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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_Aegean_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and Aegean civilizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_Aegean_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancient Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_province_(146_BC_–_4th_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_province_(146_BC_–_4th_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_province_(146_BC_–_4th_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period_(4th–15th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period_(4th–15th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Medieval period (4th–15th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period_(4th–15th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venetian_possessions_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetian_possessions_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetian_possessions_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_nation-state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_nation-state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern nation-state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_nation-state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence_(1821–1832)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_War_of_Independence_(1821–1832)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence_(1821–1832)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Kingdom of Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion,_disaster,_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion,_disaster,_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Expansion, disaster, and reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion,_disaster,_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship,_World_War_II,_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship,_World_War_II,_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship,_World_War_II,_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Hellenic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Hellenic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Third Hellenic Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Hellenic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law and justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debt_crisis_(2010–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_crisis_(2010–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Debt crisis (2010–2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_crisis_(2010–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Maritime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Healthcare system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Music and dances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Public holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greece</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 289 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-289" aria-hidden="true" > 289 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Алыджей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Алыджей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Урымые – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урымые" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griekeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechenland" title="Griechenland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)" title="ግሪክ (አገር) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግሪክ (አገር)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikka" title="Kreikka – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kreikka" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्रीस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecland" title="Grecland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Grecland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бырзентәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бырзентәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اليونان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليونان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܝܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Յունաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յունաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A3rtsii" title="Gãrtsii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Gãrtsii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8%C3%A7a" title="Grèça – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Grèça" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="यूनान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="यूनान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyr%C3%A9sia" title="Gyrésia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gyrésia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Герек – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Герек" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisya" title="Grisya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Grisya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan%C4%B1stan" title="Yunanıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunanıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%9Br%C9%9Bsi" title="Gɛrɛsi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gɛrɛsi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্রিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%CC%8Dp" title="Hi-lia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Грэцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Грэцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="यूनान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूनान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gresya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gris" title="Gris – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Gris" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гърция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griachaland" title="Griachaland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Griachaland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀེ་རི་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀེ་རི་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grčka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gres_(bro)" title="Gres (bro) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gres (bro)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Греци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Греци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Греци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Греци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gresya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98ecko" title="Řecko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vugiriki" title="Vugiriki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vugiriki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Groeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6kenland" title="Grækenland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grækenland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ليونان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليونان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greika" title="Greika – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Greika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechenlen" title="Griechenlen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Griechenlen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechenland" title="Griechenland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޔޫނާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔޫނާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahojiy%C3%A1anii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dahojiyáanii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dahojiyáanii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grichiska" title="Grichiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Grichiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ग्रीस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BE%80%E0%BD%A6" title="གྲྀས – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="གྲྀས" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka" title="Kreeka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ελλάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Grécia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Grécia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Греция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Греция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekio" title="Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikkaland" title="Grikkaland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Grikkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikel%C3%A2n" title="Grikelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grikelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecie" title="Grecie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Grecie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghr%C3%A9ig" title="An Ghréig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghréig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghreag" title="Yn Ghreag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghreag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gre%C8%9Biya" title="Grețiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Grețiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghr%C3%A8ig" title="A' Ghrèig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghrèig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Янехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Янехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="希臘" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiriki" title="Ngiriki – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ngiriki" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یۊنان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="یۊنان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8" title="ગ્રીસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રીસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ग्रीस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE-lia%CC%8Dp" title="Hî-lia̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hî-lia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="그리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girka_(%C6%99asa)" title="Girka (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Girka (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene" title="Helene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Helene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հունաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="यूनान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grjekska" title="Grjekska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Grjekska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekia" title="Grekia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresia" title="Gresia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gresia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্রীস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গ্রীস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Грекъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Грекъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisi" title="Grisi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Grisi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGreki" title="IGreki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGreki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikkland" title="Grikkland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grikkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikenlan" title="Grikenlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grikenlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Krɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Krɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ರೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gresya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საბერძნეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greck%C3%B4" title="Greckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Greckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грекия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грекия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Grek" title="Pow Grek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Grek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubugereki" title="Ubugereki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubugereki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubugiriki" title="Ubugiriki – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubugiriki" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugiriki" title="Ugiriki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugiriki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эллада – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эллада" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelesi" title="Gelesi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Gelesi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellasa" title="Ellasa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ellasa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s" title="Grès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s" title="Grès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewnanistan" title="Yewnanistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yewnanistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresia" title="Gresia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gresia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ປະເທດເກຣັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເກຣັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekeja" title="Grekeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Grekeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecia" title="Graecia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graecia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie%C4%B7ija" title="Grieķija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grieķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griicheland" title="Griicheland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Griicheland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graikija" title="Graikija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAcia" title="Grêcia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Grêcia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Griekeland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresi" title="Gresi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gresi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elas" title="Elas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretsii" title="Gretsii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gretsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xesygu%27e" title="xesygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xesygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyonaani" title="Buyonaani – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Buyonaani" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6gorsz%C3%A1g" title="Görögország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görögország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ग्रीस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Грција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisy" title="Grisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്രീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gre%C4%8Bja" title="Greċja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Greċja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirihi" title="Kirihi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kirihi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रीस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საბერძნეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اليونان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليونان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یونان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81" title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-l%C3%A9-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Hĭ-lé-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-lé-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Grécia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grécia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Грекмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Грекмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Грек – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Грек" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂရိနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရိနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekenland" title="Griekenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekenlaand" title="Griekenlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Griekenlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्रीस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3" title="ギリシャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Желтойчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Желтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekenlun" title="Grekenlun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grekenlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griis" title="Griis – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Griis" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hellas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAce" title="Grêce – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Grêce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekia" title="Grekia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Grekia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Grècia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grècia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Греций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Греций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giriik" title="Giriik – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Giriik" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretsiya" title="Gretsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gretsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਯੂਨਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="ग्रीस (यूनान) – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ग्रीस (यूनान)" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresia" title="Gresia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Gresia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresia" title="Gresia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gresia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يونان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يونان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griis" title="Griis – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Griis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эллада – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эллада" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="ក្រិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8che" title="Grèche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Grèche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gris" title="Gris – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Gris" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekenland" title="Grekenland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grekenland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecja" title="Grecja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grecja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ελλάδα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greciya" title="Greciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Greciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanistan" title="Yunanistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yunanistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jrihscheland" title="Jrihscheland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jrihscheland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelenistan" title="Yelenistan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Yelenistan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Grezia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinusuyu" title="Ilinusuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilinusuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґреція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґреція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleni" title="Eleni – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Eleni" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="यवनदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यवनदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یونان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ghia" title="Grèghia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Grèghia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechenlound" title="Griechenlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Griechenlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greqia" title="Greqia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Greqia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grecia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ග්‍රීසිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රීසිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يونان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يونان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGrikhi" title="IGrikhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IGrikhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cko" title="Grécko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dija" title="Grčija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Грьци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Грьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecyj%C5%8F" title="Grecyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grecyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giriiga" title="Giriiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Giriiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یۆنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikikondre" title="Grikikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Grikikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грчка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikka" title="Kreikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekland" title="Grekland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grekland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gresya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81)" title="கிரேக்கம் (நாடு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேக்கம் (நாடு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyunan" title="Lyunan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lyunan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legrig" title="Legrig – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Legrig" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecie" title="Grecie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Grecie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၵရိတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵရိတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="గ్రీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9sia" title="Grésia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Grésia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B" title="ประเทศกรีซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศกรีซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD" title="ግሪክ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ግሪክ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Юнон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Юнон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisi" title="Kalisi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kalisi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎪᎢᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᎢᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanistan" title="Yunanistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunanistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dunanystan" title="Ýunanystan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýunanystan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hela" title="Hela – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Hela" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helat" title="Helat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Helat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Греция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Греція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Греція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گرېتسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گرېتسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihla" title="Sihla – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sihla" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresa" title="Gresa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gresa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekanma" title="Grekanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Grekanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grik%C3%A4n" title="Grikän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Grikän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka" title="Kreeka – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grece" title="Grece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Grece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="希臘" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieknland" title="Grieknland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Grieknland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gresya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girees" title="Girees – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Girees" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希腊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Greece" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="גריכנלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גריכנלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADr%C3%AD%C3%ACs%C3%AC" title="Gíríìsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gíríìsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希臘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan%C4%B1stan" title="Yunanıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yunanıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griek%27nland" title="Griek'nland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Griek'nland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graik%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Graikėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Graikėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giris" title="Giris – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Giris" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorik" title="Gorik – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Gorik" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerika" title="Gerika – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Gerika" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Yunani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junanyston" title="Junanyston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Junanyston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD" title="ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hellenic Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hellenic Republic (disambiguation)">Hellenic Republic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hellenic Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>) Ellinikí Dimokratía</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/125px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/188px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/250px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Greece"><img alt="Coat of arms of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="286" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος Elefthería í Thánatos (English: "<a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Freedom or Death</a>")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν Ímnos is tin Eleftherían (English: "<a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a>") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga/Hymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_to_liberty_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Greece_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EU-Greece_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Greece_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EU-Greece_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Greece_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EU-Greece_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Greece_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/EU-Greece.svg/250px-EU-Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/EU-Greece.svg/375px-EU-Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/EU-Greece.svg/500px-EU-Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Greece (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (light green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greece&params=37_58_N_23_43_E_type:city">37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E / 37.967; 23.717</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2017)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>93% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>90% <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greek Orthodoxy</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)a</li> <li>3% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li><li>1% other<a href="#cite_note-Pew2017-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a></li><li>Hellene</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Parliament Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tasoulas" title="Konstantinos Tasoulas">Konstantinos Tasoulas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Independence declared</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1821 (traditional starting date of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>), 15 January 1822 (<a href="/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus" title="First National Assembly at Epidaurus">official declaration</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)" title="London Protocol (1830)">Recognised</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 February 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1975</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.51 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 10,413,982 (1 January 2023)<a href="#cite_note-population-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">90th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 10,432,481<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">78.9/km2 (204.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">105th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $436.757 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GR-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $42,066<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GR-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $252.732 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GR-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">52nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $24,342<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GR-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31.8<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.893<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+02:00 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+03:00 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>.<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>.<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)b</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Greece" title="Telephone numbers in Greece">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Greece" title="Telephone numbers in Greece">+30</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GR" title="ISO 3166-2:GR">GR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.gr</a>c</li><li><a href="/wiki/.gr#Alternative_top_domain" title=".gr">.ελ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> the only country in the world where Eastern Orthodoxy is clearly recognized as a state religion.<a href="#cite_note-EnyediMadeley2004-10">[10]</a></li><li value="2">Other short formats: dd-mm-yyyy, dd/mm/yyyy</li><li value="3">The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as in other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Greece,<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> officially the Hellenic Republic,<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. Located on the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a>, Greece shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the east. The <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> lies to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">thousands of islands</a>. The country comprises nine <a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">traditional geographic regions</a>, and has a population of over 10.4 million. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> is the nation's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Greece" title="List of cities and towns in Greece">largest city</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>. Greece is considered the cradle of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>, being the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, major <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_classical_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in classical antiquity">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">mathematical</a> principles, <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. From the eighth century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> were organised into various independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> known as poleis (singular <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>) that spanned the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> seas. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">united</a> most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> rapidly conquering much of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world map">known ancient world</a> from the eastern Mediterranean to northwestern India. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> saw the height of <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a> and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its continuation, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, which was predominately Greek in culture and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek identity">Greek identity</a> and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox world</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latin</a> possessions <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">were established</a> in parts of the Greek peninsula, but most of the area fell under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule by the mid-15th century. Following a protracted <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">war of independence</a>, which started in 1821, Greece emerged as a modern <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">nation state</a> in 1830. Over the first hundred years, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> sought <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">territorial expansion</a>, which was mainly realized in the early 20th century during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and up until the catastrophic defeat of its <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Campaign">Asia Minor Campaign</a> in 1922. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">short-lived republic</a> that was established in 1924 was beset by the ramifications of <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">civil strife</a> and the challenge of resettling <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">refugees from Turkey</a>. In 1936 a <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">royalist dictatorship</a> inaugurated a long period of authoritarian rule, marked by <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">military occupation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">military dictatorship</a>. Democracy was <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">restored</a> in 1974–75, leading to the current <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">parliamentary republic</a>. It was a belligerent on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> in 1974. Having achieved <a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s</a>, Greece is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with an advanced <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>. A founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Greece was the tenth member to join what is today the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1981 and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>. It is a member of other international institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (since 1952), the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. Greece has a unique cultural heritage, large <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">tourism industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">prominent shipping sector</a>. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 19 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. Greece was the ninth <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Rankings">most-visited country</a> in the world in 2023. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">Name of Greece</a></div> The native name of the country in Modern Greek is Ελλάδα (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1c\/Ellada.ogg\/Ellada.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Ell\u00e1da"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ellada.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Ellada.ogg/Ellada.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Elláda</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ellada.ogg" title="File:Ellada.ogg">ⓘ</a>, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eˈlaða]</a>). The corresponding form in Ancient Greek and conservative formal Modern Greek (<a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) is Ἑλλάς (Hellas, classical: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[hel.lás]</a>, modern: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eˈlas]</a>). This is the source of the English alternative name Hellas, which is mostly found in archaic or poetic contexts today. The Greek adjectival form ελληνικός (ellinikos, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eliniˈkos]</a>) is sometimes also translated as Hellenic and is often rendered in this way in the formal names of Greek institutions, as in the official name of the Greek state, the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[11]</a> The English names Greece and Greek are derived, via the Latin Graecia and Graecus, from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Graecians" title="Graecians">Graeci</a> (Γραικοί, Graikoí; singular Γραικός, Graikós), one of first <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">ancient Greek tribes</a> to settle <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_Aegean_civilizations">Prehistory and Aegean civilizations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg/170px-Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg/255px-Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg/340px-Entrance_to_the_treasure_of_Atreus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus" title="Treasury of Atreus">Treasury of Atreus</a> (13th century BC) in <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Apidima_Cave" title="Apidima Cave">Apidima Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani</a>, in southern Greece, has been suggested to contain the oldest remains of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern humans">early modern humans</a> outside of Africa, dated to 200,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190710-14">[12]</a> However others suggest the remains represent <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[13]</a> All three stages of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> are represented in Greece, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-16">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC,<a href="#cite_note-Borza-17">[15]</a> are the oldest in Europe, as Greece lies on the route by which farming spread from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is often considered the birthplace of Western civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchesne2011297:_"The_list_of_books_which_have_celebrated_Greece_as_the_"cradle"_of_the_West_is_endless;_two_more_examples_are_Charles_Freeman's_The_Greek_Achievement:_The_Foundation_of_the_Western_World_(1999)_and_Bruce_Thornton's_Greek_Ways:_How_the_Greeks_Created_Western_Civilization_(2000)"_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchesne2011297:_"The_list_of_books_which_have_celebrated_Greece_as_the_"cradle"_of_the_West_is_endless;_two_more_examples_are_Charles_Freeman's_The_Greek_Achievement:_The_Foundation_of_the_Western_World_(1999)_and_Bruce_Thornton's_Greek_Ways:_How_the_Greeks_Created_Western_Civilization_(2000)"-19">[17]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotticiChalland201388:_"The_reason_why_even_such_a_sophisticated_historian_as_Pagden_can_do_it_is_that_the_idea_that_Greece_is_the_cradle_of_civilisation_is_so_much_rooted_in_western_minds_and_school_curricula_as_to_be_taken_for_granted."_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotticiChalland201388:_"The_reason_why_even_such_a_sophisticated_historian_as_Pagden_can_do_it_is_that_the_idea_that_Greece_is_the_cradle_of_civilisation_is_so_much_rooted_in_western_minds_and_school_curricula_as_to_be_taken_for_granted."-20">[18]</a> The earliest of them was the <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a> which flourished on the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, starting around 3200 BC, and produced an abundance of folded-arm and other <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">marble figurines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100 BC to 1100 BC, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, a major cultural and economic centre, was home to the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> known for its <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">colourful art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">religious figurines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">monumental palaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> The Minoans wrote <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">their undeciphered language</a> using scripts known as <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas2012340–351-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalgarella2022-25">[23]</a> On the mainland, the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a> developed around 1750 BC and lasted until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell20217-26">[24]</a> The Mycenaeans possessed <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">advanced military</a> and built <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">large fortifications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> They <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">worshiped</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">many gods</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeer201965–66-28">[26]</a> and used <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> to write the earliest <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attested</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1990-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></div> The collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean civilization</a> ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, the foundational texts of <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a>, are believed to have been composed by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Odyssey_2003-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Poetry</a> shaped beliefs to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Olympian gods</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a> had no priestly class or systematic dogmas and encompassed other currents, such as popular cults, like <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">that of Dionysus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mysteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">magic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> At this time there emerged kingdoms and <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> across the Greek peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">which spread</a> to the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. These reached great prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greece</a>, expressed in <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of ancient Greece">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophy</a>. In 508 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> instituted the world's first <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democratic</a> system of government in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BKDunn1992-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-BKRaaflaud2007-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/220px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/330px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/440px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, icon of classical Greece</figcaption></figure> By 500 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Attempts by Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">failed</a>, and Persia <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">invaded the states of mainland Greece</a> in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> in 490 BC. In response, the Greek city-states formed the Hellenic League in 481 BC, led by <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, which was the first recorded union of Greek states since the mythical union of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waterfield2018-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine1983-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">second Persian invasion of Greece</a> was decisively defeated in 480–479 BC, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a>, marking the eventual withdrawal of the Persians from all their European territories. The Greek victories in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> are a pivotal moment in history,<a href="#cite_note-Strauss2005-40">[38]</a> as the 50 years of peace afterwards are known as the <a href="/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens" title="Fifth-century Athens">Golden Age of Athens</a>, a seminal period that laid many foundations of Western civilization. Lack of political unity resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> (431–404 BC), which marked the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenian Empire</a> and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Spartan_hegemony" title="Spartan hegemony">Spartan</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Theban_hegemony" title="Theban hegemony">Theban hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington201542–43-41">[39]</a> Weakened by constant wars among them during the 4th century BC, the Greek poleis were subjugated to the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">rising power</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedon">kingdom of Macedon</a> under king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> into an alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">Hellenic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/97px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/146px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/194px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2213" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:289px;max-width:289px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MacedonEmpire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/287px-MacedonEmpire.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/431px-MacedonEmpire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/574px-MacedonEmpire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="951" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, whose conquests led to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></div></div></div></div> After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, his son and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Macedon">king of Macedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, set himself leader of a <a href="/wiki/Panhellenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenism">Panhellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> and abolished it. Undefeated in battle, he marched, until his untimely death in 323 BC, to the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Alexander's empire fragmented, inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">fierce conflict</a> amongst themselves, the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">generals that succeeded Alexander and their successors</a> founded large personal kingdoms in the areas he had conquered, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egypt</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The newly founded poleis of these kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, were settled by Greeks as members of a ruling minority. As a result, during the centuries that followed a vernacular form of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">koine</a>, and Greek culture was <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">spread</a>, while the Greeks <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">adopted Eastern deities and cults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Greek science, technology, and mathematics reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Aspiring to maintain their autonomy and independence from the <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>, many poleis of Greece united in koina or <a href="/wiki/Sympoliteia" title="Sympoliteia">sympoliteiai</a> i.e. federations, while after the establishment of economic relations with the East, a stratum of wealthy <a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">euergetai</a> dominated their internal life.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_province_(146_BC_–_4th_century_AD)">Roman province (146 BC – 4th century AD)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Greece in the Roman era</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg/250px-Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg/375px-Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg/500px-Athen_Odeon_Herodes_Atticus_BW_2017-10-09_13-12-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6548" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Odeon_of_Herodes_Atticus" title="Odeon of Herodes Atticus">Odeon of Herodes Atticus</a> in Athens, built in 161 AD</figcaption></figure> From about 200 BC the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Republic</a> became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">series of wars with Macedon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flower-48">[46]</a> Macedon's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a> in 168 BC signalled the end of <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid</a> power.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In 146 BC, Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-Flower-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-50">[48]</a> The process was completed in 27 BC, when emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-50">[48]</a> Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">heavily influenced</a> by Greek culture.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenised East were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> and Christianity's early leaders and writers were mostly Greek-speaking, though not from Greece itself.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was written in Greek, and some sections attest to the importance of churches in Greece in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD,<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 391–392.<a href="#cite_note-FriellWilliams2005-55">[53]</a> The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393,<a href="#cite_note-Perrottet2004-56">[54]</a> and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2005-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haldon1990-58">[56]</a> The closure of the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> Academy of Athens by Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the academy continued.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2005-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period_(4th–15th_century)">Medieval period (4th–15th century)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></div> The Roman Empire in the east, following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but called "Kingdom of the Romans" in its own time. With its capital in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, its language and culture were Greek and its religion was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> The Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">barbarian invasions</a>;<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> raids by <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in the 4th and 5th centuries and the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Slavic</a> invasion in the 7th century resulted in a collapse in imperial authority in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135–6-62">[60]</a> The imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135–6-62">[60]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199163–6-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> However, the view that Greece underwent decline, fragmentation and depopulation is considered outdated, as cities show institutional continuity and prosperity between the 4th and 6th centuries. In the early 6th century, Greece had approximately 80 cities according to the <a href="/wiki/Synecdemus" title="Synecdemus">Synekdemos</a> chronicle, and the 4th to the 7th century is considered one of high prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-Rothaus2000-65">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg/330px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg/495px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg/660px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire after the death of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> in 1025</figcaption></figure> Until the 8th century almost all of modern Greece was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Leo_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leo III">Emperor Leo III</a> moved the border of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> westward and northward in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a> began in the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again.<a href="#cite_note-EB2-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199179–83-68">[66]</a> This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199163–6-63">[61]</a> During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-EB2-67">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> was instrumental in the spread of Greek ideas to the wider <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-69">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg/220px-%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg/330px-%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg/440px-%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>View of the medieval fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a></figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and fall of Constantinople to the "<a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latins</a>" in 1204, mainland Greece was split between the Greek <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus#Foundation" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> rule<a href="#cite_note-EB3-70">[68]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EB3A-71">[69]</a> The re-establishment of the imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, while the islands remained under Genoese and Venetian control.<a href="#cite_note-EB3-70">[68]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Paleologi dynasty</a> (1261–1453) a new era of Greek patriotism emerged accompanied by a turning back to ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-RuncimanRunciman1985-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-CareyCarey1968-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire to the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB4-77">[75]</a> Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453 and by 1460, Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece was complete.<a href="#cite_note-EB5-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venetian_possessions_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)">Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands</a></div> While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> remained <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> and did not fall to the Ottomans until <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">1571</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">1669</a> respectively and Venice <a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">maintained control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> until 1797, after which they fell under first French, then British control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199210-79">[77]</a> While some Greeks in the Ionian islands and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> lived in prosperity, and Greeks of Constantinople (<a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Phanariots</a>) achieved power within the Ottoman administration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199223-80">[78]</a> much of Greece suffered the economic consequences of Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> while the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from European historical developments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg19923-82">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Christians faced discrimination. Discrimination, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199214-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg/220px-White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg/330px-White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg/440px-White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessaloniki" title="White Tower of Thessaloniki">White Tower of Thessaloniki</a>, one of the best-known Ottoman structures remaining in Greece</figcaption></figure> The nature of Ottoman administration of Greece varied, though it was invariably arbitrary and often harsh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199214-83">[81]</a> Some cities had governors appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Sultan</a>, while others, like Athens, were self-governed municipalities. Mountainous regions in the interior and many islands remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg1992-84">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as a "dark age" in Greek history,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199215-85">[83]</a> with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, prior to the Greek Revolution of 1821, there had been wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199215-85">[83]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> of 1684–1699, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>-instigated <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> in 1770.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Many Greeks were conscripted as Ottoman subjects to serve in the Ottoman army and especially the navy, while the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, responsible for the Orthodox, remained in general loyal to the Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_nation-state">Modern nation-state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">History of modern Greece</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_War_of_Independence_(1821–1832)">Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg/190px-The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg/285px-The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg/380px-The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The sortie (exodus) of <a href="/wiki/Messolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Messolonghi">Messolonghi</a>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="Third siege of Missolonghi">third siege of Missolonghi</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a></figcaption></figure> In the 18th century, Greek merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, established communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199221,_23-88">[86]</a> and used their wealth to fund educational activities that brought younger generations into contact with Western ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199225,_26,_27-89">[87]</a> In the 18th century, an increase in learning during the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a> led to the emergence among <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernized</a> Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">notion of a Greek nation</a>. A secret organization formed in this milieu was the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a>, in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> They engaged <a href="/wiki/Traditional_society" title="Traditional society">traditional strata</a> of the Greek Orthodox world in their <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalist</a> cause.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The first revolt began on 6 March 1821 in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>, but was put down by the Ottomans. This spurred the Greeks of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and on 17 March the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> declared war on the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_D._2001,_pp._235-92">[90]</a> By October 1821 the Greeks had captured <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolitsa</a>. There were revolts in Crete, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>, which were suppressed. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, committing <a href="/wiki/Massacres_during_the_Greek_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres during the Greek Revolution">massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer,_D._2001,_pp._235-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> This galvanized opinion in western Europe in favour of the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Ali of Egypt">Mehmet Ali of Egypt</a>, who agreed to send his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> with an army, in return for territorial gain.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> By the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">great powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, each sent a navy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The allied fleet destroyed the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>, and the Greeks captured Central Greece by 1828. The <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">nascent Greek state</a> was recognised under the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1830)" title="London Protocol (1830)">London Protocol</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Greece">Kingdom of Greece</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg/240px-Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg/360px-Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg/480px-Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3435" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Entry of <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">King Otto</a> in Athens, painted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a> in 1839</figcaption></figure> In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Third_National_Assembly_at_Troezen" title="Third National Assembly at Troezen">Third National Assembly at Troezen</a> as the first governor of the <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a>. Kapodistrias established state, economic and military institutions. Tensions appeared between him and local interests and, following his assassination in 1831 and the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832" title="London Conference of 1832">London Conference of 1832</a>, Britain, France and Russia installed Bavarian Prince <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto von Wittelsbach</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Wittelsbach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)">monarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica_otto-100">[98]</a> Otto's reign was <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotic</a>, and in its first 11 years of independence Greece was ruled by a Bavarian oligarchy led by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ludwig_von_Armansperg" title="Josef Ludwig von Armansperg">Josef Ludwig von Armansperg</a> and, later, by Otto himself, as King and Premier.<a href="#cite_note-britannica_otto-100">[98]</a> Greece remained under the influence of its three protecting great powers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> In 1843 an <a href="/wiki/3_September_1843_Revolution" title="3 September 1843 Revolution">uprising</a> forced Otto to grant a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">representative assembly</a>. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> of Otto's reign, it proved instrumental in developing institutions which are still the bedrock of Greek administration and education.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_imperialism-102">[100]</a> Reforms were taken in education, maritime and postal communications, effective civil administration and the <a href="/wiki/Legal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal code">legal code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia50–51-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> took the form of de-<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantinification</a> and de-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomanisation</a>, in favour of promoting Ancient Greek heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof2001101–113-104">[102]</a> The capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>, where it had been since 1829, to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, then a smaller town.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> was established as Greece's <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a> and 25 March, the day of <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, was chosen as the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> to reinforce the link between Greek identity and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof2001101–113-104">[102]</a> Otto <a href="/wiki/23_October_1862_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="23 October 1862 Revolution">was deposed</a> in 1862 because of the Bavarian-dominated government, heavy taxation, and a failed attempt to annex Crete from the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-britannica_otto-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_imperialism-102">[100]</a> He was replaced by Prince Wilhelm of Denmark, who took the name <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">new Constitution in 1864</a> changed Greece's form of government from <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> to the more democratic <a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia239"Διὰ_τοῦ_Συντάγματος_τοῦ_1864_καθιερώθει_ὡς_πολίτευμα_διὰ_τὴν_Ἑλλάδα_ἡ_κοινοβουλευτικὴ_μοναρχία,_ἣ,_ὅπως_ἄλλως_ἐχαρακτηρίσθη,_ἡ_«βασιλευομένη_δημοκρατία»_ἣ_«δημοκρατικὴ_βασιλεία»"_[Through_the_Constitution_of_1864,_constitutional_monarchy,_or,_as_it_had_been_described,_"crowned_democracy",_or_"democratic_monarchy",_was_consolidated_as_the_form_of_government_in_Greece]_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia239"Διὰ_τοῦ_Συντάγματος_τοῦ_1864_καθιερώθει_ὡς_πολίτευμα_διὰ_τὴν_Ἑλλάδα_ἡ_κοινοβουλευτικὴ_μοναρχία,_ἣ,_ὅπως_ἄλλως_ἐχαρακτηρίσθη,_ἡ_«βασιλευομένη_δημοκρατία»_ἣ_«δημοκρατικὴ_βασιλεία»"_[Through_the_Constitution_of_1864,_constitutional_monarchy,_or,_as_it_had_been_described,_"crowned_democracy",_or_"democratic_monarchy",_was_consolidated_as_the_form_of_government_in_Greece]-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In 1875 <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary majority">parliamentary majority</a> as a requirement for government was introduced,<a href="#cite_note-constitutional_history-109">[107]</a> curbing the power of the monarchy to appoint <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority governments</a>. Corruption, coupled with increased spending to fund infrastructure like the <a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> overtaxed the weak economy and forced the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">public insolvency</a> in 1893. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg/250px-Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg/375px-Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg/500px-Map_Greece_expansion_1832-1947-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>The territorial evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> from 1832 to 1947</figcaption></figure> Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Hellenic lands</a> under Ottoman rule; the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)</a> had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russia and the Ottomans in 1877</a>, Greek sentiment rallied to Russia, but Greece was too poor and concerned about British intervention, to enter the war.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Greeks in Crete continued to stage revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a>, the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated. Through the intervention of the Great Powers, however, Greece lost little territory, while Crete was established as an <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">autonomous state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Greece">Prince George of Greece</a>. With state coffers empty, fiscal policy came under <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="International Financial Control">International Financial Control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The government, aiming to quell <a href="/wiki/Komitadjis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komitadjis">Komitadjis</a> and detach the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_in_Ottoman_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia">Slavophone peasants of the region</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Macedonians">Bulgarian</a> influence, sponsored a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> campaign in Ottoman-ruled <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a>, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion,_disaster,_and_reconstruction">Expansion, disaster, and reconstruction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece in the Balkan Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a></div> Amidst dissatisfaction with the seeming inertia and unattainability of <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">national aspirations</a>, military officers organised a <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">coup</a> in 1909 and called on <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, who conveyed a vision of national regeneration. After winning <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_August_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, August 1910">two</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_November_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, November 1910">elections</a> and becoming prime minister in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower1992886,_890–893,_895–900,_904-114">[112]</a> Venizelos initiated fiscal, social, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">constitutional reforms</a>, reorganised the military, made Greece a member of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, and led it through the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>. By 1913, Greece's territory and population had doubled, annexing Crete, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>. The struggle between <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">King Constantine I</a> and charismatic Venizelos over foreign policy on the eve of First World War dominated politics and divided the country into <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">two opposing groups</a>. During parts of the war, Greece had two governments: A royalist <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">pro-German</a> one in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelist</a> pro-<a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> one in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. They united in 1917, when Greece entered the war on the side of the Entente. After the war, Greece attempted expansion into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, a region with a large native Greek population, but was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>, contributing to a flight of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Asia Minor Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibney-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> These events overlapped, happening during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1914–22),<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> when Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks, along with similar numbers of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrians</a> and a larger number of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a>. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> which ended the war.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey (some of whom could not speak Greek) had to be integrated into Greek society. The refugees made a dramatic population boost, as they were more than a quarter of Greece's prior population.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished <a href="/wiki/Greek_republic_referendum,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek republic referendum, 1924">via a referendum</a> in 1924 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> declared.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In 1935, a royalist general-turned-politician <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis" title="Georgios Kondylis">Georgios Kondylis</a> took power after a coup and abolished the republic, holding <a href="/wiki/Greek_monarchy_referendum,_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek monarchy referendum, 1935">a rigged referendum</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">King George II</a> was restored to the throne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dictatorship,_World_War_II,_and_reconstruction">Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></div> An agreement between Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> and George II followed in 1936, which installed Metaxas as head of a dictatorship known as the <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a>, inaugurating <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian rule</a> that would last until 1974.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82,_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg/220px-%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg/330px-%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg/440px-%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>People in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> celebrate the liberation from the Axis powers, October 1944. Postwar Greece would soon experience a <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">civil war</a> and political polarization.</figcaption></figure> In October 1940, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> demanded the surrender of Greece, but it <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">refused</a>, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFafaliosHadjipateras1995157-126">[124]</a> French general <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> praised the fierceness of the Greek resistance, but the country fell to urgently dispatched <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a>. The Nazis proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions were given to Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–42, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#Greece" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a>, the economy was ruined, and most <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek Jews</a> (tens of thousands) were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2001155-128">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a>, one of the most effective resistance movements, fought against the Nazis. The German occupiers committed <a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#Greece" title="German war crimes">atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages</a> in reprisals. Hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1 million Greeks left homeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2001155-128">[126]</a> The Germans executed around 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000, and the Italians 9,000.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Following liberation, Greece annexed the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a> from Italy and regained <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> from Bulgaria. The country descended into a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> forces and the anti-communist Greek government, which lasted until 1949, with the latter's victory. The conflict, one of the earliest struggles of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Noam&Chomsky-130">[128]</a> resulted in further economic devastation, population displacement and political polarisation for the next thirty years.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-131">[129]</a> Although post-war was characterised by social strife and marginalisation of the left, Greece experienced <a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">rapid economic growth</a> and recovery, propelled in part by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In 1952, Greece joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, reinforcing its membership in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">King Constantine II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apostasia_of_1965" title="Apostasia of 1965">dismissal</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Papandreou (senior)">George Papandreou</a>'s centrist government in 1965 prompted political turbulence, which culminated in a coup in 1967 by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Georgios Papadopoulos</a>. Civil rights were suspended, political repression intensified, and human rights abuses, including torture, were rampant. Economic growth remained rapid before plateauing in 1972. The brutal suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a> in 1973 set in motion the fall of the regime, resulting in a counter-coup that established brigadier <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a> as the new junta strongman. On 20 July 1974, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus</a> in response to a Greek-backed Cypriot coup, triggering a crisis in Greece that led to the regime's collapse and restoration of democracy through <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Hellenic_Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accession_of_Greece_to_the_European_Union.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Accession_of_Greece_to_the_European_Union.png/220px-Accession_of_Greece_to_the_European_Union.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Accession_of_Greece_to_the_European_Union.png 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Signing at <a href="/wiki/Zappeion" title="Zappeion">Zappeion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Karamanlis">Constantine Karamanlis</a> of the documents for the accession of Greece to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Communities</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> The former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a> was invited back from self-exile and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1974">first multiparty elections</a> since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising. A democratic and republican <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">constitution</a> was promulgated in 1975 following a <a href="/wiki/Greek_republic_referendum,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek republic referendum, 1974">referendum</a> which chose not to restore the monarchy. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>, George Papandreou's son, founded the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">Panhellenic Socialist Movement</a> (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> party, with the two political formations dominating government over the next four decades. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-integrated1974-135">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdamHartDavis-136">[133]</a> Greece became the tenth member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> in 1981, ushering in sustained growth. Investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and growing revenue from tourism, shipping, and a fast-growing service sector raised the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. In 1981, the election of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> resulted in reforms over the 1980s. He recognised civil marriage, the dowry was abolished, while education and foreign policy doctrines changed. However, Papandreou's tenure has been associated with corruption, high inflation, stagnation and budget deficits that later caused problems.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympic Games</a> in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-138">[135]</a> In 2010, Greece suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and related <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">European sovereign debt crisis</a>. Due to the adoption of the euro, Greece could no longer <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devalue</a> its currency to regain competitiveness.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In the 2012 elections, there was major political change, with new parties emerging from the collapse of the two main parties, PASOK and New Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a> was elected as prime minister, the first outside the two main parties.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a>, and subsequent austerity policies, resulted in social strife. The crisis ended around 2018, with the end of the bailout mechanisms and return of growth.<a href="#cite_note-Bailout_exit_Reuters-142">[139]</a> Simultaneously, Tsipras, and the leader of North Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Zaev" title="Zoran Zaev">Zoran Zaev</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">Prespa Agreement</a>, solving the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a> that had strained the relations and eased the latter's way to become a member of the EU and NATO.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> became Greece's new prime minister, after his centre-right New Democracy won the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In 2020, Greece's parliament elected a non-partisan candidate, <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a>, as the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> In February 2024, Greece became the first Orthodox Christian country to recognise same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greece_topo.jpg/250px-Greece_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greece_topo.jpg/375px-Greece_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greece_topo.jpg/500px-Greece_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Greece</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos,_Greece_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos%2C_Greece_%2812%29.jpg/220px-Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos%2C_Greece_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos%2C_Greece_%2812%29.jpg/330px-Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos%2C_Greece_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos%2C_Greece_%2812%29.jpg/440px-Shipwreck_Beach_-_Western_coast_of_Zakynthos%2C_Greece_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navagio" class="mw-redirect" title="Navagio">Navagio</a> (<a href="/wiki/MV_Panagiotis" title="MV Panagiotis">shipwreck</a>) bay, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a> island</figcaption></figure> Located in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Greece-147">[144]</a> and Southeast Europe,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, ending at the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> peninsula (separated from the mainland by the <a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">canal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a>) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-154">[d]</a> Its highly indented coastline and numerous islands give Greece the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_length_of_coastline" title="List of countries by length of coastline">11th longest national coastline</a> in the world, with 13,676 km (8,498 mi);<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">34°</a> and <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19°</a> and <a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_east" title="30th meridian east">30° E</a>, with the extreme points being:<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> the village <a href="/wiki/Ormenio" title="Ormenio">Ormenio</a> in the North and the islands <a href="/wiki/Gavdos" title="Gavdos">Gavdos</a> (South), <a href="/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis" title="Strongyli Megistis">Strongyli</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>/Megisti (East), and <a href="/wiki/Othonoi" title="Othonoi">Othonoi</a> (West). The island <a href="/wiki/Gavdos" title="Gavdos">Gavdos</a> is considered the southernmost island of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:7-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-158">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg/220px-Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg/330px-Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg/440px-Olympus_National_Park_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a> is the highest mountain in Greece and mythical abode of the <a href="/wiki/Gods_of_Olympus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods of Olympus">Gods of Olympus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Approximately 80% of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, the mythical abode of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Greek Gods</a>, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft),<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Smolikas" title="Smolikas">Mt. Smolikas</a> (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east–west travel. Its extensions cross through the Peloponnese, ending in the island of Crete. The <a href="/wiki/Vikos_Gorge" title="Vikos Gorge">Vikos Gorge</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Vikos-Aoos_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikos-Aoos National Park">Vikos-Aoos National Park</a> in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Another notable formation are the <a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a> rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> range, spreading across the region of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a>; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Dadia_Forest" title="Dadia Forest">Dadia Forest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros regional unit</a>, in the far northeast of the country. Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a>. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">List of islands of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionian_sea_islands,_pic6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic6.JPG/220px-Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic6.JPG/330px-Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic6.JPG/440px-Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Greek mainland and several small islands seen from <a href="/wiki/Nydri" title="Nydri">Nydri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a></figcaption></figure> Greece features a <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">vast number of islands</a>—between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, separated from the mainland by the 60 m-wide <a href="/wiki/Euripus_Strait" title="Euripus Strait">Euripus Strait</a>, is the second largest, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: the <a href="/wiki/Argo-Saronic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Argo-Saronic Islands">Argo-Saronic Islands</a> in the Saronic gulf near Athens; the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea; the <a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a>, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey; the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey; the <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea; and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Greece_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Greece's Köppen Climate Types</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">climate of Greece</a> is primarily <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Csa),<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> featuring mild to cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_Atlas_of_Greece_(Hellenic_National_Meteorological_Service)-164">[160]</a> This climate occurs at most of the coastal locations, including <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> effect),<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> resulting to some coastal areas in the south falling to the hot <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: BSh) category, such as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Riviera" title="Athens Riviera">Athens Riviera</a> and some of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, as well as some areas in the north featuring a cold equivalent climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: BSk), such as the cities of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>. The mountainous areas and the higher elevations of northwestern Greece (parts of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a>) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a> – feature an <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: D, E) with heavy snowfalls during the winter. Most of the inland parts of northern Greece, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, the lower elevations of <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a> feature a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfa) with cold, damp winters and hot, moderately dry summers with occasional thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief periods of snowy weather are possible even in low-lying southern areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Greece" title="Wildlife of Greece">Wildlife of Greece</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Greece belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a> and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region">Mediterranean Region</a> and the Illyrian province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a>, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_deciduous_forests" title="Illyrian deciduous forests">Illyrian deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Pindus Mountains mixed forests">Pindus Mountains mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_montane_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodope montane mixed forests">Rhodope montane mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_and_Western_Turkey_sclerophyllous_and_mixed_forests" title="Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests">Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crete_Mediterranean_forests" title="Crete Mediterranean forests">Crete Mediterranean forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-167">[163]</a> It had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.6/10, ranking it 70th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-168">[164]</a> In 2024, Greece became the first country in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to ban <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> what should protect its <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Biodiversity">marine biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, and the wild goat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg/250px-Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg/375px-Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg/500px-Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>The building of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Palace" title="Old Royal Palace">Old Royal Palace</a>) in central <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg/140px-President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg/210px-President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg/280px-President_Sakellaropoulou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="888" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of Greece</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_(2021-12-08)_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_%282021-12-08%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/144px-Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_%282021-12-08%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_%282021-12-08%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/216px-Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_%282021-12-08%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_%282021-12-08%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Kyriakos_Mitsotakis_%282021-12-08%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="864" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a></div></div></div></div></div> The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a>, establishing Greece as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-con51,53-170">[166]</a> was enacted in 1975, after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">military dictatorship of 1967–1974</a>, and has been amended four times since. It consists of 120 articles, provides for a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> into <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branches</a>, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitutional_amendment_of_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rights">social rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDagtoglou199121-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenizelos2002131–32,_165–72-172">[168]</a> Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-con51,53-170">[166]</a> According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of the Republic</a>, who is the nominal head of state, is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Parliament</a> for a five-year term and promulgates statutes passed by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-con51,53-170">[166]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitutional_amendment_of_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Constitutional amendment of 1986">Constitutional amendment of 1986</a> rendered the President's office largely ceremonial; the most powerful officeholder is thus the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">prime minister</a>, Greece's head of government.<a href="#cite_note-M477-478-173">[169]</a> The position is filled by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Greece">current leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">political party</a> that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The president of the republic formally appoints the prime minister and, on their recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-con51,53-170">[166]</a> Members of Parliament are elected in <a href="/wiki/Direct_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct elections">direct elections</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_in_the_Hellenic_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the Hellenic Parliament">are conducted with a system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">"reinforced" proportional representation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">favouring the party winning a plurality of the popular vote</a> and leading to the formation of single-party governments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece#Election_of_the_legislature" title="Elections in Greece">Parliamentary elections</a> are held every four years, but early elections are proclaimed by the President on the cabinet's proposal or if a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> passes in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-con51,53-170">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">voting age</a> is 17.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> was legislated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Constitution_of_1952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Constitution of 1952 (page does not exist)">1952</a>. According to an OECD report, Greeks display a moderate level of civic participation compared to most other developed countries; voter turnout was 58% during recent elections, lower than the OECD average of 69%.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">List of political parties in Greece</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">restoration of democracy</a> in 1974–1975, the Greek party system was dominated by the liberal-conservative <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> (ND) and the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">Panhellenic Socialist Movement</a> (PASOK).<a href="#cite_note-176">[e]</a> PASOK and New Democracy largely alternated in power until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">government-debt crisis</a> in 2009, whenceforth they experienced a sharp decline in popularity,<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> manifested in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_May_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, May 2012">parliamentary elections of May 2012</a>, when the left-wing <a href="/wiki/SYRIZA" class="mw-redirect" title="SYRIZA">SYRIZA</a> became the second major party,<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> overtaking PASOK as the main party of the centre-left.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/June_2023_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2023 Greek legislative election">repeat election in June 2023</a>, New Democracy gained almost 41% of the popular vote and a parliamentary majority of 158 and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a>, who <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="First Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis">had been Prime Minister</a> from <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019</a> until the <a href="/wiki/May_2023_Greek_legislative_election" title="May 2023 Greek legislative election">inconclusive election of May 2023</a>, was sworn in for a <a href="/wiki/Second_Cabinet_of_Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Second Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis">second four-year term</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> Other parties represented in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> (KKE), <a href="/wiki/Greek_Solution" title="Greek Solution">Greek Solution</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Greece)" title="New Left (Greece)">New Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spartans_(Greek_political_party)" title="Spartans (Greek political party)">Spartans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victory_(Greek_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory (Greek political party)">Victory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Course_of_Freedom" title="Course of Freedom">Course of Freedom</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg/330px-Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg/495px-Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg/660px-Foreign_relations_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Representation through:<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  embassy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  embassy in another country <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  general consulate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  no representation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Greece</figcaption></figure> Foreign policy is conducted through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> and its head, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Dendias" title="Nikos Dendias">Nikos Dendias</a>. The aims of the Ministry are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguard the interests of the state and its citizens abroad; promote Greek culture; foster closer relations with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a>; and encourage international cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-MFA_mission-186">[181]</a> Greece is described as having a <a href="/wiki/Special_relationship_(international_relations)" title="Special relationship (international relations)">special relationship</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Italy, France, Armenia, Australia, Israel, the US and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Following the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">Prespa Agreement</a> in 2018, the Ministry identifies two remaining issues of particular importance to the Greek state: <a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty rights</a> in the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace, and the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_forces_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus">Turkish occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MFA_issues-193">[188]</a> There is a long-standing conflict between Turkey and Greece over natural resources in the eastern Mediterranean. Turkey does not recognize a legal <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> around the Greek islands.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> Due to its geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is of geostrategic importance, which it has leveraged to develop a regional policy to promote peace and stability in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Mediterranean and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-MFA_regional_policy-195">[190]</a> This has accorded the country <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-Thanos-Veremēs-196">[191]</a> Greece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation internationale de la francophonie">Organisation internationale de la francophonie</a> and the UN, of which it is a founding member. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Armed_Forces" title="Hellenic Armed Forces">Hellenic Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg/192px-HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg/288px-HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg/384px-HAF_F-16D_Falcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, the main combat aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a>, during an airshow</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg/172px-Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg/258px-Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg/344px-Hellenic_Army_-_LEO2A6HEL_-_7231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>A6 HEL of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a> on parade in Athens</div></div></div></div></div> The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Defense_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic National Defense General Staff">Hellenic National Defense General Staff</a> (Greek: Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας – ΓΕΕΘΑ), with civilian authority vested in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Greece)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Greece)">Ministry of National Defence</a>. It consists of three branches:<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a> (Ellinikos Stratos, ES), the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a> (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN) and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a> (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA). Moreover, Greece maintains the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Hellenic Coast Guard</a> for law enforcement at sea, search and rescue, and port operations. Though it can support the navy during wartime, it resides under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Shipping_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Shipping (Greece)">Ministry of Shipping</a>. Greek military personnel total 364,050, of whom 142,700 are active and 221,350 are reserve. Greece <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">ranks 28th in the world</a> in the number of citizens serving in the armed forces. <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Mandatory military service</a> is generally one year for 19 to 45 year olds.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Greece-147">[144]</a> Additionally, Greek males between the ages of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. As a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance, although its involvement in NATO missions is minimal.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> Greece spends over US$7 billion annually on its military, or 2.3% of GDP, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">24th-highest in the world</a> in absolute terms, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditure per capita">seventh-highest</a> on a per capita basis, and the second-highest in NATO after the United States. Moreover, Greece is one of only five NATO countries to meet or surpass the minimum defence spending target of 2% of GDP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_justice">Law and justice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Greece" title="Judiciary of Greece">Judiciary of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Hellenic Police</a></div> The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a>. The judicial system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between citizens and the Greek administrative authorities. The Hellenic Police is the national police force. It is a large agency with its responsibilities ranging from <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">road traffic control</a> to <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>. It was established in 1984, after the merge of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Gendarmerie" title="Hellenic Gendarmerie">Hellenic Gendarmerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cities_Police" title="Cities Police">Cities Police</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions of Greece</a></div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Kallikratis_Programme" title="Kallikratis Programme">Kallikratis Programme</a> reform entered into effect in January 2011, Greece has consisted of 13 <a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">regions</a> subdivided into a total of 325, from 2019 332 (<a href="/wiki/Kleisthenis_I_Programme" title="Kleisthenis I Programme">Kleisthenis I Programme</a>), <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Greece">municipalities</a>. The 54 old <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">prefectures and prefecture-level administrations</a> have been largely retained as <a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">sub-units</a> of the regions. Seven <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">decentralised administrations</a> group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is one <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"),<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> which borders the region of <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> <th>Map</th> <th>No.</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">Region</a></th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Area (sq mi)</th> <th>Population <a href="#cite_note-2021CensusGRC-202">[197]</a></th> <th>GDP (<a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">bn</a>) <a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Regional_GDP_2016-203">[198]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg/400px-Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg/600px-Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg/800px-Peripheries_of_Greece_numbered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8460" data-file-height="7315" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,808</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,470</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,814,064</td> <td style="text-align:right">€84 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(city)" title="Lamia (city)">Lamia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15,549</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,004</td> <td style="text-align:right">508,254</td> <td style="text-align:right">€8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,811</td> <td style="text-align:right">7,263</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,795,669</td> <td style="text-align:right">€24 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8,259</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,189</td> <td style="text-align:right">624,408</td> <td style="text-align:right">€9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Macedonia_and_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="East Macedonia and Thrace">East Macedonia and Thrace</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komotini" title="Komotini">Komotini</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">14,158</td> <td style="text-align:right">5,466</td> <td style="text-align:right">562,201</td> <td style="text-align:right">€7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,203</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,553</td> <td style="text-align:right">319,991</td> <td style="text-align:right">€4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands_(region)" title="Ionian Islands (region)">Ionian Islands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Corfu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,307</td> <td style="text-align:right">891</td> <td style="text-align:right">204,532</td> <td style="text-align:right">€3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean" title="North Aegean">North Aegean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,836</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,481</td> <td style="text-align:right">194,943</td> <td style="text-align:right">€2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(region)" title="Peloponnese (region)">Peloponnese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripoli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15,490</td> <td style="text-align:right">5,981</td> <td style="text-align:right">539,535</td> <td style="text-align:right">€8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Aegean" title="South Aegean">South Aegean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ermoupoli" title="Ermoupoli">Ermoupoli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,286</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,041</td> <td style="text-align:right">327,820</td> <td style="text-align:right">€6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">14,034</td> <td style="text-align:right">5,420</td> <td style="text-align:right">688,255</td> <td style="text-align:right">€9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="West Greece">West Greece</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">11,350</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,382</td> <td style="text-align:right">648,220</td> <td style="text-align:right">€8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Macedonia">West Macedonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,451</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,649</td> <td style="text-align:right">254,595</td> <td style="text-align:right">€4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">(14)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karyes_(Athos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karyes (Athos)">Karyes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">390</td> <td style="text-align:right">151</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,746</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">List of Greek subdivisions by GDP</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg/290px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg/435px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg/580px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development</figcaption></figure> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greece&action=edit">[update]</a>, the economy was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">54th</a> largest by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) at $417 billion.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_GDP_(PPP)-205">[200]</a> Greece is the 15th largest economy in the 27-member <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> In per person income, Greece is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">51st</a> in the world at $40,000. The economy is advanced<a href="#cite_note-Advanced_economies-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-High_income_economies-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High income economy">high-income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-High_income_economies-210">[205]</a> Greece is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with a high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and high ranking in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> Its economy mainly comprises the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> (85%) and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> (12%), while agriculture makes up 3%.<a href="#cite_note-GDP_by_sector-216">[211]</a> Important Greek industries include <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">tourism</a> (with 33 million<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> international tourists in 2023, it is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">9th most visited country in the world</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Merchant Navy">merchant shipping</a> (at 18% of the world's total capacity,<a href="#cite_note-auto-218">[213]</a> the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union. In 2021 unemployment stood at 13% and <a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">youth unemployment</a> at 33%, compared with respectively 7% and 16% in the EU and eurozone.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans,<a href="#cite_note-BalkanInsight-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keridis-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> and an important regional investor.<a href="#cite_note-BalkanInsight-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keridis-221">[216]</a> It has been the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania and most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-AydinIfantis2004-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2012-224">[219]</a> The Greek telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/OTE" title="OTE">OTE</a> has become a strong investor in other Balkan countries.<a href="#cite_note-Bell2002-225">[220]</a> Greece was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a> (BSEC). In 1979, its accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Market_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Market (European Union)">single market</a> was signed, and completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a> in June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drachma_exchange_rate-226">[221]</a> Greece is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt_crisis_(2010–2018)">Debt crisis (2010–2018)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png/310px-Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png/465px-Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png/620px-Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Greece's debt percentage since 1977, compared to the average of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a></figcaption></figure> Leading up to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, Greece had high structural <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">deficits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-227">[222]</a> In 2009, it was revealed deficits had been considerably higher than official figures.<a href="#cite_note-:3-228">[223]</a> Banks had supplied cash in exchange for future payments by various governments; in turn the liabilities of the countries were "kept off the books", hiding borrowing levels.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-231">[226]</a> This enabled Greece to spend beyond its means, while technically meeting the deficit target in the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Der_Spiegel-232">[227]</a> The crisis was triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, which caused Greece's GDP to contract 2.5% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> Simultaneously, deficits were revealed to have been allowed to reach 10% and 15% in 2008 and 2009. This caused Greece's debt-to-GDP ratio to increase to 127%.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> member, Greece had no autonomous <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union#Monetary_policy_inflexibility" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">monetary policy flexibility</a>. Greece's borrowing rates increased, causing a crisis of confidence in Greece's ability to pay back loans in early 2010.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> To avert a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a>, Greece, other eurozone members, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> agreed on a €110 billion rescue package in May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Greece was required to adopt harsh <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures to bring its deficit down.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> A second bail-out of €130 billion was agreed in 2012, subject to financial reforms and further austerity.<a href="#cite_note-BBCQ&A-240">[235]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt haircut</a> was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-BBCQ&A-240">[235]</a> Greece achieved a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">budget surplus</a> in 2013 and returned to growth in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Kathimerini_growth-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> Partly due to the imposed austerity,<a href="#cite_note-:3-228">[223]</a> Greece experienced a 25% drop in GDP between 2009 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> The debt ratio, jumped from 127% to about 170%, due to the shrinking economy.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_2017_Eurostat-244">[239]</a> In 2013, the IMF admitted it had underestimated the effects of tax hikes and budget cuts and issued an informal apology.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Guardian-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Reuters-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiscal_adjustment-247">[242]</a> The policies have been blamed for worsening the crisis,<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Bloomberg-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_WSJ-249">[244]</a> while others stressed the creditors' share in responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlopoulos_Moscovici-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsipras_Bloomberg-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debt_2017_Eurostat-244">[239]</a> The bailouts ended in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Bailout_exit_Reuters-142">[139]</a> In 2024, the Greek economy is forecast to grow nearly 3%, meaning it approaches its pre-crisis size of 2009 and far outpacing the eurozone average economic growth of 0.8%.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg/220px-Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg/330px-Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg/440px-Zante_currant_drying_in_Tsilivi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Sun-drying of <a href="/wiki/Zante_currant" title="Zante currant">Zante currant</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a></figcaption></figure> Greece is the European Union's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistachios" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistachios">pistachios</a> (7,200 tons in 2021),<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-faocrops-255">[250]</a> second in <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> (3m tons in 2021), third in <a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">figs</a> (8,400 tons in 2022) and <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a> (440,000 tons in 2022) and fourth in <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> (40,000 tons in 2022).<a href="#cite_note-faocrops-255">[250]</a> Agriculture contributes 3.8% of GDP and employs 12% of the labor force. Greece is a major beneficiary of the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>. As a result of entry to the European Community, much of its agricultural infrastructure has been upgraded and output increased. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png/220px-Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png/330px-Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png/440px-Greece_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption>Solar-power generation potential in Greece</figcaption></figure> Electricity production is dominated by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Public_Power_Corporation" title="Public Power Corporation">Public Power Corporation</a> (known by its acronym ΔΕΗ, transliterated as DEI), which supplied 75% of electricity in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> Some of DEI's output is generated using <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DEI_2010-257">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Renewable energy in Greece</a> accounted for 46% of Greece's electricity in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> a rise from the 11% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_renewable_energy-259">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> accounts for 22%, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> 14%, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> 9%, and natural gas 38%.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> Independent companies' energy production has increased. Greece does not have any <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime">Maritime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Greek shipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">List of ports in Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece#Maritime_industry" title="Economy of Greece">Economy of Greece » Maritime industry</a></div> The shipping industry has been a key element of economic activity since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-shipping-261">[256]</a> Shipping remains one of the country's most important industries, accounting for 5% of GDP and employing about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce).<a href="#cite_note-nbg-262">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Merchant Navy">Greek Merchant Navy</a> is the largest in the world at 18% of global capacity.<a href="#cite_note-auto-218">[213]</a> The merchant fleet ranks first in tonnage (384 million <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">dwt</a>), 2nd in number of ships (at 4,870),<a href="#cite_note-auto-218">[213]</a> first in <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a> and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships.<a href="#cite_note-BTS-263">[258]</a> The number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5% of the world's tonnage (ranked fifth globally). Today's fleet is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-shipping-261">[256]</a> During the 1960s, the Greek fleet nearly doubled, through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stavros_Niarchos" title="Stavros Niarchos">Stavros Niarchos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slate-264">[259]</a> The modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-slate-264">[259]</a> Greece has a significant shipbuilding and ship maintenance industry. The six shipyards around the port of <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> are among the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> Greece has become a leader in the construction and maintenance of luxury yachts.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG/220px-Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG/330px-Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG/440px-Blue-dome-Santorini.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, a popular tourist destination, is ranked as the world's top island in many travel magazines and sites.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism has been a key element of the economy and one of the most important sectors, contributing 21% of gross domestic product in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> Greece was the 9th most visited country in the world in 2022, hosting 28 million visitors,<a href="#cite_note-May2023-270">[265]</a> an increase from 18 million tourists in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Tourism-271">[266]</a> Most visitors come from the European continent,<a href="#cite_note-A2001-272">[267]</a> while the most from a single nationality are from the United Kingdom, followed by Germany. The most visited <a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">region</a> of Greece is <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Tourism_table-273">[268]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a> was voted as "The World's Best Island" in <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Best_Islands-274">[269]</a> Its neighboring island <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, came in fifth in the European category.<a href="#cite_note-Best_Islands-274">[269]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in Greece">19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in Greece,<a href="#cite_note-Unesco-275">[270]</a> and Greece is ranked 17th in the world in total sites. Thirteen further sites are on the tentative list, awaiting nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Unesco-275">[270]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfu_Town_R02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the old Corfu City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as seen from the Old Fortress. The Bay of Garitsa is to the left and the port of Corfu is just visible on the top right. Spianada Square is in the foreground."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Corfu_Town_R02.jpg/900px-Corfu_Town_R02.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Corfu_Town_R02.jpg/1350px-Corfu_Town_R02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Corfu_Town_R02.jpg/1800px-Corfu_Town_R02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8999" data-file-height="1835" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfu_Town_R02.jpg" title="File:Corfu Town R02.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the old <a href="/wiki/Corfu_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Corfu City">Corfu City</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Fortress,_Corfu" title="Old Fortress, Corfu">Old Fortress</a>. The Bay of Garitsa is to the left and the port of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> is just visible on the top right. <a href="/wiki/Spianada_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Spianada Square">Spianada Square</a> is in the foreground.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transport in Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg/220px-Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg/330px-Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg/440px-Rio-Antirio_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a> connects mainland Greece to the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg/220px-Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg/330px-Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg/440px-Greekmotorways2017_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Map of Greece's motorway network as of 2022. Black=Completed routes, Blue=Under Construction, Grey=Planned routes</figcaption></figure> Since the 1980s, the road and rail network has been modernised. With a total length of about 2,320 km (1,440 mi) as of 2020, Greece's motorway network is the most extensive in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> and one of the most advanced in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> including the east–west <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Greece)" title="A2 motorway (Greece)">A2</a> (Egnatia Odos) in northern Greece, the north–south <a href="/wiki/A1_motorway_(Greece)" title="A1 motorway (Greece)">A1</a> (Athens–Thessaloniki–Evzonoi, AThE) along the mainland's eastern coastline and the <a href="/wiki/A5_motorway_(Greece)" title="A5 motorway (Greece)">A5</a> (Ionia Odos) along the western coastline, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe (2,250 m (7,382 ft) long), connecting <a href="/wiki/Rio,_Greece" title="Rio, Greece">Rio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antirrio" title="Antirrio">Antirrio</a> in western Greece. The Athens Metropolitan Area is served by the privately run <a href="/wiki/Attiki_Odos" title="Attiki Odos">Attiki Odos</a> (<a href="/wiki/A6_motorway_(Greece)" title="A6 motorway (Greece)">A6</a>/<a href="/wiki/A62_motorway_(Greece)" title="A62 motorway (Greece)">A62</a>/<a href="/wiki/A621_motorway_(Greece)" title="A621 motorway (Greece)">A621</a>/<a href="/wiki/A64_motorway_(Greece)" title="A64 motorway (Greece)">A64</a>/<a href="/wiki/A65_motorway_(Greece)" title="A65 motorway (Greece)">A65</a>) motorway network and the expanded <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a> system, while the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a> is under construction. Railway connections play a lesser role than in many other European countries, but have been expanded, with new suburban/<a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> connections, serviced by <a href="/wiki/Proastiakos" title="Proastiakos">Proastiakos</a> around Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway; along with a <a href="/wiki/P.A.Th.E./P." title="P.A.Th.E./P.">new double track, standard gauge</a> railway between <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> (replacing the old <a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">metre-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Piraeus%E2%80%93Patras_railway" title="Piraeus–Patras railway">Piraeus–Patras railway</a>) which is under construction and opening in stages.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. All major islands are served by ferries to the mainland. <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, the port of Athens, was the third busiest passenger port in Europe as of 2021. 37 million passengers traveled by boat in Greece in 2019, the second-highest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> Greece has 39 active airports, 15 of which serve international destinations.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athens_International_Airport" title="Athens International Airport">Athens International Airport</a> served over 28 million passengers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-AIA-280">[275]</a> Most Greek islands and main cities are connected by air, by the two major airlines, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Air" title="Olympic Air">Olympic Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Airlines" title="Aegean Airlines">Aegean Airlines</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications in Greece</a></div> Modern digital information and communication networks reach all areas. There are over 35,000 km (21,748 mi) of fiber optics and an extensive open-wire network. Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece: there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greece&action=edit">[update]</a>, translating to 20% broadband penetration.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-281">[276]</a> In 2017 around 82% of the population used the internet regularly.<a href="#cite_note-Kathimerini_article-282">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet cafés</a> that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are a common sight, while mobile internet on <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> and <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>- <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> cellphone networks and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connections can be found almost everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> As of July 2022, 5G service is accessible in most of major cities. The UN ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">List of Greek inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnpapanikolaou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gnpapanikolaou.jpg/170px-Gnpapanikolaou.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gnpapanikolaou.jpg/255px-Gnpapanikolaou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gnpapanikolaou.jpg/340px-Gnpapanikolaou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papanikolaou" title="Georgios Papanikolaou">Georgios Papanikolaou</a>, a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">cytopathology</a> and early cancer detection</figcaption></figure> The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2017, spending on research and development (R&D) reached an all-time high of €2 billion, equal to 1.1% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> Greece was ranked 45th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> Greece has major technology parks with incubator facilities. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Space_Committee" title="Hellenic National Space Committee">Hellenic National Space Committee</a> began cooperating with the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) in 1994 and has been its member since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:2-287">[282]</a> The country participates in the ESA's telecommunication and technology activities and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Monitoring_for_Environment_and_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Monitoring for Environment and Security">Global Monitoring for Environment and Security</a> Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-:2-287">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Scientific_Research_%22Demokritos%22" title="National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"">National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"</a> was founded in 1959 and is the largest multidisciplinary research center in Greece. Its activities cover several fields of science and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> Greece has one of the highest rates of tertiary enrollment in the world,<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> while Greeks are well represented in academia worldwide; leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> Greek scientific publications have grown significantly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Research_impact" title="Research impact">research impact</a>, surpassing both the EU and global average from 2012 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Notable Greek scientists of modern times include <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papanikolaou" title="Georgios Papanikolaou">Georgios Papanikolaou</a> (inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>), mathematician <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Constantin Carathéodory</a> (known for the <a href="/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory_theorem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Carathéodory theorem (disambiguation)">Carathéodory theorems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory_conjecture" title="Carathéodory conjecture">Carathéodory conjecture</a>), astronomer <a href="/wiki/E._M._Antoniadi" title="E. M. Antoniadi">E. M. Antoniadi</a>, archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Svoronos" title="Ioannis Svoronos">Ioannis Svoronos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerios_Stais" title="Valerios Stais">Valerios Stais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Marinatos" title="Spyridon Marinatos">Spyridon Marinatos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Andronikos" title="Manolis Andronikos">Manolis Andronikos</a> (discovered the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>), Indologist <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Galanos" title="Dimitrios Galanos">Dimitrios Galanos</a>, botanist <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_G._Orphanides" title="Theodoros G. Orphanides">Theodoros G. Orphanides</a>, and scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dertouzos" title="Michael Dertouzos">Michael Dertouzos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte" title="Nicholas Negroponte">Nicholas Negroponte</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Argyris" title="John Argyris">John Argyris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> (2007 <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Prize</a> for his contributions on the physics of the <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a> (2007 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), <a href="/wiki/Christos_Papadimitriou" title="Christos Papadimitriou">Christos Papadimitriou</a> (2002 <a href="/wiki/Knuth_Prize" title="Knuth Prize">Knuth Prize</a>, 2012 <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_Prize" title="Gödel Prize">Gödel Prize</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mihalis_Yannakakis" title="Mihalis Yannakakis">Mihalis Yannakakis</a> (2005 <a href="/wiki/Knuth_Prize" title="Knuth Prize">Knuth Prize</a>) and physicist <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos" title="Dimitri Nanopoulos">Dimitri Nanopoulos</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> estimated the population at 10.6 million in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_Population_Density,_2000_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greece_Population_Density%2C_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Greece_Population_Density%2C_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greece_Population_Density%2C_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Greece_Population_Density%2C_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greece_Population_Density%2C_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Greece_Population_Density%2C_2000_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Greece population density, 2000</figcaption></figure> Greek society has changed over recent decades, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging of Europe">wider European trend</a> of declining fertility and aging. The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> in 2016 was 8.5 per 1,000, significantly lower than the rate of 14.5 in 1981. The mortality rate increased from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 11.2 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Greece-147">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 1.4 children per woman is well below the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement fertility rate">replacement rate of 2.1</a>, and one of the lowest in the world, considerably below the high of 5.5 children in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> Greece's median age is 44.2 years, the seventh-highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Greece-147">[144]</a> In 2001, 17% of the population were 65 years old and older, 68% between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15% were 14 years old and younger.<a href="#cite_note-nssg-294">[289]</a> By 2016, the proportion of the population age 65 and older had risen to 21%, while the proportion of those aged 14 and younger declined to slightly below 14%. Marriage rates began declining from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 51 in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-nssg-294">[289]</a> Divorce rates have seen an increase from 191 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 240 per 1,000 marriages in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-nssg-294">[289]</a> As a result of these trends, the average household is smaller and older than in previous generations. The economic crisis exacerbated this development, with 350,000–450,000 Greeks, predominantly young adults, emigrating since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Greece" title="List of cities and towns in Greece">List of cities and towns in Greece</a></div> Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (population 3,744,059 according to <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metropolitan_Area,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Metropolitan Area, Greece">2021 census</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> (population 1,092,919 in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_metropolitan_area" title="Thessaloniki metropolitan area">2021</a>) that latter commonly referred to as the symprotévousa (συμ<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:πρωτεύουσα">πρωτεύουσα</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'co-capital').<a href="#cite_note-Greek_Experience-296">[291]</a> Other prominent cities with populations above 100,000 inhabitants include <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volos" title="Volos">Volos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrinio" title="Agrinio">Agrinio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cities-297">[292]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Greece" title="Template:Largest cities of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Greece <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Statistical_Authority" title="Hellenic Statistical Authority">Hellenic Statistical Authority</a> 2021 census <a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Acropolis_wide_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athens"><img alt="Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Acropolis_wide_view.jpg/120px-Acropolis_wide_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Acropolis_wide_view.jpg/180px-Acropolis_wide_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Acropolis_wide_view.jpg/240px-Acropolis_wide_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> <a href="/wiki/File:White_Tower_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thessaloniki"><img alt="Thessaloniki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/White_Tower_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/120px-White_Tower_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/White_Tower_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/180px-White_Tower_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/White_Tower_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/240px-White_Tower_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="2141" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,155,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,287 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Castlepatrasview.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Patras"><img alt="Patras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Castlepatrasview.JPG/120px-Castlepatrasview.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Castlepatrasview.JPG/180px-Castlepatrasview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Castlepatrasview.JPG/240px-Castlepatrasview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piraeus"><img alt="Piraeus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg/120px-%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg/180px-%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg/240px-%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">815,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandroupoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandroupoli">Alexandroupoli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,812 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Greece" title="Western Greece">Western Greece</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">177,071</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthi" title="Xanthi">Xanthi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,122 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">168,151</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Katerini" title="Katerini">Katerini</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,997 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,688</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalamata" title="Kalamata">Kalamata</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(region)" title="Peloponnese (region)">Peloponnese</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,562</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,027 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volos" title="Volos">Volos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,803</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,574</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(city)" title="Lamia (city)">Lamia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">Central Greece</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trikala" title="Trikala">Trikala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,653</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Komotini" title="Komotini">Komotini</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">Central Greece</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,125</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Rhodes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Aegean" title="South Aegean">South Aegean</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,541 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion in Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenismos">Hellenismos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.63819204712px; border-left-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religiosity in Greece (2017):<a href="#cite_note-Pew2017-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (90%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christians (exc.<a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>) (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (inc.<a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>) (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> The Greek Constitution recognises <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> as the 'prevailing' faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.<a href="#cite_note-con51,53-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hri.org-303">[298]</a> The government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-religion-304">[299]</a> which uses the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine rite">Byzantine rite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, the original language of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The administration of the Greek territory is shared between the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. In a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>–<a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll, 79% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God".<a href="#cite_note-eurostat-305">[300]</a> According to other sources, 16% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. The survey found just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 5% in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and 59% in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-forskning.no-306">[301]</a> Estimates of the recognised <a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority of Greece</a>, mostly located in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, range around 100,000,<a href="#cite_note-religion-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2-307">[302]</a> about 1% of the population. Some of the Albanian immigrants to Greece come from a nominally Muslim background, though most are secular.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War</a> and the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, Greece and Turkey agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population transfer based on cultural and religious identity</a>. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly those defined as Turks, but also <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a>, were exchanged with approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, and were defined as Christian Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>, arrived from the former Russian <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars Oblast</a>, after it had been retroceded to Turkey prior to the population exchange.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> Judaism has <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">been present</a> in Greece for more than 2,000 years. The ancient community of Greek Jews is called <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniotes</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> were once a prominent community in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, numbering some 80,000, or more than half of the population, by 1900.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> However, after the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Greece">German occupation of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, it is estimated to number around 5,500 people.<a href="#cite_note-religion-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2-307">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> community is estimated to be around 250,000<a href="#cite_note-religion-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2-307">[302]</a> of which 50,000 are Greek citizens.<a href="#cite_note-religion-304">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Their community</a> is nominally separate from the smaller <a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine Catholic Church</a>, which recognises the primacy of the Pope but maintains the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a> account for 500,000 followers.<a href="#cite_note-religion2-307">[302]</a> Protestants, including the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church" title="Greek Evangelical Church">Greek Evangelical Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Evangelical_Churches" title="Free Evangelical Churches">Free Evangelical Churches</a>, stand at about 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-religion-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2-307">[302]</a> Other Christian minorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Church_of_the_Foursquare_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="International Church of the Foursquare Gospel">International Church of the Foursquare Gospel</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> churches of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Synod_of_Apostolic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Synod of Apostolic Church (page does not exist)">Greek Synod of Apostolic Church</a> total about 12,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> The independent <a href="/wiki/Free_Apostolic_Church_of_Pentecost" title="Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost">Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost</a> is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> There are no official statistics about the Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> report having 28,874 active members.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> Since 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenic Polytheism</a>, or Hellenism has been legally recognised as an actively practised religion,<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> with estimates of 2,000 active practitioners and an additional 100,000 "sympathisers".<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman.com-317">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> Hellenism refers to religious movements that continue, revive, or reconstruct <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religious practices</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Varieties of Modern Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages of Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg/240px-Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg/360px-Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg/480px-Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek. Today, Greek is the dominant language throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2000-325">[320]</a></figcaption></figure> Greece is relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a> dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> and constitute a sizable group. The <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> dialect came due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and barely spoken. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sarakatsani" title="Sarakatsani">Sarakatsani</a>, traditionally transhumant mountain shepherds of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian language</a>, a distinct Greek language derived from <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, is still spoken in villages in the southeastern Peloponnese. The Muslim minority in Thrace, approximately 0.95% of the population, consists of speakers of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2000-325">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>. Romani is spoken by Christian <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> in other parts of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> has estimated that there are approximately 265,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> are living in Greece (2.47% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> Other minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various areas. Their use decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. They are only maintained by the older generations and almost extinct. The same is true for the <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>-speaking group mostly located in rural areas around Athens, and for the <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a> whose language is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and who used to live scattered across areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups usually identify ethnically as Greek<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> and are bilingual in Greek. Near the northern Greek borders there are some <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic–speaking groups</a>, most of whom identify ethnically as Greeks. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> had 200,000 to 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof2001186-328">[323]</a> The Jewish community traditionally spoke <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a>, a community of <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a> region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> who arrived in Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration to Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png/370px-50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png/555px-50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png/740px-50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A map of the fifty countries with the largest <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> communities</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Germany</a>, creating a large <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a>. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s, but until the beginning of the 1990s, the main influx was returning Greek migrants or of <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> and others from <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Turkey</a> the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Greeks in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and elsewhere in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eliamep-329">[324]</a> A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of the population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%), and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> Some immigrants from Albania are from the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greek minority in Albania</a> centred on the region of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>. The total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek census 2011">2011 census</a> recorded 9,903,268 Greek citizens (92%), 480,824 Albanian citizens (4.4%), 75,915 Bulgarian citizens (0.7%), 46,523 Romanian citizenship (0.4%), 34,177 Pakistani citizens (0.3%), 27,400 <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> citizens (0.25%) and 247,090 people had other or unidentified citizenship (2%).<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> 189,000 people of the total population of Albanian citizens were reported in 2008 as ethnic Greeks from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Albania</a>, in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eliamep-329">[324]</a> The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are in the larger urban centers, especially Athens, with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17% of the local population, and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7% of the local population. There is a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eliamep-329">[324]</a> Greece, together with Italy and Spain, is a major entry point for <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU</a>. Illegal immigrants entering mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the <a href="/wiki/Evros_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Evros River">Evros River</a> and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey. In 2012, most illegal immigrants came from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis.<a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea had increased dramatically due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> represented almost 45%.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> Most refugees and migrants use Greece as a transit country to Northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education in Greece</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: The description of the secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education does not reflect the current situation. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg/180px-%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg/270px-%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg/360px-%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Academy" title="Ionian Academy">Ionian Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic institution</a> of modern Greece</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg/220px-National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg/330px-National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg/440px-National_Library_of_Greece_at_the_Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Centre_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The new National Library of Greece at the <a href="/wiki/Stavros_Niarchos_Foundation_Cultural_Center" title="Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center">Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Centre</a></figcaption></figure> Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in <a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a> (education), which was upheld as one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world. The first European institution described as a university was founded in fifth-century Constantinople and continued operating in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-texor-337">[332]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a> was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning,<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> and by some measures was the world's first university.<a href="#cite_note-texor-337">[332]</a> Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, Dimotikó Scholeio) and <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> (Γυμνάσιο). Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergartens</a> (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are compulsory for any child above four. Children start primary school aged six and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts aged 12 and lasts for three years. Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, Genikό Lykeiό) and <a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">technical</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational</a> educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education. According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") consists of two parallel sectors:the university sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2–3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Students over 22 may be admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Open_University" title="Hellenic Open University">Hellenic Open University</a> through a lottery. The education system provides special kindergartens, primary, and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. There are specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological, and physical education. 72% of adults aged 25–64 have completed upper secondary education, which is slightly less than the OECD average of 74%. The average Greek pupil scored 458 in reading literacy, maths and science in the OECD's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This is lower than the OECD average of 486. Girls outperformed boys by 15 points, much more than the average OECD gap of 2.<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_system">Healthcare system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greece" title="Healthcare in Greece">Healthcare in Greece</a></div> Greece has <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>. The system is mixed, combining a national health service with <a href="/wiki/Social_health_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Social health insurance">social health insurance</a> (SHI). Per a 2000 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> report, its <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a> ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_report-340">[335]</a> In a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> report, Greece was ranked the 19th out of 176 countries for the state of mothers and newborn babies.<a href="#cite_note-Save_the_Children_report-341">[336]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greece&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 124 public hospitals, of which 106 were general hospitals and 18 specialised hospitals, with a total capacity of about 30,000 beds.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> Greece's health care expenditures was 9.6% of GDP in 2007. By 2015, it declined to 8.4%, compared with the EU average of 9.5%. Nevertheless, the country maintains the highest doctor-to-population ratio of any OECD country<a href="#cite_note-OECD-343">[338]</a> and the highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-:0-344">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> is among the highest in the world; life expectancy in 2015 was 81.1 years, slightly above the EU average of 80.6.<a href="#cite_note-:0-344">[339]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/Icaria" title="Icaria">Icaria</a> has the highest percentage of nonagenarians in the world; 33% of islanders are 90 or older.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-345">[340]</a> Icaria is subsequently classified as a "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Zone">Blue Zone</a>", a region where people allegedly live longer than average and have lower rates of cancer, heart disease, or other chronic illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-346">[341]</a> A 2011, OECD report showed Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-343">[338]</a> The obesity rate is 18%, above the OECD average of 15%.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-343">[338]</a> In 2008, infant mortality, with a rate of 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, was below the 2007 OECD average of 4.9.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-343">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greeks">List of Greeks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epidavros.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Epidavros.JPG/220px-Epidavros.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Epidavros.JPG/330px-Epidavros.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Epidavros.JPG/440px-Epidavros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Theatre_of_Epidaurus" title="Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus">Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidaurus Festival">annually used for theatrical plays</a> since 1955</figcaption></figure> The culture of Greece has evolved, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a> and continuing into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, through the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Greek_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek East">Greek Eastern</a> continuation, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Other cultures and nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Latin and Frankish states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese Republic">Genoese Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> have left their influence on modern Greek culture, though historians credit the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multifaceted culture. In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broad2007-348">[343]</a> Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including <a href="/wiki/Logic#History" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, government, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, medicine, history,<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-Heath1981-351">[346]</a> They introduced important literary forms as epic and lyrical poetry, history, tragedy, comedy and drama. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern Greek art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Charioteer,_Delphi_(4691931414).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Detail_of_the_Charioteer%2C_Delphi_%284691931414%29.jpg/220px-Detail_of_the_Charioteer%2C_Delphi_%284691931414%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Detail_of_the_Charioteer%2C_Delphi_%284691931414%29.jpg/330px-Detail_of_the_Charioteer%2C_Delphi_%284691931414%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Detail_of_the_Charioteer%2C_Delphi_%284691931414%29.jpg/440px-Detail_of_the_Charioteer%2C_Delphi_%284691931414%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of the Charioteer of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, a celebrated statue from the 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> Artistic production in Greece began in the prehistoric pre-Greek <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic civilization">Cycladic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> civilizations, both of which were influenced by local traditions and the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">art of ancient Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> There were interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece. Due to technical differences, they underwent differentiated developments. Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record. The most respected form of art, according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, were individual, mobile paintings on wooden boards, described as <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>. Wall painting in Greece goes back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> civilizations, with the lavish fresco decoration of sites like <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a> was composed almost entirely of workable and durable materials, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, bronze becoming the favoured medium for major works by the early 5th century, while <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">chryselephantine</a> sculptures, made largely of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and used for temple <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> and luxury works, were much rarer. It has been established that ancient Greek sculptures were painted<a href="#cite_note-Gurewitsch-354">[349]</a> with a variety of colours, a feature known as <a href="/wiki/Polychromy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychromy">polychromy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> Art production continued during the Byzantine era. The most salient feature of this new aesthetic was its "abstract", or anti-naturalistic character. Classical art was marked by attempts to create representations that mimicked reality, Byzantine art favoured a more symbolic approach. Byzantine painting concentrated mainly on <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art (Byzantine)</a> was the artistic expression of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a>, a label used to describe the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire (867–1056), which scholars have seen as a time of increased interest in classical scholarship and the assimilation of classical motifs into <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian artwork</a>. Post Byzantine art schools include the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese School (painting)">Heptanese School</a>. The first artistic movement in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Kingdom">Greek Kingdom</a> can be considered the <a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">Greek academic art of the 19th century</a> (Munich School). Modern Greek painters include <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Gyzis" title="Nikolaos Gyzis">Nikolaos Gyzis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides" title="Georgios Jakobides">Georgios Jakobides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikiforos_Lytras" title="Nikiforos Lytras">Nikiforos Lytras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Volanakis" title="Konstantinos Volanakis">Konstantinos Volanakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Engonopoulos" title="Nikos Engonopoulos">Nikos Engonopoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Tsarouchis" title="Yannis Tsarouchis">Yannis Tsarouchis</a>, while notable sculptors are <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Prosalentis" title="Pavlos Prosalentis">Pavlos Prosalentis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kossos" title="Ioannis Kossos">Ioannis Kossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Drosis" title="Leonidas Drosis">Leonidas Drosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Bonanos" title="Georgios Bonanos">Georgios Bonanos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yannoulis_Chalepas" title="Yannoulis Chalepas">Yannoulis Chalepas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Modern Greek architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg/220px-Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg/330px-Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg/440px-Syros_Ano_Syros_u_Ermoupolis140707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Harbor of <a href="/wiki/Ermoupolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermoupolis">Ermoupolis</a>, on the island <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, first capital of independent Greece.</figcaption></figure> The architecture of ancient Greece was produced by the ancient Greeks (Hellenes), whose <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">culture</a> flourished on the Greek mainland, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>, from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC. The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture, in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders: the <a href="/wiki/Doric_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric Order">Doric Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic Order">Ionic Order</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian Order">Corinthian Order</a>, was to have profound effect on <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Western architecture</a>. Byzantine architecture was dominant in the Greek speaking world and significantly influenced <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Medieval architecture</a> throughout Europe and the Near East, becoming the primary progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architectural</a> traditions that followed the Byzantine Empire's collapse. After Greek Independence, modern Greek architects combined traditional Greek and Byzantine elements and motives with the western European movements and styles. <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> was the first city of the modern Greek state to develop a city plan applying the orthogonal rule by <a href="/wiki/Stamatis_Voulgaris" title="Stamatis Voulgaris">Stamatis Voulgaris</a>, a Greek engineer of the French army, in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> Two special genres can be considered the Cycladic architecture, featuring white-coloured houses, in the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> and the Epirotic architecture in the region of <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> Important is also the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian style</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a> and the "Mediterranean style" of <a href="/wiki/Florestano_Di_Fausto" title="Florestano Di Fausto">Florestano Di Fausto</a> (during the fascist regime) in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Kingdom">Greek Kingdom</a>, the architecture of Athens and other cities was mostly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>. For Athens, the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Greece">King of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Greece</a>, commissioned the architects <a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis" title="Stamatios Kleanthis">Stamatios Kleanthis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert" title="Eduard Schaubert">Eduard Schaubert</a> to design a modern city plan fit for a capital. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Thessaloniki_Fire_of_1917" title="Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917">Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917</a>, the government ordered for a new city plan under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_H%C3%A9brard" title="Ernest Hébrard">Ernest Hébrard</a>. Other modern Greek architects include <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Metaxas" title="Anastasios Metaxas">Anastasios Metaxas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysandros_Kaftanzoglou" title="Lysandros Kaftanzoglou">Lysandros Kaftanzoglou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagis_Kalkos" title="Panagis Kalkos">Panagis Kalkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Paionidis" title="Xenophon Paionidis">Xenophon Paionidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Pikionis" title="Dimitris Pikionis">Dimitris Pikionis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Candilis" title="Georges Candilis">Georges Candilis</a>. There is an emerging need to secure the long-term preservation of the archaeological sites and monuments against the growing threats of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre of ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Modern Greek theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg/220px-Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg/330px-Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg/440px-Corfu_Town_Hall_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3766" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobile_Teatro_di_San_Giacomo_di_Corf%C3%B9" title="Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù">Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù</a>, the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece</figcaption></figure> Theatre in its western form was born in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Tragedy</a> (late 6th century BC), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a> (486 BC), and the <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a> were the three dramatic genres that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a> and were institutionalised as part of a festival called the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, which honoured the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. Of the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Tragedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedies">tragedies</a> written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>. The surviving plays by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> are a treasure trove of comic presentation. During the Byzantine period, theatrical art declined, the only form that survived was folk theatre (Mimos and Pantomimos), despite the hostility of the state.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> During the Ottoman period, the main theatrical folk art was the <a href="/wiki/Karagiozis" title="Karagiozis">Karagiozis</a>. The renaissance which led to the modern Greek theatre, took place in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Crete">Venetian Crete</a>. Significal dramatists of the era include <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vitsentzos Kornaros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Chortatzis" title="Georgios Chortatzis">Georgios Chortatzis</a>. Modern Greek theatre was born after independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The <a href="/wiki/Nobile_Teatro_di_San_Giacomo_di_Corf%C3%B9" title="Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù">Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù</a> was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Xyndas" title="Spyridon Xyndas">Spyridon Xyndas</a>' The Parliamentary Candidate was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Revues" class="mw-redirect" title="Revues">revues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical comedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operettas">operettas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnes">nocturnes</a> and notable playwrights included <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras" title="Spyridon Samaras">Spyridon Samaras</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysios_Lavrangas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysios Lavrangas (page does not exist)">Dionysios Lavrangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastos_Sakellaridis" title="Theophrastos Sakellaridis">Theophrastos Sakellaridis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Greece" title="National Theatre of Greece">National Theatre of Greece</a> was opened in 1900 as Royal Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Xenopoulos" title="Gregorios Xenopoulos">Gregorios Xenopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantelis_Horn" title="Pantelis Horn">Pantelis Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Sakellarios" title="Alekos Sakellarios">Alekos Sakellarios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanellis" title="Iakovos Kambanellis">Iakovos Kambanellis</a>, while notable actors include <a href="/wiki/Cybele_Andrianou" title="Cybele Andrianou">Cybele Andrianou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marika_Kotopouli" title="Marika Kotopouli">Marika Kotopouli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimilios_Veakis" title="Aimilios Veakis">Aimilios Veakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orestis_Makris" title="Orestis Makris">Orestis Makris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manos_Katrakis" title="Manos Katrakis">Manos Katrakis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Horn" title="Dimitris Horn">Dimitris Horn</a>. Significant directors include <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Rontiris" title="Dimitris Rontiris">Dimitris Rontiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Minotis" title="Alexis Minotis">Alexis Minotis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karolos_Koun" title="Karolos Koun">Karolos Koun</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek literature</a></div> Greek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-364">[359]</a> Athens is considered the birthplace of Western literature.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland2007-365">[360]</a> At the beginning of Greek literature stand the monumental works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, composed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyrical poetry">Lyrical poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastorals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastorals">pastorals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigrams">epigrams</a>; dramatic presentations of comedy and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical">rhetorical</a> treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> are two of the most influential historians in this period. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Atticizing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, is the expression of the intellectual life of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> during the Christian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Although popular Byzantine literature and early <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek literature</a> both began in the 11th century, the two are indistinguishable.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg/96px-Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg/144px-Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg/192px-Konstantinos_Kavafis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="2172" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg/117px-Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg/176px-Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg/234px-Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="687" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg/97px-Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg/146px-Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg/194px-Giorgos_Seferis_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a>, whose work was inspired mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic past</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a> (right) were representatives of the Generation of the '30s and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureates in Literature</a>.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek literature</a> refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century. The Cretan Renaissance poem <a href="/wiki/Erotokritos" title="Erotokritos">Erotokritos</a> is considered the masterpiece of this period. It is a verse <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a> written around 1600 by <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vitsentzos Kornaros</a> (1553–1613). Later, during the period of Greek enlightenment (<a href="/wiki/Diafotismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diafotismos">Diafotismos</a>), writers such as <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a> prepared with their works the Greek Revolution. Leading figures of modern Greek literature include <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kalvos" title="Andreas Kalvos">Andreas Kalvos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelos_Sikelianos" title="Angelos Sikelianos">Angelos Sikelianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Rhoides" title="Emmanuel Rhoides">Emmanuel Rhoides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Vikelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Vikelas">Demetrius Vikelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostis_Palamas" title="Kostis Palamas">Kostis Palamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Delta" title="Penelope Delta">Penelope Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Ritsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Yannis Ritsos">Yannis Ritsos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papadiamantis" title="Alexandros Papadiamantis">Alexandros Papadiamantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Embirikos" title="Andreas Embirikos">Andreas Embirikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Karyotakis" title="Kostas Karyotakis">Kostas Karyotakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Xenopoulos" title="Gregorios Xenopoulos">Gregorios Xenopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine Cavafy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kavvadias" title="Nikos Kavvadias">Nikos Kavvadias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Varnalis" title="Kostas Varnalis">Kostas Varnalis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Dimoula" title="Kiki Dimoula">Kiki Dimoula</a>. Two Greek authors have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Seferis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Seferis">George Seferis</a> in 1963, and <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a> in 1979. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg/220px-Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg/330px-Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg/440px-Academy_of_Athens_by_ArmAg_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Statues of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (right) in front of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>, Greece's <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academy</a> and highest research establishment.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a> involved a disposition to value <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">thinking critical</a> of traditional culture, thus inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western intellectual tradition</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Presocratics" class="mw-redirect" title="Presocratics">thinkers before him</a> provided proto-scientific explanations of the natural world, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> in 5th-century Athens systematically enquired <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>; the next century, his disciple, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, wrote presently still pertinent dialogues about <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>. There were also topics of treatises composed by Plato's prolific student, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, whose thought, especially in <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">infused</a> the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> for centuries. Other philosophical schools emerged during the Hellenistic period, <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> dominated subsequent thought.<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Byzantine philosophy</a> was characterised by a Christian world-view, but one which could draw ideas directly from the Greek texts of Plato, Aristotle, and the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonists">Neoplatonists</a>. On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a> tried to restore the use of the term "Hellene" and advocated the return to the <a href="/wiki/Olympian_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympian Gods">Olympian Gods</a> of the ancient world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Byzantine Greek scholars, who were largely responsible for preserving <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greek</a> knowledge, fled to the West after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Byzantium</a>, taking with them literature and significantly <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">contributing to the Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JJN-368">[363]</a> In the modern period, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Diafotismos</a> (Greek: Διαφωτισμός, "enlightenment", "illumination")<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> was the Greek expression of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and its philosophical and political ideas. Notable representatives were <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Theophilos Kairis</a>. Other modern era Greek philosophers or political scientists include <a href="/wiki/Elli_Lambridi" title="Elli Lambridi">Helle Lambridis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christos_Yannaras" title="Christos Yannaras">Christos Yannaras</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dances">Music and dances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Greece">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfakia-dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sfakia-dance.jpg/220px-Sfakia-dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Sfakia-dance.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> dancers of <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">traditional folk music</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg/220px-Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg/330px-Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg/440px-Rembetes_Karaiskaki_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4376" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetes</a> in Karaiskaki, <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> (1933). Left <a href="/wiki/Markos_Vamvakaris" title="Markos Vamvakaris">Markos Vamvakaris</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a>.</figcaption></figure> Greek vocal music extends back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments included the double-reed <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> and the plucked string instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, especially the special kind called a <a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">kithara</a>. Music played an important role in education. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> affected Greek music. While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> resisted change. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a> remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters, Byzantine music was deprived of elements which, in the West, encouraged an unimpeded development of art. Byzantium presented the monophonic <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine chant">Byzantine chant</a>, a melodic music, with rhythmical variety and expressive power.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> Along with Byzantine chant and music, the Greeks cultivated the <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk song</a> (Demotiko) which is divided into two cycles, the <a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">akritic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klephtic_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Klephtic song">klephtic</a>. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the <a href="/wiki/Akrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Akrites">akrites</a> (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known associated with <a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a>. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, <a href="/wiki/Mantinada" title="Mantinada">mantinades</a>, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikis2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mikis2004.jpg/170px-Mikis2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mikis2004.jpg/255px-Mikis2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mikis2004.jpg/340px-Mikis2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a> was one of the most popular and significant Greek composers.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese">Heptanesean</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music#Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">kantádhes</a> (καντάδες '<a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenades</a>'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern urban popular song, influencing its development. For the first part of the next century, Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage ('theatrical revue songs') in <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocturne" title="Nocturne">nocturnes</a> that dominated Athens' theater scene.<a href="#cite_note-:9-371">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a>, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later reached greater acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was the base of the later <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFk%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïkó">laïkó</a> (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include <a href="/wiki/Vassilis_Tsitsanis" title="Vassilis Tsitsanis">Vassilis Tsitsanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigoris_Bithikotsis" title="Grigoris Bithikotsis">Grigoris Bithikotsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stelios_Kazantzidis" title="Stelios Kazantzidis">Stelios Kazantzidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dalaras" title="George Dalaras">George Dalaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haris_Alexiou" title="Haris Alexiou">Haris Alexiou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glykeria" title="Glykeria">Glykeria</a>. It was through the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a> (which were under western rule) that major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first school of modern Greek classical music (<a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Heptanesean or Ionian School</a>), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Mantzaros" title="Nikolaos Mantzaros">Nikolaos Mantzaros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Xyndas" title="Spyridon Xyndas">Spyridon Xyndas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras" title="Spyridon Samaras">Spyridon Samaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Carrer" title="Pavlos Carrer">Pavlos Carrer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Kalomiris" title="Manolis Kalomiris">Manolis Kalomiris</a> is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music.<a href="#cite_note-:9-371">[366]</a> In the 20th century, Greek composers had significant impact on the development of <a href="/wiki/Avant_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant garde">avant garde</a> and modern classical music, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a> achieving international prominence. Composers and musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manos_Hatzidakis" title="Manos Hatzidakis">Manos Hatzidakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleni_Karaindrou" title="Eleni Karaindrou">Eleni Karaindrou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vangelis" title="Vangelis">Vangelis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demis_Roussos" title="Demis Roussos">Demis Roussos</a> garnered an international following, which include famous <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film scores</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek" title="Zorba the Greek">Zorba the Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpico" title="Serpico">Serpico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Never_on_Sunday" title="Never on Sunday">Never on Sunday</a>, <a href="/wiki/America_America" title="America America">America America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eternity_and_a_Day" title="Eternity and a Day">Eternity and a Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_(soundtrack)" title="Blade Runner (soundtrack)">Blade Runner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek American">Greek American</a> composers known for their film scores include <a href="/wiki/Yanni" title="Yanni">Yanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Poledouris" title="Basil Poledouris">Basil Poledouris</a>. Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Mouskouri" title="Nana Mouskouri">Nana Mouskouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Frangoulis" title="Mario Frangoulis">Mario Frangoulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Kavakos" title="Leonidas Kavakos">Leonidas Kavakos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Sgouros" title="Dimitris Sgouros">Dimitris Sgouros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a> of 1967–74, the music of Mikis Theodorakis was banned, the composer jailed, internally exiled, and put in a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hischak2015-375">[370]</a> before finally being allowed to leave Greece due to international reaction. Released during the junta years, Make Love, Stop the Gunfire, by pop group <a href="/wiki/Poll_(band)" title="Poll (band)">Poll</a> is considered the first anti-war protest song in <a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Greek rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-europopmusic.eu-376">[371]</a> Greece participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> 35 times after its debut at the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1974">1974 Contest</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2005">2005</a>, Greece won with "<a href="/wiki/My_Number_One" title="My Number One">My Number One</a>", performed by Greek-Swedish singer <a href="/wiki/Elena_Paparizou" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Paparizou">Elena Paparizou</a>, which became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2006">51st Eurovision Song Contest</a> of 2006 was held in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greek wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg/220px-Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg/330px-Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg/440px-Greek_Salad_from_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">feta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a> is characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, which is epitomised by dishes of <a href="/wiki/Cretan_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan diet">Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into local dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">moussaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastitsio" title="Pastitsio">pastitsio</a>, classic <a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasolada" title="Fasolada">fasolada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">spanakopita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">souvlaki</a>. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like <a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">skordalia</a> (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a> <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a> (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed_candy" title="Sesame seed candy">pasteli</a> (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). People often enjoy eating from small dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> with dips such as <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">tzatziki</a>, grilled octopus and small fish, <a href="/wiki/Feta_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Feta cheese">feta cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolmades" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmades">dolmades</a> (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">pulses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> and cheese. <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> is a widespread addition.<a href="#cite_note-:4-380">[375]</a> Sweet desserts include <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">diples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">galaktoboureko</a>, and drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">metaxa</a> and wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs from different parts of the mainland and island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, garlic, onion, <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">bay laurel</a> leaves. Other common herbs and spices include <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a> seed. Many recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> in stews.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-380">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Koutoukia" title="Koutoukia">Koutoukia</a> are an underground restaurant common in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-:02-382">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg/170px-Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg/255px-Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg/340px-Theodoros_Angelopoulos_Athens_26-4-2009-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Angelopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Angelopoulos">Theodoros Angelopoulos</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> in <a href="/wiki/1998_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1998 Cannes Film Festival">1998</a>, notable director in the history of the <a href="/wiki/European_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="European cinema">European cinema</a></figcaption></figure> Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896, but the first cine-theatre was opened in 1907 in Athens. In 1914, the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo, a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were minor productions such as newscasts before. In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Orestis_Laskos" title="Orestis Laskos">Orestis Laskos</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chloe_(film)" title="Daphnis and Chloe (film)">Daphnis and Chloe</a>, containing one of the first nude scene in European cinema;<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> it was the first Greek movie played abroad.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a> was honoured with the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Supporting Actress Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(film)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> The 1950s and early 1960s are considered to be a "golden age" of Greek cinema.<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> Directors and actors of this era were recognised as important figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: <a href="/wiki/George_Tzavellas" title="George Tzavellas">George Tzavellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Papas" title="Irene Papas">Irene Papas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis" title="Michael Cacoyannis">Michael Cacoyannis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Sakellarios" title="Alekos Sakellarios">Alekos Sakellarios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Tsiforos" title="Nikos Tsiforos">Nikos Tsiforos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iakovos Kambanelis">Iakovos Kambanelis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros" title="Nikos Koundouros">Nikos Koundouros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellie_Lambeti" title="Ellie Lambeti">Ellie Lambeti</a> and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with most having film noir elements. Notable films include <a href="/wiki/The_Drunkard_(1950_film)" title="The Drunkard (1950 film)">The Drunkard</a> (1950, directed by <a href="/wiki/George_Tzavellas" title="George Tzavellas">George Tzavellas</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Counterfeit_Coin" title="The Counterfeit Coin">The Counterfeit Coin</a> (1955, by <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Tzavellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgos Tzavellas">Giorgos Tzavellas</a>), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, by <a href="/wiki/Grigoris_Grigoriou" title="Grigoris Grigoriou">Grigoris Grigoriou</a>), <a href="/wiki/O_Drakos" class="mw-redirect" title="O Drakos">O Drakos</a> (1956, by <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros" title="Nikos Koundouros">Nikos Koundouros</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stella_(1955_film)" title="Stella (1955 film)">Stella</a> (1955, directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis), <a href="/wiki/Woe_to_the_Young" title="Woe to the Young">Woe to the Young</a> (1961, by <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Sakellarios" title="Alekos Sakellarios">Alekos Sakellarios</a>), <a href="/wiki/Glory_Sky" title="Glory Sky">Glory Sky</a> (1962, by <a href="/wiki/Takis_Kanellopoulos" title="Takis Kanellopoulos">Takis Kanellopoulos</a>) and <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Lanterns" title="The Red Lanterns">The Red Lanterns</a> (1963, by <a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Georgiadis" title="Vasilis Georgiadis">Vasilis Georgiadis</a>) Cacoyannis directed <a href="/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek_(film)" title="Zorba the Greek (film)">Zorba the Greek</a> with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations.<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finos_Film" title="Finos Film">Finos Film</a> contributed in this period with movies such as Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο, <a href="/wiki/Madalena_(1960_film)" title="Madalena (1960 film)">Madalena</a>, <a href="/wiki/I_theia_ap%27_to_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="I theia ap' to Chicago">I theia ap' to Chicago</a>, Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Angelopoulos" title="Theo Angelopoulos">Theo Angelopoulos</a> directed notable movies. His film <a href="/wiki/Eternity_and_a_Day" title="Eternity and a Day">Eternity and a Day</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prize_of_the_Ecumenical_Jury" title="Prize of the Ecumenical Jury">Prize of the Ecumenical Jury</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1998 Cannes Film Festival">1998 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> There are internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora, such as the Greek-French <a href="/wiki/Costa-Gavras" title="Costa-Gavras">Costa-Gavras</a> and the Greek-Americans <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">John Cassavetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Payne" title="Alexander Payne">Alexander Payne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos" title="Yorgos Lanthimos">Yorgos Lanthimos</a> has received four <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> nominations for his work, including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_(film)" title="Dogtooth (film)">Dogtooth</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Best Original Screenplay</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Lobster" title="The Lobster">The Lobster</a> (2015), and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Favourite" title="The Favourite">The Favourite</a> (2018).<a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg/220px-Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg/330px-Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg/440px-Louis_entering_Kallimarmaron_at_the_1896_Athens_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Louis" title="Spyridon Louis">Spyridon Louis</a> entering the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a> at the end of the marathon; <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg/220px-Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg/330px-Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg/440px-Charisteas%27_Siegtreffer_im_Finale_der_Euro_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angelos_Charisteas" title="Angelos Charisteas">Angelos Charisteas</a> scoring Greece's winning goal in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Euro 2004 Final">UEFA Euro 2004 Final</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Greece">Sports in Greece</a></div> Greece is the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">ancient Olympic Games</a>, first recorded in 776 BC in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, and hosted the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> twice, the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>. During the parade of nations, Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 121 medals (35 gold, 45 silver and 41 bronze), Greece is ranked 33rd by gold medals in the <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">all-time Summer Olympic medal count</a>. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1896 Summer Olympics medal table">medal table</a> with 10 gold medals. The <a href="/wiki/Greece_national_football_team" title="Greece national football team">Greece national football team</a>, ranked 54th in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">world</a> as of 2024 (and having reached a high of 8th in 2008 and 2011),<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> were crowned <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship#Teams_reaching_the_final" title="UEFA European Championship">European Champions</a> in <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004" title="UEFA Euro 2004">Euro 2004</a> in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport.<a href="#cite_note-Euro2004-393">[388]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Superleague_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Superleague Greece">Greek Super League</a> is the highest professional football league, comprising fourteen teams. The most successful are <a href="/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C." title="Olympiacos F.C.">Olympiacos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C." title="Panathinaikos F.C.">Panathinaikos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C." title="AEK Athens F.C.">AEK Athens</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greece_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece national basketball team">Greek national basketball team</a> has a decades-long tradition of excellence, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greece&action=edit">[update]</a>, it ranked 4th in the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA World Rankings">world</a> and 2nd in <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Europe" title="FIBA Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> They have won the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">European Championship</a> twice in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1987" title="EuroBasket 1987">1987</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2005" title="EuroBasket 2005">2005</a>,<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> and have reached the final four in two of the last four <a href="/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA World Championship">FIBA World Championships</a>, taking the second place in the world in <a href="/wiki/2006_FIBA_World_Championship" title="2006 FIBA World Championship">2006 FIBA World Championship</a>. The domestic top basketball league, <a href="/wiki/A1_Ethniki" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 Ethniki">A1 Ethniki</a>, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are <a href="/wiki/Panathinaikos_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathinaikos BC">Panathinaikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympiacos_B.C." title="Olympiacos B.C.">Olympiacos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aris_B.C." title="Aris B.C.">Aris Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/AEK_Athens_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="AEK Athens B.C.">AEK Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/P.A.O.K._B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="P.A.O.K. B.C.">P.A.O.K</a>. Greek basketball teams are the <a href="/wiki/Euroleague#Finals" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">most successful</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euroleague#Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">European basketball the last 25 years</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_EuroBasket_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA EuroBasket 2005">2005 European Championship</a> triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball. The <a href="/wiki/Greece_women%27s_national_water_polo_team" title="Greece women's national water polo team">Greece women's national water polo team</a> have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming <a href="/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_World_Aquatics_Championships#Women's_tournament" title="Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships">World Champions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament" title="Water polo at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Women's tournament">2011</a>. They won gold at the <a href="/wiki/2005_FINA_Women%27s_Water_Polo_World_League" title="2005 FINA Women's Water Polo World League">2005 World League</a> and silver at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Women%27s_European_Water_Polo_Championship" title="2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship">2010</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Women%27s_European_Water_Polo_Championship" title="2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship">2012 European Championships</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greece_men%27s_national_water_polo_team" title="Greece men's national water polo team">Greece men's national water polo team</a> became the third best water polo team in the world in <a href="/wiki/2005_World_Aquatics_Championships" title="2005 World Aquatics Championships">2005</a>. The domestic top water polo leagues, <a href="/wiki/A1_Ethniki_Water_Polo" title="A1 Ethniki Water Polo">Greek Men's Water Polo League</a> and <a href="/wiki/A1_Ethniki_Women%27s_Water_Polo" title="A1 Ethniki Women's Water Polo">Greek Women's Water Polo League</a> are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions. The <a href="/wiki/Greece_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Greece men's national volleyball team">Greek men's national volleyball team</a> has won two bronze medals, one in the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship" title="Men's European Volleyball Championship">European Volleyball Championship</a> and another one in the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_League" title="Men's European Volleyball League">Men's European Volleyball League</a> and a 5th place in the <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a>. The Greek league, the <a href="/wiki/A1_Ethniki_Volleyball" title="A1 Ethniki Volleyball">A1 Ethniki</a>, is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and Greek clubs have had significant success in European competitions. <a href="/wiki/Olympiacos_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Olympiacos S.C.">Olympiacos</a> is the most successful volleyball club in the country. In handball, <a href="/wiki/AC_Diomidis_Argous" title="AC Diomidis Argous">AC Diomidis Argous</a> is the only Greek club to have won a <a href="/wiki/EHF_Challenge_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="EHF Challenge Cup">European Cup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays_and_festivals">Public holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_procession,_Chora_of_Naxos,_118916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Virgin_Mary_procession%2C_Chora_of_Naxos%2C_118916.jpg/180px-Virgin_Mary_procession%2C_Chora_of_Naxos%2C_118916.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Virgin_Mary_procession%2C_Chora_of_Naxos%2C_118916.jpg/270px-Virgin_Mary_procession%2C_Chora_of_Naxos%2C_118916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Virgin_Mary_procession%2C_Chora_of_Naxos%2C_118916.jpg/360px-Virgin_Mary_procession%2C_Chora_of_Naxos%2C_118916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption>Procession in honor of the Assumption of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> (15 August), a major holiday</figcaption></figure> According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. Since the late '70s, Saturday also is a non-school and not working day. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Independence Day">Greek Independence Day</a>), <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, 15 August (<a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin</a>), and 25 December (Christmas). 1 May (Labour Day) and 28 October (<a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>) are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven national holidays each year. In addition to the national holidays, there are public holidays that are not celebrated nationwide, but only by a specific professional group or a local community. For example, many municipalities have a "Patron Saint" parallel to "<a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name Days</a>", or a "Liberation Day".<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> On such days it is customary for schools to take the day off. Notable festivals, beyond the religious fests, include <a href="/wiki/Patras_Carnival" title="Patras Carnival">Patras Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Festival">Athens Festival</a> and local wine festivals. The city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> is also home of a number of festivals and events. The <a href="/wiki/International_Thessaloniki_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="International Thessaloniki Film Festival">Thessaloniki International Film Festival</a> is one of the most important film festivals in Southern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/48px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/64px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Outline of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline of ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Index of Greece-related articles</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ελλάδα, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Elláda, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eˈlaða]</a>, or Ελλάς, Ellás, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eˈlas]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, romanized: Ellinikí Dimokratía, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-integrated1974-135"><a href="#cite_ref-integrated1974_135-0">^</a> On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus; Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-KolliasGünlük-ŞenesenGülay2003-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaulstonKiesling2012-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Focas2004-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-PetkovicWilliamson2015-153">[150]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system, see <a href="#CITEREFPappas2003">Pappas 2003</a>, who distinguishes three distinct types of party system which developed in consecutive order, namely, a predominant-party system (from 1952 to 1963), a system of polarised pluralism (between 1963 and 1981), and a two-party system (since 1981). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pew2017-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2017_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew2017_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224200050/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018. 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Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+Population+and+Migration+Flows%2C+2023&rft.place=Piraeus&rft.pub=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fdocuments%2F20181%2Fde3e26f6-9b77-d2e5-2ca3-e13bcafe482a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistics.gr/news-announcements/-/asset_publisher/oj6VK3PQ0oCe/content/nws_census_results_booklet_19072022_gr"><bdi lang="el">Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021</bdi></a> [Results of Population-Housing Census 2021] (in Greek). Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 19 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606071435/https://www.statistics.gr/news-announcements/-/asset_publisher/oj6VK3PQ0oCe/content/nws_census_results_booklet_19072022_gr">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+-+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD+2021&rft.place=Piraeus&rft.pub=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fnews-announcements%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2Foj6VK3PQ0oCe%2Fcontent%2Fnws_census_results_booklet_19072022_gr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.GR-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GR_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GR_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GR_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GR_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=174,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024"</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D174%2C%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2023%26ey%3D2025%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/262f2183-1930-6ece-a792-e02103dfbe00">"Income inequality, 2023"</a>. Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Income+inequality%2C+2023&rft.place=Piraeus&rft.pub=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fdocuments%2F20181%2F262f2183-1930-6ece-a792-e02103dfbe00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-8"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002214338/http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html#A3">"The Constitution of Greece: Section II Relations of Church and State: Article 3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html#A3">the original</a> on 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Greece%3A+Section+II+Relations+of+Church+and+State%3A+Article+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fdocs%2Fsyntagma%2Fartcl25.html%23A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/">Hellenic Resources network</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnyediMadeley2004-10"><a href="#cite_ref-EnyediMadeley2004_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnyediMadeley2004" class="citation book cs1">Enyedi, Zsolt; Madeley, John T.S. (2 August 2004). Church and State in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135761417" title="Special:BookSources/9781135761417"><bdi>9781135761417</bdi></a>. <q>Both as a state church and as a national church, the Orthodox Church of Greece has a lot in common with Protestant state churches, and even with Catholicism in some countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Contemporary+Europe&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=9781135761417&rft.aulast=Enyedi&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft.au=Madeley%2C+John+T.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/">"Government and Politics"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227041444/https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Government+and+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fusa%2Fen%2Fabout-greece%2Fgovernment-and-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20190710-14"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20190710_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvati2019" class="citation journal cs1">Harvati, Katerina; et al. (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/6646855">"Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 571 (7766): 500–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1376-z">10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31292546">31292546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195873640">195873640</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Apidima+Cave+fossils+provide+earliest+evidence+of+Homo+sapiens+in+Eurasia&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=7766&rft.pages=500-504&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195873640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31292546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1376-z&rft.aulast=Harvati&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F6646855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-15"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-0">^</a> Marie-Antoinette de Lumley, Gaspard Guipert, Henry de Lumley, Natassa Protopapa, Théodoros Pitsios, Apidima 1 and Apidima 2: Two anteneandertal skulls in the Peloponnese, Greece, L'Anthropologie, Volume 124, Issue 1, 2020, 102743, ISSN 0003-5521, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2019.102743">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2019.102743</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015655/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003552119300974?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> 10 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoukaPerlesValladasVanhaeren2011" class="citation journal cs1">Douka, K.; Perles, C.; Valladas, H.; Vanhaeren, M.; Hedges, R.E.M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1129937">"Franchthi Cave revisited: the age of the Aurignacian in south-eastern Europe"</a>. Antiquity Magazine: 1133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222140445/https://www.academia.edu/1129937">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity+Magazine&rft.atitle=Franchthi+Cave+revisited%3A+the+age+of+the+Aurignacian+in+south-eastern+Europe&rft.pages=1133&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Douka&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Perles%2C+C.&rft.au=Valladas%2C+H.&rft.au=Vanhaeren%2C+M.&rft.au=Hedges%2C+R.E.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1129937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borza-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Borza_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_N._Borza1992" class="citation book cs1">Eugene N. Borza (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA58">In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00880-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015721/https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Olympus%3A+The+Emergence+of+Macedon&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00880-6&rft.au=Eugene+N.+Borza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D614pd07OtfQC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlès2001" class="citation book cs1">Perlès, Catherine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ3tx5_t7QC">The Early Neolithic in Greece: The First Farming Communities in Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521000277" title="Special:BookSources/9780521000277"><bdi>9780521000277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015728/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ3tx5_t7QC&q=sesklo">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Neolithic+in+Greece%3A+The+First+Farming+Communities+in+Europe&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521000277&rft.aulast=Perl%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQQ3tx5_t7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchesne2011297:_"The_list_of_books_which_have_celebrated_Greece_as_the_"cradle"_of_the_West_is_endless;_two_more_examples_are_Charles_Freeman's_The_Greek_Achievement:_The_Foundation_of_the_Western_World_(1999)_and_Bruce_Thornton's_Greek_Ways:_How_the_Greeks_Created_Western_Civilization_(2000)"-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchesne2011297:_"The_list_of_books_which_have_celebrated_Greece_as_the_"cradle"_of_the_West_is_endless;_two_more_examples_are_Charles_Freeman's_The_Greek_Achievement:_The_Foundation_of_the_Western_World_(1999)_and_Bruce_Thornton's_Greek_Ways:_How_the_Greeks_Created_Western_Civilization_(2000)"_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuchesne2011">Duchesne 2011</a>, p. 297: "The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the "cradle" of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization (2000)". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotticiChalland201388:_"The_reason_why_even_such_a_sophisticated_historian_as_Pagden_can_do_it_is_that_the_idea_that_Greece_is_the_cradle_of_civilisation_is_so_much_rooted_in_western_minds_and_school_curricula_as_to_be_taken_for_granted."-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotticiChalland201388:_"The_reason_why_even_such_a_sophisticated_historian_as_Pagden_can_do_it_is_that_the_idea_that_Greece_is_the_cradle_of_civilisation_is_so_much_rooted_in_western_minds_and_school_curricula_as_to_be_taken_for_granted."_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBotticiChalland2013">Bottici & Challand 2013</a>, p. 88: "The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curricula as to be taken for granted.". </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansone2004">Sansone 2004</a>, pp. xviii–xix; <a href="#CITEREFNeer2019">Neer 2019</a>, pp. 25–26; <a href="#CITEREFRenfrew2012">Renfrew 2012</a>, pp. 83–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeer2019">Neer 2019</a>, pp. 27–38; <a href="#CITEREFTomkinsSchoep2012">Tomkins & Schoep 2012</a>, pp. 66–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatrous2021">Watrous 2021</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcEnroe2010">McEnroe 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas2012340–351-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas2012340–351_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomas2012">Tomas 2012</a>, pp. 340–351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalgarella2022-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalgarella2022_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalgarella2022">Salgarella 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell20217-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell20217_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansone2004">Sansone 2004</a>, pp. 10–11; <a href="#CITEREFNeer2019">Neer 2019</a>, pp. 48–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeer201965–66-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeer201965–66_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeer2019">Neer 2019</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansone2004">Sansone 2004</a>, pp. 3–4; <a href="#CITEREFNeer2019">Neer 2019</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1990-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1990_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1990">Chadwick 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort1987" class="citation book cs1">Short, John R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE9AAAAIAAJ&q=greek%20dark%20ages%20776%20BC&pg=PA10">An Introduction to Urban Geography</a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710203724" title="Special:BookSources/9780710203724"><bdi>9780710203724</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020158/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE9AAAAIAAJ&q=greek%20dark%20ages%20776%20BC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Urban+Geography&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780710203724&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGE9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgreek%2520dark%2520ages%2520776%2520BC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Le monde d'Homère (The World of Homer), Perrin (2000), p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Odyssey_2003-33"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Odyssey_2003_33-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/D.C.H._Rieu" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C.H. Rieu">D.C.H. Rieu</a>'s introduction to The Odyssey (Penguin, 2003), p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuller2008">Schuller 2008</a>, pp. 27, 88–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-BKDunn1992-35"><a href="#cite_ref-BKDunn1992_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1994" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, John (1994). Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827934-1"><bdi>978-0-19-827934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%3A+the+unfinished+journey+508+BC+%E2%80%93+1993+AD&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827934-1&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BKRaaflaud2007-36"><a href="#cite_ref-BKRaaflaud2007_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007" class="citation book cs1">Raaflaub, Kurt A; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qaSHHMaGVkC">Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24562-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Democracy+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24562-4&rft.aulast=Raaflaub&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A&rft.au=Ober%2C+Josiah&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Robert+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qaSHHMaGVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345">"A companion to Ancient Macedonia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330042424/https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345#v=snippet&q=Achaemenid%20Persians%20ruled%20balkans&f=false">Archived</a> 30 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> John Wiley & Sons, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/144435163X" title="Special:BookSources/144435163X">144435163X</a> pp 135–138, p 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterfield2018-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Waterfield2018_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Waterfield2018" class="citation book cs1">Robin Waterfield (19 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148">Creators, Conquerors, and Citizens: A History of Ancient Greece</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872788-0"><bdi>978-0-19-872788-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020158/https://books.google.com/books?id=lLNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2018. <q>They formed an alliance, which we call the Hellenic League, and bound themselves not just to repel the Persians, but to help one another whatever particular enemy threatened the freedom of the Greek cities. This was a real acknowledgment of a shared Greekness, and a first attempt to unify the Greek states under such a banner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creators%2C+Conquerors%2C+and+Citizens%3A+A+History+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872788-0&rft.au=Robin+Waterfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLNSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine1983-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Fine1983_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine1983" class="citation book cs1">John Van Antwerp Fine (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjeM0kcp8swC&pg=PA297">The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03314-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03314-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020202/https://books.google.com/books?id=NjeM0kcp8swC&pg=PA297#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2018. <q>This Hellenic League – the first union of Greek states since the mythical times of the Trojan War – was the instrument through which the Greeks organised their successful resistance to Persia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03314-6&rft.au=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNjeM0kcp8swC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss2005-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss2005_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Strauss2005" class="citation book cs1">Barry Strauss (16 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC">The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7453-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7453-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-7453-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429045458/https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Salamis%3A+The+Naval+Encounter+That+Saved+Greece+%E2%80%93+and+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7453-1&rft.au=Barry+Strauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQFtMcD5dOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington201542–43-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington201542–43_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2015">Worthington 2015</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalbank1993">Walbank 1993</a>, pp. 13–14, 29–30, <a href="#CITEREFSchuller2008">Schuller 2008</a>, pp. 49–51, 52–53, <a href="#CITEREFHornblower2011">Hornblower 2011</a>, pp. 268–270, 285–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalbank1993">Walbank 1993</a>, pp. 31–2, 34–5, 36–7, <a href="#CITEREFGehrke1995">Gehrke 1995</a>, pp. 10–3, 16–7, 21, 24–5, 28–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalbank1993">Walbank 1993</a>, pp. 46–48, 59, 74–75, <a href="#CITEREFGehrke1995">Gehrke 1995</a>, pp. 30, 32, 45–48, 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalbank1993">Walbank 1993</a>, pp. 62–3, 133–9, <a href="#CITEREFGehrke1995">Gehrke 1995</a>, pp. 63–65, 73, 75–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossoScott2009" class="citation book cs1">Kosso, Cynthia; Scott, Anne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&pg=PA51">The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance</a>. Brill. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004173576" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004173576"><bdi>978-9004173576</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318020442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&pg=PA51#v=snippet&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Function+of+Water%2C+Baths%2C+Bathing%2C+and+Hygiene+from+Antiquity+Through+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004173576&rft.aulast=Kosso&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Scott%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTkXFLfmLTkC%26q%3Dhellenistic%2520mathematics%2520science%2520technology%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalbank1993">Walbank 1993</a>, pp. 79–80, 91–2, 141–2, 151–2, <a href="#CITEREFGehrke1995">Gehrke 1995</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flower-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flower_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flower_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlower2004" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Harriet, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2">The Roman Republic</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/248">248, 258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00390-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=248%2C+258&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00390-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Antigonid dynasty". Britannica (online ed.). 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antigonid+dynasty&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2003" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Allen Mason; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofromanpe00alle">A history of the Roman people</a>. Prentice Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofromanpe00alle/page/276">276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-038480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-038480-5"><bdi>978-0-13-038480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Roman+people&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-038480-5&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Allen+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofromanpe00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoch2000" class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&pg=PA136">Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3287-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3287-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-3287-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020159/https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&pg=PA136#v=snippet&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3287-7&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95bu0O3LLlsC%26q%3DGraecia%2520capta%2520ferum%2520victorem%2520cepit%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC&pg=PA617">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 617–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2221-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2221-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020200/https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC&pg=PA617#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=617-18&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2221-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuKkxU4-ncC%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, William (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&pg=PA500">Ancient Rome</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6834-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-6834-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020200/https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&pg=PA500#v=snippet&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6834-1&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkOhwFzz1AkC%26q%3Dearly%2520christian%2520leaders%2520speak%2520greek%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilburn1992" class="citation book cs1">Milburn, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&q=early%20christianity%20greece&pg=PA158">Early Christian Art and Architecture</a>. University of California Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520074125" title="Special:BookSources/9780520074125"><bdi>9780520074125</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020204/https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&q=early%20christianity%20greece&pg=PA158#v=snippet&q=early%20christianity%20greece&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520074125&rft.aulast=Milburn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcRTwsDq_Z4C%26q%3Dearly%2520christianity%2520greece%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriellWilliams2005-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FriellWilliams2005_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_FriellPeabody_Professor_of_North_American_Archaeology_and_Ethnography_Emeritus_Stephen_WilliamsStephen_Williams2005" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Friell; Peabody Professor of North American Archaeology and Ethnography Emeritus Stephen Williams; Stephen Williams (8 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ">Theodosius: The Empire at Bay</a>. Routledge. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78262-7"><bdi>978-1-135-78262-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429045345/https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodosius%3A+The+Empire+at+Bay&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78262-7&rft.au=Gerard+Friell&rft.au=Peabody+Professor+of+North+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnography+Emeritus+Stephen+Williams&rft.au=Stephen+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8KRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrottet2004-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Perrottet2004_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Perrottet2004" class="citation book cs1">Tony Perrottet (8 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2VPMUBAxUUC&pg=PA190">The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 190–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-382-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-382-4"><bdi>978-1-58836-382-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naked+Olympics%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Ancient+Games&rft.pages=190-&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-382-4&rft.au=Tony+Perrottet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2VPMUBAxUUC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2005-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans2005_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans2005_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Allan_Stewart_Evans2005" class="citation book cs1">James Allan Stewart Evans (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC">The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 65–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32582-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Justinian+and+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pages=65-70&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32582-3&rft.au=James+Allan+Stewart+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDNv6qZ_I-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haldon1990-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Haldon1990_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._F._Haldon1990" class="citation book cs1">J. F. Haldon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C">Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-31917-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210555/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+Seventh+Century%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Culture&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31917-1&rft.au=J.+F.+Haldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSHmT1G_5T0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakrides2009" class="citation book cs1">Makrides, Nikolaos (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC&q=10th%20century&pg=PA17">Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present</a>. NYU Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9568-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-9568-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020750/https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC&q=10th%20century&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=10th%20century&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Temples+and+Christian+Churches%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Religious+Cultures+of+Greece+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9568-2&rft.aulast=Makrides&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKOY5NsekfkC%26q%3D10th%2520century%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Elizabeth, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4">The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6"><bdi>978-0-19-925246-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020703/https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925246-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliFKua_cWL8C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2007" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West. Cambridge University Press. pp. 376–568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarian+Migrations+and+the+Roman+West&rft.pages=376-568&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135–6-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135–6_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135–6_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 35–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199163–6-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199163–6_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199163–6_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 63–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, TE (2010). A History of Byzantium. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 169. <q>It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbors, including the Byzantines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=TE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothaus2000-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothaus2000_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Rothaus2000" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Rothaus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAhrDO1XQIC">Corinth, the First City of Greece: An Urban History of Late Antique Cult and Religion</a>. BRILL. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10922-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10922-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020704/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAhrDO1XQIC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corinth%2C+the+First+City+of+Greece%3A+An+Urban+History+of+Late+Antique+Cult+and+Religion&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10922-3&rft.au=Richard+M.+Rothaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbAhrDO1XQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1984" class="citation book cs1">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&pg=PA203">Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226284606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226284606"><bdi>978-0226284606</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020720/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+Church%2C+Society%2C+and+Civilization+Seen+Through+Contemporary+Eyes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0226284606&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rayUr0j28wC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB2_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26387/Byzantine-recovery">"Greece During the Byzantine Period: Byzantine recovery"</a>. Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online&rft.atitle=Greece+During+the+Byzantine+Period%3A+Byzantine+recovery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F244154%2FGreece%2F26387%2FByzantine-recovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199179–83-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199179–83_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 79–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritIdent-69"><a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300 – c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece+during+the+Byzantine+period+%28c.+AD+300+%E2%80%93+c.+1453%29%2C+Population+and+languages%2C+Emerging+Greek+identity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB3-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB3_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB3_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade">"Greece During the Byzantine Period: Results of the Fourth Crusade"</a>. Online Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422103358/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+During+the+Byzantine+Period%3A+Results+of+the+Fourth+Crusade&rft.pub=Online+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F244154%2FGreece%2F26389%2FResults-of-the-Fourth-Crusade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB3A-71"><a href="#cite_ref-EB3A_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26395/The-islands">"Greece During the Byzantine Period: The islands"</a>. Online Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051540/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26395/The-islands">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+During+the+Byzantine+Period%3A+The+islands&rft.pub=Online+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F244154%2FGreece%2F26395%2FThe-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoles1969" class="citation journal cs1">Moles, Ian (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJhOAAAAIAAJ">"Nationalism and Byzantine Greece"</a>. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies: 102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020724/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJhOAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2020. <q>Greek nationalism, in other words, was articulated as the boundaries of Byzantium shrank... the Palaeologian restoration that the two words are brought into definite and cognate relationship with 'nation' (Έθνος).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Byzantine+Greece&rft.pages=102&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Moles&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJhOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuncimanRunciman1985-73"><a href="#cite_ref-RuncimanRunciman1985_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_RuncimanSir_Steven_Runciman1985" class="citation book cs1">Steven Runciman; Sir Steven Runciman (24 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC&pg=PA120">The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31310-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31310-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020725/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2018. <q>By the fifteenth century most Byzantine intellectuals alluded to themselves as Hellenes. John Argyropoulus even calls the Emperor 'Emperor of the Hellenes' and describes the last wars of Byzantium as a struggle for the freedom of Hellas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Church+in+Captivity%3A+A+Study+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+from+the+Eve+of+the+Turkish+Conquest+to+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31310-0&rft.au=Steven+Runciman&rft.au=Sir+Steven+Runciman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5OGIBgoHMC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasiliev-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1964" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtM0qClcIX4C">History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299809256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299809256"><bdi>978-0299809256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+324%E2%80%931453&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0299809256&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtM0qClcIX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CareyCarey1968-75"><a href="#cite_ref-CareyCarey1968_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Perry_Clark_CareyAndrew_Galbraith_Carey1968" class="citation book cs1">Jane Perry Clark Carey; Andrew Galbraith Carey (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ">The Web of Modern Greek Politics</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231031707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231031707"><bdi>978-0231031707</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205509/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2018. <q>By the end of the fourteenth century the Byzantine emperor was often called "Emperor of the Hellenes"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Web+of+Modern+Greek+Politics&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0231031707&rft.au=Jane+Perry+Clark+Carey&rft.au=Andrew+Galbraith+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dltw7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilsdale2014" class="citation book cs1">Hilsdale, Cecily J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7GkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107729384" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107729384"><bdi>978-1107729384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7GkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Art+and+Diplomacy+in+an+Age+of+Decline&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107729384&rft.aulast=Hilsdale&rft.aufirst=Cecily+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7GkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB4-77"><a href="#cite_ref-EB4_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions">"Greece During the Byzantine Period: Serbian and Ottoman advances"</a>. Online Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224052621/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+During+the+Byzantine+Period%3A+Serbian+and+Ottoman+advances&rft.pub=Online+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F244154%2FGreece%2F26391%2FThessaly-and-surrounding-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB5-78"><a href="#cite_ref-EB5_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions">"Greece During the Byzantine Period: The Peloponnese advances"</a>. Online Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224052621/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+During+the+Byzantine+Period%3A+The+Peloponnese+advances&rft.pub=Online+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F244154%2FGreece%2F26391%2FThessaly-and-surrounding-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199210-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199210_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199223-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199223_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKourvetarisDobratz1987" class="citation book cs1">Kourvetaris, George; Dobratz, Betty (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePwcAAAAYAAJ&q=Greece+chiflik+serfs">A profile of modern Greece: in search of identity</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198275510" title="Special:BookSources/9780198275510"><bdi>9780198275510</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021207/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePwcAAAAYAAJ&q=Greece+chiflik+serfs">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+profile+of+modern+Greece%3A+in+search+of+identity&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780198275510&rft.aulast=Kourvetaris&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Dobratz%2C+Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePwcAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DGreece%2Bchiflik%2Bserfs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg19923-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg19923_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, pp. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199214-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199214_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199214_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg1992-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199215-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199215_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199215_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1968" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Lyn (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7BAAAAAIAAJ&q=greece+revolts+ottoman+rule+bloodshed">Greece and the Greeks</a>. T Nelson. p. 124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021226/https://books.google.com/books?id=d7BAAAAAIAAJ&q=greece+revolts+ottoman+rule+bloodshed">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+the+Greeks&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=T+Nelson&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7BAAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgreece%2Brevolts%2Bottoman%2Brule%2Bbloodshed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> 221 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesGorman2010" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=greece%20ottoman%20rule%20revolts%20orlov&pg=PA256">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</a>. Infobase. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2676-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021208/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=greece%20ottoman%20rule%20revolts%20orlov&pg=PA256#v=snippet&q=greece%20ottoman%20rule%20revolts%20orlov&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Gorman%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26q%3Dgreece%2520ottoman%2520rule%2520revolts%2520orlov%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199221,_23-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199221,_23_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, pp. 21, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199225,_26,_27-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg199225,_26,_27_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg1992">Clogg 1992</a>, p. 25, 26, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2009">Hatzopoulos 2009</a>, pp. 81–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2009">Hatzopoulos 2009</a>. For the crisis of maritime trade from 1815 onwards, see <a href="#CITEREFKremmydas1977">Kremmydas 1977</a> and <a href="#CITEREFKremmydas2002">Kremmydas 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer,_D._2001,_pp._235-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_D._2001,_pp._235_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer,_D._2001,_pp._235_92-1">b</a> Brewer, D. The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation. Overlook Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-172-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-172-X">1-58567-172-X</a>, pp. 235–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096725" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096725"><bdi>9781851096725</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021209/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=1140&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851096725&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA1140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173817/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html">"The Chios Massacre Of 1822"</a>. Queens Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queens+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Chios+Massacre+Of+1822&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qgazette.com%2Fnews%2F2007-11-28%2Ffeatures%2F016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlose2016" class="citation book cs1">Klose, Fabian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice...</a> Clays. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107075511" title="Special:BookSources/9781107075511"><bdi>9781107075511</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240912210753/https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Humanitarian+Intervention%3A+Ideas+and+Practice...&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Clays&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107075511&rft.aulast=Klose&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcMvZCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillert2018" class="citation book cs1">Willert, Trine Stauning (4 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction">The New Ottoman Greece in History and Fiction</a>. Springer. pp. 71–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-93849-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-93849-3"><bdi>978-3-319-93849-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction#v=snippet&q=The%20New%20Ottoman%20Greece%20in%20History%20and%20Fiction&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction&rft.pages=71-100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft.isbn=978-3-319-93849-3&rft.aulast=Willert&rft.aufirst=Trine+Stauning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgB1tDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BOttoman%2BGreece%2Bin%2BHistory%2Band%2BFiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibrahim_Pasha" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ibrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibrahim+Pasha&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=223-224&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse1965" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (1965). The Battle of Navarino. pp. 117–18, 137, 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Navarino&rft.pages=117-18%2C+137%2C+139&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Montague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΛούκος1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Λούκος, Χρήστος (1988). Η αντιπολίτευση κατά του κυβερνήτη Ιωάννη Καποδίστρια (in Greek). Αθήνα, Ελλάδα: Θεμέλιο. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%97+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1&rft.place=%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%2C+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.aufirst=%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_otto-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_otto_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_otto_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_otto_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-king-of-Greece">"Otto"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909190752/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-king-of-Greece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otto&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOtto-king-of-Greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongLalenisMamadouh2002" class="citation book cs1">Jong, M. de; Lalenis, K.; Mamadouh, V. D. (31 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fXfatJ1aQq0C&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA71">The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transplantation: Experiences with the Transfer of Policy Institutions</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402011085" title="Special:BookSources/9781402011085"><bdi>9781402011085</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021211/https://books.google.com/books?id=fXfatJ1aQq0C&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Institutional+Transplantation%3A+Experiences+with+the+Transfer+of+Policy+Institutions&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft.isbn=9781402011085&rft.aulast=Jong&rft.aufirst=M.+de&rft.au=Lalenis%2C+K.&rft.au=Mamadouh%2C+V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXfatJ1aQq0C%26q%3Dking%252520otto%252520german%252520language%252520administration%252520greece%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia_imperialism-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_imperialism_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_imperialism_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2008" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5zTkGKy4wEC&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA291">Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313043413" title="Special:BookSources/9780313043413"><bdi>9780313043413</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Age+of+Imperialism%2C+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313043413&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Carl+Cavanagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5zTkGKy4wEC%26q%3Dking%252520otto%252520german%252520language%252520administration%252520greece%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia50–51-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia50–51_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia">Great Greek Encyclopedia</a>, p. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof2001101–113-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof2001101–113_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof2001101–113_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoudometof2001">Roudometof 2001</a>, pp. 101–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynn1984" class="citation book cs1">Wynn, Martin (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vb2xAAAAIAAJ&q=otto+move+capital+athens">Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe</a>. Mansell. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780720116083" title="Special:BookSources/9780720116083"><bdi>9780720116083</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021731/https://books.google.com/books?id=vb2xAAAAIAAJ&q=otto+move+capital+athens">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+and+Urban+Growth+in+Southern+Europe&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Mansell&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780720116083&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvb2xAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dotto%2Bmove%2Bcapital%2Bathens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia239"Διὰ_τοῦ_Συντάγματος_τοῦ_1864_καθιερώθει_ὡς_πολίτευμα_διὰ_τὴν_Ἑλλάδα_ἡ_κοινοβουλευτικὴ_μοναρχία,_ἣ,_ὅπως_ἄλλως_ἐχαρακτηρίσθη,_ἡ_«βασιλευομένη_δημοκρατία»_ἣ_«δημοκρατικὴ_βασιλεία»"_[Through_the_Constitution_of_1864,_constitutional_monarchy,_or,_as_it_had_been_described,_"crowned_democracy",_or_"democratic_monarchy",_was_consolidated_as_the_form_of_government_in_Greece]-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia239"Διὰ_τοῦ_Συντάγματος_τοῦ_1864_καθιερώθει_ὡς_πολίτευμα_διὰ_τὴν_Ἑλλάδα_ἡ_κοινοβουλευτικὴ_μοναρχία,_ἣ,_ὅπως_ἄλλως_ἐχαρακτηρίσθη,_ἡ_«βασιλευομένη_δημοκρατία»_ἣ_«δημοκρατικὴ_βασιλεία»"_[Through_the_Constitution_of_1864,_constitutional_monarchy,_or,_as_it_had_been_described,_"crowned_democracy",_or_"democratic_monarchy",_was_consolidated_as_the_form_of_government_in_Greece]_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia">Great Greek Encyclopedia</a>, p. 239, "Διὰ τοῦ Συντάγματος τοῦ 1864 καθιερώθει ὡς πολίτευμα διὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἡ κοινοβουλευτικὴ μοναρχία, ἣ, ὅπως ἄλλως ἐχαρακτηρίσθη, ἡ «βασιλευομένη δημοκρατία» ἣ «δημοκρατικὴ βασιλεία»" [Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece]. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagmatiki-Istoria/">"Constitutional History"</a>. hellenicparliament.gr. Hellenic Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526170714/https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagmatiki-Istoria/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2018. <q>The revolt marked the end of constitutional monarchy and the beginning of a crowned democracy with George-Christian-Wilhelm of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Glücksburg dynasty as monarch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hellenicparliament.gr&rft.atitle=Constitutional+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2Fen%2FVouli-ton-Ellinon%2FTo-Politevma%2FSyntagmatiki-Istoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RekVT4GnyYIC&q=crowned%2520republic%2520greece&pg=PA132">Greece Country Study Guide: Strategic Information and Developments</a>. International Business Publications, US. 3 March 2012. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7447-3"><bdi>978-1-4387-7447-3</bdi></a>. <q>In 1862, however, a revolt brought about important changes in the political system that led to the so-called "crowned democracy", i.e. a kingdom with a democratic government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+Country+Study+Guide%3A+Strategic+Information+and+Developments&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+US&rft.date=2012-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4387-7447-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRekVT4GnyYIC%26q%3Dcrowned%252520republic%252520greece%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-constitutional_history-109"><a href="#cite_ref-constitutional_history_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagmatiki-Istoria/">"Constitutional History"</a>. hellenicparliament.gr. Hellenic Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526170714/https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagmatiki-Istoria/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hellenicparliament.gr&rft.atitle=Constitutional+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2Fen%2FVouli-ton-Ellinon%2FTo-Politevma%2FSyntagmatiki-Istoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328044804/http://www.aedik.gr/frontend/articles.php?cid=44&scid=51">"The Countdown"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aedik.gr/frontend/articles.php?cid=44&scid=51">the original</a> on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Countdown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aedik.gr%2Ffrontend%2Farticles.php%3Fcid%3D44%26scid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmig2009" class="citation journal cs1">Immig, Nicole (2009). "The "New" Muslim Minorities in Greece: Between Emigration and Political Participation, 1881–1886". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 29 (4): 511–522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602000903411408">10.1080/13602000903411408</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143664377">143664377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+%22New%22+Muslim+Minorities+in+Greece%3A+Between+Emigration+and+Political+Participation%2C+1881%E2%80%931886&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=511-522&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602000903411408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143664377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Immig&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie_Charrel2015" class="citation web cs1">Marie Charrel (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/07/16/quand-la-france-et-l-allemagne-mirent-la-grece-sous-tutelle-en-1898_4685561_3234.html">"Quand la France et l'Allemagne mirent la Grèce sous tutelle… en 1898"</a>. Le Monde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517145442/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/07/16/quand-la-france-et-l-allemagne-mirent-la-grece-sous-tutelle-en-1898_4685561_3234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Quand+la+France+et+l%27Allemagne+mirent+la+Gr%C3%A8ce+sous+tutelle%E2%80%A6+en+1898&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.au=Marie+Charrel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2Fquand-la-france-et-l-allemagne-mirent-la-grece-sous-tutelle-en-1898_4685561_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivanios1999">Livanios 1999</a>, pp. 195–196, <a href="#CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2002">Koliopoulos & Veremis 2002</a>, pp. 280–281, <a href="#CITEREFKostopoulos2011">Kostopoulos 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower1992886,_890–893,_895–900,_904-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower1992886,_890–893,_895–900,_904_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazower1992">Mazower 1992</a>, pp. 886, 890–893, 895–900, 904. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_J._Gibney,_Randall_Hansen.2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthew J. Gibney, <a href="/wiki/Randall_Hansen" title="Randall Hansen">Randall Hansen</a>. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/377">Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/377">377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-796-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-796-2</bdi></a>. <q>The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of I.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the Greeks who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 (Ladas I932, 438–439), but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Asylum%3A+from+1900+to+the+Present%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-796-2&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Gibney%2C+Randall+Hansen.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimmigrationasylu00matt%2Fpage%2F377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofosÖzkirimli2008" class="citation book cs1">Sofos, Spyros A.; <a href="/wiki/Umut_%C3%96zkirimli" class="mw-redirect" title="Umut Özkirimli">Özkirimli, Umut</a> (2008). Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-899-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-899-3"><bdi>978-1-85065-899-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+by+History%3A+Nationalism+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-899-3&rft.aulast=Sofos&rft.aufirst=Spyros+A.&rft.au=%C3%96zkirimli%2C+Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71515470">71515470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71515470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html">"Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament"</a>. News.AM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416235256/https://news.am/eng/news/16644.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genocide+Resolution+approved+by+Swedish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F16644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988">, containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Gaunt, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102130735/http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC">Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I</a>. Piscataway, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>: Gorgias Press, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges2000" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges, Chris</a> (17 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html">"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125062332/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Few+Words+in+Greek+Tell+of+a+Homeland+Lost&rft.date=2000-09-17&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F09%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fa-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">Rummel, RJ</a> (1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". Idea Journal of Social Issues. 3 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Idea+Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+in+Comparative+and+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_Grossbongardt2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Annette Grossbongardt (28 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/christians-in-turkey-the-diaspora-welcomes-the-pope-a-451140.html">"Christians in Turkey: The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143609/http://www.spiegel.de/international/christians-in-turkey-the-diaspora-welcomes-the-pope-a-451140.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Turkey%3A+The+Diaspora+Welcomes+the+Pope&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=Annette+Grossbongardt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fchristians-in-turkey-the-diaspora-welcomes-the-pope-a-451140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Howland, Charles P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68710/charles-p-howland/greece-and-her-refugees">"Greece and Her Refugees"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407210749/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68710/charles-p-howland/greece-and-her-refugees">Archived</a> 7 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/The_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Council on Foreign Relations">The Council on Foreign Relations</a>. July 1926. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFDWqVnkvhsTndtvSoClrL8BI7vRxXKg8ztIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIfmAIHno4xZaiebsKTXkZGFzZyd4dunA0LfOa-Yg4kaY.">"Newspaper of the Government – Issue 64"</a>. Government Newspaper of the Hellenic State. 25 March 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518194612/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFDWqVnkvhsTndtvSoClrL8BI7vRxXKg8ztIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIfmAIHno4xZaiebsKTXkZGFzZyd4dunA0LfOa-Yg4kaY.">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. 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Pluto Press London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Orders%2C+Old+And+New&rft.pub=Pluto+Press+London&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazower2016">Mazower 2016</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 51, Figure 2.3 "Numeracy in selected Balkan and Caucasus countries", based on data from Crayen and Baten (2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present&rft.pages=51%2C+Figure+2.3+%22Numeracy+in+selected+Balkan+and+Caucasus+countries%22%2C+based+on+data+from+Crayen+and+Baten+%282010%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChourchoulisKourkouvelas2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chourchoulis, Dionysios; Kourkouvelas, Lykourgos (26 November 2012). 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Informa UK Limited: 497–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2012.741848">10.1080/14683857.2012.741848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3857">1468-3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153476225">153476225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Greek+perceptions+of+NATO+during+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-514&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153476225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-3857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2012.741848&rft.aulast=Chourchoulis&rft.aufirst=Dionysios&rft.au=Kourkouvelas%2C+Lykourgos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/cyprus-1960-present/">"34. Cyprus (1960–present)"</a>. uca.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602195040/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/cyprus-1960-present/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023. 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Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amp.theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Syriza%27s+historic+win+puts+Greece+on+collision+course+with+Europe&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F25%2Fsyriza-historic-win-greece-european-union-austerity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailout_exit_Reuters-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailout_exit_Reuters_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailout_exit_Reuters_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-greece-bailout/greece-exits-final-bailout-successfully-esm-idUSKCN1L40OG">"Greece exits final bailout successfully: ESM"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Greece+exits+final+bailout+successfully%3A+ESM&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-eurozone-greece-bailout%2Fgreece-exits-final-bailout-successfully-esm-idUSKCN1L40OG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iir.cz/after-the-prespa-agreement-why-north-macedonia-s-accession-to-eu-won-t-happen-in-the-near-future">"After the Prespa Agreement: Why North Macedonia's Accession to EU won't happen in the near future | Ústav mezinárodních vztahů – Expertise to impact"</a>. www.iir.cz (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509193636/https://www.iir.cz/after-the-prespa-agreement-why-north-macedonia-s-accession-to-eu-won-t-happen-in-the-near-future">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iir.cz&rft.atitle=After+the+Prespa+Agreement%3A+Why+North+Macedonia%27s+Accession+to+EU+won%27t+happen+in+the+near+future+%7C+%C3%9Astav+mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADch+vztah%C5%AF+%E2%80%93+Expertise+to+impact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iir.cz%2Fafter-the-prespa-agreement-why-north-macedonia-s-accession-to-eu-won-t-happen-in-the-near-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/8/kyriakos-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-greeces-new-prime-minister">"New era as Mitsotakis is sworn in as Greece's new PM"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926231754/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/8/kyriakos-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-greeces-new-prime-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=New+era+as+Mitsotakis+is+sworn+in+as+Greece%27s+new+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F7%2F8%2Fkyriakos-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-greeces-new-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/13/greeces-first-female-president-sworn-in">"Greece swears in first female president"</a>. www.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Greece+swears+in+first+female+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F3%2F13%2Fgreeces-first-female-president-sworn-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Helena (15 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/15/greece-becomes-first-orthodox-christian-country-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage">"Greece becomes first Orthodox Christian country to legalise same-sex marriage"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021731/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/15/greece-becomes-first-orthodox-christian-country-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Greece+becomes+first+Orthodox+Christian+country+to+legalise+same-sex+marriage&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fgreece-becomes-first-orthodox-christian-country-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-Greece-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Greece_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Greece_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Greece_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Greece_147-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/">"The World Factbook – Greece"</a>. cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063832/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fgreece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp48.pdf">"UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES: Working Paper No. 48"</a> (PDF). UN. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514112519/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp48.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNITED+NATIONS+GROUP+OF+EXPERTS+ON+GEOGRAPHICAL+NAMES%3A+Working+Paper+No.+48&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F23-gegn%2Fwp%2Fgegn23wp48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KolliasGünlük-ŞenesenGülay2003-149"><a href="#cite_ref-KolliasGünlük-ŞenesenGülay2003_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrēstos_G._KolliasGülay_Günlük-ŞenesenGülden_Ayman2003" class="citation book cs1">Chrēstos G. Kollias; Gülay Günlük-Şenesen; Gülden Ayman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_e4CT57tZYC&pg=PA10">Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation: a Political Economy Perspective</a>. Nova Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-753-0"><bdi>978-1-59033-753-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2013. <q>Greece's Strategic Position in the Balkans And Eastern Mediterranean Greece is located at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia and Africa). It is an integral part of the Balkans (where it is the only country that is a member of the ...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+Turkey+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Conflict+Or+Cooperation%3A+a+Political+Economy+Perspective&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-753-0&rft.au=Chr%C4%93stos+G.+Kollias&rft.au=G%C3%BClay+G%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk-%C5%9Eenesen&rft.au=G%C3%BClden+Ayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_e4CT57tZYC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulstonKiesling2012-150"><a href="#cite_ref-PaulstonKiesling2012_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Bratt_PaulstonScott_F._KieslingElizabeth_S._Rangel2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina Bratt Paulston; Scott F. Kiesling; Elizabeth S. Rangel (13 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2_JtZV7ZIYC&pg=PA292">The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6272-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6272-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-6272-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2013. <q>Introduction Greece and Turkey are situated at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and their inhabitants have had a long history of cultural interaction even though their languages are neither genetically nor typologically ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Intercultural+Discourse+and+Communication&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6272-2&rft.au=Christina+Bratt+Paulston&rft.au=Scott+F.+Kiesling&rft.au=Elizabeth+S.+Rangel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2_JtZV7ZIYC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Focas2004-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Focas2004_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaralampo_Focas2004" class="citation book cs1">Caralampo Focas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MO33_NB5sWcC&pg=PA114">Transport Issues And Problems in Southeastern Europe</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1970-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-1970-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2013. <q>Greece itself shows a special geopolitical importance as it is situated at the crossroads of three continents – Europe, Asia and Africa – and can be therefore considered as a natural bridge between Europe and the Middle East</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+Issues+And+Problems+in+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-1970-3&rft.au=Caralampo+Focas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMO33_NB5sWcC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlytsosKatseli2005" class="citation book cs1">Glytsos, Nicholas P.; Katseli, Louka T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0droTivyVUgC&pg=PA337">"10. Greek Migration: The Two Faces of Janus"</a>. In Zimmermann, Klaus F. (ed.). European Migration: What Do We Know?. Oxford University Press. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925735-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925735-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925735-5</bdi></a>. <q>Introduction Migration movements from and to, or via Greece, are an age-old phenomenon. Situated at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa), Greece has been, at different historical times, both a labour...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Greek+Migration%3A+The+Two+Faces+of+Janus&rft.btitle=European+Migration%3A+What+Do+We+Know%3F&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925735-5&rft.aulast=Glytsos&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+P.&rft.au=Katseli%2C+Louka+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0droTivyVUgC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetkovicWilliamson2015-153"><a href="#cite_ref-PetkovicWilliamson2015_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSladjana_PetkovicHoward_Williamson2015" class="citation book cs1">Sladjana Petkovic; Howard Williamson (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HTpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">Youth policy in Greece: Council of Europe international review</a>. Council of Europe. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-8181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-8181-7"><bdi>978-92-871-8181-7</bdi></a>. <q>As reports from the GSY (2007) show, young people have the opportunity to become acquainted with many diverse civilisations and cultures, through Greece's strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Accordingly, many ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+policy+in+Greece%3A+Council+of+Europe+international+review&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.isbn=978-92-871-8181-7&rft.au=Sladjana+Petkovic&rft.au=Howard+Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HTpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090613164558/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=GR&regionCode=eu&#gr">"The World Fact Book – Field Listing :: Coastline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr&regionCode=eu&#gr">the original</a> on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Fact+Book+%E2%80%93+Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Coastline&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2060.html%3FcountryName%3DGreece%26countryCode%3Dgr%26regionCode%3Deu%26%23gr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213192314/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_01_0002_00061.pdf">"Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2009 & 2010"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Statistical_Authority" title="Hellenic Statistical Authority">Hellenic Statistical Authority</a>. p. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_01_0002_00061.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Yearbook+of+Greece+2009+%26+2010&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.statistics.gr%2FBook%2FGRESYE_01_0002_00061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-157"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSansone2011" class="citation book cs1">Sansone, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJONdN0dNYQC&q=cycladic%20civilization&pg=PT27">Ancient Greek civilization</a>. Wiley. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444358773" title="Special:BookSources/9781444358773"><bdi>9781444358773</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015654/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJONdN0dNYQC&q=cycladic%20civilization&pg=PT27#v=snippet&q=cycladic%20civilization&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+civilization&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444358773&rft.aulast=Sansone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJONdN0dNYQC%26q%3Dcycladic%2520civilization%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-158"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse">The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691025916" title="Special:BookSources/0691025916"><bdi>0691025916</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610015656/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse#v=snippet&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+Ca.+1200+BC&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0691025916&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFpK6aXEWN8C%26q%3Dgreece%2520bronze%2520age%2520collapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114094456/http://www.olympusfd.gr/us/Infos.asp">"Olympus the First National Park"</a>. Management Agency of Olympus National Park. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympusfd.gr/us/infos.asp">the original</a> on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympus+the+First+National+Park&rft.pub=Management+Agency+of+Olympus+National+Park&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympusfd.gr%2Fus%2Finfos.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4wYAAAAIAAJ">Guinness World Records 2005: Special 50th Anniversary Edition</a>. Guinness World Records. 2004. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892051-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-892051-22-6"><bdi>978-1-892051-22-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610022245/https://books.google.com/books?id=D4wYAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2005%3A+Special+50th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-892051-22-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4wYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Sofianos, D.Z.: "Metéora". Holy Monastery of Great Meteoro, 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarker,_SherryBowman,_JohnKerasiotis,_PeterSarna,_Heidi2010" class="citation book cs1">Marker, Sherry; Bowman, John; Kerasiotis, Peter; Sarna, Heidi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvlP7D9C_7gC&pg=PA12">Frommer's Greek Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52664-4"><bdi>978-0-470-52664-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610022305/https://books.google.com/books?id=wvlP7D9C_7gC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. 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Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+National+Meteorological+Service&rft.atitle=The+Climate+of+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnms.gr%2Femy%2Fen%2Fclimatology%2Fclimatology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_Atlas_of_Greece_(Hellenic_National_Meteorological_Service)-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_Atlas_of_Greece_(Hellenic_National_Meteorological_Service)_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921184739/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/greek/pdf/Climate_Atlas_Of_Greece.pdf">"Climate Atlas of Greece"</a> (PDF). Hellenic National Meteorological Service. 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Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.summitpost.org&rft.atitle=Mountain+Weather+in+Greece+%3A+Articles+%3A+SummitPost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpost.org%2Fmountain-weather-in-greece%2F1002640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece">"Greece – Climate"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022045313/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014. 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Reuters. 26 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702205724/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mitsotakis-be-sworn-greek-pm-after-landslide-victory-2023-06-26/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mitsotakis+sworn+in+as+Greek+PM%2C+promises+more+jobs+and+%27big+changes%27&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmitsotakis-be-sworn-greek-pm-after-landslide-victory-2023-06-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521050219/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Services/Directory/GreekAuthoritiesAbroad/"><bdi lang="el">Αρχές του Εξωτερικού</bdi></a> [Missions Abroad] (in Greek). Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Services/Directory/GreekAuthoritiesAbroad/#Β">the original</a> on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D&rft.pub=Hellenic+Republic+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fel-GR%2FServices%2FDirectory%2FGreekAuthoritiesAbroad%2F%23%CE%92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA_mission-186"><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_mission_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/the-ministry/structure/mission-and-competences.html">"Mission and Competences"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213162204/http://www1.mfa.gr/en/the-ministry/structure/mission-and-competences.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Competences&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fthe-ministry%2Fstructure%2Fmission-and-competences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20151022-greece-hails-special-relationship-france-hollande-visit">"Greece hails 'special relationship' with France on Hollande visit"</a>. France 24. 22 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708170236/https://www.france24.com/en/20151022-greece-hails-special-relationship-france-hollande-visit">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Greece+hails+%27special+relationship%27+with+France+on+Hollande+visit&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20151022-greece-hails-special-relationship-france-hollande-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentonews.gr/article/paylopoylos-kai-matarela-epibebaiwsan-th-makroxronh-ellhnoitalikh-filia">"Παυλόπουλος και Ματαρέλα επιβεβαίωσαν τη μακρόχρονη ελληνοϊταλική φιλία"</a> [Pavlopoulos and Mattarella confirm the longstanding Greek-Italian friendship]. Documento (in Greek). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211132954/https://www.documentonews.gr/article/paylopoylos-kai-matarela-epibebaiwsan-th-makroxronh-ellhnoitalikh-filia">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documento&rft.atitle=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentonews.gr%2Farticle%2Fpaylopoylos-kai-matarela-epibebaiwsan-th-makroxronh-ellhnoitalikh-filia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306131743/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/paylopoylos-matarela-dynath-filia-kai-koinh-optikh-metaksu-elladas-kai-italias.4482614.html">"Παυλόπουλος – Ματαρέλα: Δυνατή φιλία και κοινή οπτική μεταξύ Ελλάδας και Ιταλίας"</a> [Pavlopoulos – Mattarella: Strong friendship and a common vision between Greece and Italy]. news247 (in Greek). 17 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/paylopoylos-matarela-dynath-filia-kai-koinh-optikh-metaksu-elladas-kai-italias.4482614.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news247&rft.atitle=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%3A+%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE+%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE+%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CF%8D+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews247.gr%2Feidiseis%2Fpolitiki%2Fpaylopoylos-matarela-dynath-filia-kai-koinh-optikh-metaksu-elladas-kai-italias.4482614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306134643/http://makthes.gr/%CE%B5-%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1/">"Greece-Italy alliance (Ελλάδα-Ιταλία συμμαχία)"</a>. makthes.gr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makthes.gr/%CE%B5-%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1/">the original</a> on 6 March 2017. 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Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enet.gr&rft.atitle=A+medal+of+honor+for+the+Greek-Italian+relations+%28%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enet.gr%2F%3Fi%3Dnews.el.article%26id%3D400223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2019/06/18/how-greece-became-one-of-americas-and-israels-closest-allies/">"How Greece Became One of America's—and Israel's—Closest Allies"</a>. washingtonmonthly.com. 18 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618114221/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2019/06/18/how-greece-became-one-of-americas-and-israels-closest-allies/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonmonthly.com&rft.atitle=How+Greece+Became+One+of+America%27s%E2%80%94and+Israel%27s%E2%80%94Closest+Allies&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2F2019%2F06%2F18%2Fhow-greece-became-one-of-americas-and-israels-closest-allies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA_issues-193"><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_issues_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy-issues/">"Foreign Policy Issues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233103/http://www1.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy-issues/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Policy+Issues&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fforeign-policy-issues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-threatens-greece-over-disputed-mediterranean-territorial-claims/a-54828554">"Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 5 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407105520/https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-threatens-greece-over-disputed-mediterranean-territorial-claims/a-54828554">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Turkey+threatens+Greece+over+disputed+Mediterranean+territorial+claims&rft.date=2020-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fturkey-threatens-greece-over-disputed-mediterranean-territorial-claims%2Fa-54828554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA_regional_policy-195"><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_regional_policy_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy/regional-policy/">"Regional Policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204082400/http://www1.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy/regional-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Policy&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fforeign-policy%2Fregional-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thanos-Veremēs-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Thanos-Veremēs_196-0">^</a> Thanos Veremēs (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ">The Military in Greek Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065337/https://books.google.com/books?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Black Rose Books" </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2013" class="citation book cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFuCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT991">The CIA World Factbook 2014</a>. Skyhorse. p. 991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-451-5"><bdi>978-1-62873-451-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065342/https://books.google.com/books?id=aFuCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT991">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook+2014&rft.pages=991&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62873-451-5&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFuCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey" class="citation web cs1">Dempsey, Judy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/49185">"EU and NATO Look on at Greece's Pampered Armed Forces"</a>. Carnegie Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724115105/http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/49185">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2017. 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May 2024. p. 19. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Tourism+Barometer&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpre-webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Fs3fs-public%2F2024-06%2FBarom_PPT_May_2024.pdf%3FVersionId%3DU7O62HatlG4eNAj.wcmuQG1PMCjK.Yss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_218-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_FS14_en.pdf#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial">"Handbook of Statistics 2022 - Fact sheet #14: Merchant Fleet"</a> (PDF). UN Trade and Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172958/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_FS14_en.pdf#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Statistics+2022+-+Fact+sheet+%2314%3A+Merchant+Fleet&rft.pub=UN+Trade+and+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial-document%2Ftdstat47_FS14_en.pdf%23%3A~%3Atext%3DURL%253A%2520https%253A%252F%252Functad.org%252Fsystem%252Ffiles%252Fofficial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11563391/3-02122021-AP-EN.pdf/6ebfe4d6-d2e1-372b-1556-3bf4174422dc">"Euro area unemployment at 7.3%"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202110106/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11563391/3-02122021-AP-EN.pdf/6ebfe4d6-d2e1-372b-1556-3bf4174422dc">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euro+area+unemployment+at+7.3%25&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F11563391%2F3-02122021-AP-EN.pdf%2F6ebfe4d6-d2e1-372b-1556-3bf4174422dc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BalkanInsight-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BalkanInsight_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BalkanInsight_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLikmetaBirn2012" class="citation news cs1">Likmeta, Besar; Birn, Gjirokastra (11 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-businesses-seek-new-markets-as-greek-crisis-hits-home">"Albania Eyes New Markets as Greek Crisis Hits Home Businesses affected by the economic downturn in Greece are seeking new markets in the West, hoping that a cheap and qualified labour force will draw fresh clients"</a>. Balkan Insight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006205215/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-businesses-seek-new-markets-as-greek-crisis-hits-home">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2014. <q>Greece is the Balkan region's largest economy and has been an important investor in Southeast Europe over the past decade</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Albania+Eyes+New+Markets+as+Greek+Crisis+Hits+Home+Businesses+affected+by+the+economic+downturn+in+Greece+are+seeking+new+markets+in+the+West%2C+hoping+that+a+cheap+and+qualified+labour+force+will+draw+fresh+clients&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Likmeta&rft.aufirst=Besar&rft.au=Birn%2C+Gjirokastra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Falbania-businesses-seek-new-markets-as-greek-crisis-hits-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keridis-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keridis_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keridis_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeridis2006" class="citation web cs1">Keridis, Dimitris (3 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/article/article10.doc">"Greece and the Balkans: From Stabilization to Growth"</a> (lecture). Montreal, QC, Canada: Hellenic Studies Unit at Concordia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517145243/http://users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/article/article10.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014. <q>Greece has a larger economy than all the Balkan countries combined. Greece is also an important regional investor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+and+the+Balkans%3A+From+Stabilization+to+Growth&rft.place=Montreal%2C+QC%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Hellenic+Studies+Unit+at+Concordia+University&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Keridis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.uom.gr%2F~keridis%2Ffiles%2Farticle%2Farticle10.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Economides" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas Economides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/Economides_Greek_and_EU_Crisis_Sacramento_04262013.pdf">"The Greek and EU Crisis for non-economists"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619151639/http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/Economides_Greek_and_EU_Crisis_Sacramento_04262013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2013. <q>Largest economy than all rest of Balkans combined</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greek+and+EU+Crisis+for+non-economists&rft.au=Nicholas+Economides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.nyu.edu%2Fnetworks%2FEconomides_Greek_and_EU_Crisis_Sacramento_04262013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AydinIfantis2004-223"><a href="#cite_ref-AydinIfantis2004_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_AydinKostas_Ifantis2004" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa Aydin; Kostas Ifantis (28 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuyWdJfQf4kC&pg=PA267">Turkish-Greek Relations: The Security Dilemma in the Aegean</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-50191-7"><bdi>978-0-203-50191-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2013. <q>second largest investor of foreign capital in Albania, and the third largest foreign investor in Bulgaria. Greece is the most important trading partner of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish-Greek+Relations%3A+The+Security+Dilemma+in+the+Aegean&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-203-50191-7&rft.au=Mustafa+Aydin&rft.au=Kostas+Ifantis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuyWdJfQf4kC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2012-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2012_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne_C._Thompson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wayne C. Thompson (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKCMvYFQCCMC&pg=PA283">Western Europe 2012</a>. Stryker Post. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-898-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-898-3"><bdi>978-1-61048-898-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2013. <q>Greeks are already among the three largest investors in Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia, and overall Greek investment in the ... Its banking sector represents 16% of banking activities in the region, and Greek banks open a new branch in a Balkan country almost weekly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Europe+2012&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Stryker+Post&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-61048-898-3&rft.au=Wayne+C.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKCMvYFQCCMC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell2002-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2002_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImogen_Bell2002" class="citation book cs1">Imogen Bell (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CrpzRJCbckC&pg=PA282">Central and South-Eastern Europe: 2003</a>. Routledge. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-136-0"><bdi>978-1-85743-136-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2013. <q>show that Greece has become the largest investor into Macedonia (FYRM), while Greek companies such as OTE have also developed strong presences in countries of the former Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+South-Eastern+Europe%3A+2003&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-136-0&rft.au=Imogen+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CrpzRJCbckC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drachma_exchange_rate-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Drachma_exchange_rate_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/index.en.html">"Fixed Euro conversion rates"</a>. European Central Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130710012301/http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/index.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fixed+Euro+conversion+rates&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Feuro%2Fintro%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debt_Past-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Debt_Past_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkartsis2018" class="citation web cs1">Skartsis, Labros (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37583185">"2010–2018 Greek Debt Crisis and Greece's Past: Myths, Popular Notions and Implications"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504051355/https://www.academia.edu/37583185/2010_2018_Greek_Debt_Crisis_and_Greeces_Past_Myths_Popular_Notions_and_Implications">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=2010%E2%80%932018+Greek+Debt+Crisis+and+Greece%27s+Past%3A+Myths%2C+Popular+Notions+and+Implications&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Skartsis&rft.aufirst=Labros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37583185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/21/is-the-greek-financial-crisis-over-at-last">"Is the Greek financial crisis over at last?"</a>. The Economist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226194006/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/21/is-the-greek-financial-crisis-over-at-last">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+the+Greek+financial+crisis+over+at+last%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2018%2F08%2F21%2Fis-the-greek-financial-crisis-over-at-last&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_StoryLandon_Thomas_Jr.Nelson_D._Schwartz2010" class="citation news cs1">Louise Story; Landon Thomas Jr.; Nelson D. Schwartz (13 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html">"Wall St. Helped to Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812074010/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2017. <q>In dozens of deals across the Continent, banks provided cash upfront in return for government payments in the future, with those liabilities then left off the books. Greece, for example, traded away the rights to airport fees and lottery proceeds in years to come.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wall+St.+Helped+to+Mask+Debt+Fueling+Europe%27s+Crisis&rft.date=2010-02-13&rft.au=Louise+Story&rft.au=Landon+Thomas+Jr.&rft.au=Nelson+D.+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F14debt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_DunbarElisa_Martinuzzi2012" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas Dunbar; Elisa Martinuzzi (5 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-06/goldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels.html">"Goldman Secret Greece Loan Shows Two Sinners as Client Unravels"</a>. Bloomberg L.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113111834/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-06/goldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2017. <q>Greece actually executed the swap transactions to reduce its debt-to-gross-domestic-product ratio because all member states were required by the Maastricht Treaty to show an improvement in their public finances," Laffan said in an e-mail. "The swaps were one of several techniques that many European governments used to meet the terms of the treaty."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goldman+Secret+Greece+Loan+Shows+Two+Sinners+as+Client+Unravels&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.au=Nicholas+Dunbar&rft.au=Elisa+Martinuzzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-03-06%2Fgoldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-231"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElena_Moya2010" class="citation news cs1">Elena Moya (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/16/greek-debt-goldman-sachs">"Banks that inflated Greek debt should be investigated, EU urges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610022249/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/16/greek-debt-goldman-sachs">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2016. <q>"These instruments were not invented by Greece, nor did investment banks discover them just for Greece," said Christophoros Sardelis, who was chief of Greece's debt management agency when the contracts were conducted with Goldman Sachs.Such contracts were also used by other European countries until Eurostat, the EU's statistic agency, stopped accepting them later in the decade. Eurostat has also asked Athens to clarify the contracts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Banks+that+inflated+Greek+debt+should+be+investigated%2C+EU+urges&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.au=Elena+Moya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fgreek-debt-goldman-sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Der_Spiegel-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Der_Spiegel_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeat_Balzli2010" class="citation news cs1">Beat Balzli (8 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html">"Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026152948/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013. <q>This credit disguised as a swap didn't show up in the Greek debt statistics. Eurostat's reporting rules don't comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives. "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," says a German derivatives dealer. In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Greek+Debt+Crisis%3A+How+Goldman+Sachs+Helped+Greece+to+Mask+its+True+Debt&rft.date=2010-02-08&rft.au=Beat+Balzli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fgreek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Country notes: Greece". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/47840787.pdf">Restoring public finances</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. 2011. p. 119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129165822/https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/47840787.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Country+notes%3A+Greece&rft.btitle=Restoring+public+finances&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fgov%2Fbudgeting%2F47840787.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=teina225&language=en">"Eurostat (Government debt data)"</a>. Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195452/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=teina225&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Eurostat+%28Government+debt+data%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2FrefreshTableAction.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26plugin%3D1%26pcode%3Dteina225%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623231800/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aUi3XLUwIIVA">"Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens, Workers Strike"</a>. Bloomberg L.P. 22 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aUi3XLUwIIVA">the original</a> on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Papandreou+Faces+Bond+Rout+as+Budget+Worsens%2C+Workers+Strike&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaUi3XLUwIIVA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2010" class="citation news cs1">Staff (19 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/7269629/Britains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html">"Britain's Deficit Third Worst in the World, Table"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100222082519/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/7269629/Britains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Deficit+Third+Worst+in+the+World%2C+Table&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Ffinancialcrisis%2F7269629%2FBritains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThesing,_GabiKrause-Jackson,_Flavia2010" class="citation news cs1">Thesing, Gabi; Krause-Jackson, Flavia (3 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-02/greece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html">"Greece Faces 'Unprecedented' Cuts as $159B Rescue Nears"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914072159/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-02/greece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greece+Faces+%27Unprecedented%27+Cuts+as+%24159B+Rescue+Nears&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.au=Thesing%2C+Gabi&rft.au=Krause-Jackson%2C+Flavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-05-02%2Fgreece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerin_Hope2010" class="citation news cs1">Kerin Hope (2 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a.html">"EU Puts Positive Spin on Greek Rescue"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210201220/https://www.ft.com/content/08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=EU+Puts+Positive+Spin+on+Greek+Rescue&rft.date=2010-05-02&rft.au=Kerin+Hope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2011" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Rick (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104005053/http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2011/11/03/lessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece">"Lessons for Congress From the Chaos in Greece"</a>. US News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2011/11/03/lessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece">the original</a> on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=Lessons+for+Congress+From+the+Chaos+in+Greece&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Frick-newman%2F2011%2F11%2F03%2Flessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCQ&A-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCQ&A_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCQ&A_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13798000">"Q&A: Greek debt"</a>. BBC News Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510095859/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13798000">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Greek+debt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-13798000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kathimerini_growth-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Kathimerini_growth_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensasson2014" class="citation news cs1">Bensasson, Marcus (4 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_04/11/2014_544283">"Greece exited recession in second quarter, says EU Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kathimerini" title="Kathimerini">Kathimerini</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107102634/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_04/11/2014_544283">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kathimerini&rft.atitle=Greece+exited+recession+in+second+quarter%2C+says+EU+Commission&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft.aulast=Bensasson&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2F4dcgi%2F_w_articles_wsite2_1_04%2F11%2F2014_544283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/greek-growth-rates-put-germany-eurozone-to-shame-2014-11-14">"Greek growth rates put Germany, eurozone to shame"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MarketWatch" title="MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a>. 14 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141116115422/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/greek-growth-rates-put-germany-eurozone-to-shame-2014-11-14">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Greek+growth+rates+put+Germany%2C+eurozone+to+shame&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fgreek-growth-rates-put-germany-eurozone-to-shame-2014-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33407742">"The Greek debt crisis story in numbers"</a>. BBC News. 10 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226195105/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33407742">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. 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Eurostat. 24 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428162026/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8824854/2-24042018-AP-EN.pdf/2e4cce59-7d36-4894-b21e-9f2c14b81630">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Eurostat+%282017+Government+debt+data%29&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F8824854%2F2-24042018-AP-EN.pdf%2F2e4cce59-7d36-4894-b21e-9f2c14b81630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF_Guardian-245"><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_Guardian_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/05/imf-admit-mistakes-greek-crisis-austerity">"IMF 'to admit mistakes' in handling Greek debt crisis and bailout (The Guardian)"</a>. 5 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610022237/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/05/imf-admit-mistakes-greek-crisis-austerity">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IMF+%27to+admit+mistakes%27+in+handling+Greek+debt+crisis+and+bailout+%28The+Guardian%29&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Fjun%2F05%2Fimf-admit-mistakes-greek-crisis-austerity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF_Reuters-246"><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_Reuters_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-greece/for-hard-hit-greeks-imf-mea-culpa-comes-too-late-idUSBRE9550M320130606">"For hard-hit Greeks, IMF mea culpa comes too late (Reuters)"</a>. 6 June 2013. 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Retrieved 18 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%CE%A4%CE%BF+20%25+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.in.gr%2Fscience-technology%2Farticle%2F%3Faid%3D1231106170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kathimerini_article-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Kathimerini_article_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kathimerini.gr/922914/article/texnologia/diadiktyo/to--818-twn-ellhnwn-serfarei-sto-diadiktyo">"Το 81,8 των Ελληνων σερφαρει στο ιντερνετ"</a> [81.8% of Greeks surf the Internet]. 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Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82+%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB+%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmfestival.gr%2Fdefault.aspx%3Flang%3Del-GR%26loc%3D1%26page%3D586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Greece" title="Bibliography of Greece">Bibliography of Greece</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotticiChalland2013" class="citation book cs1">Bottici, Chiara; Challand, Benoît (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QW1lrPMXprwC&pg=PA88">The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-95119-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-95119-0"><bdi>978-1-136-95119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Clash+of+Civilizations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-95119-0&rft.aulast=Bottici&rft.aufirst=Chiara&rft.au=Challand%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQW1lrPMXprwC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1990) [1958]. The Decipherment of Linear B (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39830-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39830-4"><bdi>0-521-39830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decipherment+of+Linear+B&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-39830-4&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClogg1992" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC&q=richard%20clogg%20greece">A Concise History of Greece</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37228-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37228-2"><bdi>978-0-521-37228-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.pages=10-37&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37228-2&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5pyUIY4THYC%26q%3Drichard%2520clogg%2520greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988">, 257 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagtoglou1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dagtoglou, PD (1991). "Protection of Individual Rights". Constitutional Law – Individual Rights (in Greek). Vol. I. Athens-Komotini: Ant. N. Sakkoulas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protection+of+Individual+Rights&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+%E2%80%93+Individual+Rights&rft.place=Athens-Komotini&rft.pub=Ant.+N.+Sakkoulas&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dagtoglou&rft.aufirst=PD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne, Ricardo</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWmDPzPo0XAC&pg=PA297">The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19248-5"><bdi>978-90-04-19248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uniqueness+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19248-5&rft.aulast=Duchesne&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWmDPzPo0XAC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafaliosHadjipateras1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fafalios, Maria; Hadjipateras, Costas (1995). Greece 1940–41: Eyewitnessed (in Greek). Athens: Efstathiadis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-226-533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-226-533-8"><bdi>978-960-226-533-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+1940%E2%80%9341%3A+Eyewitnessed&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Efstathiadis&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-960-226-533-8&rft.aulast=Fafalios&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Hadjipateras%2C+Costas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C">The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3"><bdi>978-0-472-08149-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08149-3&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988">, 376 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehrke1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Gehrke" title="Hans-Joachim Gehrke">Gehrke, Hans-Joachim</a> (1995). Geschichte des Hellenismus. Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte (in German). München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Hellenismus&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Oldenbourg+Grundriss+der+Geschichte&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gehrke&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2009" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Marios (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/985519">"From resurrection to insurrection: 'sacred' myths, motifs, and symbols in the Greek War of Independence"</a>. In Beaton, Roderick; Ricks, David (eds.). The making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797–1896). Ashgate. pp. 81–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+resurrection+to+insurrection%3A+%27sacred%27+myths%2C+motifs%2C+and+symbols+in+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.btitle=The+making+of+Modern+Greece%3A+Nationalism%2C+Romanticism%2C+and+the+Uses+of+the+Past+%281797%E2%80%931896%29&rft.pages=81-93&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F985519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a> (2011). The Greek World, 479-323 BC. Routledge History of the Ancient World (4th ed.). London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World%2C+479-323+BC&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+History+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnodell2021" class="citation book cs1">Knodell, Alex R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49319878">Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History</a>. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fluminos.101">10.1525/luminos.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38054-7"><bdi>978-0-520-38054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies+in+Transition+in+Early+Greece%3A+An+Archaeological+History&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.101&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38054-7&rft.aulast=Knodell&rft.aufirst=Alex+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49319878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2002" class="citation book cs1">Koliopoulos, John S.; Veremis, Thanos M. (2002). Greece: The Modern Sequel. From 1831 to the Present. London: Hurst & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%3A+The+Modern+Sequel.+From+1831+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Koliopoulos&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Veremis%2C+Thanos+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostopoulos2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kostopoulos, Tasos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fceb.835">"La guerre civile macédonienne de 1903–1908 et ses représentations dans l'historiographie nationale grecque"</a>. Cahiers Balkaniques. 38–39: 213–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fceb.835">10.4000/ceb.835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+Balkaniques&rft.atitle=La+guerre+civile+mac%C3%A9donienne+de+1903%E2%80%931908+et+ses+repr%C3%A9sentations+dans+l%27historiographie+nationale+grecque&rft.volume=38%E2%80%9339&rft.pages=213-226&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fceb.835&rft.aulast=Kostopoulos&rft.aufirst=Tasos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fceb.835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremmydas1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kremmydas, Vassilis (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fmnimon.171"><bdi lang="el">Η οικονομική κρίση στον ελλαδικό χώρο στις αρχές του 19ου αιώνα και οι επιπτώσεις της στην Επανάσταση του 1821</bdi></a> [The economic crisis in Greek lands in the beginning of 19th century and its effects on the Revolution of 1821]. 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(2000). "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In Barbour, S.; Carmichael, C. (eds.). Language and Nationalism in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece+and+European+Turkey%3A+From+Religious+to+Linguistic+Identity&rft.btitle=Language+and+Nationalism+in+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenizelos2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Venizelos" title="Evangelos Venizelos">Venizelos, Evangelos</a> (2002). "The Contribution of the Revision of 2001". The "Acquis" of the Constitutional Revision (in Greek). Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-15-0617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-15-0617-3"><bdi>978-960-15-0617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+the+Revision+of+2001&rft.btitle=The+%22Acquis%22+of+the+Constitutional+Revision&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ant.+N.+Sakkoulas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-960-15-0617-3&rft.aulast=Venizelos&rft.aufirst=Evangelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalbank1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Walbank" title="F. W. Walbank">Walbank, F. W.</a> (1993). The Hellenistic World (Revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Walbank&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatrous2021" class="citation book cs1">Watrous, L. Vance (2021). Minoan Crete: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108440493" title="Special:BookSources/9781108440493"><bdi>9781108440493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108440493&rft.aulast=Watrous&rft.aufirst=L.+Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2015" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2015). Demosthenes of Athens and the Fall of Classical Greece. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190263560" title="Special:BookSources/9780190263560"><bdi>9780190263560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demosthenes+of+Athens+and+the+Fall+of+Classical+Greece&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190263560&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Greek_Encyclopedia" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?filename=%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fanemi-portal%2Fmetadata%2Fa%2Ff%2Fb%2Fattached-metadata-01-0002588%2F279838_10.pdf&rec=%2Fmetadata%2Fa%2Ff%2Fb%2Fmetadata-01-0002588.tkl&do=279838_10.pdf&width=662&height=963&pagestart=1&maxpage=1104&lang=en&pageno=1&pagenotop=1&pagenobottom=262">"Ἑλλάς - Ἑλληνισμὸς"</a> [Greece – Hellenism], Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα [Great Greek Encyclopedia] (in Greek), vol. 10, Athens: Pyrsos Co. Ltd., 1934</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%E1%BC%98%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BD%B4+%E1%BC%98%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%B1&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82+-+%E1%BC%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%E1%BD%B8%CF%82&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanemi.lib.uoc.gr%2Fphp%2Fpdf_pager.php%3Ffilename%3D%252Fvar%252Fwww%252Fanemi-portal%252Fmetadata%252Fa%252Ff%252Fb%252Fattached-metadata-01-0002588%252F279838_10.pdf%26rec%3D%252Fmetadata%252Fa%252Ff%252Fb%252Fmetadata-01-0002588.tkl%26do%3D279838_10.pdf%26width%3D662%26height%3D963%26pagestart%3D1%26maxpage%3D1104%26lang%3Den%26pageno%3D1%26pagenotop%3D1%26pagenobottom%3D262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>"Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives". History and Culture of South Eastern Europe. An Annual Journal. München (Slavica) 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf">The Constitution of Greece</a> (PDF). Translated by Paparrigopoulos, Xenophon; Vassilouni, Stavroula. Athens: <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a>. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-560-073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-560-073-0"><bdi>978-960-560-073-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Greece&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Hellenic+Parliament&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-960-560-073-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2FUserFiles%2Ff3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8%2F001-156%2520aggliko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreece" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> (pre-1100 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> (1100 BC-330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> (330–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> (post-1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations_founding_members" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Founding_member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Template:Founding member states of the United Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Founding_member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Template talk:Founding member states of the United Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Founding_member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Founding member states of the United Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations_founding_members" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940's#1945" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">United Nations founding members</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940's#1945" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>→<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>→<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>→dissolved (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>→<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>→<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>→dissolved (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405552357">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131265011">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208380/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxd6hw8HtWYq9JY6hjjYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022047-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80046090">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118727476">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118727476">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562473">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131737&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450889">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=4335">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kml65r2vq53rp">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/35850">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564324405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/803db0ca-b6ed-3bbc-aeb8-f89efd0a2168">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1001896">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01404242?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4959abe5-98e8-4e89-a7a0-a0998b6ccd2f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/eDtCfU59">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026488523">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003355">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035789">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=26987">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yunanistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greece&params=39_N_22_E_type:country_region:GR">39°N 22°E / 39°N 22°E / 39; 22</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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[\"CITEREFJames_Allan_Stewart_Evans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJane_Perry_Clark_CareyAndrew_Galbraith_Carey1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffreys2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJill_DuboisXenia_SkouraOlga_Gratsaniti2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongLalenisMamadouh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatsourides2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeridis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerin_Hope2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlose2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnodell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstantinidou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKossoScott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostopoulos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKountouriBenissiSpyropoulou2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKourvetarisDobratz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKremmydas1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKremmydas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrentz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKtistakisSitaropoulos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLikmetaBirn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivanios1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouise_StoryLandon_Thomas_Jr.Nelson_D._Schwartz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakrides2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarie_Charrel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarker,_SherryBowman,_JohnKerasiotis,_PeterSarna,_Heidi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_J._Gibney,_Randall_Hansen.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMavrias2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Roser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEnroe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNulty2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilburn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoles1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_AydinKostas_Ifantis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_DunbarElisa_Martinuzzi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Economides\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwich1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlès2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolemis,_Spyros_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_M._Rothaus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin_Waterfield2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoudometof2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalgarella2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSansone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSansone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkartsis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSladjana_PetkovicHoward_Williamson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofosÖzkirimli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_RuncimanSir_Steven_Runciman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokesGorman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis,_Nicholas_J.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThesing,_GabiKrause-Jackson,_Flavia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Heath1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_S._Hischak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomkinsSchoep2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTony_Perrottet2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrikoupis\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrudgill2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasiliev1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenizelos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalbank1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatrous2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne_C._Thompson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillert2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_J._Broad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhouse1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynn1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΛούκος1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΥπηρεσία_Πολιτικής_Αεροπορίας_-_Αρχική\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 157,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe members\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"DecreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"European Economic Area (EEA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Founding member states of the United Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 32,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA-el\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA-grc\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 18,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest cities of Greece\"] = 1,\n [\"Literally\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 44,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Member states of the European Union\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple images\"] = 1,\n [\"NA\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 37,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","360","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","9.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","8.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","3.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","2.1"],["[others]","1260","33.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-jtbh4","timestamp":"20241128015346","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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