Japan_, 50–78, in Michael Weiner (ed.), Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity, London: Routledge p. 66 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15218-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15218-6">0-415-15218-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Upham_1987-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upham_1987_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upham_1987_44-1">b</a> Upham (1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ichinomiya, Group K21 and Terazono (eds.) (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute (2005 [2004]), Photo Document of the Post-war 60 Years-Development of the Buraku Liberation Movement, Osaka: Kaiho Publishing Company Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7592-4116-7" title="Special:BookSources/4-7592-4116-7">4-7592-4116-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "Zenkoku Buraku Kaihou Undou Rengkai" (National Buraku Liberation Alliance) (2004), "Zenkairen Dai 34 Kai Teiki Taikai Ni Tuite" ('About the Zenkairen 34th Regular Meeting), available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geocities.jp/zenkairen21/01-5.html">http://www.geocities.jp/zenkairen21/01-5.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223211604/http://www.geocities.jp/zenkairen21/01-5.html">Archived</a> December 23, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [February 26, 2008]. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zjr.sakura.ne.jp/">"Zenkoku chiiki jinken undō sō rengō" <bdi lang="ja">全国地域人権運動総連合</bdi></a> [National Federation of Regional Human Rights Movements] (in Japanese). Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zenkoku+chiiki+jinken+und%C5%8D+s%C5%8D+reng%C5%8D+%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%B7%8F%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzjr.sakura.ne.jp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasahara1996" class="citation web cs1">Kasahara, Toshinori (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050503084212/http://www.shindharmanet.com/writings/burakumin.htm">"Shin Buddhism and the Buraku-min"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shindharmanet.com/writings/burakumin.htm">the original</a> on May 3, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shin+Buddhism+and+the+Buraku-min&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kasahara&rft.aufirst=Toshinori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shindharmanet.com%2Fwritings%2Fburakumin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Brasor, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fd20121028pb.html">"Hashimoto needs a much thicker skin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112110329/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fd20121028pb.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Japan Times, October 28, 2012, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biz-journal.jp/2012/12/post_1242.html">"'Hashimototōru wa buraku no kizzu' buraku kaihō dōmei iin-chō ni kiku" <bdi lang="ja">「橋下徹は部落の鬼っ子」部落解放同盟委員長に聞く</bdi></a> ["Toru Hashimoto is a Buraku demon boy" Interview with the chairman of the Buraku Liberation League]. Business Journal (in Japanese). December 30, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Journal&rft.atitle=%27Hashimotot%C5%8Dru+wa+buraku+no+kizzu%27+buraku+kaih%C5%8D+d%C5%8Dmei+iin-ch%C5%8D+ni+kiku+%E3%80%8C%E6%A9%8B%E4%B8%8B%E5%BE%B9%E3%81%AF%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%AC%BC%E3%81%A3%E5%AD%90%E3%80%8D+%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%95%B7%E3%81%AB%E8%81%9E%E3%81%8F&rft.date=2012-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiz-journal.jp%2F2012%2F12%2Fpost_1242.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikuni2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rentaro_Mikuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Rentaro Mikuni">Mikuni, Rentaro</a> (March 2006). ikizama shinizama. ロングセラーズ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8454-2071-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-8454-2071-6"><bdi>4-8454-2071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ikizama+shinizama&rft.pub=%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA&rft.date=2006-03&rft.isbn=4-8454-2071-6&rft.aulast=Mikuni&rft.aufirst=Rentaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blhrri.org/old/blhrri_e/news/news016.pdf">"Buraku Liberation News"</a> (PDF). Buraku Liberation League. September 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Buraku+Liberation+News&rft.date=1983-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blhrri.org%2Fold%2Fblhrri_e%2Fnews%2Fnews016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Larimer_Sonobe2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Tim Larimer Sonobe (March 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082158/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,103843,00.html">"Head of the Pack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,103843,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Head+of+the+Pack&rft.date=2001-03-26&rft.au=Tim+Larimer+Sonobe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C103843%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF藤岡2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">藤岡, 雅 (August 30, 2014). "Yunikuro Yanai ga fūin shita 'ichizoku' no monogatari" <bdi lang="ja">ユニクロ・柳井が封印した「一族」の物語</bdi> [The story of the "clan" sealed by UNIQLO and Yanai]. <bdi lang="ja">週刊現代</bdi> (in Japanese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yunikuro+Yanai+ga+f%C5%ABin+shita+%27ichizoku%27+no+monogatari+%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E6%9F%B3%E4%BA%95%E3%81%8C%E5%B0%81%E5%8D%B0%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%97%8F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=%E8%97%A4%E5%B2%A1&rft.aufirst=%E9%9B%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> Main text originally from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html">Library of Congress, Country Studies</a>. 'Religious Discrimination' and 'Jodo shinshu Honganji' sections adapted from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050503084212/http://www.shindharmanet.com/writings/burakumin.htm">Shindharmanet</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050625015602/http://blhrri.org/blhrri_e/blhrri/q%26a.htm">BLHRRI.Org</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlldritt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Alldritt, Leslie D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blhrri.org/old/blhrri_e/news/new107/new10703.html">"The Burakumin: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation"</a>. Buraku Liberation News March (107).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buraku+Liberation+News+March&rft.atitle=The+Burakumin%3A+The+Complicity+of+Japanese+Buddhism+in+Oppression+and+an+Opportunity+for+Liberation&rft.issue=107&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Alldritt&rft.aufirst=Leslie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblhrri.org%2Fold%2Fblhrri_e%2Fnews%2Fnew107%2Fnew10703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2006" class="citation journal cs1">Amos, Timothy P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928233413/https://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/32-33/EAH32-33_04.pdf">"Portrait of a Tokugawa Outcaste Community"</a> (PDF). East Asian History (32/33): 83–108. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1036-6008">1036-6008</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/32-33/EAH32-33_04.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+Tokugawa+Outcaste+Community&rft.issue=32%2F33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1036-6008&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasianhistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticle-content%2F32-33%2FEAH32-33_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Amos, Timothy P. Embodying Difference: The Making of Burakumin in Modern Japan (2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Amos, Timothy (September 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10371397.2015.1119028">"Fighting the Taboo Cycle: Google Map Protests and Buraku Human Rights Activism in Historical Perspective"</a>. Japanese Studies. 35 (3): 331–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10371397.2015.1119028">10.1080/10371397.2015.1119028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1037-1397">1037-1397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146819883">146819883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+Taboo+Cycle%3A+Google+Map+Protests+and+Buraku+Human+Rights+Activism+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146819883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1037-1397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10371397.2015.1119028&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10371397.2015.1119028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Amos, Timothy (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10371390701494168">"Binding Burakumin: Marxist Historiography and the Narration of Difference in Japan"</a>. Japanese Studies. 27 (2): 155–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10371390701494168">10.1080/10371390701494168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1037-1397">1037-1397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144444326">144444326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Binding+Burakumin%3A+Marxist+Historiography+and+the+Narration+of+Difference+in+Japan&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144444326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1037-1397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10371390701494168&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10371390701494168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Beasley" title="William G. Beasley">Beasley, William G.</a> (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0815-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0815-0"><bdi>0-8047-0815-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meiji+Restoration&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8047-0815-0&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Edward (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/133390">"The Buraku in Modern Japanese Literature: Texts and Contexts"</a>. Journal of Japanese Studies. 26 (1): 1–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F133390">10.2307/133390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6848">0095-6848</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/133390">133390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Buraku+in+Modern+Japanese+Literature%3A+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0095-6848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F133390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F133390&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F133390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroemer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Groemer, Gerald (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3591967">"The Creation of the Edo Outcaste Order"</a>. Journal of Japanese Studies. 27 (2): 263–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591967">10.2307/3591967</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6848">0095-6848</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591967">3591967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+the+Edo+Outcaste+Order&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0095-6848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3591967%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3591967&rft.aulast=Groemer&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F3591967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kasahara, Toshinori. Shin Buddhism and the Buraku-min (1996 Honolulu Higashi Honganji)</li> <li>Neary, Ian. "Burakumin in contemporary Japan", in Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity, Michael Weiner, ed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeary2003" class="citation journal cs1">Neary, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/558566/summary">"Burakumin at the End of History"</a>. Social Research. 70 (1): 269–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2003.0019">10.1353/sor.2003.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-768X">1944-768X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142516741">142516741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=Burakumin+at+the+End+of+History&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142516741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-768X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2003.0019&rft.aulast=Neary&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F558566%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimazaki_Toson" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimazaki Toson">Shimazaki, Toson</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Commandment" title="The Broken Commandment">The Broken Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">Suzuki, D.T.</a>, Oiwa, K. The Japan We Never Knew: A Journey of Discovery (Stoddart Publishing, Toronto: 1996)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Buraku_Liberation_and_Human_Rights_Research_Institute1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">The Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute, ed. (1986). <bdi lang="ja">部落問題事典</bdi> [Burakumin Problems Dictionary]. 解放出版社(Kaihou).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%28Kaihou%29&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Burakumin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bll.gr.jp/">The Headquarters of Buraku Liberation League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626183059/http://www.blhrri.org/index_e.htm">The Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/2005/Ito2.html">Cooperativeness and Buraku Discrimination</a>, discussion paper by Takuya Ito in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/">electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies</a>, October 31, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/McLauchlan.html">Solving Anti-Burakujūmin Prejudice in the 21st Century: Suggestions from 21 Buraku Residents</a>, discussion paper by Alastair McLauchlan in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/">electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies</a>, January 31, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075012/http://junana.com/CDP/corpus/GLOSSARY3.html#1014084">Buraku: in Community, Democracy, and Performance by Bruce Caron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911035844/http://www3.osk.3web.ne.jp/~blrhyg/">ひょうご部落解放・人権研究所</a>(Burakumin research institute)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207025507/http://www.geocities.jp/zenkairen21/">全国部落解放運動連合会</a>(National Buraku Liberation Alliance)→<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009092020/http://homepage3.nifty.com/zjr/">全国地域人権運動総連合</a> (National Confederation of Human Rights Movements in the Community) → <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zjr.sakura.ne.jp/">Zenkoku Jinken Ren Blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burakken.jp/">部落問題研究所</a> (Burakumin research institute)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~qm8m-ndmt/">京都部落問題研究資料センター</a> (Burakumin in Kyoto research data)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070923012221/http://www11.plala.or.jp/dowakai/">自由同和会</a>(Burakumin rights group)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zennihon-douwakai.gr.jp/">全日本同和会</a> (Burakumin rights group)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915073242/http://www.zenkokuren.org/">部落解放同盟全国連合会</a> (Burakumin rights group)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/world/japan-s-invisible-minority-better-off-than-in-past-but-stilloutcasts.html">"Japan's Invisible Minority: Better Off Than in Past, but Still Outcasts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, November 30, 1995. Nicholas Kristof on the state of toleration at that time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/world/asia/16outcasts.html">"Japan's Outcasts Still Wait for Acceptance"</a>. The New York Times, January 15, 2009. Article by Norimitsu Onishi on Buraku history and current status, with a focus on Hiromu Nonaka, a prominent politician of Buraku descent.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.yahoo.com/news/ap/20090502/ap_on_hi_te/as_japan_google_dark_secrets">Old Japanese maps on Google Earth unveil secrets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526205945/http://tech.yahoo.com/news/ap/20090502/ap_on_hi_te/as_japan_google_dark_secrets">Archived</a> May 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sat May 2, 2009 – Jay Alabaster, Associated Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/281379">"Mysterious Past Meets Uncertain Future in Tokyo's Sanya District"</a>. Digital Journal, October 31, 2009. Blair McBride on Buraku status of North-East Tokyo area.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimahara1984" class="citation journal cs1">Shimahara, Nobuo (1984). "Toward the Equality of a Japanese Minority: The case of Burakumin". <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Education" title="Comparative Education">Comparative Education</a>. 20 (3): 339–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0305006840200305">10.1080/0305006840200305</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3098878">3098878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education&rft.atitle=Toward+the+Equality+of+a+Japanese+Minority%3A+The+case+of+Burakumin&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0305006840200305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3098878%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shimahara&rft.aufirst=Nobuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gottlieb, Nanette (1998). "Discriminatory language in Japan: Burakumin, the disabled and women". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Studies_Review" title="Asian Studies Review">Asian Studies Review</a>. 22 (2): 157–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357829808713193">10.1080/10357829808713193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144197076">144197076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Discriminatory+language+in+Japan%3A+Burakumin%2C+the+disabled+and+women&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357829808713193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144197076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Nanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahLapp1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hah, Chong-do; Lapp, Christopher C. (May 1978). "Japanese Politics of Equality in Transition: The Case of the Burakumin". Asian Survey. 18 (5): 487–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643462">10.2307/2643462</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643462">2643462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Japanese+Politics+of+Equality+in+Transition%3A+The+Case+of+the+Burakumin&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=1978-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hah&rft.aufirst=Chong-do&rft.au=Lapp%2C+Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurakumin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div 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last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 March 2025, at 22:50 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بوراكومين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوراكومين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraku" title="Buraku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buraku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraku" title="Buraku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buraku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بوراکومین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوراکومین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%BF%A0%EB%AF%BC" title="부라쿠민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부라쿠민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബുരാകുമിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുരാകുമിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="बुराकुमीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुराकुमीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="部落問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="部落問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Буракумин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буракумин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumini" title="Burakumini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Burakumini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بوراکومین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بوراکومین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakulaiset" title="Burakulaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burakulaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="புராகுமின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புராகுமின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Буракуміни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буракуміни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Burakumin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E6%B0%91" title="部落民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="部落民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-pmpbz","wgBackendResponseTime":351,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.533","walltime":"1.766","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12372,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":364936,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15960,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":231768,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1540.304 1 -total"," 23.24% 357.957 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.05% 247.178 212 Template:Transliteration"," 14.54% 223.987 7 Template:Navbox"," 10.62% 163.615 19 Template:Nihongo3"," 9.84% 151.616 21 Template:Fix"," 9.78% 150.588 1 Template:Japanese_social_terms"," 8.40% 129.457 13 Template:Cite_book"," 8.28% 127.477 16 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.06% 124.102 1 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