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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibyrrhaiotai" title="Kibyrrhaiotai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kibyrrhaiotai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%85%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Θέμα Κιβυρραιωτών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέμα Κιβυρραιωτών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_cibirreota" title="Tema cibirreota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tema cibirreota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibyrrh%C3%A9otes" title="Cibyrrhéotes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cibyrrhéotes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_Cibyrrhaeot" title="Tema Cibyrrhaeot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tema Cibyrrhaeot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibyrrhaioton" title="Kibyrrhaioton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kibyrrhaioton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კივირეოტთა თემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კივირეოტთა თემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_Cibirreota" title="Tema Cibirreota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tema Cibirreota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кивирреоты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кивирреоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibireotska_tema" title="Kibireotska tema – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kibireotska tema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibirreoton" title="Kibirreoton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kibirreoton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κιβυρραιῶται, θέμα Κιβυρραιωτῶν</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (country subdivision)">Theme</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">ca. 720/727–after 1150</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/220px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/330px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/440px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="687" /></a></span><br />The Asian themes of the Byzantine Empire circa 842. The Cibyrrhaeots encompassed the southern shore of Asia Minor.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attaleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaleia">Attaleia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Middle Ages</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 720/727</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Abolition by Manuel I </div></th><td class="infobox-data">after 1150</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cibyrrhaeot Theme</b>, more properly the <b>Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">θέμα Κιβυρραιωτῶν</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">thema Kibyrrhaiōtōn</i></span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> encompassing the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> from the early 8th to the late 12th centuries. As the Byzantine Empire's first and most important naval theme (θέμα ναυτικόν, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">thema nautikon</i></span>), it served chiefly to provide ships and troops for the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibyrrhaeot_Theme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cibyrrhaeots (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κιβυρραιῶται</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kibyrrhaiōtai</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'men of Cibyrrha') derive their name from the city of Cibyrrha (it is unclear whether this is Cibyrrha the Great in <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a> or Cibyrrha the Lesser in <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The command first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">expedition against Carthage</a> in 698, when a "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Droungarios" title="Droungarios">droungarios</a></i></span> of the Cibyrrhaeots" is attested as commanding the men from <a href="/wiki/Korykos" class="mw-redirect" title="Korykos">Korykos</a>: Apsimar, who at the head of a fleet revolt became emperor as <a href="/wiki/Tiberios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberios III">Tiberios III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 698–705</span>). At the time, the Cibyrrhaeots were subordinate to the great naval corps of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200628_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200628-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Karabisianoi</i></span> were disbanded (the exact date is disputed between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 719/720</span> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 727</span>), the Cibyrrhaeots were constituted as a regular <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a>, with its governing <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i></span> first attested in 731/732.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196626,_50–51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196626,_50–51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200632_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200632-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 9th century, when the themes of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a> were elevated from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">droungarios</i></span>-level commands, the Cibyrrhaeot Theme was the only dedicated naval theme of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196664,_81,_83,_109_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196664,_81,_83,_109-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006267_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006267-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme encompassed the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), from south of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> (which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a>) to the confines of the <a href="/wiki/Thughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Thughur">Arab borderlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, including the old <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>, as well as the modern <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196680,_135_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196680,_135-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its geographical position made it the "front-line" theme facing the attacks of the Muslim fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and consequently the Cibyrrhaeots played a major role in the naval aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Arab Wars">Byzantine–Arab Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200646ff._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200646ff.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land, which was known for its fertility,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suffered from the frequent and devastating Arab raids, which largely depopulated the countryside except for the fortified cities and naval bases.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Niketas,_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_(Schlumberger,_1889).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_Niketas%2C_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_%28Schlumberger%2C_1889%29.png/220px-Seal_of_Niketas%2C_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_%28Schlumberger%2C_1889%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_Niketas%2C_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_%28Schlumberger%2C_1889%29.png/330px-Seal_of_Niketas%2C_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_%28Schlumberger%2C_1889%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_Niketas%2C_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_%28Schlumberger%2C_1889%29.png/440px-Seal_of_Niketas%2C_spatharokandidatos_and_chartoularios_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots_%28Schlumberger%2C_1889%29.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>10th/11th-century seal of Niketas, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Spatharokandidatos" title="Spatharokandidatos">spatharokandidatos</a></i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chartoularios" title="Chartoularios">chartoularios</a></i></span> of the Cibyrrhaeots</figcaption></figure> <p>The seat of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> was most probably <a href="/wiki/Attaleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaleia">Attaleia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drew an annual salary of 10 pounds of gold, and his overall rank in the imperial hierarchy was relatively low, but still senior to any other naval commander: twenty-fifth in the <i><a href="/wiki/Taktikon_Uspensky" title="Taktikon Uspensky">Taktikon Uspensky</a></i> of 842/843, dropping to fifty-fifth in the <i><a href="/wiki/Escorial_Taktikon" title="Escorial Taktikon">Escorial Taktikon</a></i> of 971–975.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006390–391_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006390–391-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like its other counterparts, the Cibyrrhaeot Theme was divided into <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">droungoi</a></i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">tourmai</a></i></span>, and possessed the full array of typical thematic administrative positions. Among the most important subordinates of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> were the imperial <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ek_prosopou" title="Ek prosopou">ek prosopou</a></i></span> at <a href="/wiki/Syllaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllaion">Syllaion</a>, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">droungarioi</i></span> of Attaleia and <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">katepano</a></i></span> who commanded the theme's <a href="/wiki/Mardaites" title="Mardaites">Mardaites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682–83_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682–83-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the descendants of several thousand people transplanted from the area of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and settled there by Emperor Justinian II (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–695, 705–711</span>) in the 680s to provide crews and marines for the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966399_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966399-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 9th century, the thematic fleet of the Cibyrrhaeots comprised 70 ships;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196691–92_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196691–92-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Cretan</a> expedition of 911, the Cibyrrhaeot theme sent 31 warships – 15 large <a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">dromons</a> and 16 middle-sized <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pamphyloi</i></span> – with 6,000 oarsmen and 760 marines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006549_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006549-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the mid-11th century, as the Muslim naval threat subsided, the Byzantine provincial fleets began a precipitate decline:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200688_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200688-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fleet of the Cibyrrhaeots is last mentioned in the repulsion of a <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(1043)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (1043)">Rus' raid</a> in 1043, and the theme became a purely civil province, headed by a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Krites" class="mw-redirect" title="Krites">krites</a></i></span> and later by a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966131–135_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966131–135-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of its territory was lost to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> after the 1071 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>, but recovered under <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1081–1118</span>). The rump theme was finally abolished by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1143–1180</span>), and the territory in Caria subordinated to the theme <a href="/wiki/Mylasa_and_Melanoudion" title="Mylasa and Melanoudion">Mylasa and Melanoudion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Mylasa_and_Melanoudion"_(C._Foss),_p._1428_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Mylasa_and_Melanoudion"_(C._Foss),_p._1428-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966273_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966273-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibyrrhaeot_Theme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides1994151_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994">Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, "Kibyrrhaiotai" (C. Foss), p. 1127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952149_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPertusi1952">Pertusi 1952</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200628-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200628_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196626,_50–51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196626,_50–51_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 26, 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200632-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200632_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196664,_81,_83,_109-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196664,_81,_83,_109_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 64, 81, 83, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006267-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006267_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196680,_135-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196680,_135_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 80, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952150_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPertusi1952">Pertusi 1952</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200646ff.-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200646ff._11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 46ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006390–391-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006390–391_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 390–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682–83-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196682–83_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966399-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966399_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196691–92-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler196691–92_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006549-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006549_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200688-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys200688_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966131–135-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966131–135_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, pp. 131–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Mylasa_and_Melanoudion"_(C._Foss),_p._1428-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Mylasa_and_Melanoudion"_(C._Foss),_p._1428_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, "Mylasa and Melanoudion" (C. Foss), p. 1428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966273-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhrweiler1966273_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhrweiler1966">Ahrweiler 1966</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibyrrhaeot_Theme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhrweiler1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Helene_Ahrweiler" title="Helene Ahrweiler">Ahrweiler, Hélène</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8JAQAAIAAJ"><i>Byzance et la mer. La marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe-XVe siècles</i></a> (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+la+mer.+La+marine+de+guerre%2C+la+politique+et+les+institutions+maritimes+de+Byzance+aux+VIIe-XVe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ahrweiler&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H8JAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACibyrrhaeot+Theme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODB" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACibyrrhaeot+Theme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, John; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomides, Nicolas</a>, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_JcHD7HAA0cC"><i>Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 2: South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor</i></a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-226-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-226-9"><bdi>0-88402-226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Byzantine+Seals+at+Dumbarton+Oaks+and+in+the+Fogg+Museum+of+Art%2C+Volume+2%3A+South+of+the+Balkans%2C+the+Islands%2C+South+of+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-88402-226-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_JcHD7HAA0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACibyrrhaeot+Theme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertusi1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pertusi, A. (1952). <i>Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus</i> (in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantino+Porfirogenito%3A+De+Thematibus&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pertusi&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACibyrrhaeot+Theme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006" class="citation book cs1">Pryor, John H.; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJPfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15197-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+%CE%94%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%A9%CE%9D%3A+The+Byzantine+Navy+ca.+500%E2%80%931204&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15197-0&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Jeffreys%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJPfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACibyrrhaeot+Theme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/De_Thematibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Thematibus">De Thematibus</a></i> (c. 950)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Eastern or Asian themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(theme)" title="Cappadocia (theme)">Cappadocia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charsianon" title="Charsianon">Charsianon</a>)</li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsician Theme</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Optimatoi" title="Optimatoi">Optimates</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Bucellarian_Theme" title="Bucellarian Theme">Bucellarian Theme</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia_(theme)" title="Paphlagonia (theme)">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Koloneia_(theme)" title="Koloneia (theme)">Koloneia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Sebasteia_(theme)" title="Sebasteia (theme)">Sebasteia</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Lykandos" title="Lykandos">Lykandos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(theme)" title="Seleucia (theme)">Seleucia</a></li> <li>14. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cibyrrhaeot Theme</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(theme)" title="Cyprus (theme)">Cyprus</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Western or European themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Strymon</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Peloponnese</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Cephallenia_(theme)" title="Cephallenia (theme)">Cephallenia</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Sicily</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson/Klimata</a></li> <li>(omitted: <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(theme)" title="Dalmatia (theme)">Dalmatia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> Thrace and Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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