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class="ezoic-ad box-3 box-3103 adtester-container adtester-container-103" data-ez-name="electricalclassroom_com-box-3"><span id="div-gpt-ad-electricalclassroom_com-box-3-0" ezaw="728" ezah="90" style="position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:90px;min-width:728px;" class="ezoic-ad"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" style="display:none;">eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'electricalclassroom_com-box-3','ezslot_3',103,'0','0']));</script></span></span></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content clr" itemprop="text"> <div class="code-block code-block-2" style="margin: 8px 0; clear: both;">   </div> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png"><picture class="wp-image-7124" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 1"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png.webp 612w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-300x280.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-150x140.png.webp 150w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20167%20156'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px"/> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20167%20156'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Common emitter configuration for BJT amplifer" width="167" height="156" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png 612w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-300x280.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-150x140.png 150w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-7124" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 1"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png.webp 612w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-300x280.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-150x140.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px"/> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png" alt="Common emitter configuration for BJT amplifer" width="167" height="156" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration.png 612w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-300x280.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/common-emitter-configuration-150x140.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px"/> </picture> </noscript></a></figure></div> <p>The common emitter circuit is probably the most widely used transistor configuration. The emitter electrode is common to both input and output circuits. The common emitter amplifier has a typical input impedance of 1kilo ohms and a typical output impedance of 10 kilo-ohms. Also, the output will be the inverse of the input, which means the output experiences a 180° phase change. This results in a remarkable overall performance.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput.png"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20362%20263'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Common emitter Amplifier" class="wp-image-7160" width="362" height="263" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput.png 638w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput-300x218.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput-150x109.png 150w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 2" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput.png"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput.png" alt="Common emitter Amplifier" class="wp-image-7160" width="362" height="263" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput.png 638w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput-300x218.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-configuration-input-and-ouput-150x109.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 2"></noscript></a><figcaption><strong>Common emitter Amplifier</strong></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="ub_table-of-contents" data-showtext="show" data-hidetext="hide" data-scrolltype="auto" id="ub_table-of-contents-e57481cf-aeec-44b6-8fc2-a3cb7f4a9447" data-initiallyhideonmobile="false" data-initiallyshow="true"><div class="ub_table-of-contents-header"> <div class="ub_table-of-contents-title">Table of content</div></div><div class="ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column "><ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#0-phase-shift">Phase shift</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#1-dc-analysis-of-common-emitter-amplifier">DC Analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#2-ac-analysis-of-common-emitter-amplifier">AC analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#3-characteristics-of-common-emitter-amplifier">Characteristics of Common Emitter Amplifier</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#4-various-characteristics-of-common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt">Various characteristics of Common emitter configuration of BJT</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#5-pros-and-cons-of-using-the-common-emitter-amplifier-configuration">Pros and Cons of Using the Common Emitter Amplifier Configuration</a><ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#6-advantages-">Advantages</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#7-disadvantages-">Disadvantages</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <p>The common emitter amplifier circuit comprises of a voltage divider bias and coupling capacitor C<sub>B </sub>and C<sub>C</sub> at the input and output and a bypass capacitor C<sub>E</sub> which is connected from the emitter to the ground. The capacitor C<sub>B</sub> couples the input signal to the input port of the amplifier. It also separates the AC signals from the DC biasing voltage.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1.png"><picture class="wp-image-7151" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 3"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-1024x534.png.webp 1024w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-300x156.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-768x400.png.webp 768w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-150x78.png.webp 150w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1.png.webp 1414w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20543%20282'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px"/> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20543%20282'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit (a) circuit diagram, (b) circuit for DC bias Calculation" width="543" height="282" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-1024x534.png 1024w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-300x156.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-768x400.png 768w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-150x78.png 150w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1.png 1414w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-1024x534.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-7151" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 3"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-1024x534.png.webp 1024w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-300x156.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-768x400.png.webp 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-150x78.png.webp 150w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1.png.webp 1414w" sizes="(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px"/> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-1024x534.png" alt="Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit (a) circuit diagram, (b) circuit for DC bias Calculation" width="543" height="282" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-1024x534.png 1024w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-300x156.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-768x400.png 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1-150x78.png 150w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-1.png 1414w" sizes="(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px"/> </picture> </noscript></a><figcaption>Figure 1. Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit (a) circuit diagram, (b) circuit for DC bias Calculation. Image source: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/http://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.ee.iitb.ac.in</a></figcaption></figure></div> <p>The capacitor C<sub>C</sub> couples the output signal to the load resistance R<sub>L</sub>. This is because an AC input signal is applied at the base and then taken from the collector terminal as the output signal. Both the input and output signals have the emitter as a common terminal.<span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-107" class="ezoic-adpicker-ad"></span><span class="ezoic-ad medrectangle-3 medrectangle-3107 adtester-container adtester-container-107" data-ez-name="electricalclassroom_com-medrectangle-3"><span id="div-gpt-ad-electricalclassroom_com-medrectangle-3-0" ezaw="336" ezah="280" style="position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:280px;min-width:336px;" class="ezoic-ad"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" style="display:none;">eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'electricalclassroom_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_0',107,'0','0']));</script></span></span></p> <p>The bypass capacitor C<sub>C</sub> shorts the signal at the emitter to the ground, therefore, ensuring that no signal flows through the emitter at a particular frequency. This is done to supply base bias voltage. That is why the amplified output signal is 180̊ out of phase of the input signal.</p> <p>The voltage divider biasing has two resistors (R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub>) which are connected midpoint to the base terminal of the transistor. This forms a potential divider which supplies the base with voltage bias. R<sub>1</sub> resistor is used to produce the forward bias voltage and R<sub>2</sub> is used to ensure that a bias voltage is developed.<span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-108" class="ezoic-adpicker-ad"></span><span class="ezoic-ad medrectangle-4 medrectangle-4108 adtester-container adtester-container-108" data-ez-name="electricalclassroom_com-medrectangle-4"><span id="div-gpt-ad-electricalclassroom_com-medrectangle-4-0" ezaw="580" ezah="400" style="position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;min-height:400px;min-width:580px;" class="ezoic-ad"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" style="display:none;">eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'electricalclassroom_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_9',108,'0','0']));</script></span></span></p><div class="code-block code-block-1" style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;">  </div> <p>The thermal stability of the amplifier is regulated through the resistor RE at the emitter terminal connection. R1, R2 and RE are extremely important for the stabilization of the circuit and the formation of the bias voltage. If these resistors fail to perform, a proper operating point would not be established. This could result in the negative half-cycle being cut off from the output signal.</p> <h2 id="0-phase-shift">Phase shift</h2> <p>Phase shift is the phase angle between the input and amplified output signal measured in degrees is known as phase shift. The conventional single-stage amplifiers provide a phase shift of either 180<sup>o</sup> or 360<sup>o</sup>.<span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-109" class="ezoic-adpicker-ad"></span><span class="ezoic-ad box-4 box-4109 adtester-container adtester-container-109" data-ez-name="electricalclassroom_com-box-4"><span id="div-gpt-ad-electricalclassroom_com-box-4-0" ezaw="336" ezah="280" style="position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;min-height:280px;min-width:336px;" class="ezoic-ad"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" style="display:none;">eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'electricalclassroom_com-box-4','ezslot_8',109,'0','0']));</script></span></span></p> <h2 id="1-dc-analysis-of-common-emitter-amplifier">DC Analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier</h2> <p>The common emitter amplifier operates when an AC input signal flows through the emitter-base junction. The input signals alternate between positive and negative peak values. The signal is in a forward bias direction and increases when it moves across the junction during the upper half cycle. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png"><picture class="wp-image-7152" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 4"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png.webp 644w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-300x185.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-150x93.png.webp 150w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20390%20241'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px"/> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20390%20241'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Common-emitter amplifier circuit diagram working" width="390" height="241" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png 644w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-300x185.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-150x93.png 150w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-7152" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 4"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png.webp 644w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-300x185.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-150x93.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px"/> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png" alt="Common-emitter amplifier circuit diagram working" width="390" height="241" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram.png 644w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-300x185.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Common-emitter-amplifier-circuit-diagram-150x93.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px"/> </picture> </noscript></a><figcaption>Figure 2. Operation of the Common Emitter Amplifier</figcaption></figure></div> <p>The collector current also increases significantly due to an increase in the flow of electrons from the emitter to the collector through the base. The current also increases across the collector load resistor R<sub>C </sub>and a voltage drop is also observed across the collector. Therefore, the overall output signal is amplified. This shows that in the upper half of the cycle the common-emitter circuit is amplifying the input signal.<span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-110" class="ezoic-adpicker-ad"></span><span class="ezoic-ad banner-1 banner-1110 adtester-container adtester-container-110" data-ez-name="electricalclassroom_com-banner-1"><span id="div-gpt-ad-electricalclassroom_com-banner-1-0" ezaw="250" ezah="250" style="position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;" class="ezoic-ad"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" style="display:none;">eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'electricalclassroom_com-banner-1','ezslot_11',110,'0','0']));</script></span></span></p> <p>While the upper half cycle increases the forward bias voltage, the lower half cycle decreases the forward bias voltage across the emitter-base junction. Therefore, the decreased collector-base voltage causes the collector current to be reduced across the collector load resistance R<sub>C</sub>. This is how we obtain the full cycle of the forward bias voltage.</p> <p>This process of making the negative and positive peak values is achieved through the process of biasing. Biasing is very important for amplifier designs as it helps establish the operating point of the transistor amplifier at which it would receive signals. This way, the distortions in the output signal of the amplifier are greatly reduced as the proper parameters of the most efficient operating conditions are established. Bias refers to the DC current and voltage inside the amplifier circuit. </p><div class="code-block code-block-1" style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;">  </div> <p>Under DC conditions all the three capacitors (C<sub>B</sub>, C<sub>E</sub> and C<sub>C</sub>) in the common emitter amplifier are replaced with open circuits. The transistor gain β is assumed to be very large such that it goes to infinity. Due to this assumption the base current can be neglected. This way the R1-R2 network operates as a voltage divider. The transistor bias voltage is calculated by:</p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 41px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20220%2041'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="41" width="220" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_B = \frac{R_2.V_C_C}{R_1 + R_2} \dots \dots \dots (1) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c1c1e74731ea3387eb9951bc23169e29_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c1c1e74731ea3387eb9951bc23169e29_l3.svg" height="41" width="220" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_B = \frac{R_2.V_C_C}{R_1 + R_2} \dots \dots \dots (1) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p>V<sub>CC</sub> is the supply voltage that also aids in determining the maximum collector current, IC when the transistor is fully switched ON, V<sub>CE</sub> = 0.</p> <p>To operate as an amplifier, the BJT needs to operate within the active region. The base-emitter junction should be in forward bias and the base-collector junction needs to be under reverse bias. The base-emitter voltage drop can be recorded by:</p> <p>At first, we sample <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2035%2019'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="f(x)" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="19" width="35" style="vertical-align: -5px;" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c1fef2d8be06f81d81833403b6319331_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c1fef2d8be06f81d81833403b6319331_l3.svg" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="f(x)" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="19" width="35" style="vertical-align: -5px;"/></noscript> in the <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2017%2013'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="N" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="13" width="17" style="vertical-align: 0px;" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-199d2a4bb55c19e6701e7ee9d5d521d2_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-199d2a4bb55c19e6701e7ee9d5d521d2_l3.svg" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="N" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="13" width="17" style="vertical-align: 0px;"/></noscript> (<img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2017%2013'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="N" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="13" width="17" style="vertical-align: 0px;" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-199d2a4bb55c19e6701e7ee9d5d521d2_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-199d2a4bb55c19e6701e7ee9d5d521d2_l3.svg" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="N" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="13" width="17" style="vertical-align: 0px;"/></noscript> is odd) equidistant points around <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2014'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="x^*" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="14" width="18" style="vertical-align: 0px;" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-5ab3272eba98407baa599bc1b2b996d6_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-5ab3272eba98407baa599bc1b2b996d6_l3.svg" class="ql-img-inline-formula " alt="x^*" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="14" width="18" style="vertical-align: 0px;"/></noscript>:</p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20230%2019'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="19" width="230" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_B_E =V_B - V_E \dots \dots \dots (2) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-f0e4664afb1c68e31d4e3c28b48f600a_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-f0e4664afb1c68e31d4e3c28b48f600a_l3.svg" height="19" width="230" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_B_E =V_B - V_E \dots \dots \dots (2) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p>For a silicon BJT, the difference between these voltages gives a voltage drop of about 0.7V. Hence, through this value, the V<sub>E</sub> can be recorded as:</p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 41px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20422%2041'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="41" width="422" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_E =V_B - V_BE = V_B - 0.7 = \frac{R_2.V_C_C}{R_1 + R_2} - 0.7 \dots (3) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-91aa07e84dd8f19329ff5e9ec398a0fe_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-91aa07e84dd8f19329ff5e9ec398a0fe_l3.svg" height="41" width="422" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_E =V_B - V_BE = V_B - 0.7 = \frac{R_2.V_C_C}{R_1 + R_2} - 0.7 \dots (3) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p>The emitter current I<sub>E</sub> is: </p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 41px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20173%2041'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="41" width="173" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ I_E = \frac{V_E}{V_R} \dots \dots \dots (4) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3970cdb816e369f3e68f9bb7a463f180_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3970cdb816e369f3e68f9bb7a463f180_l3.svg" height="41" width="173" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ I_E = \frac{V_E}{V_R} \dots \dots \dots (4) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 44px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20261%2044'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="44" width="261" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ I_C = \frac{\beta}{\beta + 1} I_E \approx I_E \dots \dots \dots (5) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-b371c3251e25e396b44fc52277f727e5_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-b371c3251e25e396b44fc52277f727e5_l3.svg" height="44" width="261" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ I_C = \frac{\beta}{\beta + 1} I_E \approx I_E \dots \dots \dots (5) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p>The collector current is assumed to be equivalent to the I<sub>C</sub> because it is assumed the gain of the transistor amplifier is very large. The current gain, <img src="/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/" width="10" height="18" alt="- Electrical Classroom" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 5"/> of the common emitter amplifier is the ratio of the change in the collector current to the change in the base current. The voltage gain, <img src="/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/" width="17" height="18" alt="- Electrical Classroom" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 6"/> in the product of the current gain and the ratio of the output collector resistance to the input resistance of the base circuits. Hence the following equations define the current gain and the voltage gain.</p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 42px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20177%2042'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="42" width="177" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ \beta = \frac{\Delta I_C}{\Delta I_B} \dots \dots \dots (6) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-8988e800a79213d8c01bde6960aaf2d3_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-8988e800a79213d8c01bde6960aaf2d3_l3.svg" height="42" width="177" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ \beta = \frac{\Delta I_C}{\Delta I_B} \dots \dots \dots (6) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 41px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20195%2041'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="41" width="195" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ A_V = \beta \frac{R_C}{R_B} \dots \dots \dots (7) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-e5f32a871c5c9e45740bddde1f03acea_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-e5f32a871c5c9e45740bddde1f03acea_l3.svg" height="41" width="195" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ A_V = \beta \frac{R_C}{R_B} \dots \dots \dots (7) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3.png"><picture class="wp-image-7154" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 7"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-1024x350.png.webp 1024w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-300x103.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-768x263.png.webp 768w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-150x51.png.webp 150w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3.png.webp 1388w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201024%20350'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"/> <img width="1024" height="350" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201024%20350'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="DC Bias computation for the common-emitter amplifier with finite base current" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-1024x350.png 1024w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-300x103.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-768x263.png 768w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-150x51.png 150w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3.png 1388w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-1024x350.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-7154" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 7"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-1024x350.png.webp 1024w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-300x103.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-768x263.png.webp 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-150x51.png.webp 150w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3.png.webp 1388w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"/> <img width="1024" height="350" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-1024x350.png" alt="DC Bias computation for the common-emitter amplifier with finite base current" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-1024x350.png 1024w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-300x103.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-768x263.png 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3-150x51.png 150w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-3.png 1388w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"/> </picture> </noscript></a><figcaption>Figure 3. DC Bias computation for the common-emitter amplifier with finite base current</figcaption></figure> <p>The base current I<sub>B</sub> can be calculated using the Thevenin equivalent circuit. It is found by the collector current I<sub>C</sub> and the DC current gain β<strong>. </strong>The Kirchhoff voltage loop in the Base to Emitter loop can be represented as:</p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20408%2019'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="19" width="408" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_T_H= I_B R_T_H + V_B_E + (\beta+1)I_BR_E \dots \dots \dots (8) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-513e34584dcc0920d1ffc73500654e57_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-513e34584dcc0920d1ffc73500654e57_l3.svg" height="19" width="408" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ V_T_H= I_B R_T_H + V_B_E + (\beta+1)I_BR_E \dots \dots \dots (8) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 44px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20357%2044'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="44" width="357" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ I_C = \beta I_B + \beta \frac{V_T_H - V_B_E}{R_T_H + (\beta+1 R_E} \dots \dots \dots (9) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-1c4d0e8924ee0366395ab929ff17c7a4_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-1c4d0e8924ee0366395ab929ff17c7a4_l3.svg" height="44" width="357" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ I_C = \beta I_B + \beta \frac{V_T_H - V_B_E}{R_T_H + (\beta+1 R_E} \dots \dots \dots (9) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p>Where R<sub>Th</sub> represent the parallel resistance between R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>Th</sub>= V<sub>B</sub> .</p> <p>These calculations sum up the DC analysis of the collector-emitter amplifier.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6.png"><img width="768" height="582" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20768%20582'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Operating point and quiescent values shown on the load line for a bipolar transistor operating in common-emitter mode" class="wp-image-7158" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6.png 768w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6-300x227.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6-150x114.png 150w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 8" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6.png"/><noscript><img width="768" height="582" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6.png" alt="Operating point and quiescent values shown on the load line for a bipolar transistor operating in common-emitter mode" class="wp-image-7158" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6.png 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6-300x227.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-6-150x114.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 8"></noscript></a><figcaption>Operating point and quiescent values are shown on the load line for a bipolar transistor operating in the common-emitter mode</figcaption></figure></div> <h2 id="2-ac-analysis-of-common-emitter-amplifier">AC analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier</h2> <p>To calculate the alternating current behaviour of transistor circuits, substitute circuit diagrams are often used that show the transistor with regards to its terminal behaviour. There are a large number of equivalent circuit diagrams, however, the h-parameter equivalent circuit diagram is preferred to calculate circuits with bipolar transistors.</p> <p>‘h’ parameters are four parameters that describe the behaviour of a two-port network system. This linear network is formed when the resistance, inductance, capacitance remain fixed and only the voltage across them changes. Therefore, these parameters are divided into h<sub>11</sub>, h<sub>12</sub>, h<sub>21</sub> and h<sub>22</sub> where the first subscript number denotes the input variable and the second denotes the output variable. It is in a subscript form which means the first number is always divided by the second number. ‘h’ parameters are also known as hybrid parameters as they are a mixture of two variables. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4.png"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20420%20243'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="The equivalent circuit diagram with h parameters for the Emitter circuit" class="wp-image-7155" width="420" height="243" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4.png 834w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4-300x174.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4-768x445.png 768w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4-150x87.png 150w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 9" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4.png"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4.png" alt="The equivalent circuit diagram with h parameters for the Emitter circuit" class="wp-image-7155" width="420" height="243" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4.png 834w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4-300x174.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4-768x445.png 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/image-4-150x87.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px" title="Common emitter configuration of BJT 9"></noscript></a><figcaption>Figure 4. The equivalent circuit diagram with h parameters for the Emitter circuit</figcaption></figure></div> <p>The equations resulting from this equivalent circuit are as follows: –</p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20268%2019'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="19" width="268" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ U_1= h_1_1.I_1+h_1_2. V_2 \dots \dots \dots (9) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-07f0337e8fed6fb124af61e3a682f65b_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-07f0337e8fed6fb124af61e3a682f65b_l3.svg" height="19" width="268" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ U_1= h_1_1.I_1+h_1_2. V_2 \dots \dots \dots (9) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno"> </span><span class="ql-left-eqno"> </span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20278%2019'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="19" width="278" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ U_2= h_2_1.I_1+h_2_2. V_2 \dots \dots \dots (10) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3ecb75db61cc284a71e3aee59064d0e4_l3.svg"/><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3ecb75db61cc284a71e3aee59064d0e4_l3.svg" height="19" width="278" class="ql-img-displayed-equation " alt="\[ U_2= h_2_1.I_1+h_2_2. V_2 \dots \dots \dots (10) \]" title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></noscript></p> <p>The h parameters can be easily determined and are measured by the parameter values which are different as they depend on which pair of terminals are viewed as input or output. Where:</p> <ul><li>h<sub>11</sub> is the input resistance.</li><li>h<sub>12</sub> is the input resistance.</li><li>h<sub>21</sub> is the input resistance.</li><li>h<sub>22</sub> is the input resistance.</li></ul> <p>In the case of high frequencies, capacities between the base-emitter, base-collector and collector-emitter connections must also be taken into account in the equivalent circuit diagram. This also includes the base-collector resistor, which however is neglected in most cases because it is very large. The capacitances determine the cut-off frequencies of the basic transistor circuits. This type of circuit is suitable for lab testing as the capacities produce negligible frequencies. </p><div class="code-block code-block-1" style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;">  </div> <h2 id="3-characteristics-of-common-emitter-amplifier">Characteristics of Common Emitter Amplifier</h2> <p>A few notable characteristics of the common emitter amplifier are:</p> <ul><li>The common emitter amplifier has a high power gain.</li><li>The input and output have a phase relationship of 180 degrees.</li><li>It has a medium voltage gain. </li></ul> <h2 id="4-various-characteristics-of-common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt">Various characteristics of Common emitter configuration of BJT</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Parameter</strong></th><th><strong>Values</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Voltage gain</td><td>Medium – typically 40</td></tr><tr><td>Current Gain</td><td>High – typically 200</td></tr><tr><td>Power gain</td><td>Very High – typically 8000</td></tr><tr><td>Input resistance</td><td>Medium – 2.5kΩ</td></tr><tr><td>Output resistance</td><td>High – 20kΩ</td></tr><tr><td>Phase shift</td><td>180<sup>0</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Typical application</td><td>General Purpose AF and RF amplifiers</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column"></div> </div> <h2 id="5-pros-and-cons-of-using-the-common-emitter-amplifier-configuration">Pros and Cons of Using the Common Emitter Amplifier Configuration</h2> <h3 id="6-advantages-"><strong>Advantages</strong></h3> <p>A few advantages of using the common emitter amplifier are:</p> <ul><li>The output impedance of the amplifier is high.</li><li>The input impedance is low and it works as an inverting amplifier</li><li>It has medium voltage and high current gain which results in a high power gain. </li></ul> <h3 id="7-disadvantages-"><strong>Disadvantages</strong></h3> <p>A few disadvantages of using the common emitter amplifier are:</p> <ul><li>The common emitter amplifier does not respond to high frequencies.</li><li>The voltage gain of the amplifier is not stable.</li><li>It has a very high output resistance.</li><li>Despite the presence of resistors, there are still chances of thermal instability in the circuit. </li></ul> <p>Nowadays common-emitter amplifiers are being used in applications that require low-frequency voltage and noise amplifiers. Radiofrequency transceiver circuits also make use of common-emitter amplifiers.</p> <div class="code-block code-block-7" style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;">   </div>  </div><span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-111" class="ezoic-adpicker-ad"></span> <section id="comments" class="comments-area clr has-comments"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/common-emitter-configuration-of-bjt/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate=""><div class="comment-textarea"><label for="comment" class="screen-reader-text">Comment</label><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="cd79a3a456" name="cd79a3a456" cols="39" rows="4" tabindex="0" class="textarea-comment" placeholder="Your comment here..."></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute !important;white-space:nowrap !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;" tabindex="-1"></textarea><script data-noptimize="" type="text/javascript">document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a6d107f15b525cd1bfa11137f4a2636f" );document.getElementById("cd79a3a456").setAttribute( "id", "comment" );</script></div><div class="comment-form-author"><label for="author" class="screen-reader-text">Enter your name or username to comment</label><input type="text" name="author" id="author" value="" placeholder="Name (required)" size="22" tabindex="0" aria-required="true" class="input-name"/></div> <div class="comment-form-email"><label for="email" class="screen-reader-text">Enter your email address to comment</label><input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" placeholder="Email (required)" size="22" tabindex="0" aria-required="true" class="input-email"/></div> <div class="comment-form-url"><label for="url" class="screen-reader-text">Enter your website URL (optional)</label><input type="text" name="url" id="url" value="" placeholder="Website" size="22" tabindex="0" class="input-website"/></div> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="comment-submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment"/> <input type="hidden" name="comment_post_ID" value="7123" id="comment_post_ID"/> <input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="0"/> </p></form> </div> </section> </article> <div class="code-block code-block-3 ai-viewport-3" style="margin: 8px 0; 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También compartimos información sobre su uso en nuestro sitio con nuestros socios de redes sociales, publicidad y análisis que pueden combinarlo con otra información que les haya proporcionado o que hayan recopilado sobre el uso de sus servicios. A continuación, tiene la opción de seleccionar qué tipos de cookies permitirá que almacenen su información personal. Para ver la lista de proveedores o cambiar la configuración de consentimiento en cualquier momento, visite nuestra \"Política de privacidad\" utilizando el siguiente enlace.","declineButton":"Permitir las Cookies Necesarias y Continuar","acceptButton":"Continuar con las Cookies Recomendadas","okButton":"Guardar","cookieInfo":"Las cookies son pequeños archivos de texto que los sitios web pueden usar para hacer que la experiencia del usuario sea más eficiente.\nLa ley establece que podemos almacenar cookies que contienen información personal en su dispositivo si son estrictamente necesarias para el funcionamiento de este sitio. Para todos los demás tipos de cookies que contienen información personal, necesitamos su permiso.\nEste sitio utiliza diferentes tipos de cookies. Algunas cookies son colocadas por servicios de terceros que aparecen en nuestras páginas.","necessaryCategory":"Necesarias","necessaryDescription":"Las cookies necesarias ayudan a que un sitio web sea utilizable al habilitar funciones básicas como la navegación de páginas y el acceso a áreas seguras del sitio web. 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La intención es mostrar anuncios que sean relevantes y atractivos para el usuario y, por tanto, más valiosos para editores y anunciantes externos.","unclassifiedCategory":"Sin clasificación","unclassifiedDescription":"Las cookies no clasificadas son cookies que estamos en proceso de clasificar, junto con los proveedores de cookies individuales.","cookieDetailsLink":"Detalles de Cookies","aboutCookiesLink":"Acerca de las Cookies","privacyPolicyLink":"Enlace de políticas de privacidad","columnName":"Nombre","columnPurpose":"Propósito","columnPII":"Puede contener información personal","columnDuration":"Duración","mainHeading":"Privacidad y transparencia","purposes":"Propósitos","legitimateInterest":"Interés legítimo","consent":"Consentimiento","specialPurposes":"Fines especiales","manageSettings":"Administrar configuración","saveSettings":"Guardar configuración y salir","vendors":"Lista de proveedores","nonTcfVendors":"Proveedores adicionales","features":"Funciones","specialFeatures":"Funciones especiales","acceptAllButton":"Aceptar todo y continuar","purposePrefix":"Nosotros y nuestros socios utilizamos cookies para ","stackPrefix":"Nosotros y nuestros socios usamos datos para ","mainBody":"Un ejemplo de datos procesados puede ser un identificador único almacenado en una cookie. 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Per tutti gli altri tipi di cookie che contengono informazioni personali abbiamo bisogno della tua autorizzazione. Questo sito utilizza diversi tipi di cookie. Alcuni cookie sono inseriti da servizi di terze parti che compaiono sulle nostre pagine.","necessaryCategory":"necessario","necessaryDescription":"I cookie di preferenza consentono ad un sito web di memorizzare informazioni che cambiano il modo in cui il sito web si comporta o il suo aspetto, come la lingua preferita, o la regione in cui ci si trova","preferenceCategory":"preferenze","preferenceDescription":"I cookie di preferenza consentono a un sito web di ricordare le informazioni che cambiano il modo in cui il sito web si comporta o appare, come la tua lingua preferita o la regione in cui ti trovi.","statisticsCategory":"statistiche","statisticsDescription":"I cookie statistici aiutano i proprietari dei siti web a capire come i visitatori interagiscono con i siti raccogliendo e trasmettendo informazioni in forma anonima.","marketingCategory":"marketing","marketingDescription":"I cookie per il marketing vengono utilizzati per tracciare i visitatori dei siti web. L'intenzione è quella di visualizzare annunci che siano rilevanti e coinvolgenti per il singolo utente e quindi di maggior valore per gli editori e gli inserzionisti di terze parti","unclassifiedCategory":" ","unclassifiedDescription":" ","cookieDetailsLink":"dettagli cookie","aboutCookiesLink":"informazioni sui cookie","privacyPolicyLink":"informativa sulla privacy","columnName":" ","columnPurpose":" ","columnPII":" ","columnDuration":" ","mainHeading":"privacy e trasparenza","purposes":"finalita","legitimateInterest":"interesse legittimo","consent":"consentire","specialPurposes":"scopi specifici","manageSettings":"gestire le impostazioni","saveSettings":"accetta","vendors":"lista dei fornitori","nonTcfVendors":"fornitori aggiuntivi","features":"caratteristiche","specialFeatures":"caratteristiche speciali","acceptAllButton":"accetta tutto e continua","purposePrefix":"Noi e i nostri partner utilizziamo i cookie per","stackPrefix":"Noi e i nostri partner utilizziamo i cookie per","mainBody":"Un esempio di trattamento dei dati può essere un identificatore univoco memorizzato in un cookie. Alcuni dei nostri partner possono trattare i vostri dati come parte del loro legittimo interesse commerciale senza chiedere il consenso. Per visualizzare le finalità per le quali ritengono di avere un interesse legittimo o per opporsi a questo trattamento dei dati, utilizzare il link della lista dei fronitori qui sotto. Il consenso fornito sarà utilizzato solo per il trattamento dei dati provenienti da questo sito web. Se si desidera modificare le impostazioni o non dare il consenso in qualsiasi momento, il link per farlo è nella nostra politica sulla privacy accessibile dalla nostra home page"},{"id":2121,"did":0,"language":"hr","dialogHeading":"Ovo web-mjesto upotrebljava kolačiće.","dialogBody":"Ovo web-mjesto koristi kolačiće za prilagodbu sadržaja, pružanje prilagođenih iskustava, ciljanje oglasa, pružanje značajki društvenih mreža i analizu našeg prometa. Također dijelimo informacije o vašoj upotrebi naše stranice s našim društvenim mrežama, oglašivačkim i analitičkim partnerima koji ih mogu kombinirati s ostalim informacijama koje ste im pružili ili koje su prikupili iz vašeg korištenja njihovim uslugama. Niže u tekstu nalazi se mogućnost odabira vrsta kolačića kojima ćete dopustiti pohranu vaših osobnih podataka. Da biste u bilo kojem trenutku pregledali popis dobavljača ili promijenili postavke privole, posjetite našu politiku privatnosti putem donje poveznice.","declineButton":"Omogući nužne kolačiće i nastavi","acceptButton":"Nastavi s preporučenim kolačićima","okButton":"Spremi","cookieInfo":"Kolačići su male tekstualne datoteke koje web-mjesta mogu upotrebljavati za učinkovitije korisničko iskustvo.\n\nZakonom je propisano da na vaš uređaj možemo pohraniti kolačiće koji sadrže osobne podatke ako su oni nužno potrebni za rad ove stranice. Za sve ostale vrste kolačića koji sadrže osobne podatke trebamo vaše dopuštenje.\n\nOva stranica upotrebljava različite vrste kolačića. Neke kolačiće postavljaju usluge trećih strana koje se pojavljuju na našim stranicama.","necessaryCategory":"Nužni kolačići","necessaryDescription":"Nužni kolačići pomažu da se web-mjesto učini korisnim omogućavanjem osnovnih funkcija poput navigacije stranicom i pristupa sigurnim dijelovima web-mjesta. Web-mjesto ne može ispravno funkcionirati bez ovih kolačića.","preferenceCategory":"Kolačići preferencija","preferenceDescription":"Kolačići preferencija omogućuju web-mjestu da pamti informacije koje mijenjaju način ponašanja ili izgleda web-mjesta, poput željenog jezika ili regije u kojoj se nalazite.","statisticsCategory":"Statistički kolačići","statisticsDescription":"Statistički kolačići pomažu vlasnicima web-mjesta da razumiju interakciju između posjetitelja i web-mjesta anonimnim prikupljanjem i izvješavanjem o informacijama.","marketingCategory":"Marketinški kolačići","marketingDescription":"Marketinški kolačići upotrebljavaju se za praćenje posjetitelja na web-mjestima. Namjera je prikazati oglase koji su relevantni i zanimljivi pojedinačnom korisniku te stoga vrjedniji izdavačima i oglašivačima trećih strana.","unclassifiedCategory":"Neklasificirani kolačići","unclassifiedDescription":"Neklasificirani kolačići su kolačići koje u tom trenutku klasificiramo, zajedno s pružateljima pojedinačnih kolačića.","cookieDetailsLink":"Detalji kolačića","aboutCookiesLink":"O kolačićima","privacyPolicyLink":"Politika privatnosti","columnName":"Naziv","columnPurpose":"Svrha","columnPII":"Mogu sadržavati osobne informacije","columnDuration":"Trajanje","mainHeading":"Privatnost i transparentnost","purposes":"Svrhe","legitimateInterest":"Legitiman interes","consent":"Privola","specialPurposes":"Posebne svrhe","manageSettings":"Upravljanje postavkama","saveSettings":"Spremi postavke i izađi","vendors":"Popis dobavljača","nonTcfVendors":"Dodatni dobavljači","features":"Značajke","specialFeatures":"Posebne značajke","acceptAllButton":"Prihvati sve i nastavi","purposePrefix":"Mi i naši partneri upotrebljavamo kolačiće za","stackPrefix":"Mi i naši partneri upotrebljavamo podatke za","mainBody":"Primjer podataka koji se obrađuju može biti jedinstveni identifikator pohranjen u kolačiću. Neki naši partneri mogu obrađivati vaše podatke kao dio svojeg legitimnog poslovnog interesa bez traženja privole. Da biste vidjeli svrhe za koje partneri smatraju da imaju legitimni interes ili se usprotivili ovoj obradi podataka, upotrijebite donju poveznicu na popis dobavljača. Poslana privola koristit će se samo za obradu podataka koji potječu s ovog web-mjesta. Ako u bilo kojem trenutku želite promijeniti svoje postavke ili povući privolu, poveznica za to nalazi se u našoj politici privatnosti dostupnoj na našoj početnoj stranici."},{"id":2125,"did":0,"language":"sv","dialogHeading":"Den här hemsidan använder sig av cookies","dialogBody":"Denna webbplats använder cookies för att anpassa innehåll, tillhandahålla anpassade upplevelser, rikta annonser, för att tillhandahålla sociala mediefunktioner och för att analysera trafiken. Vi delar också information om din användning av vår webbplats med våra sociala medier, reklam- och analyspartner som kan kombinera den med annan information som du har gett dem eller som de har samlat in från din användning av deras tjänster. Nedan har du möjlighet att välja vilka typer av cookies du tillåter för att lagra din personliga information. För att se leverantörslistan eller ändra samtyckeinställningar när som helst, besök vår integritetspolicy med länken nedan.","declineButton":"Till nödvändiga cookies och fortsätt","acceptButton":"Fortsätt med rekommenderade cookies","okButton":"Spara","cookieInfo":"Cookies är små textfiler som kan användas av webbplatser för att effektivisera användarens upplevelse. \n\nEnligt lag kan vi spara cookies som innehåller personlig information på din enhet om de är absolut nödvändiga för driften av denna webbplats. För alla andra typer av cookies som innehåller personlig information behöver vi din tillåtelse. \n\nDenna webbplats använder olika typer av cookies. Vissa cookies placeras av tjänster från tredje part som visas på våra sidor.","necessaryCategory":"Nödvändiga","necessaryDescription":"Nödvändiga cookies hjälper till att göra en webbplats användbar genom att möjliggöra grundläggande funktioner som sidnavigering och åtkomst till säkra områden på webbplatsen. Webbplatsen kan inte fungera korrekt utan dessa cookies.","preferenceCategory":"Inställningar","preferenceDescription":"Nödvändiga cookies hjälper till att göra en webbplats användbar genom att aktivera grundläggande funktioner som sidnavigering och tillgång till säkra områden på webbplatsen. Webbplatsen kan inte fungera korrekt utan dessa cookies.","statisticsCategory":"Statistik","statisticsDescription":"Cookies för statistik hjälper en webbplatsägare att förstå hur besökare interagerar med webbplatser genom att samla och rapportera in information anonymt.","marketingCategory":"Marknadsföring","marketingDescription":"Cookies för marknadsföring används för att spåra besökare på webbplatser. Avsikten är att visa annonser som är relevanta och engagerande för enskilda användare, och därmed mer värdefull för utgivare och tredjepartsannonsörer.","unclassifiedCategory":"Oklassifierade","unclassifiedDescription":"Oklassificerade cookies är cookies som ännu inte har klassificerats, dessa håller vi på att klassificera tillsammans med leverantörerna av leverantörerna av dessa cookies.","cookieDetailsLink":"Cookie detaljer","aboutCookiesLink":"Om Cookies","privacyPolicyLink":"Integritetspolicy","columnName":"Namn","columnPurpose":"Syfte","columnPII":"Kan innehålla personlig information","columnDuration":"Varaktighet","mainHeading":"Sekretess och transparens","purposes":"Syften","legitimateInterest":"Legitima intressen","consent":"Samtycke","specialPurposes":"Särskilda ändamål","manageSettings":"Hantera inställningar","saveSettings":"Spara inställningar och avsluta","vendors":"Leverantörs lista","nonTcfVendors":"Ytterligare leverantörer","features":"Funktioner","specialFeatures":"Speciella funktioner","acceptAllButton":"Acceptera alla och fortsätt","purposePrefix":"Vi och våra partners använder cookies för att","stackPrefix":"Vi och våra partners använder data för","mainBody":"Ett exempel på data som samlas in kan vara en unik identifierare lagrad i en cookie. Vissa av våra partners kan behandla dina uppgifter som en del av deras legitima affärsintresse utan att fråga om samtycke. För att se ändamålen som de anser att de har ett berättigat intresse för, eller för att invända mot denna databehandling, använder du länken för leverantörslistan nedan. Det samtycke som lämnas kommer endast att användas för databehandling som härrör från denna webbplats. Du kan när som helst ändra dina inställningar eller återkalla ditt samtycke genom länken som finns i vår integritetspolicy, vilken är tillgänglig på vår hemsida."},{"id":2126,"did":0,"language":"sr","dialogHeading":"Ова веб страница користи колачиће","dialogBody":"На овој веб страници користимо колачиће да бисмо персонализовали садржину, пружили прилагођена корисничка искуства, приказали огласе за циљану публику, омогућили одређене карактеристике друштвених мрежа и анализирали промет на нашој страници. Такође, податке о вашем коришћењу наше веб странице делимо са нашим партнерима за друштвене мреже, оглашавање и анализу, а они би их могли комбиновати са другим подацима које сте им пружили или које су сакупили док сте користили њихове услуге. У продужетку вам нудимо могућност избора врсте колачића којим ћете дозволити похрану ваших личних података. Да бисте могли у било ком тренутку прегледати попис добављача или променити поставке сагласности, помоћу следеће повезнице приступите нашим Правилима о заштити приватности.","declineButton":"Прихвати нужне колачиће и продужи","acceptButton":"Продужи са препорученим колачићима","okButton":"Спреми","cookieInfo":"Колачићи су мале текстуалне датотеке које се користе на интернет страницама да би се унапредило корисничко искуство.\n \n Законом је дозвољено спремање колачића који садрже личне податке на ваш уређај ако су они изричито потребни за рад ове странице. За све остале врсте колачића које садрже личне податке потребна нам је ваша дозвола.\n \n На овој веб страници користимо различите врсте колачића. Неки колачићи постављају услуге трећих страна које се приказују на нашим страницама.","necessaryCategory":"Нужни","necessaryDescription":"Нужни колачићи омогућавају коришћење веб странице тако да омогућавају основне функције, као што су навигација страницом и приступ безбедним подручјима на страници. Исправан рад веб странице није могућ без тих колачића.","preferenceCategory":"Преферирани","preferenceDescription":"Преферирани колачићи омогућавају веб страници да упамти податке који мењају начин рада или изглед веб странице, као што су преферирани језик или регион у ком се налазите.","statisticsCategory":"Статистички","statisticsDescription":"Статистички колачићи помажу власницима веб страницама да разумеју како посетиоци употребљавају интернет страницу и то тако да анонимно сакупљају и извештавају о подацима.","marketingCategory":"Маркетиншки","marketingDescription":"Маркетиншки колачићи се користе за бележење броја посетиоца на интернет страницама. Циљ је приказивање огласа који интересују и привлаче индивидуалног корисника и који су због тога вреднији издавачима и оглашивачима трећих страна.","unclassifiedCategory":"Некласификовани","unclassifiedDescription":"Некласификовани колачићи су колачићи који су, са појединим колачићима пружаоца улуге, у поступку класификовања.","cookieDetailsLink":"Подаци о колачићима","aboutCookiesLink":"Више података о колачићима","privacyPolicyLink":"Правила о заштити приватности","columnName":"Назив","columnPurpose":"Сврха","columnPII":"Може да садржи личне податке","columnDuration":"Трајање","mainHeading":"Приватност и транспарентност","purposes":"Сврхе","legitimateInterest":"Легитимни интерес","consent":"Сагласност","specialPurposes":"Посебне сврхе","manageSettings":"Управљање поставкама","saveSettings":"Спреми поставке и изађи","vendors":"Попис добављача","nonTcfVendors":"Додатни добављачи","features":"Карактеристике","specialFeatures":"Посебне карактеристике","acceptAllButton":"Прихвати све и продужи","purposePrefix":"Ми и наши партнери користимо колачиће за","stackPrefix":"Ми и наши партнери користимо податке за","mainBody":"Подаци који се обрађују могу да представљају јединствени идентификатор похрањен у колачићу. Неки од наших партнера могу да обрађују ваше податке као део свог легитимног пословног интереса без тражења сагласности. Да бисте прегледали сврхе за које партнери наводе да имају легитимни интерес или да бисте уложили приговор на такву обраду података, погледајте попис добављача у продужетку. Предана сагласност користиће се само за обраду података који потичу са ове веб странице. Ако у било ком тренутку одлучите да промените поставке или да повучете сагласност, то можете да учините помоћу повезнице у нашим правилима о заштити приватности којим можете да приступите са наше насловне странице."},{"id":2127,"did":0,"language":"sl","dialogHeading":"Ta spletna stran uporablja piškotke","dialogBody":"Na tej spletni strani uporabljamo piškotke za personalizirane vsebine, zagotavljanje prilagojenih uporabniških izkušenj, prikazovanje oglasov za ciljne skupine, omogočanje določenih funkcij družbenih omrežij in analizo prometa na naši spletni strani. Podatke o vaši uporabi naše spletne strani delimo tudi z našimi partnerji za družabna omrežja, oglaševanje in analizo, ki jih lahko kombinirajo z drugimi informacijami, ki ste jih posredovali ali zbrali med uporabo njihovih storitev. V nadaljevanju vam ponujamo možnost izbire vrste piškotkov, s katerimi dovoljujete shranjevanje vaših osebnih podatkov. Če želite kadar koli pregledati seznam ponudnikov ali spremeniti nastavitve privolitve, uporabite naslednjo povezavo za dostop do naših pravil o varstvu zasebnosti.","declineButton":"Strinjam se","acceptButton":"Nadaljujte s priporočenimi piškotki","okButton":"Shrani","cookieInfo":"Piškotek je majhna tekstovna datoteka, ki se uporablja na spletnih straneh za izboljšanje uporabniške izkušnje.\n \n Zakon dovoljuje shranjevanje piškotkov, ki vsebujejo osebne podatke, če je to izrecno potrebno za delovanje te strani. Za vse druge vrste piškotkov, ki vsebujejo osebne podatke, potrebujemo vaše dovoljenje.\n \n Na tej spletni strani uporabljamo različne vrste piškotkov. Nekateri piškotki opredeljujejo storitve tretjih oseb, ki so prikazane na naših spletnih straneh.","necessaryCategory":"Nujni","necessaryDescription":"Nujni piškotki omogočajo uporabo spletne strani, tako da omogočajo osnovne funkcije, kot so navigacija po spletišču in dostop do varnih delov spletišča. Brez teh piškotkov ni možno zagotoviti pravilno delovanje spletne strani.","preferenceCategory":"Prednostni","preferenceDescription":"Prednostni piškotki omogočajo spletni strani, da si zapomni informacije, ki spreminjajo način delovanja ali izgleda, kot je vaš želeni jezik ali regija, v kateri se nahajate.","statisticsCategory":"Statistični","statisticsDescription":"Statistični piškotki lastnikom spletnih strani pomagajo razumeti, kako obiskovalci uporabljajo spletno stran z anonimnim zbiranjem in poročanjem podatkov.","marketingCategory":"Marketinški","marketingDescription":"Marketinški piškotki se uporabljajo za spremljanje obiskovalcev skozi spletne strani. Namen je prikazovanje oglasov, ki so relevantni za določenega uporabnika in ga spodbujajo k sodelovanju, kar je pomembno za založnike in oglaševalce tretjih oseb.","unclassifiedCategory":"Nerazvrščeni","unclassifiedDescription":"Nerazvrščeni piškotki so piškotki, ki jim bomo skupaj s ponudniki posameznih piškotkov počasi razvrstili.","cookieDetailsLink":"Informacije o piškotkih","aboutCookiesLink":"Več informacij o piškotkih","privacyPolicyLink":"Pravila o varstvu zasebnosti","columnName":"Ime","columnPurpose":"Namen","columnPII":"Lahko vsebuje osebne podatke","columnDuration":"Trajanje delovanja","mainHeading":"Zasebnost in preglednost","purposes":"Namen","legitimateInterest":"Legitimni interes","consent":"Privolitev","specialPurposes":"Poseben namen","manageSettings":"Upravljanje nastavitev","saveSettings":"Shrani nastavitve in zapri","vendors":"Seznam ponudnikov","nonTcfVendors":"Dodatni ponudniki","features":"Značilnosti","specialFeatures":"Posebne značilnosti","acceptAllButton":"Sprejmi vse in nadaljuj","purposePrefix":"Mi in naši partnerji uporabljamo piškotke za","stackPrefix":"Mi in naši partnerji uporabljamo podatke za","mainBody":"Podatki, ki se obdelujejo, lahko predstavljajo edinstveni identifikator, ki je shranjen v piškotku. Nekateri naši partnerji lahko obdelujejo vaše podatke brez privolitve kot del svojega legitimnega poslovnega interesa. Če želite pregledati namene, za katere partnerji izjavijo, da imajo legitimen interes, ali da bi vložili ugovor takšni obdelavi podatkov, si oglejte seznam ponudnikov v nadaljevanju. Dana privolitev se bo uporabljala samo za obdelavo podatkov, ki izvirajo s te spletne strani. Če se odločite kadar koli spremeniti svoje nastavitve ali umakniti privolitev, lahko to storite s povezavo v naših pravilih o varstvu zasebnosti, do katerih lahko dostopate z naše domače strani."},{"id":2128,"did":0,"language":"nl","dialogHeading":"Deze website gebruikt cookies","dialogBody":"Deze website gebruikt cookies om inhoud te personaliseren, aangepaste ervaringen aan te bieden, advertenties te targeten, om functies voor sociale media aan te bieden en om ons verkeer te analyseren. We delen ook informatie over uw gebruik van onze site met onze sociale media-, advertentie- en analysepartners die deze kunnen combineren met andere informatie die u aan hen heeft verstrekt of die zij hebben verzameld door uw gebruik van hun diensten. Hieronder kunt u selecteren welke soorten cookies u toestaat om uw persoonlijke gegevens op te slaan. Als u de leverancierslijst wilt bekijken of de toestemmingsinstellingen op elk gewenst moment wilt wijzigen, gaat u naar ons privacybeleid via de onderstaande link.","declineButton":"Enkel noodzakelijke cookies toestaan","acceptButton":"Ga verder met aanbevolen cookies","okButton":"Opslaan","cookieInfo":"Cookies zijn kleine tekstbestanden die door websites kunnen worden gebruikt om de gebruikerservaring efficiënter te maken.\n\nDe wet stelt dat we cookies die persoonlijke informatie bevatten op uw apparaat kunnen opslaan als ze strikt noodzakelijk zijn voor de werking van deze site. Voor alle andere soorten cookies die persoonlijke informatie bevatten, hebben we uw toestemming nodig.\n\nDeze site gebruikt verschillende soorten cookies. Sommige cookies worden geplaatst door diensten van derden die op onze pagina's verschijnen.","necessaryCategory":"Noodzakelijk","necessaryDescription":"Noodzakelijke cookies helpen een website bruikbaar te maken door basisfuncties zoals paginanavigatie en toegang tot beveiligde delen van de website mogelijk te maken. Zonder deze cookies kan de website niet naar behoren functioneren.","preferenceCategory":"Voorkeuren","preferenceDescription":"Met voorkeurscookies kan een website informatie onthouden die de manier waarop de website zich gedraagt of eruit ziet verandert, zoals de taal van uw voorkeur of de regio waarin u zich bevindt.","statisticsCategory":"Statistieken","statisticsDescription":"Statistische cookies helpen website-eigenaren om te begrijpen hoe bezoekers omgaan met websites door anoniem informatie te verzamelen en te rapporteren.","marketingCategory":"Marketing","marketingDescription":"Marketingcookies worden gebruikt om bezoekers op verschillende websites te volgen. Het is de bedoeling advertenties weer te geven die relevant en aantrekkelijk zijn voor de individuele gebruiker en daardoor waardevoller zijn voor uitgevers en externe adverteerders.","unclassifiedCategory":"Niet geclassificeerd","unclassifiedDescription":"Niet-geclassificeerde cookies zijn cookies die we aan het classificeren zijn, samen met de aanbieders van individuele cookies.","cookieDetailsLink":"Cookie Details","aboutCookiesLink":"Over Cookies","privacyPolicyLink":"Privacy Policy","columnName":"Naam","columnPurpose":"Doel","columnPII":"Kan persoonlijke informatie bevatten","columnDuration":"Duur","mainHeading":"Privacy \u0026 Transparantie","purposes":"Doeleinden","legitimateInterest":"Gerechtvaardigd belang ","consent":"Toestemming","specialPurposes":"Speciale doeleinden","manageSettings":"Instellingen beheren","saveSettings":"Instellingen opslaan \u0026 Afsluiten","vendors":"Leverancierslijst","nonTcfVendors":"Bijkomende Leveranciers","features":"Kenmerken","specialFeatures":"Speciale kenmerken","acceptAllButton":"Accepteer alles en ga door","purposePrefix":"Wij en onze partners gebruiken cookies om","stackPrefix":"Wij en onze partners gebruiken gegevens voor","mainBody":"Een voorbeeld van de gegevens die worden verwerkt, kan een unieke identificatie zijn die in een cookie is opgeslagen. Sommige van onze partners kunnen uw gegevens verwerken als onderdeel van hun legitieme zakelijke belang zonder toestemming te vragen. Gebruik de onderstaande link met de leverancierslijst om te zien voor welke doeleinden zij denken dat ze een gerechtvaardigd belang hebben, of om bezwaar te maken tegen deze gegevensverwerking. De verstrekte toestemming wordt alleen gebruikt voor gegevensverwerking die afkomstig is van deze website. Als u uw instellingen wilt wijzigen of uw toestemming op enig moment wilt intrekken, vindt u de link om dit te doen in ons privacybeleid dat toegankelijk is vanaf onze startpagina."}]},"settings":{"DomainSettingId":14722,"DomainId":142070,"defaultLanguage":"en","IsDialogEnabled":true,"IsOrigDialogEnabled":true,"IsMinorContent":false,"IsTCF2":false,"IsAMPDialogEnabled":false,"AutoDetectLanguage":true,"IsThirdParty":false,"IsWorldWide":false,"IsIabLspaSignatory":false,"ShowAcceptNecessaryButton":false,"ShowCategoryCheckboxes":false,"dialogAccentColor":"#5fa625","dialogBackgroundColor":"#ffffff","dialogTextColor":"#000000","checkedConsentBoxes":"preference,statistics","country":"","ccpaBannerPosition":"bottom","AltConsentEnabled":true,"hasNoConsentPage":false},"vendors":{"vendorList":null},"ezCMP":"ezCMPCookieConsent","ckLength":365,"cmpAllCookies":null,"cmpCookieTranslations":null,"privacy":"/privacy-policy/"}, styles: '#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper {width: 100% !important;height: 100% 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space-between !important;margin-right: 10px !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #secondary-links {display: flex !important;font-size: 12px !important;margin-top: 20px !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #secondary-links .bar {margin: 0 5px !important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;position:relative!important;background:0 0!important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table td {background-color: {background_color}!important;font-size: 8pt !important;width: 30% !important;-ms-word-break: break-word !important;word-break: break-word !important;color: {text_color}!important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table td:nth-child(1) {width: 30% !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table td:nth-child(2) {width: 50% !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table td:nth-child(3) {width: 20% !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table th, #ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table td {text-align: left !important;padding: 3px !important;vertical-align: top !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog .ez-cookie-option input {vertical-align: middle !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-language {position: absolute !important;top: 10px !important;right: 10px !important;color: {text_color}!important;}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog {margin-top: 5px !important;width: 100% !important;padding: 10px !important;border-width: 5px !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #button-row {flex-direction: column !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-options {flex-direction: column !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-necessary-cookies {margin-bottom: 5px !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog h2 {margin: 5px 0 !important;margin-right: 44px !important;font-size: 16px !important;}#ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper #ez-cookie-dialog #ez-cookie-table-box {overflow-y: auto !important;max-height: 100px !important;}}.cDuration {display: none;}', wrapper: '<div id="ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper"> <div id="ez-cookie-dialog"> <select id="ez-cookie-language" onchange="ezCMP.changeLanguage(this.value)">{language-options}</select> <div id="ez-cookie-form"></div> </div></div>', template:'<div id="ez-cookie-template"> <h2>{dialog-heading}</h2> <p>{dialog-body}</p><p><span id="button-row"> <span> <button id="ez-necessary-cookies" style="display:{decline-botton-text-display}" onclick="ezCMP.handleDeclineClick()">{decline-button-text}</button> <button id="ez-all-cookies" onclick="ezCMP.handleAcceptClick()">{accept-button-text}</button> </span> <span> <a id="ez-cookie-details" onclick="ezCMP.toggleDetails(true)" href="javascript:void(0);">{cookie-details-link}</a> </span> </span> </p><div id="ez-cookie-options" style="display:{cookie-options-display}"> <div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-necessary" type="checkbox" value="1" disabled checked/>{necessary}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-preference" type="checkbox" value="0"{preference-checked}/>{preference}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-statistics" type="checkbox" value="0"{statistics-checked}/>{statistics}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-marketing" type="checkbox" value="0"{marketing-checked}/>{marketing}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><button id="ez-ok-cookies" onclick="ezCMP.handleOkClick()">{ok-button-text}</button></div></div><div id="ez-cookie-details-container"> <div> <select onchange="ezCMP.loadDetails(this.value)"> <option value="necessary">{necessary}</option> <option value="preference">{preference}</option> <option value="statistics">{statistics}</option> <option value="marketing">{marketing}</option> <option value="unclassified">{unclassified}</option> </select> </div><div id="ez-cookie-details-description"></div><div style="overflow-x:auto;" id="ez-cookie-table-box"> <table id="ez-cookie-table"> <thead> <tr> <th>{column-name}</th> <th>{column-purpose}</th> <th>{column-pii}</th> <th class="cDuration">{column-duration}</th> </tr></thead> <tbody id="ez-cookie-table-body"> </tbody> </table> </div></div><p id="ez-about-cookies-text">{cookie-info}</p><div id="secondary-links"> <a id="ez-about-cookies" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="ezCMP.toggleAbout()">{about-cookies-link}</a> <span class="bar">|</span> <a href="{privacy}" target="_privacy">{privacy-link}</a> </div></div>' }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605174333js_/https://ezodn.com/cmp/altconsent.js?v=8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="/web/20210605174333js_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/utilcave_com/inc/ezcl.webp?cb=4"></script></body></html>