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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution_to_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_to_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contribution to scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Irving Hexham</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute">FRAI</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irv-sm_copy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head shot of a man wearing spectacles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Irv-sm_copy.gif/220px-Irv-sm_copy.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Irv-sm_copy.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Irving R. Hexham</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1943-04-14</span>) </span>14 April 1943<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Canadian</li><li>English</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karla_Poewe" title="Karla Poewe">Karla Poewe</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1988)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><span class="nowrap">Totalitarian Calvinism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexham1975_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexham1975-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></i> (1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data">Kenneth Ingham</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Derby" title="University of Derby">Bishop Lonsdale College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regent_College" title="Regent College">Regent College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Cowan" title="Douglas E. Cowan">Douglas E. Cowan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">neo-Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Paganism">neo-Paganism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">political religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and politics">religion and politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Christianity" title="World Christianity">world Christianity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ucalgary.ca/~hexham">people<wbr />.ucalgary<wbr />.ca<wbr />/~hexham</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1673272#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irving R. Hexham</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute">FRAI</a></span></span> (born 14 April 1943) is an English-Canadian academic who has published twenty-three books and numerous articles, chapters, and book reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, he is Professor of Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>, Alberta, Canada, married to <a href="/wiki/Karla_Poewe" title="Karla Poewe">Karla Poewe</a> who is Professor Emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> at the University of Calgary, and the father of two children. He holds dual British and Canadian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hexham was born in <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, England. After leaving school at the age of fifteen he spent six years (1958–1964) as an apprentice gas fitter with the North Western Gas Board, and obtained his <a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="City and Guilds">City and Guilds</a> and advanced diplomas in Gas Technology. After the completion of his apprenticeship he was offered a management position with the Gas Board. During his industrial career he also served as a union representative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hexham qualified for university matriculation by correspondence study and entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a> in 1967 where he majored in <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> with minors in history and philosophy. He graduated with honours with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1970. He then proceeded to post-graduate studies, obtaining his MA "with commendation" in <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> and theology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> in 1972. His MA was based on <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> methods and theories and involved a short dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>. He obtained a PhD in history from the University of Bristol in 1975. His PhD thesis was on <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a> and the origins of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> as an ideology. In the course of his studies he lived in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> and studied the languages of German and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>. His MA supervisor was F. B. Welbourn; his PhD supervisor was Kenneth Ingham. When he was in South Africa Elaine Botha at <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Potchefstroom University">Potchefstroom University</a> was appointed his local supervisor by the University of Bristol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200812_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200812-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hexham is an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Anglican">evangelical Anglican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002part_2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002part_2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hexham has held a number of posts in various tertiary institutions of higher learning. He was an assistant professor at Bishop Lonsdale College, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Derby" title="University of Derby">University of Derby</a>, England from 1974 to 1977. He also served as a course tutor in the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> at Derby (1975–77). Hexham then relocated to Canada and assumed the post of assistant professor at <a href="/wiki/Regent_College" title="Regent College">Regent College</a>, Vancouver (1977–80). He became an assistant professor in religious studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>, Winnipeg (1980–84), and then an assistant professor in religious studies at the University of Calgary (1984–88). He was promoted to the rank of associate professor at Calgary (1988–92), and in 1992 assumed the post of Full Professor in religious studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hexham is a Fellow of both the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Royal Anthropological Institute</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a> has been a member of various professional organizations including the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>, Association for the Sociology of Religion, South African Institute of Race Relations, South African Society for Mission Studies, and the Berliner Gesellschaft fuer Missionsgeschichte of which he was a founding member with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_van_der_Heyden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich van der Heyden (page does not exist)">Ulrich van der Heyden</a>. Recently he was elected a Fellow of the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hexham has lectured in undergraduate and post-graduate programs covering topics such as <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects">sects</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a>, history of religion, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>, African history and religions, religion and society in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Millenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenarian">millenarian</a> movements, theology and politics, Christianity and culture, missions and society, religion and ethics, <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> and charismatic religion, methods in the study of religion, and the philosophy of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His academic interests are listed as political religions; nationalism and religion; <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>; new religious movements; world religions in modern society; world Christianity and Christian missions, African initiated/independent churches; modern religious thought; while his research interests are said to be Ancestral neo-Paganism, the New Right, and political religions in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served as a contributing editor to the <i>Journal of Theology for Southern Africa</i> (1981–1993), and is on the Editorial Board of <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Religion/Sciences_Religieuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses">Studies in Religion</a>.</i> </p><p>Hexham has written or co-edited a number of works treating various facets of religion in South Africa including African independent churches, Afrikaner Calvinism, and Zulu religion. He has compiled reference works such as the <i>Concise Dictionary of Religion</i> and <i>Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements</i>. He has co-written two analytic works on the phenomenon of new religions and cults, and co-edited a pioneering work on the development of Christian contextual missions and new religious movements. Currently, as can be seen from his recent publications, Hexham is working on issues related to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among his graduate students are <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Cowan" title="Douglas E. Cowan">Douglas E. Cowan</a> of the University of Waterloo, Mark Mullins of Sophia University in Tokyo, and Kurt Widmar of the University of Lethbridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contribution_to_scholarship">Contribution to scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contribution to scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hexham began his academic research with a study of <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> thought in <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued his research with a study of the origins of the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he pioneered the study of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AmaNazareta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AmaNazareta (page does not exist)">amaNazareta</a> by publishing the complete <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a> of this important <a href="/wiki/African_Independent_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="African Independent Church">African Independent Church</a> which in the past was often considered <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside his <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> studies Hexham also published extensively on <a href="/wiki/New_Religious_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Religious Movements">New Religious Movements</a>, Theology, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christian Missions">History of Christian Missions</a>, and, more recently <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His contributions to scholarship were recognized by the award of an academic <a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">Festschrift</a> on 23 May 2008 in the Faculty of Theology at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt University">Humboldt University</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_essays">Selected essays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published reports </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.pdf?CATEGORY=RSDCOI&id=3daec69d4">Religious Extremism in Africa, for UNHCR Emergency & Security Service, Geneva, September 2002, pp. 37</a></li> <li>A Review of the Current State of Religious Magazines and Newspapers in Canada," Ottawa, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>, Ottawa, October 2002, pp. 55, assisted by Joanne Emond-McCullum who worked on the French Canadian publications section.</li></ul> <p>Refereed academic articles: </p> <ul><li>"Just Like Another Israel", <i><a href="/wiki/Religion_(journal)" title="Religion (journal)">Religion</a></i> (London), 1977, 7/1, pp. 1–7.</li> <li>"Calvinism and Culture", CRUX (Vancouver), December 1979, pp. 14–19.</li> <li>"Dutch Calvinism and the Origins of Afrikaner Nationalism", <i><a href="/wiki/African_Affairs" title="African Affairs">African Affairs</a></i> (London), Spring, 1980, pp. 195–208.</li> <li>"Christianity and Apartheid: An Introductory Bibliography", <i>Reformed Journal</i> (Grand Rapids), April 1980, pp. S1-S11.</li> <li>"Lord of the Sky-King of the Earth: Zulu Traditional Religion and Belief in the Sky God", <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Religion/Sciences_Religieuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses">Studies in Religion</a></i> (Waterloo), Vol. 10, 3, 1981, pp. 273–285.</li> <li>"Conversion and Consolidation in an English Town: The Freaks of Glastonbury: 1967–1982", <i>Update</i> (Aarhus), March 1983, pp. 3–12.</li> <li>"Science Fiction, Christianity and Technic Civilization", <i>Word and World</i> (St. Paul), Vol. IV. No 1, Winter, 1984, pp. 35–42.</li> <li>"Religion in Southern Africa", <i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Studies_Review" title="Religious Studies Review">Religious Studies Review</a></i>, (Waterloo), June 1985, Vol. II, No.4, pp. 370–378.</li> <li>"The Soul of the New Age", with Karla Poewe-Hexham, <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i> (Chicago), 2 September 1988, pp. 17–21.</li> <li>"Charismatic Christianity and Change in South Africa", with Karla Poewe-Hexham, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i> (Chicago), 7–24 August 1988, pp. 738–740.</li> <li>"African Religions: Recent & Lesser Known Works", <i><a href="/wiki/Religion_(journal)" title="Religion (journal)">Religion</a></i>, (Lancaster), Vol. 20; 1990, pp. 361–372.</li> <li>"On Plagiarism and Integrity in Scholarly Activity", <i>Humanist: Humanities Computing</i>, 5:4, 3 April 1992, received electronically via humanist@brownvm.bitnet, 5.0814. This article was published electronically and was later cited in <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_(magazine)" title="Lingua Franca (magazine)">Lingua Franca</a></i>, September/October 1992, pp. 18–20, and <i><a href="/wiki/College_%26_Research_Libraries" title="College & Research Libraries">College & Research Libraries</a></i>, Vol.53, No. 5, September 1992, p. 455.</li> <li>"Isaiah Shembe: Zulu Religious Leader", <i>Religion</i>, 27:4, October 1997, pp. 361–373, this is a revised English version of 33.</li> <li>"Verfassungsfeindlich: Church, State and New Religions in Germany", <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a>: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions</i>. Vol. 2, No. 2, 1999, pp. 208–227.</li> <li>"Suicide or Murder in Uganda?" <i>Religion in the News</i>, August 2000:7–9 + 24.</li> <li>"New Religions and the Anti-Cult Movement in Canada", <i>Nova Religio</i>, 2 April 2001, Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 281–288.</li> <li>"Jakob Wilhelm Hauer's New Religion and National Socialism," with Karla Poewe, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i>, London, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 195–215.</li> <li>" Inventing 'Paganists': a Close Reading of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steigmann-Gall" title="Richard Steigmann-Gall">Richard Steigmann-Gall</a>'s the Holy Reich," the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>, January 2007 pp. 59–78.</li> <li>"The Völkisch Modernist Beginnings of National Socialism: Its Intrusion into the Church and Its Antisemitic Consequence," with Karla Poewe, in <i>Religion Compass</i>, 2009, pp. 676–696.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_books">Selected books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Irony of Apartheid: The Struggle for National Independence of Afrikaner Calvinism Against British Imperialism</i>, (Texts and Studies in Religion, Vol 8), Lewiston, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Mellen">Edwin Mellen</a>, 1981, pp. 239, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889469040" title="Special:BookSources/0889469040">0889469040</a></li> <li><i>Religion, Economics, and Social Thought</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>, Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/The_Fraser_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fraser Institute">The Fraser Institute</a>, 1986, pp. 573</li> <li><i>Understanding Cults and New Age Religions</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Karla_Poewe" title="Karla Poewe">Karla Poewe</a> <ul><li>Eerdmans Pub Co, paperback, 1986, pp. 170, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802801706" title="Special:BookSources/0802801706">0802801706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_College_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent College Publishing">Regent College Publishing</a>; 2nd edition, paperback, 1998, pp. 184, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573831212" title="Special:BookSources/1573831212">1573831212</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Zulu Religion: Texts and Interpretations. Vol. I: Traditional Zulu Ideas about God</i>, Lewiston, Edwin Mellen, 1987, pp. 455.</li> <li><i>The Concise Dictionary of Religion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Regent_College_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent College Publishing">Regent College Publishing</a>, 1993, Paperback, pp. 248, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573831204" title="Special:BookSources/1573831204">1573831204</a></li> <li><i>The Scriptures of the amaNazaretha of Ekuphakameni</i>, translated from the Zulu by the Rt. Rev. Londa Shembe and Hans-Jürgen Becken, with introductory essays by Irving Hexham and G.C. Oosthuizen, Calgary, University of Calgary Press, 1994, pp. xlix + 144.</li> <li><i>The Story of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Shembe" title="Isaiah Shembe">Isaiah Shembe</a> – History and Traditions Centered on <a href="/wiki/EkuPhakameni" title="EkuPhakameni">EkuPhakameni</a> and Mount Nhlangakazi: Volume One of the Sacred History and Traditions of the amaNazaretha</i>, translated from the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> by Hans-Jürgen Becken, edited with G.C. Oosthuizen, Lewiston, Edwin Mellen Press, 1996, pp. 258, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773487735" title="Special:BookSources/0773487735">0773487735</a></li> <li><i>New Religions as Global Cultures</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Karla_Poewe" title="Karla Poewe">Karla Poewe</a>, Boulder, <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>, 1997, pp. 180, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813325080" title="Special:BookSources/0813325080">0813325080</a></li> <li><i>The Christian Travelers Guide to Britain</i>, Grand Rapids, Zondervan, April 2001, pp. 245, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0310225523" title="Special:BookSources/0310225523">0310225523</a></li> <li><i>The Christian Travelers Guide to France</i>, (ed.) by Mark Konnert, Peter Barrs and Carine Barrs, 2001, pp. 224, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0310225884" title="Special:BookSources/0310225884">0310225884</a></li> <li><i>Christian Travelers Guide to Germany</i>, with Lothar Henry Kope, Zondervan, 2001, pp. 240, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0310225396" title="Special:BookSources/0310225396">0310225396</a></li> <li><i>Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements: Over 400 Groups, Individuals & Ideas Clearly and Concisely Defined</i>, <a href="/wiki/IVP_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="IVP Academic">IVP Academic</a>, 2002, Paperback, pp. 120, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830814663" title="Special:BookSources/0830814663">0830814663</a></li> <li><i>Understanding World Religions</i>, Grand Rapids, Zondervan, 2011, pp. 512.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A revised version of his PhD thesis was published as: Irving Hexham, The Irony of Apartheid, Lewiston, Edwin Mellen, 1981.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexham1975-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexham1975_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHexham1975">Hexham 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477–496_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008">Van der Heyden & Feldkeller 2008</a>, pp. 477–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumley1996">Lumley 1996</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200812-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200812_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumley1996">Lumley 1996</a>, p. 544; <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008">Van der Heyden & Feldkeller 2008</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002part_2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002part_2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, part 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumley1996544Van_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumley1996">Lumley 1996</a>, p. 544; <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008">Van der Heyden & Feldkeller 2008</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller200811–13_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008">Van der Heyden & Feldkeller 2008</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008477_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008">Van der Heyden & Feldkeller 2008</a>, p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="#CITEREFOosthuizen1977">Oosthuizen 1977</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHexham1975" class="citation thesis cs1">Hexham, Irving (1975). <i>Totalitarian Calvinism: The Reformed (Dopper) Community in South Africa, 1902–1919</i> (PhD thesis). Bristol, England: University of Bristol. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1053659020">1053659020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Totalitarian+Calvinism%3A+The+Reformed+%28Dopper%29+Community+in+South+Africa%2C+1902%E2%80%931919&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Bristol&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1053659020&rft.aulast=Hexham&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Hexham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Philip (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215134943/http://www.sacredtribes.com/issue1/apolog1.htm">"Apologetics, Mission, and New Religious Movements: A Holistic Approach"</a>. <i>Sacred Tribes</i>. <b>1</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-8167">1941-8167</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredtribes.com/issue1/apolog1.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Tribes&rft.atitle=Apologetics%2C+Mission%2C+and+New+Religious+Movements%3A+A+Holistic+Approach&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1941-8167&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredtribes.com%2Fissue1%2Fapolog1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Hexham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumley1996" class="citation book cs1">Lumley, Elizabeth, ed. (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Who%27s_Who" title="Canadian Who's Who">Canadian Who's Who</a></i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Who%27s+Who&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Hexham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosthuizen1977" class="citation book cs1">Oosthuizen, G. C. (1977). <i>The Theology of a South African Messiah</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+a+South+African+Messiah&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Oosthuizen&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Hexham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_HeydenFeldkeller2008" class="citation book cs1">Van der Heyden, Ulrich; Feldkeller, Andreas, eds. (2008). <i>Border Crossings: Explorations of an Interdisciplinary Historian; Festschrift for Irving Hexham</i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Crossings%3A+Explorations+of+an+Interdisciplinary+Historian%3B+Festschrift+for+Irving+Hexham&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Hexham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Hexham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ucalgary.ca/~hexham">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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