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<input type="search" name="s" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search"/> <button type="submit" class="searchform-submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i class=" icon-magnifier" aria-hidden="true" role="img"></i> </button> </label> </form> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="site-main clr" role="main"> <div id="content-wrap" class="container clr"> <div id="primary" class="content-area clr"> <div id="content" class="site-content clr"> <article id="post-3496"> <header class="entry-header clr"> <h1 class="single-post-title entry-title" itemprop="headline">Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content clr" itemprop="text"> <div class="code-block code-block-2" style="margin: 8px 0; clear: both;">   <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4567036280313464" data-ad-slot="7226276104" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <p>Today most of the electric loads work on AC power. Every electric load possess a certain amount of resistance. Some loads, in addition to resistance, possess capacitance or inductance. The total impedance offered by the load to the current flow determines how much active and reactive power it would consume. The concepts of active power, reactive power and apparent powers may be a little tricky to understand. The below content can help you understand them.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-medium is-resized"><picture class="wp-image-859" title="Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power 1"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow-300x180.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow.png.webp 593w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20180'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20180'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Real and reactive power flow" width="300" height="180" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow-300x180.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow.png 593w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow-300x180.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-859" title="Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power 1"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow-300x180.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow.png.webp 593w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow-300x180.png" alt="Real and reactive power flow" width="300" height="180" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow-300x180.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/power-factor-power-flow.png 593w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/> </picture> </noscript><figcaption>Power Flow diagram</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="ub_table-of-contents" data-showtext="show" data-hidetext="hide" data-scrolltype="auto" id="ub_table-of-contents-ffd25966-9bab-4aa0-8f51-79c27eb1a4dc" data-initiallyhideonmobile="false" data-initiallyshow="true"><div class="ub_table-of-contents-header"> <div class="ub_table-of-contents-title">Table of contents</div></div><div class="ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column "><ol><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/real-reactive-complex-apparent-power/#0-active-power-or-real-power">Active power or Real power</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/real-reactive-complex-apparent-power/#1-reactive-power">Reactive power</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/real-reactive-complex-apparent-power/#2-complex-and-apparent-power">Complex and apparent power</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/real-reactive-complex-apparent-power/#3-calculation-of-active-reactive-apparent-and-complex-powers">Calculation of Active, Reactive, Apparent and complex powers.</a></li></ol></div></div> <script data-rocketlazyloadscript="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js" async=""></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4567036280313464" data-ad-slot="3562433386"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <h2 id="0-active-power-or-real-power">Active power or Real power</h2> <p>Active power is the actual power dissipated or consumed by an electric load. It depends on the total load impedance. <strong>Active power</strong> is also known as <strong>True power and Real power</strong>. It is measured in Watts. Active power is denoted by the letter P. </p> <p>Active power does not produce any phase shift between current and voltage. Hence current and voltage are always in phase for a resistive load.</p> <h2 id="1-reactive-power">Reactive power</h2> <p>Reactive power can be defined as an imaginary power in a capacitive or inductive load. It is measured in <strong>VAR (Volt ampere reactance)</strong> and denoted by the letter Q.</p> <p><strong>Reactive power</strong> can a little tricky to understand. This exists in the system when the voltage and current in an AC circuit are not in phase. Passive devices such as capacitors and inductors do not actually dissipate power, in turn, stores it in the form of electric charges or magnetic field. This stored energy can be revived from the devices later. Hence it is a form of energy that is neither lost nor gain yet affect the system performance. Even though capacitive and inductive loads do not dissipate power, it causes unwanted voltage dips and current flow in the system. </p> <p>The rate at which active power and reactive power are consumed by the load is determined by the power factor of the load.</p> <h2 id="2-complex-and-apparent-power">Complex and apparent power</h2> <p><strong>Complex power</strong> is the complex sum of real and reactive powers. <strong>Apparent power </strong>is the absolute value of complex power. It is a calculated value of power, that is independent of the type of load. It is measured in <strong>VA (volt-ampere)</strong>. Apparent power is denoted by the letter S. It is similar to power in a DC circuit i.e. the arithmetic product of voltage and current.</p> <script data-rocketlazyloadscript="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js" async=""></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4567036280313464" data-ad-slot="3562433386"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <h2 id="3-calculation-of-active-reactive-apparent-and-complex-powers">Calculation of Active, Reactive, Apparent and complex powers.</h2> <p>Let us consider a simple circuit with resistance R, Reactance X and impedance Z. Let V be the applied voltage and I be the current flow in the circuit.</p> <p>Active power or Real power or True power completely depends on circuit resistance in a purely resistive load. Hence active power can be expressed as follows.</p> <p><strong>Active power, P = (Current)<sup>2</sup> x Resistance = I<sup>2</sup>R</strong></p> <p>If the circuit is a purely reactive circuit (resistance=0), active power shall be zero. Reactive power in a purely reactive circuit can be calculated using the following formula:</p> <p><strong>Reactive power, Q = (Current)<sup>2 </sup>x Reactance = I<sup>2</sup>X</strong></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><picture class="wp-image-861" title="Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power 2"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform.png.webp 828w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-300x130.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-768x334.png.webp 768w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20828%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px"/> <img width="828" height="360" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20828%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="reactive power" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform.png 828w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-300x130.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-768x334.png 768w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-861" title="Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power 2"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform.png.webp 828w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-300x130.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-768x334.png.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px"/> <img width="828" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform.png" alt="reactive power" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform.png 828w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-300x130.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PowerFactorWaveform-768x334.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px"/> </picture> </noscript></figure> <p>In a purely reactive circuit, the current leads the voltage or lags it depending on the type of reactance (inductive or capacitive). In an AC circuit having both resistive and reactive components, the power consumed can be calculated using the following formula:</p> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignright size-medium is-resized"><picture class="wp-image-3497" title="Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power 3"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle-300x172.png.webp 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle.png.webp 637w" srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20241%20138'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px"/> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20241%20138'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Real, reactive, apparent power" width="241" height="138" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle-300x172.png 300w, https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle.png 637w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle-300x172.png"/> </picture> <noscript><picture class="wp-image-3497" title="Real, Reactive, Complex and Apparent power 3"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle-300x172.png.webp 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle.png.webp 637w" sizes="(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px"/> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle-300x172.png" alt="Real, reactive, apparent power" width="241" height="138" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle-300x172.png 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/power-triangle.png 637w" sizes="(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px"/> </picture> </noscript><figcaption>Power Triangle</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Active power, P = VI.CosΦ</p> <p>Reactive Power, Q = VI.SinΦ</p> <p>Complex Power S = VI.CosΦ + j.VI.SinΦ</p> <p>Apparent power, |S| = VI = I<sup>2</sup>Z</p> <p>Where Z is the total impedance offered by the circuit to the current flow and Φ is the phase shift between current and voltage.</p> <div class="code-block code-block-7" style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;">   <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-format="autorelaxed" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4567036280313464" data-ad-slot="6212986764"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div>  </div> <section id="comments" class="comments-area clr has-comments"> <h3 class="theme-heading comments-title"> <span class="text">This Post Has One Comment</span> </h3> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-396" class="comment-container"> <article class="comment even thread-even depth-1 comment-body"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%20150'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/45470b418d8bb512687bb938c07e3556?s=300&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-150 photo" height="150" width="150" data-lazy-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/45470b418d8bb512687bb938c07e3556?s=150&d=mm&r=g"/><noscript><img alt="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/45470b418d8bb512687bb938c07e3556?s=150&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827im_/https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/45470b418d8bb512687bb938c07e3556?s=300&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-150 photo" height="150" width="150"/></noscript> <div class="comment-content"> <div class="comment-author"> <span class="comment-link">ROHAN KUMAR </span> <span class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <span class="comment-date">7 May 2020</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-396" data-commentid="396" data-postid="3496" data-belowelement="comment-396" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to ROHAN KUMAR" aria-label="Reply to ROHAN KUMAR">Reply</a> </span> </div> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="comment-entry"> <div class="comment-content"> <p>WELL EXPLAINED</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/real-reactive-complex-apparent-power/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145827/https://www.electricalclassroom.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate=""><div class="comment-textarea"><label for="comment" class="screen-reader-text">Comment</label><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="hfa46a6d92" name="hfa46a6d92" cols="39" rows="4" tabindex="0" class="textarea-comment" placeholder="Your comment here..."></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute !important;white-space:nowrap !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;" tabindex="-1"></textarea><script data-noptimize="" type="text/javascript">document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a7118a9715de4fda4143f981961bf170" );document.getElementById("hfa46a6d92").setAttribute( "id", "comment" );</script></div><div class="comment-form-author"><label for="author" class="screen-reader-text">Enter your name or username to comment</label><input type="text" name="author" id="author" value="" placeholder="Name (required)" size="22" tabindex="0" aria-required="true" class="input-name"/></div> <div class="comment-form-email"><label for="email" class="screen-reader-text">Enter your email address to comment</label><input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" placeholder="Email (required)" size="22" tabindex="0" aria-required="true" class="input-email"/></div> <div class="comment-form-url"><label for="url" class="screen-reader-text">Enter your website URL (optional)</label><input type="text" name="url" id="url" value="" placeholder="Website" size="22" tabindex="0" class="input-website"/></div> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="comment-submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment"/> <input type="hidden" name="comment_post_ID" value="3496" id="comment_post_ID"/> <input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="0"/> </p></form> </div> </section> </article> <div class="code-block code-block-3 ai-viewport-3" style="margin: 8px 0; 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