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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Geological history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 European colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influx_of_French_settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influx_of_French_settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Influx of French settlers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influx_of_French_settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 British rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Indian_indentured_labourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Indian_indentured_labourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Arrival of Indian indentured labourers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Indian_indentured_labourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Contemporary era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law enforcement and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prison_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prison_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prison_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_and_English_creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_and_English_creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 English and English creoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_and_English_creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindustani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindustani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Hindustani </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindustani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Tamil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Chinese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Indigenous languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Urban centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Economic diversification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_Beverage_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_Beverage_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Food and Beverage industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_Beverage_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Communications infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Creative industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_policy_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_policy_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Energy policy and climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_policy_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Festivals and holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media and Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_&_Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_&_Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Museums & Gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_&_Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olympic_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9.1 Olympic sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9.2 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9.3 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9.4 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9.5 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 National symbols </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National symbols subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Orders and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_anthem_and_national_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_anthem_and_national_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 National anthem and national songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_anthem_and_national_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_flower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_flower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 National flower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_flower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 National birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trinidad and Tobago</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 211 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-211" aria-hidden="true" > 211 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Trinidad en Tobago – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trinidad en Tobago" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_und_Tobago" title="Trinidad und Tobago – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Trinidad und Tobago" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%93_%E1%89%B6%E1%89%A4%E1%8C%8E" title="ትሪኒዳድና ቶቤጎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትሪኒዳድና ቶቤጎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_j%C3%A1_Tobago" title="Trinidad já Tobago – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Trinidad já Tobago" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद आरो टोबेगो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="त्रिनिदाद आरो टोबेगो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erines_and_Tob%C4%81go" title="Þrines and Tobāgo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þrines and Tobāgo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ترينيداد وتوباغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترينيداد وتوباغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_y_Tobago" title="Trinidad y Tobago – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Trinidad y Tobago" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A2t-et-Tobag%C3%B4" title="Trinitât-et-Tobagô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Trinitât-et-Tobagô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinid%C3%A1_y_Tobagu" title="Trinidá y Tobagu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trinidá y Tobagu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%94_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद औ टोबैगो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="त्रिनिदाद औ टोबैगो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ha_Tov%C3%A1go" title="Trinidad ha Továgo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Trinidad ha Továgo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_wan_Tubagu" title="Trinidad wan Tubagu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Trinidad wan Tubagu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_v%C9%99_Tobaqo" title="Trinidad və Tobaqo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trinidad və Tobaqo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88" title="ترینیداد و توباقو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترینیداد و توباقو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_miwah_Tobago" title="Trinidad miwah Tobago – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Trinidad miwah Tobago" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="ত্রিনিদাদ ও টোবাগো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রিনিদাদ ও টোবাগো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_kap_Tobago" title="Trinidad kap Tobago – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Trinidad kap Tobago" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад һәм Тобаго – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тринидад һәм Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Трынідад і Табага – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трынідад і Табага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Трынідад і Табага – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трынідад і Табага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="ट्रिनिडाड आ टोबैगो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ट्रिनिडाड आ टोबैगो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_asin_Tobago" title="Trinidad asin Tobago – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Trinidad asin Tobago" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_mo_Tobago" title="Trinidad mo Tobago – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Trinidad mo Tobago" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад и Тобаго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тринидад и Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_und_Tobago" title="Trinidad und Tobago – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Trinidad und Tobago" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC" title="ཏྲི་ནི་ཌད་དང་ཏྲོ་བེ་གོ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏྲི་ནི་ཌད་དང་ཏྲོ་བེ་གོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_i_Tobago" title="Trinidad i Tobago – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trinidad i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ha_Tobago" title="Trinidad ha Tobago – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trinidad ha Tobago" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад ба Тобаго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тринидад ба Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitat_i_Tobago" title="Trinitat i Tobago – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trinitat i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ug_Tobago" title="Trinidad ug Tobago – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Trinidad ug Tobago" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_a_Tobago" title="Trinidad a Tobago – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trinidad a Tobago" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_y_Tobago" title="Trinidad y Tobago – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Trinidad y Tobago" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Trinidad and Tobago" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_%C3%A8_Tobago" title="Trinidad è Tobago – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Trinidad è Tobago" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_a_Thobago" title="Trinidad a Thobago – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trinidad a Thobago" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_og_Tobago" title="Trinidad og Tobago – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trinidad og Tobago" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A4_%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DD%A3%D9%88" title="طرينيضاض ؤ طوباݣو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طرينيضاض ؤ طوباݣو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_und_Tobago" title="Trinidad und Tobago – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trinidad und Tobago" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%93%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%A7%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%93%DE%AE%DE%84%DE%AD%DE%8E%DE%AF" title="ޓުރިނިޑާޑް ޓޮބޭގޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޓުރިނިޑާޑް ޓޮބޭގޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_a_Tobago" title="Trinidad a Tobago – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Trinidad a Tobago" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद रे टोबेगो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="त्रिनिदाद रे टोबेगो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ja_Tobago" title="Trinidad ja Tobago – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trinidad ja Tobago" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_T%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Τρινιντάντ και Tομπάγκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρινιντάντ και Tομπάγκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад ды Тобаго – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тринидад ды Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_y_Tobago" title="Trinidad y Tobago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trinidad y Tobago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidado_kaj_Tobago" title="Trinidado kaj Tobago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trinidado kaj Tobago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trini%C3%A1_i_Tobagu" title="Triniá i Tobagu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Triniá i Tobagu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_eta_Tobago" title="Trinidad eta Tobago – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trinidad eta Tobago" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Trinidad and Tobago" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ترینیداد و توباگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترینیداد و توباگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Trinidad and Tobago" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_og_Tobago" title="Trinidad og Tobago – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trinidad og Tobago" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9-et-Tobago" title="Trinité-et-Tobago – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trinité-et-Tobago" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Trinidad en Tobago – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Trinidad en Tobago" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinidad_e_Tobago" title="Tirinidad e Tobago – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Tirinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_na_Tr%C3%ADon%C3%B3ide_agus_Tob%C3%A1ga" title="Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellan_y_Trinaid_as_Tobago" title="Ellan y Trinaid as Tobago – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellan y Trinaid as Tobago" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_hem_Tobago" title="Trinidad hem Tobago – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Trinidad hem Tobago" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianaid_agus_Tobago" title="Trianaid agus Tobago – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Trianaid agus Tobago" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Trinidad and Tobago" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B" title="ટ્રિનિદાદ અને ટોબેગો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટ્રિનિદાદ અને ટોબેગો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद आणि टोबॅगो – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="त्रिनिदाद आणि टोबॅगो" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_l%C3%A2u_Tobago" title="Trinidad lâu Tobago – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Trinidad lâu Tobago" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4%EB%93%9C_%ED%86%A0%EB%B0%94%EA%B3%A0" title="트리니다드 토바고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리니다드 토바고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_da_Tobago" title="Trinidad da Tobago – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Trinidad da Tobago" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D6%87_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8" title="Տրինիդադ և Տոբագո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրինիդադ և Տոբագո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद और टोबैगो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिनिदाद और टोबैगो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_a_Tobago" title="Trinidad a Tobago – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Trinidad a Tobago" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_i_Tobago" title="Trinidad i Tobago – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trinidad i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Trinidad and Tobago" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ken_Tobago" title="Trinidad ken Tobago – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Trinidad ken Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="ত্রিনিদাদ বারো টোবাগো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ত্রিনিদাদ বারো টোবাগো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_dan_Tobago" title="Trinidad dan Tobago – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trinidad dan Tobago" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад æмæ Тобаго – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тринидад æмæ Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADnidad_og_T%C3%B3bag%C3%B3" title="Trínidad og Tóbagó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trínidad og Tóbagó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%92%D7%95" title="טרינידד וטובגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרינידד וטובגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_lan_Tobago" title="Trinidad lan Tobago – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Trinidad lan Tobago" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A" title="ಟ್ರಿನಿಡಾಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ಟೊಬೆಗೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ರಿನಿಡಾಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ಟೊಬೆಗೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ტრინიდადი და ტობაგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრინიდადი და ტობაგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад және Тобаго – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тринидад және Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trynses_ha_Tobago" title="Trynses ha Tobago – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Trynses ha Tobago" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinida_na_Tobago" title="Tirinida na Tobago – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tirinida na Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_na_Tobago" title="Trinidad na Tobago – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Trinidad na Tobago" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ak_Tobago" title="Trinidad ak Tobago – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Trinidad ak Tobago" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9-%C3%A9-Tobago" title="Trinité-é-Tobago – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Trinité-é-Tobago" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AEn%C3%AEdad_%C3%BB_Tobago" title="Trînîdad û Tobago – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trînîdad û Tobago" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад жана Тобаго – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тринидад жана Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D3%93_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад дӓ Тобаго – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тринидад дӓ Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_y_Tobago" title="Trinidad y Tobago – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Trinidad y Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_i_Tobago" title="Trinidad i Tobago – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Trinidad i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitas_et_Tabacum" title="Trinitas et Tabacum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trinitas et Tabacum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinid%C4%81da_un_Tob%C4%81go" title="Trinidāda un Tobāgo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trinidāda un Tobāgo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_an_Tobago" title="Trinidad an Tobago – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Trinidad an Tobago" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadas_ir_Tobagas" title="Trinidadas ir Tobagas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trinidadas ir Tobagas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Trinidad en Tobago – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Trinidad en Tobago" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadi_mp%C3%A9_Tobago" title="Trinidadi mpé Tobago – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Trinidadi mpé Tobago" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_da_Tobago" title="Trinidad da Tobago – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Trinidad da Tobago" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_%C3%A9s_Tobago" title="Trinidad és Tobago – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trinidad és Tobago" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trini%E1%B8%8Da%E1%B8%8D_b%C3%A2n_Tobago" title="Triniḍaḍ bân Tobago – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Triniḍaḍ bân Tobago" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद आ टोबैगो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="त्रिनिदाद आ टोबैगो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад и Тобаго – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тринидад и Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinite-sy-T%C3%B4bag%C3%B4" title="Trinite-sy-Tôbagô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trinite-sy-Tôbagô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="ട്രിനിഡാഡ് ടൊബാഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രിനിഡാഡ് ടൊബാഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_u_Tobago" title="Trinidad u Tobago – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Trinidad u Tobago" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinaki_me_T%C4%81pako" title="Tirinaki me Tāpako – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tirinaki me Tāpako" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="त्रिनिदाद आणि टोबॅगो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्रिनिदाद आणि टोबॅगो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ტრინიდადი დო ტობაგო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრინიდადი დო ტობაგო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88" title="ترينيداد و توباجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ترينيداد و توباجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ترینیداد و توباگو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترینیداد و توباگو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_dan_Tobago" title="Trinidad dan Tobago – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trinidad dan Tobago" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯅꯤꯗꯥꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯇꯣꯕꯥꯒꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯅꯤꯗꯥꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯇꯣꯕꯥꯒꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_jo_Tobago" title="Trinidad jo Tobago – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Trinidad jo Tobago" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_g%C3%A2e%CC%A4ng_Tobago" title="Trinidad gâe̤ng Tobago – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Trinidad gâe̤ng Tobago" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад ди Тобаго – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тринидад ди Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад ба Тобаго – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тринидад ба Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ထရီနီဒတ်နှင့် တိုဘက်ဂိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထရီနီဒတ်နှင့် တိုဘက်ဂိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_kei_Tobago" title="Trinidad kei Tobago – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Trinidad kei Tobago" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Trinidad en Tobago – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trinidad en Tobago" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="ट्रिनिडाड र टोबागो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ट्रिनिडाड र टोबागो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टृनिड्याड व टोबागो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टृनिड्याड व टोबागो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%82%B4" title="トリニダード・トバゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリニダード・トバゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0" title="Тринидад а, Тобаго а – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тринидад а, Тобаго а" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_an_Tobaago" title="Trinidad an Tobaago – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Trinidad an Tobaago" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_og_Tobago" title="Trinidad og Tobago – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trinidad og Tobago" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_og_Tobago" title="Trinidad og Tobago – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trinidad og Tobago" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitat_e_Tobago" title="Trinitat e Tobago – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trinitat e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад да Тобаго – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тринидад да Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinidaadi_fi_Tobeegoo" title="Tirinidaadi fi Tobeegoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tirinidaadi fi Tobeegoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_va_Tobago" title="Trinidad va Tobago – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trinidad va Tobago" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B" title="ਤ੍ਰਿਨੀਦਾਦ ਅਤੇ ਤੋਬਾਗੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤ੍ਰਿਨੀਦਾਦ ਅਤੇ ਤੋਬਾਗੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%88_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ٹرینیڈاڈ تے ٹوبیگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹرینیڈاڈ تے ٹوبیگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_i_Tobago" title="Trinidad i Tobago – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Trinidad i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrinidad_ah_Tubiego" title="Chrinidad ah Tubiego – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chrinidad ah Tubiego" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9-pi-Tobago" title="Trinité-pi-Tobago – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Trinité-pi-Tobago" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_un_Tobago" title="Trinidad un Tobago – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Trinidad un Tobago" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trynidad_i_Tobago" title="Trynidad i Tobago – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trynidad i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindade_e_Tobago" title="Trindade e Tobago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trindade e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_h%C3%A1m_Tobago" title="Trinidad hám Tobago – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Trinidad hám Tobago" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ve_Tobago" title="Trinidad ve Tobago – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Trinidad ve Tobago" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_%C8%99i_Tobago" title="Trinidad și Tobago – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trinidad și Tobago" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinithat_Tupaqu_ima" title="Tirinithat Tupaqu ima – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tirinithat Tupaqu ima" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад и Тобаго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тринидад и Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад уонна Тобаго – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тринидад уонна Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindad_ma_Tobacco" title="Trindad ma Tobacco – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Trindad ma Tobacco" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱟᱫᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱟᱫᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_an_Tobago" title="Trinidad an Tobago – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Trinidad an Tobago" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadi_dhe_Tobagoja" title="Trinidadi dhe Tobagoja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trinidadi dhe Tobagoja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobagu" title="Trinidad e Tobagu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Trinidad e Tobagu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D" title="ට්‍රිනිඩෑඩ් සහ ටොබැගෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ට්‍රිනිඩෑඩ් සහ ටොබැගෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trinidad and Tobago" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%A7%DA%8A_%DB%BD_%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThinidedi_neThobhago" title="IThinidedi neThobhago – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThinidedi neThobhago" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_a_Tobago" title="Trinidad a Tobago – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trinidad a Tobago" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_in_Tobago" title="Trinidad in Tobago – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trinidad in Tobago" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try%C5%84idad_a_Tobago" title="Tryńidad a Tobago – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tryńidad a Tobago" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinidad_iyo_Tobago" title="Tirinidad iyo Tobago – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tirinidad iyo Tobago" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86" title="ترینیداد و تۆباگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترینیداد و تۆباگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад и Тобаго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тринидад и Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_i_Tobago" title="Trinidad i Tobago – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trinidad i Tobago" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_jeung_Tobago" title="Trinidad jeung Tobago – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Trinidad jeung Tobago" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ja_Tobago" title="Trinidad ja Tobago – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trinidad ja Tobago" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_och_Tobago" title="Trinidad och Tobago – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trinidad och Tobago" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_at_Tobago" title="Trinidad at Tobago – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trinidad at Tobago" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ed_Tobago" title="Trinidad ed Tobago – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Trinidad ed Tobago" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад һәм Тобаго – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тринидад һәм Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%80%9C%E1%82%84%E1%82%88_%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းထရီႇၼီႇတၢတ်ႈ လႄႈ ထူဝ်ႇပေးၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းထရီႇၼီႇတၢတ်ႈ လႄႈ ထူဝ်ႇပေးၵူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B" title="ట్రినిడాడ్ అండ్ టొబాగో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ట్రినిడాడ్ అండ్ టొబాగో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindade_no_Tobagu" title="Trindade no Tobagu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Trindade no Tobagu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศตรินิแดดและโตเบโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตรินิแดดและโตเบโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%B6%E1%89%A3%E1%8C%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ትሪኒዳድን ቶባጎን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ትሪኒዳድን ቶባጎን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад ва Тобаго – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тринидад ва Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilinitati_mo_Topako" title="Tilinitati mo Topako – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tilinitati mo Topako" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ve_Tobago" title="Trinidad ve Tobago – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trinidad ve Tobago" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_we_Tobago" title="Trinidad we Tobago – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Trinidad we Tobago" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринидад но Тобаго – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тринидад но Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Тринідад і Тобаго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тринідад і Тобаго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%88_%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ٹرینیڈاڈ وٹوباگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹرینیڈاڈ وٹوباگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DB%8B%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ترىنىداد ۋە توباگو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ترىنىداد ۋە توباگو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_caeuq_Tobago" title="Trinidad caeuq Tobago – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Trinidad caeuq Tobago" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Trinidad e Tobago – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_da_Tobago" title="Trinidad da Tobago – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Trinidad da Tobago" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_v%C3%A0_Tobago" title="Trinidad và Tobago – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trinidad và Tobago" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidade%C3%A4n_e_Tobage%C3%A4ns" title="Trinidadeän e Tobageäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Trinidadeän e Tobageäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ja_Tobago" title="Trinidad ja Tobago – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Trinidad ja Tobago" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrinitaa_je_Towaako" title="Türinitaa je Towaako – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Türinitaa je Towaako" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%98%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="千里達及托巴哥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="千里達及托巴哥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Trinidad en Tobago – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Trinidad en Tobago" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_ngan_Tobago" title="Trinidad ngan Tobago – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trinidad ngan Tobago" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirinidaad_ak_Tobaago" title="Tirinidaad ak Tobaago – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tirinidaad ak Tobaago" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E6%90%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="特里尼达搭多巴哥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特里尼达搭多巴哥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90" title="טרינידאד און טאבאגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טרינידאד און טאבאגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADn%C3%ADd%C3%A1d_%C3%A0ti_T%C3%B2b%C3%A1g%C3%B2" title="Trínídád àti Tòbágò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Trínídád àti Tòbágò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="千里達多巴哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="千里達多巴哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_u_Tobago" title="Trinidad u Tobago – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Trinidad u Tobago" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Trinidad en Tobago – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Trinidad en Tobago" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidads_%C4%97r_Tuobags" title="Trinidads ėr Tuobags – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Trinidads ėr Tuobags" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%98%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="千里達及托巴哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="千里達及托巴哥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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10.600°N 61.100°W / 10.600; -61.100</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Caribbean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the islands of the sovereign state, see <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trinidad (disambiguation)">Trinidad (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobago_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tobago (disambiguation)">Tobago (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Trinidad and Tobago</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Trinidad"><img alt="Flag of Trinidad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/125px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/188px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/250px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Trinidad">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Trinidad"><img alt="Coat of arms of Trinidad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="713" /></a></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Together we aspire, together we achieve"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty" title="Forged from the Love of Liberty">Forged from the Love of Liberty</a>"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AForged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Trinidad"><img alt="Location of Trinidad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trinidad_and_Tobago_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trinidad_and_Tobago_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trinidad_and_Tobago_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Trinidad"><img alt="Location of Trinidad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TTO_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="254" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinidad_and_Tobago&params=10_40_0_N_61_30_27_W_type:city_region:TT-POS">10°40′0″N 61°30′27″W / 10.66667°N 61.50750°W / 10.66667; -61.50750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinidad_and_Tobago&params=10_31_N_61_24_W_">10°31′N 61°24′W / 10.517°N 61.400°W / 10.517; -61.400</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">English</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Language" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Languages in Trinidad and Tobago</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-2011Census-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>35.4% <a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Indian</a></li> <li>34.2% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">African</a></li> <li>22.8% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Mixed_ethnicity" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Mixed</a> <ul><li>7.6% <a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li></ul></li> <li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">other</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></li> <li>6.2% unknown or undeclared</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>63.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li>24.3% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">Hinduism</a></li><li>6.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Islam</a></li><li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li>3.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li><li>Trini or Trinbagonian (colloquial)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago">House Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bridgid_Annisette-George" title="Bridgid Annisette-George">Bridgid Annisette-George</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago">Senate President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_de_Freitas" title="Nigel de Freitas">Nigel de Freitas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Archie" title="Ivor Archie">Ivor Archie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)">Opposition Leader</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar" title="Kamla Persad-Bissessar">Kamla Persad-Bissessar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Province of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 January 1958 – 14 January 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962" title="Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 August 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Joined the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaguaramas" title="Treaty of Chaguaramas">Treaty of Chaguaramas</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1976<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,131 km2 (1,981 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">164th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,508,635 <a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">154th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">294/km2 (761.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $43.658 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TT-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $30,718<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TT-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $27.887 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TT-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">107th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,621<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TT-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">47th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2012)</th><td class="infobox-data">39.0<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.814<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-12">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar" title="Trinidad and Tobago dollar">Trinidad and Tobago dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TTD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>-4 (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">+1</a> <a href="/wiki/Area_code_868" title="Area code 868">(868)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tt" title=".tt">.tt</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> incl. <a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Despite becoming a republic on 1 August, Republic Day is celebrated as a public holiday on 24 September because this is the date when the first Parliament met under the new Republican Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Trinidad and Tobago,<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Consisting of the main islands <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> and numerous much <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago">smaller islands</a>, it is situated 11 kilometres (6 nautical miles) off the coast of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and 130 kilometres (70 nautical miles) south of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> It shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> to the east, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Trinidad and Tobago is generally considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. The island country's capital is <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, while its largest and most populous municipality is <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> before becoming a colony in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, following the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, in 1498. Spanish governor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Chac%C3%B3n" title="José María Chacón">José María Chacón</a> surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a> in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael196140–42-17">[14]</a> Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> as separate states and unified in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael196152-18">[15]</a> Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, and became a republic in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories, which rely heavily on tourism, the economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>;<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> much of the nation's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Trinidad and Tobago is well known for its African and Indian cultures, reflected in its large and famous <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a> celebrations, as well as being the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(dance)" title="Limbo (dance)">limbo</a>, and music styles such as <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">rapso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">parang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chutney_soca" title="Chutney soca">chutney soca</a> music. The country gets fewer hurricanes than most of the Caribbean because it is farther south. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lanzer_Joseph" title="Edward Lanzer Joseph">E. L. Joseph</a> claimed that Trinidad's Indigenous name was Cairi or "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">Humming Bird</a>", derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak</a> name for hummingbird, ierèttê or yerettê. However, other authors dispute this etymology with some claiming that cairi does not mean hummingbird (tukusi or tucuchi being suggested as the correct word) and some claiming that kairi, or iere, simply means island.<a href="#cite_note-Boomert-22">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> renamed it "La Isla de la Trinidad" ("The Island of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>"), fulfilling a vow made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration.<a href="#cite_note-Hart,_Marie_1965_p._13-23">[20]</a> Tobago's cigar-like shape, or the use of tobacco by the native people, may have given it its Spanish name (cabaco, tavaco, tobacco) and possibly some of its other Indigenous names, such as Aloubaéra (black conch) and Urupaina (big snail),<a href="#cite_note-Boomert-22">[19]</a> although the English pronunciation is /təˈbeɪɡoʊ/. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian">Indo-Trinidadians</a> called the island Chinidat or Chinidad which translated to the "land of sugar". The usage of the term goes back to the 19th century when recruiters in India would call the island Chinidat as a way of luring workers into indentureship on the sugar plantations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">History of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geological history">edit</a>]</div> The islands that make up modern-day Trinidad and Tobago lie at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> group. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous people</a> who came through South America.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Trinidad was first settled by pre-agricultural Archaic people at least 7,000 years ago, making it the earliest settled part of the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Banwari_Trace" title="Banwari Trace">Banwari Trace</a> in south-west Trinidad is the oldest attested archaeological site in the Caribbean, dating to about 5000 BC. Several waves of migration occurred over the following centuries, which can be identified by differences in their archaeological remains.<a href="#cite_note-Reid_2008-26">[23]</a> At the time of European contact, Trinidad was occupied by various <a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a>-speaking groups including the Nepoya and Suppoya, and <a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a>-speaking groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Yao_language_(Trinidad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao language (Trinidad)">Yao</a>, while Tobago was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Island Caribs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Galibi">Galibi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonization">European colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European colonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a></div> Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Trinidad, on his third voyage to the Americas in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams19647–8-27">[24]</a> He also reported seeing Tobago on the distant horizon, naming it Bellaforma, but did not land on the island.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael196114-28">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg/220px-Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg/330px-Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg/440px-Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a> raiding Spanish settlement in Trinidad in 1595</figcaption></figure> In the 1530s Antonio de Sedeño, a Spanish soldier intent on conquering the island of Trinidad, landed on its southwest coast with a small army of men, intending to subdue the Indigenous population of the island. Sedeño and his men fought the native peoples on many occasions, and subsequently built a fort. The next few decades were generally spent in warfare with the native peoples, until in 1592, the "Cacique" (native chief) Wannawanare (also known as Guanaguanare) granted the area around modern <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago">Saint Joseph</a> to Domingo de Vera e Ibargüen, and withdrew to another part of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Boomert-22">[19]</a> The settlement of San José de Oruña was later established by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Berr%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Berrío">Antonio de Berrío</a> on this land in 1592.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> Shortly thereafter the English sailor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a> arrived in Trinidad on 22 March 1595 <a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">in search</a> of the long-rumoured "<a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>" ("City of Gold") supposedly located in South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> He attacked San José, captured and interrogated Antonio de Berrío, and obtained much information from him and from the Cacique Topiawari; Raleigh then went on his way, and Spanish authority was restored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams196411,_18-29">[26]</a> Meanwhile, there were numerous attempts by European powers to settle Tobago during the 1620–40s, with the Dutch, English and Couronians (people from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>) all attempting to colonise the island with little success.<a href="#cite_note-dutch-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018196-31">[28]</a> From 1654 the Dutch and Courlanders managed to gain a more secure foothold, later joined by several hundred French settlers.<a href="#cite_note-dutch-30">[27]</a> A plantation economy developed based on the production of sugar, indigo and rum, worked by large numbers of African slaves who soon came to vastly outnumber the European colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018196-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-dutch-30">[27]</a> Large numbers of forts were constructed as Tobago became a source of contention between France, Netherlands and Britain, with the island changing hands some 31 times prior to 1814, a situation exacerbated by widespread piracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018196-31">[28]</a> The British managed to hold Tobago from 1762 to 1781, whereupon it was captured by the French, who ruled until 1793 when Britain re-captured the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018196-31">[28]</a> The 17th century on Trinidad passed largely without major incident, but sustained attempts by the Spaniards to control and rule over the Indigenous population was often fiercely resisted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> In 1687 the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin friars">Capuchin friars</a> were given responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">the conversions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianas">Guianas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> They founded several missions in Trinidad, supported and richly funded by the state, which also granted <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> right to them over the native peoples, in which the native peoples were forced to provide labour for the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> One such mission was Santa Rosa de Arima, established in 1689, when Indigenous people from the former encomiendas of <a href="/wiki/Tacarigua" title="Tacarigua">Tacarigua</a> and Arauca (<a href="/wiki/Arouca,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Arouca, Trinidad and Tobago">Arouca</a>) were relocated further west.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Escalating tensions between the Spaniards and Indigenous people culminated in violence in 1689, when Indigenous people in the San Rafael encomienda rebelled and killed several priests, attacked a church, and killed the Spanish governor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Echales" title="José de León y Echales">José de León y Echales</a>. Among those killed in the governor's party was Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Caura, Tacarigua and Arauca.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The Spanish retaliated severely, slaughtering hundreds of native peoples in an event that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Arena_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena massacre">Arena massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> As a result, continuing Spanish slave-raiding, and the devastating impact of introduced disease to which they had no immunity, the native population was virtually wiped out by the end of the following century.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">[22]</a> During this period Trinidad was an island province belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, together with Central America, present-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and what would later become the southwestern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Besson,_2000-34">[31]</a> In 1757 the capital was moved from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España (modern <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>) following several pirate attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides201855-35">[32]</a> However the Spanish never made any concerted effort to colonise the islands; Trinidad in this period was still mostly forest, populated by a few Spaniards with a handful of slaves and a few thousand Indigenous people.<a href="#cite_note-Besson,_2000-34">[31]</a> Indeed, the population in 1777 was only 1,400, and Spanish colonisation in Trinidad remained tenuous.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influx_of_French_settlers">Influx of French settlers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influx of French settlers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a></div> In 1777, the captain general <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Unzaga" title="Luis de Unzaga">Luis de Unzaga</a> 'le Conciliateur', married to a French Creole, allowed free trade in Trinidad, attracting French settlers and its economy improved notably.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Since Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, was able to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Cedula_of_Population" title="Cedula of Population">Cédula de Población</a> from the Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> on 4 November 1783.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018250-37">[34]</a> A Cédula de Población had previously been granted in 1776 by the king, but had not shown results, and therefore the new Cédula was more generous.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> It granted free land and tax exemption for 10 years to Roman Catholic foreign settlers who were willing to swear allegiance to the King of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The land grant was 30 fanegas (13 hectares/32 acres) for each free man, woman and child and half of that for each slave that they brought with them. The Spanish sent a new governor, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Chac%C3%B3n" title="José María Chacón">José María Chacón</a>, to implement the terms of the new cédula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018250-37">[34]</a> The Cédula was issued only a few years before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. During that period of upheaval, French planters with their slaves, free <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloureds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulattos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattos">mulattos</a> from the neighbouring islands of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, Grenada, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> migrated to Trinidad, where they established an agriculture-based economy (sugar and cocoa).<a href="#cite_note-Besson,_2000-34">[31]</a> These new immigrants established local communities in <a href="/wiki/Blanchisseuse" title="Blanchisseuse">Blanchisseuse</a>, Champs Fleurs, <a href="/wiki/Paramin" title="Paramin">Paramin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Cascade, <a href="/wiki/Carenage" title="Carenage">Carenage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laventille" title="Laventille">Laventille</a>. As a result, Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, and by 1797 the population of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> had increased from under 3,000 to 10,422 in just five years, with a varied population of mixed race individuals, Spaniards, Africans, French republican soldiers, retired pirates and French nobility.<a href="#cite_note-Besson,_2000-34">[31]</a> The total population of Trinidad was 17,718, of which 2,151 were of European ancestry, 4,476 were "free blacks and people of colour", 10,009 were enslaved people and 1,082 Indigenous people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The sparse settlement and slow rate of population-increase during Spanish rule (and even later during British rule) made Trinidad one of the less populated colonies of the West Indies, with the least developed plantation infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Brereton-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule">British rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">British Windward Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Trinidad_Ralph_Abercromby_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>A medallion showing the capture of Trinidad and Tobago by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> in 1797.</figcaption></figure> The British had begun to take a keen interest in Trinidad, and in 1797 a British force led by General <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Sir Ralph Abercromby</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">invasion of Trinidad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018251-40">[37]</a> His squadron sailed through the Bocas and anchored off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Chaguaramas,_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaguaramas, Trinidad">Chaguaramas</a>. Seriously outnumbered, Chacón decided to capitulate to the British without fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018251-40">[37]</a> Trinidad thus became a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>, with a largely French-speaking population and Spanish laws.<a href="#cite_note-Besson,_2000-34">[31]</a> British rule was later formalised under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> (1802).<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018251-40">[37]</a> The colony's first British governor was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Picton" title="Thomas Picton">Thomas Picton</a>, however his heavy-handed approach to enforcing British authority, including the use of torture and <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a>, led to his being recalled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018251-40">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg/220px-Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg/330px-Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg/440px-Plan_of_the_Isle_of_Trinidad_from_actual_surveys_made_in_the_year_1797._RMG_K1077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Survey map from 1797 of Trinidad</figcaption></figure> British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean. English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived, as well as some free blacks known as "<a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a>" who had fought for Britain in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and were granted land in southern Trinidad.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018252-43">[40]</a> Under British rule, new states were created and the importation of slaves increased, however by this time support for <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a> had vastly increased and in England the slave trade was under attack.<a href="#cite_note-Brereton-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1964-44">[41]</a> Slavery was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">abolished in 1833</a>, after which former slaves served an "<a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833#The_Act" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">apprenticeship</a>" period. In 1837 Daaga, a West African slave trader who had been captured by Portuguese slavers and later rescued by the British navy, was conscripted into the local regiment. Daaga and a group of his compatriots <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Mutiny" title="St. Joseph Mutiny">mutinied at the barracks in St Joseph</a> and set out eastward in an attempt to return to their homeland. The mutineers were ambushed by a militia unit just outside the town of Arima. The revolt was crushed at the cost of some 40 dead, and Daaga and his party were later executed at St Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018126-45">[42]</a> The apprenticeship system ended on 1 August 1838 with full emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018252-43">[40]</a> An overview of the population statistics in 1838, however, clearly reveals the contrast between Trinidad and its neighbouring islands: upon emancipation of the slaves in 1838, Trinidad had only 17,439 slaves, with 80% of slave owners having enslaved fewer than 10 people each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams196484–85-46">[43]</a> In contrast, at twice the size of Trinidad, Jamaica had roughly 360,000 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_Indian_indentured_labourers">Arrival of Indian indentured labourers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrival of Indian indentured labourers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg/220px-Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg/330px-Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg/440px-Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Newly arrived <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured Indian labourers</a> in Trinidad and Tobago.</figcaption></figure> After the African slaves were emancipated many refused to continue working on the plantations, often moving out to urban areas such as Laventille and <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Port_of_Spain" title="Belmont, Port of Spain">Belmont</a> to the east of Port of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018252-43">[40]</a> As a result, a severe agricultural labour shortage emerged. The British filled this gap by instituting a system of <a href="/wiki/Indentureship" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentureship">indentureship</a>. Various nationalities were contracted under this system, including Indians, Chinese, and Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018253-48">[45]</a> Of these, the East Indians were imported in the largest numbers, starting from 1 May 1845, when 225 Indians were brought in the first ship to Trinidad on the <a href="/wiki/Fatel_Razack" title="Fatel Razack">Fatel Razack</a>, a Muslim-owned vessel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018252-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Indentureship of the Indians lasted from 1845 to 1917, during which time more than 147,000 Indians came to Trinidad to work on sugarcane plantations.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Indentureship contracts were sometimes exploitative, to such an extent that historians such as Hugh Tinker were to call it "a new system of slavery". Despite these descriptions, it was not truly a new form of slavery, as workers were paid, contracts were finite, and the idea of an individual being another's property had been eliminated when slavery was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In addition, employers of indentured labour had no legal right to flog or whip their workers; the main legal sanction for the enforcement of the indenture laws was prosecution in the courts, followed by fines or (more likely) jail sentences.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> People were contracted for a period of five years, with a daily wage as low as 25 cents in the early 20th century, and they were guaranteed return passage to India at the end of their contract period. However, <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercive means</a> were often used to retain labourers, and the <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentureship contracts</a> were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labour too early.<a href="#cite_note-Brereton-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018252-43">[40]</a> In lieu of the return passage, the British authorities soon began offering portions of land to encourage settlement, and by 1902, more than half of the sugar cane in Trinidad was being produced by independent cane farmers; the majority of which were Indians.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home.<a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[51]</a> Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated</a> them from the rest of Trinidad and Tobago's population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their "Free Papers" or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_(1889%E2%80%931958).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Colonial flag of Trinidad and Tobago, 1889–1958</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%">Trinidad and Tobago Act 1887</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to enable Her Majesty by Order in Council to unite the Colonies of Trinidad and Tobago into one Colony.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/50_%26_51_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="50 & 51 Vict.">50 & 51 Vict.</a> c. 44</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1887</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">16 September 1887</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lrpgsv241887/page/n199/">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> Few Indians settled on Tobago however, and the descendants of African slaves continued to form the majority of the island's population. An ongoing economic slump in the middle-to-late 19th century caused widespread poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018239-56">[53]</a> Discontent erupted into rioting on the <a href="/wiki/Roxborough,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Roxborough, Trinidad and Tobago">Roxborough</a> plantation in 1876, in an event known as the Belmanna Uprising after a policeman who was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018239-56">[53]</a> The British eventually managed to restore control; however, as a result of the disturbances Tobago's Legislative Assembly voted to dissolve itself and the island became a Crown colony in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018239-56">[53]</a> With the sugar industry in a state of near-collapse and the island no longer profitable, the British attached Tobago to their Trinidad colony in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018255-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1964149-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The Queen on 1953 stamps of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> In 1903, <a href="/wiki/1903_Water_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 Water Riots">a protest</a> against the introduction of new water rates in Port of Spain erupted into rioting; 18 people were shot dead, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_House_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Red House (Trinidad and Tobago)">Red House</a> (the government headquarters) was damaged by fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018255-57">[54]</a> A local elected assembly with some limited powers was introduced in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018255-57">[54]</a> Economically Trinidad and Tobago remained a predominantly agricultural colony; alongside sugarcane, the cacao (<a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>) crop also contributed greatly to economic earnings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In November 1919, the dockworkers went on strike over bad management practices, low wages compared to a higher cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiely199666-59">[56]</a> Strikebreakers were brought in to keep a minimum of goods moving through the ports. On 1 December 1919, the striking dockworkers rushed the harbour and chased off the strikebreakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiely199666-59">[56]</a> They then proceeded to march on the government buildings in Port of Spain. Other unions and workers, many with the same grievances, joined the dock worker's strike making it a General Strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiely199666-59">[56]</a> Violence broke out and was only put down with help from the sailors of British Naval ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Calcutta_(D82)" title="HMS Calcutta (D82)">HMS Calcutta</a>. The unity brought upon by the strike was the first time of cooperation between the various ethnic groups of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiely199667-60">[57]</a> Historian Brinsley Samaroo says that the 1919 strikes "seem to indicate that there was a growing class consciousness after the war and this transcended racial feelings at times."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiely199667-60">[57]</a> However, in the 1920s, the collapse of the sugarcane industry, concomitant with the failure of the cocoa industry, resulted in widespread depression among the rural and agricultural workers in Trinidad, and encouraged the rise of a labour movement. Conditions on the islands worsened in the 1930s with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, with an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indian_labour_unrest_of_1934%E2%80%9339" class="mw-redirect" title="British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39">labour riots</a> occurring in 1937 which resulted in several deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018185-61">[58]</a> The labour movement aimed to unite the urban working class and agricultural labour class; the key figures being <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Andrew_Cipriani" title="Arthur Andrew Cipriani">Arthur Cipriani</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Labour_Party" title="Trinidad Labour Party">Trinidad Labour Party</a> (TLP), <a href="/wiki/Tubal_Uriah_Butler" title="Tubal Uriah Butler">Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Butler_Party" title="Butler Party">British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cola_Rienzi" title="Adrian Cola Rienzi">Adrian Cola Rienzi</a>, who led the Trinidad Citizens League (TCL), <a href="/wiki/Oilfields_Workers%27_Trade_Union" title="Oilfields Workers' Trade Union">Oilfields Workers' Trade Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/All_Trinidad_Sugar_Estates_and_Factory_Workers_Union" title="All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union">All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018185-61">[58]</a> As the movement developed calls for greater autonomy from British colonial rule became widespread; this effort was severely undermined by the British Home Office and by the British-educated Trinidadian elite, many of whom were descended from the plantocracy class. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg/220px-Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg/330px-Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg/440px-Waller_AFB_mess_hall_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>A soldier at <a href="/wiki/Waller_Air_Force_Base" title="Waller Air Force Base">Waller Air Force Base</a>, leased by Britain to America in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> Petroleum had been discovered in 1857, but became economically significant only in the 1930s and afterwards as a result of the collapse of sugarcane and cocoa, and increasing industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-WDL-64">[61]</a> By the 1950s petroleum had become a staple in Trinidad's export market, and was responsible for a growing middle class among all sections of the Trinidad population. The collapse of Trinidad's major agricultural commodities, followed by the Depression, and the rise of the oil economy, led to major changes in the country's social structure. The presence of American <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">military bases</a> in Chaguaramas and <a href="/wiki/Cumuto" title="Cumuto">Cumuto</a> in Trinidad during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had a profound effect on society. The Americans vastly improved the infrastructure on Trinidad and provided many locals with well-paying jobs; however, the social effects of having so many young soldiers stationed on the island, as well as their often unconcealed racial prejudice, caused resentment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018255-57">[54]</a> The Americans left in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides201896-65">[62]</a> In the post-war period the British began a process of decolonisation across the British Empire. In 1945 universal suffrage was introduced to Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018255-57">[54]</a> Political parties emerged on the island, however these were largely divided along racial lines: Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians primarily supported the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement" title="People's National Movement">People's National Movement</a> (PNM), formed in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a>, with Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians mostly supporting the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="People's Democratic Party (Trinidad and Tobago)">People's Democratic Party</a> (PDP), formed in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/Bhadase_Sagan_Maraj" title="Bhadase Sagan Maraj">Bhadase Sagan Maraj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> which later merged into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)">Democratic Labour Party</a> (DLP) in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> Britain's Caribbean colonies formed the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> in 1958 as a vehicle for independence, however the Federation dissolved after Jamaica withdrew following a <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Federation_of_the_West_Indies_membership_referendum,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Federation of the West Indies membership referendum, 1961">membership referendum</a> in 1961. The government of Trinidad and Tobago subsequently chose to seek independence from the United Kingdom on its own.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962" title="Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962">Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Leaders at Independence</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/137px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/206px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/274px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="985" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago">Monarch</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Williams_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eric_Williams_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Eric_Williams_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eric_Williams_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Eric_Williams_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eric_Williams_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Eric_Williams_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="606" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a></div></div></div></div></div> Trinidad and Tobago gained its <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962" title="Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> on 31 August 1962.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-WDL-64">[61]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> remained head of state, represented locally by <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Governor-General" title="List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Hochoy" title="Solomon Hochoy">Solomon Hochoy</a>, until the passage of the 1976 Republican Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement" title="People's National Movement">People's National Movement</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a>, serving in that capacity uninterrupted until 1981.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The dominant figure in the opposition in the early independence years was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)">Opposition Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudranath_Capildeo" title="Rudranath Capildeo">Rudranath Capildeo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)">Democratic Labour Party</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> was <a href="/wiki/Clytus_Arnold_Thomasos" class="mw-redirect" title="Clytus Arnold Thomasos">Clytus Arnold Thomasos</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago">President of the Senate</a> was J. Hamilton Maurice. The 1960s saw the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Revolution" title="Black Power Revolution">Black Power movement</a>, inspired in part by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States. Protests and strikes became common, with events coming to head in April 1970 when police shot dead a protester named Basil Davis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> Fearing a breakdown of law and order, Prime Minister Williams declared a state of emergency and ordered that many of the Black Power leaders be arrested. Some army leaders who were sympathetic to the Black Power movement, notably <a href="/wiki/Raffique_Shah" title="Raffique Shah">Raffique Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Lassalle" title="Rex Lassalle">Rex Lassalle</a>, attempted to mutiny; however, this was quashed by the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard">Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> Williams and the PNM retained power, largely due to divisions in the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> In 1963 Tobago was struck by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Flora" title="Hurricane Flora">Hurricane Flora</a>, which killed 30 people and resulted in enormous destruction across the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018236-70">[67]</a> Partly as a result of this, tourism came to replace agriculture as the island's primary source of income in the subsequent decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018236-70">[67]</a> On 1 May 1968, Trinidad and Tobago joined the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association</a> (CARIFTA), which provided a continued economic, rather than political, linkage between the former <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">English-speaking countries</a> after the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> failed. On 1 August 1973, the country became a founding member state of CARIFTA's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM), which is a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> between several <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> countries and territories. Between the years 1972 and 1983, the country profited greatly from the rising <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">price of oil</a> and the discovery of vast new oil deposits in its territorial waters, resulting in an economic boom that substantially increased living standards.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> In 1976 the country became a republic within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, though it retained the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> as its final appellate court.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The position of governor-general was replaced with that of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Clarke" title="Ellis Clarke">Ellis Clarke</a> was the first to hold this largely ceremonial role.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Tobago was granted limited self-rule with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Tobago_House_of_Assembly" title="Tobago House of Assembly">Tobago House of Assembly</a> in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018239-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg/220px-Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg/330px-Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg/440px-Port_of_Spain_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Port of Spain, the capital, in 2008</figcaption></figure> Williams died in 1981, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Chambers" title="George Chambers">George Chambers</a> who led the country until 1986. By this time a fall in the price of oil had resulted in a recession, causing rising inflation and unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018257-72">[69]</a> The main opposition parties united under the banner of <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Reconstruction" title="National Alliance for Reconstruction">National Alliance for Reconstruction</a> (NAR) and won the <a href="/wiki/1986_Trinidad_and_Tobago_general_election" title="1986 Trinidad and Tobago general election">1986 Trinidad and Tobago general election</a>, with NAR leader <a href="/wiki/A._N._R._Robinson" title="A. N. R. Robinson">A. N. R. Robinson</a> becoming the new Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-N1-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> Robinson was unable to hold together the fragile NAR coalition, and his economic reforms, such as the implementation of an <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Program">Structural Adjustment Program</a> and devaluation of currency led to social unrest.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> In 1990, 114 members of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen">Jamaat al Muslimeen</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Abu_Bakr" title="Yasin Abu Bakr">Yasin Abu Bakr</a> (formerly known as Lennox Phillip) stormed the <a href="/wiki/The_Red_House_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago)">Red House</a> (the seat of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Television" title="Trinidad and Tobago Television">Trinidad and Tobago Television</a>, the only television station in the country at the time, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">holding Robinson and country's government hostage</a> for six days before surrendering.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> The coup leaders were promised amnesty, but upon their surrender they were arrested, ultimately being released after protracted legal wrangling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018253-48">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg/220px-Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg/330px-Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg/440px-Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Steelpan band at Carnival</figcaption></figure> The PNM under <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning" title="Patrick Manning">Patrick Manning</a> returned to power following the <a href="/wiki/1991_Trinidad_and_Tobago_general_election" title="1991 Trinidad and Tobago general election">1991 Trinidad and Tobago general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Hoping to capitalise on an improvement in the economy, Manning called <a href="/wiki/1995_Trinidad_and_Tobago_general_election" title="1995 Trinidad and Tobago general election">an early election</a> in 1995, however, this resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. Two NAR representatives backed the opposition <a href="/wiki/United_National_Congress" title="United National Congress">United National Congress</a> (UNC), which had split off from the NAR in 1989, and they thus took power under <a href="/wiki/Basdeo_Panday" title="Basdeo Panday">Basdeo Panday</a>, who became the country's first Indo-Trinidadian Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018257-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> After a period of political confusion caused by a series of inconclusive election results, Patrick Manning returned to power in 2001, retaining that position until 2010.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> In 2003 the country entered a second oil boom, and petroleum, petrochemicals and natural gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism and the public service are the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, though authorities have attempted to diversify the island's economy.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> A partnership resulted in Manning's defeat by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Partnership" title="People's Partnership">People's Partnership</a> coalition in 2010, with <a href="/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar" title="Kamla Persad-Bissessar">Kamla Persad-Bissessar</a> becoming the country's first female prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018258-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> However, the PP were defeated in 2015 by the PNM under <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018259-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> In August 2020, the governing People's National Movement won general <a href="/wiki/2020_Trinidad_and_Tobago_general_election" title="2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election">election</a>, earning the incumbent Prime Minister Keith Rowley a second term in office.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Geography of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Td-map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Td-map.gif/280px-Td-map.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Td-map.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>A map of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago is situated between 10° 2' and 11° 12' N <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and 60° 30' and 61° 56' W <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the east and south, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria" title="Gulf of Paria">Gulf of Paria</a> to the west. It is located in the far south-east of the Caribbean region, with the island of Trinidad being just 11 kilometres (6 nmi) off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in mainland <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Channel" title="Columbus Channel">Columbus Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The islands are a physiographic extension of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-83">[80]</a> Covering an area of 5,128 km2 (1,980 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-back-84">[81]</a> the country consists of two main islands, Trinidad and <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, separated by a 37-kilometre (20-nautical-mile) strait, plus a number of much <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago">smaller islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chacachacare" title="Chacachacare">Chacachacare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monos" title="Monos">Monos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huevos_(island)" title="Huevos (island)">Huevos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Grande" title="Gaspar Grande">Gaspar Grande</a> (or Gasparee), <a href="/wiki/Little_Tobago" title="Little Tobago">Little Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Giles_Island" title="Saint Giles Island">Saint Giles Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Trinidad_Topography.png/280px-Trinidad_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Trinidad_Topography.png/420px-Trinidad_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Trinidad_Topography.png/560px-Trinidad_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Trinidad and Tobago's topography</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png/220px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png/330px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png/440px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_OnEarth_WMS.png 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>T&T from space</figcaption></figure> Trinidad is 4,768 km2 (1,841 sq mi) in area (comprising 93.0% of the country's total area) with an average length of 80 kilometres (50 mi) and an average width of 59 kilometres (37 mi). Tobago has an area of about 300 km2 (120 sq mi), or 5.8% of the country's area, is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>41 km (25+1⁄2 mi) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12 km (7+1⁄2 mi) at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and are thus geologically considered to lie entirely in South America.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> On Trinidad the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Range" title="Northern Range">Northern Range</a> runs parallel with the north coast, and contains the country's highest peak (<a href="/wiki/El_Cerro_del_Aripo" title="El Cerro del Aripo">El Cerro del Aripo</a>), which is 940 metres (3,080 ft) above sea level,<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> and second highest (<a href="/wiki/El_Tucuche" title="El Tucuche">El Tucuche</a>, 936 metres (3,071 ft)).<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The rest of the island is generally flatter, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Central_Range,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago">Central Range</a> and Montserrat Hills in the centre of the island and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Range" title="Southern Range">Southern Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hills" title="Trinity Hills">Trinity Hills</a> in the south. The three mountain ranges determine the drainage pattern of Trinidad.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-83">[80]</a> The east coast is noted for its beaches, most notably <a href="/wiki/Manzanilla_Beach,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Manzanilla Beach, Trinidad and Tobago">Manzanilla Beach</a>. The island contains several large swamp areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Caroni_Swamp" title="Caroni Swamp">Caroni Swamp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nariva_Swamp" title="Nariva Swamp">Nariva Swamp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Major bodies of water on Trinidad include the <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Reservoir" title="Hollis Reservoir">Hollis Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navet_Dam" title="Navet Dam">Navet Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroni%E2%80%93Arena_Dam" title="Caroni–Arena Dam">Caroni Reservoir</a>. Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Corridor" title="East–West Corridor">East–West Corridor</a> are the most fertile.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Trinidad is also notable for containing <a href="/wiki/Pitch_Lake" title="Pitch Lake">Pitch Lake</a>, the largest natural reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Tobago contains a flat plain in its south-west, with the eastern half of the island being more mountainous, culminating in Pigeon Peak, the island's highest point at 550 metres (1,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Anthony-86">[83]</a> Tobago also contains several coral reefs off its coast.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The majority of the population reside on the island of Trinidad, and this is thus the location of largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago">towns and cities</a>. There are four major municipalities in Trinidad: the capital Port of Spain, <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago">San Fernando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a>. The main town on Tobago is <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Tobago">Scarborough</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad#Geology" title="Trinidad">Trinidad § Geology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg/220px-STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg/330px-STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg/440px-STAPP_114_La_Brea_Pitch_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Pitch Lake, in south-west Trinidad</figcaption></figure> The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>. The Northern Lowlands (the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Corridor" title="East–West Corridor">East–West Corridor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroni_Plain" title="Caroni Plain">Caroni Plain</a>) consist of younger shallow marine <a href="/wiki/Clastic_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic sediment">clastic sediments</a>. South of this, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Range,_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Range, Trinidad">Central Range</a> <a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">fold and thrust belt</a> consists of Cretaceous and <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> formations along the southern and eastern flanks. The <a href="/wiki/Naparima_Plain" title="Naparima Plain">Naparima Plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nariva_Swamp" title="Nariva Swamp">Nariva Swamp</a> form the southern shoulder of this uplift.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and natural gas deposits, especially north of the Los Bajos Fault. The Southern Range forms the third <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlinal</a> uplift. The rocks consist of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstones</a> and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">Oil sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a> are especially common in this area.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the natural wonders of the island is the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch lake">Pitch lake</a> lake, a natural pitch lake on the island of Trinidad. Which is the largest naturally occurring deposit of asphalt on Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg/220px-Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg/330px-Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg/440px-Beryl_2024-07-01_1150Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl" title="Hurricane Beryl">Hurricane Beryl</a> passes over Trinidad and Tobago in July 2024</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago has a maritime <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> There are two seasons annually: the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> for the first five months of the year, and the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a> in the remaining seven of the year. Winds are predominantly from the northeast and are dominated by the northeast <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a>. Unlike many Caribbean islands Trinidad and Tobago lies outside the main hurricane alleys; nevertheless, the island of Tobago was struck by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Flora" title="Hurricane Flora">Hurricane Flora</a> on 30 September 1963. In the Northern Range of Trinidad, the climate is often cooler than that of the sweltering heat of the plains below, due to constant cloud and mist cover, and heavy rains in the mountains. Record temperatures for Trinidad and Tobago are 39 °C (102 °F)<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> for the high in Port of Spain, and a low of 12 °C (54 °F).<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Environment of Trinidad and Tobago">Environment of Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biota_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Biota of Trinidad and Tobago">Biota of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayaro_Beach;_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mayaro_Beach%3B_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg/220px-Mayaro_Beach%3B_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mayaro_Beach%3B_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg/330px-Mayaro_Beach%3B_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mayaro_Beach%3B_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg/440px-Mayaro_Beach%3B_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayaro,_Trinidad" title="Mayaro, Trinidad">Mayaro</a> Beach, in the southeastern area of Trinidad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_motmots_(Momotus_bahamensis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trinidad_motmots_%28Momotus_bahamensis%29.jpg/220px-Trinidad_motmots_%28Momotus_bahamensis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trinidad_motmots_%28Momotus_bahamensis%29.jpg/330px-Trinidad_motmots_%28Momotus_bahamensis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trinidad_motmots_%28Momotus_bahamensis%29.jpg/440px-Trinidad_motmots_%28Momotus_bahamensis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Motmot" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad Motmot">Trinidad Motmots</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg/220px-Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg/330px-Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg/440px-Channel-billed_toucan_t_t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Channel-billed toucan, Trinidad</figcaption></figure> Because the islands of Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and in ancient times were physically connected to the South American mainland, their biological diversity is unlike that of most other Caribbean islands, and has much more in common with that of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018270-89">[86]</a> The main ecosystems are: coastal and marine (coral reefs, mangrove swamps, open ocean and seagrass beds); forest; freshwater (rivers and streams); <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a>; man-made ecosystems (agricultural land, freshwater dams, secondary forest); and savanna. On 1 August 1996, Trinidad and Tobago ratified the 1992 Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, and it has produced a biodiversity action plan and four reports describing the country's contribution to biodiversity conservation. These reports formally acknowledged the importance of biodiversity to the well-being of the country's people through provision of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar,_USVI_(5839996547).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar%2C_USVI_%285839996547%29.jpg/220px-Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar%2C_USVI_%285839996547%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar%2C_USVI_%285839996547%29.jpg/330px-Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar%2C_USVI_%285839996547%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar%2C_USVI_%285839996547%29.jpg/440px-Leatherback_sea_turtle_Tinglar%2C_USVI_%285839996547%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Trinidad and Tobago is a major nesting site for <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">Leatherback Turtles</a></figcaption></figure> Information about vertebrates is rather comprehensive, with 472 bird species (2 endemics), about 100 mammals, about 90 reptiles (a few endemics), about 30 amphibians (including several endemics), 50 freshwater fish and at least 950 marine fish.<a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-91">[88]</a> Notable mammal species include the <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">West Indian manatee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">collared peccary</a> (known as the quenk locally), <a href="/wiki/Red-rumped_agouti" title="Red-rumped agouti">red-rumped agouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowland_paca" title="Lowland paca">lappe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">red brocket deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedge-capped_capuchin" title="Wedge-capped capuchin">weeper capuchin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyanan_red_howler" title="Guyanan red howler">red howler monkey</a>; there are also some 70 species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fringe-lipped_bat" title="Fringe-lipped bat">fringe-lipped bat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018273-92">[89]</a> The larger reptiles present include 5 species of marine turtles known to nest on the islands' beaches, the <a href="/wiki/Green_anaconda" title="Green anaconda">green anaconda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boa_constrictor" title="Boa constrictor">Boa constrictor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_caiman" title="Spectacled caiman">spectacled caiman</a>. There are at least 47 species of snakes, including only four dangerous venomous species (only in Trinidad and not in Tobago), lizards such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_iguana" title="Green iguana">green iguana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tupinambis_cryptus" title="Tupinambis cryptus">Tupinambis cryptus</a> and a few species of fresh water turtles and land tortoises.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018274-93">[90]</a> are present. Of the amphibians, the <a href="/wiki/Common_tree_frog" title="Common tree frog">golden tree frog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannophryne_trinitatis" title="Mannophryne trinitatis">Trinidad poison frog</a> are found in the highest peaks of Trinidad's Northern Range and nearby on <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>'s Paria Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018274-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Marine life is abundant, with several species of <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manta_ray" title="Manta ray">manta ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> present in the islands' waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018276-95">[92]</a> The introduced <a href="/wiki/Pterois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterois">Pterois</a> is viewed as a pest, as it eats many native species of fish and has no natural predators; efforts are currently underway to cull the numbers of this species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018276-95">[92]</a> The country contains five terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_moist_forests" title="Trinidad and Tobago moist forests">Trinidad and Tobago moist forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antillean_dry_forests" title="Lesser Antillean dry forests">Lesser Antillean dry forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dry_forests" title="Trinidad and Tobago dry forests">Trinidad and Tobago dry forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands_xeric_scrub" title="Windward Islands xeric scrub">Windward Islands xeric scrub</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_mangroves" title="Trinidad mangroves">Trinidad mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-96">[93]</a> Trinidad and Tobago is noted particularly for its large number of bird species, and is a popular destination for <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">bird watchers</a>. Notable species include the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_ibis" title="Scarlet ibis">scarlet ibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous-vented_chachalaca" title="Rufous-vented chachalaca">cocrico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiny_cowbird" title="Shiny cowbird">shiny cowbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bananaquit" title="Bananaquit">bananaquit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oilbird" title="Oilbird">oilbird</a> and various species of <a href="/wiki/Honeycreeper" title="Honeycreeper">honeycreeper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">trogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toucan" title="Toucan">toucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanager" title="Tanager">tanager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antbird" title="Antbird">antbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">kites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booby" title="Booby">boobies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>; there are also 17 species of hummingbird, including the <a href="/wiki/Tufted_coquette" title="Tufted coquette">tufted coquette</a> which is the world's third smallest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018274–275-97">[94]</a> Information about invertebrates is dispersed and very incomplete. About 650 butterflies,<a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-91">[88]</a> at least 672 beetles (from Tobago alone)<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> and 40 corals<a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-91">[88]</a> have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-91">[88]</a> Other notable invertebrates include the <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">leaf-cutter ant</a> and numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantulas</a>. Although the list is far from complete, 1,647 species of fungi, including lichens, have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The true total number of fungi is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> A first effort to estimate the number of endemic fungi tentatively listed 407 species.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Information about micro-organisms is dispersed and very incomplete. Nearly 200 species of marine algae have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-91">[88]</a> The true total number of micro-organism species must be much higher. Thanks to a recently published checklist, plant diversity in Trinidad and Tobago is well documented with about 3,300 species (59 endemic) recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-91">[88]</a> Despite significant felling, forests still cover about 40% of the country, and there are about 350 different species of tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018270-89">[86]</a> A notable tree is the <a href="/wiki/Manchineel" title="Manchineel">manchineel</a> which is extremely poisonous to humans, and even just touching its sap can cause severe blistering of the skin; the tree is often covered with warning signs. The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.62/10, ranking it 69th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-104">[101]</a> Threats to the country's biodiversity include over-hunting and poaching (see <a href="/wiki/Hunting#Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hunting">Hunting#Trinidad and Tobago</a>), habitat loss and fragmentation (particularly due to forest fires and land clearance for quarrying, agriculture, squatting, housing and industrial development and road construction), water pollution, and introduction of invasive species and pathogens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Politics of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg/110px-The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg/165px-The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg/220px-The_Hon_Christine_Kangaloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President</a> since 20 March 2023</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_(53027345558)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_%2853027345558%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/104px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_%2853027345558%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_%2853027345558%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/156px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_%2853027345558%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_%2853027345558%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prime_Minister_Keith_Rowley_on_6_July_2023_-_%2853027345558%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2561" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a> since 9 September 2015</div></div></div></div></div> Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliamentary system based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster System">Westminster System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of Trinidad and Tobago is the president, currently <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> This largely ceremonial role replaced that of the governor-general (representing the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarch of Trinidad and Tobago</a>) upon Trinidad and Tobago's becoming a republic in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> The president is elected by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a> consisting of the full membership of both houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament</a>. Following a general election, which takes place every five years, the president appoints as prime minister the person who has the support of a majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)">House of Representatives</a>; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the election (except in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_general_election,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad and Tobago general election, 2001">2001 General Elections</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Since 1980 Tobago has also had its own elections, separate from the general elections. In these elections, members are elected and serve in the unicameral Tobago House of Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Parliament consists of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Trinidad and Tobago">Senate</a> (31 seats) and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago">House of Representatives</a> (41 seats, plus the Speaker).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> The members of the Senate are appointed by the president; 16 government senators are appointed on the advice of the prime minister, six opposition senators are appointed on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)">leader of the opposition</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar" title="Kamla Persad-Bissessar">Kamla Persad-Bissessar</a>, and nine independent senators are appointed by the president to represent other sectors of civil society. The 41 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years in a "<a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">first past the post</a>" system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regions_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago">Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/300px-Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/450px-Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/600px-Regional_corporations_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Regional corporations and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> Trinidad is split into 14 <a href="/wiki/Regions_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago">regions and municipalities</a>, consisting of nine regions and five municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The various councils are made up of a mixture of elected and appointed members. Elections are held every three years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tobago is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Tobago_House_of_Assembly" title="Tobago House of Assembly">Tobago House of Assembly</a>. The country was formerly divided into <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Counties of Trinidad and Tobago">counties</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political culture">edit</a>]</div> The two main national parties are the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement" title="People's National Movement">People's National Movement</a> (PNM) and the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Congress" title="United National Congress">United National Congress</a> (UNC). They both are <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">left of centre</a> parties and support for these parties appears to fall along ethnic lines rather than ideology, with the PNM consistently obtaining a majority of Afro-Trinidadian vote, and the UNC gaining a majority of Indo-Trinidadian support. Several smaller parties also exist. As of the August 2020 General Elections, there were 19 registered political parties. These include, the Progressive Empowerment Party, Trinidad Humanity Campaign, New National Vision, Movement for Social Justice, Congress of the People, Movement for National Development, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Patriots" title="Progressive Democratic Patriots">Progressive Democratic Patriots</a>, National Coalition for Transformation, Progressive Party, Independent Liberal Party, Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago, National Organisation of We the People, Unrepresented Peoples Party, Trinidad and Tobago Democratic Front, The National Party, One Tobago Voice, and Unity of the Peoples.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg/220px-T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg/330px-T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg/440px-T%26T_Port_of_Spain-1-tonal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Coast Guard vessel in action</figcaption></figure> The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of the twin island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Regiment" title="Trinidad and Tobago Regiment">Regiment</a>, the Coast Guard, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force of Trinidad and Tobago">Air Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force#Defence_Force_Reserves" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Defence Force Reserves</a>. Established in 1962 after Trinidad and Tobago's independence from the United Kingdom, the TTDF is one of the largest military forces in the Anglophone Caribbean.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its mission statement is to "defend the sovereign good of The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, contribute to the development of the national community and support the State in the fulfilment of its national and international objectives". The Defence Force has been engaged in domestic incidents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt</a>, and international missions, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission in Haiti">United Nations Mission in Haiti</a> between 1993 and 1996. In 2019, Trinidad and Tobago signed the UN treaty on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Trinidad and Tobago is the 87th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago">Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/220px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/330px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/440px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago maintains close relations with its <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> neighbours and major North American and European trading partners. As the most industrialised and second-largest country in the Anglophone Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the <a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a> process and supports the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a>, lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence from the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. In 1967 it became the first Commonwealth country to join the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS).<a href="#cite_note-oas.org-110">[107]</a> In 1995 Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states. In international forums, Trinidad and Tobago has defined itself as having an independent voting record, but often supports US and EU positions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Crime in Trinidad and Tobago">Crime in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg/220px-Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg/330px-Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg/440px-Police_car_of_Tobago_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Trinidad Police vehicle on Tobago</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago has in recent decades suffered from a relatively high crime rate;<a href="#cite_note-smartraveller1-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-112">[109]</a> there are currently roughly 500 murders per year.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018256-67">[64]</a> The country is a noted transshipment centre for the trafficking of illegal drugs from South America to the rest of the Caribbean and beyond to North America.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Some estimates put the size of the "<a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">hidden economy</a>" as high as 20–30% of measured GDP.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Terrorism">edit</a>]</div> Though there have been no terrorism-related incidents in the country since the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt</a> in 1990, Trinidad and Tobago remains a potential target and it is estimated that roughly 100 citizens of the country have traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to fight for the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smartraveller1-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-112">[109]</a> In 2017, the government adopted a counter-terrorism and extremism strategy.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-112">[109]</a> In 2018, a terror threat at the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago Carnival</a> was thwarted by law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago_Prison_Service">Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrera_Island,_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Carrera_Island%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG/220px-Carrera_Island%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Carrera_Island%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG/330px-Carrera_Island%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Carrera_Island%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG/440px-Carrera_Island%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Trinidad prison on Carrera Island</figcaption></figure> The country's prison administration is the Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service (TTPS), it is under the control of the Commissioner of Prisons (Ag.) Dennis Pulchan, located in Port-of-Spain.<a href="#cite_note-prisonstudies.org-117">[114]</a> The prison population rate is 292 people per 100,000. The total prison population, including pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners, is 3,999 prisoners. The population rate of pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners is 174 per 100,000 of the national population (59.7% of the prison population). In 2018, the female prison population rate is 8.5 per 100,000 of the national population (2.9% of the prison population). Prisoners that are minors makes up 1.9% of the prison population and foreigners prisoners make 0.8% of the prison population. The occupancy level of Trinidad and Tobago's prison system is at 81.8% capacity as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-prisonstudies.org-117">[114]</a> Trinidad and Tobago has nine prison establishments; Golden Grove Prison, Maximum Security Prison, Port of Spain Prison, Eastern Correctional Rehabilitation Centre, Remand Prison, Tobago Convict Prison, Carrera Convict Island Prison, Women's Prison and Youth Training and Rehabilitation Centre.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Trinidad and Tobago also use labour yards as prisons, or means of punishment.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> The population of the country estimated at between 1.4 to 1.5 million by the mid 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-:6-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago § Ethnic groups</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago <a href="#cite_note-CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA-122">[119]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadians">Indian</a> </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:35.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">African</a> </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width: 34.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;"> 34.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mixed </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:15.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">15.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Dougla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dougla">Dougla</a> (Mixed African/Indian) </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:7.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unspecified </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:6.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width: 1.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;"> 1.3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The ethnic composition of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a history of conquest and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> While the earliest inhabitants were of indigenous heritage, the two dominant groups in the country are now those of India-South Asian heritage and those of African heritage. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians</a> make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.4%);<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> they are primarily the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured workers from India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> brought to replace freed African slaves who refused to continue working on the sugar plantations. Through cultural preservation many residents of Indian descent continue to maintain traditions from their ancestral homeland. Indo-Trinidadians reside primarily on Trinidad; as of the 2011 census only 2.5% of Tobago's population was of Indian descent.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians</a> make up the country's second largest ethnic group, with approximately 34.2% of the population identifying as being of African descent.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> The majority of people of an African background are the descendants of slaves forcibly transported to the islands from as early as the 16th century. This group constitute the majority on Tobago, at 85.2%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[122]</a> The bulk of the rest of the population are those who identify as being of mixed heritage.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> There are also small but significant minorities of people of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Trinidadian">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan">Venezuelan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> descent. <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a> in Trinidad is a noted centre of First Peoples' culture, including as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Carib_Queen" title="Carib Queen">Carib Queen</a> and the location of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Santa Rosa First Peoples Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_panyols" title="Cocoa panyols">Cocoa Panyol</a> community in Trinidad and Tobago whose ancestors were migrant labourers of mixed Spanish, indigenous, and African descent who came from Venezuela between the late 19th and early 20th century to work on the cocoa estates.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Language" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago § Language</a></div>English is the official language, additional languages on the islands are <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Triniadian Creole English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobagonian_Creole" title="Tobagonian Creole">Tobagonian Creole English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a> (dialect of Hindi), <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian Creole French">Trinidadian Creole French</a>, Spanish, and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-:6-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_and_English_creoles">English and English creoles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: English and English creoles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidadian and Tobagonian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Trinidadian Creole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobagonian_Creole" title="Tobagonian Creole">Tobagonian Creole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roti_Shop,_Port_of_Spain,_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Roti_Shop%2C_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg/220px-Roti_Shop%2C_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Roti_Shop%2C_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg/330px-Roti_Shop%2C_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Roti_Shop%2C_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg/440px-Roti_Shop%2C_Port_of_Spain%2C_Trinidad_%26_Tobago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Roti ship sign in English in Port of Spain, buss up shut (paratha) is a type of roti</figcaption></figure> English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidadian and Tobagonian English</a> or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Trinidadian Creole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tobagonian_Creole" title="Tobagonian Creole">Tobagonian Creole</a>), which reflects the Indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Antillean Creole French">French Creole</a> (Patois).<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindustani">Hindustani</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hindustani">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani#Trinidadian_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani § Trinidadian Hindustani</a></div> Trinidadian Hindustani, Trinidadian Bhojpuri, Trinidadian Hindi, Indian, Plantation Hindustani, or Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech) are names for the variety of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> spoken in Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[51]</a> A majority of the early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indian</a> indentured immigrants spoke the <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect</a> and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>, but rather as a <a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">heritage language</a>, as they favored English as a way out.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Around the mid to late 1960s the lingua franca of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of Hindinized version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms</a> such as, <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a>, Indian classical music, Indian folk music, <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pichakaree" title="Pichakaree">Pichakaree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney_soca" title="Chutney soca">Chutney soca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chutney_parang" title="Chutney parang">Chutney parang</a>. As of 2003, there are about 15,633 Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians who speak Trinidadian Hindustani and as of 2011, there are about 10,000 who speak Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a> that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-134">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Conference" title="World Hindi Conference">World Hindi Day</a> is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Dharma_Maha_Sabha" title="Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha">Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spanish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago">Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg/220px-STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg/330px-STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg/440px-STAPP_013_San_Fernando_Harris_Promenade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Spanish can be found in many place names, shown here the city of San Fernando</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> was the native language of around 4,000 people (or 0.3% of the total population) living in Trinidad and Tobago. The number has grown substantially referred to the massive immigration of Venezuelans due to the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">ongoing crisis</a> in that country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></div><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil">Tamil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tamil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora#Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora § Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil (Madrasi)</a> Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian labourers from the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese">Chinese</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div> A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern China</a> and spoke the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>.<a href="#cite_note-studycountry.com-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> J. Dyer Ball, writing in 1906, says: "In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago, 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders, etc."<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_languages">Indigenous languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Indigenous languages">edit</a>]</div> The indigenous languages were <a href="/wiki/Yaio_language" title="Yaio language">Yao</a> on Trinidad and <a href="/wiki/Karina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karina language">Karina</a> on Tobago, both Cariban, and <a href="/wiki/Shebaya_language" title="Shebaya language">Shebaya</a> on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.<a href="#cite_note-studycountry.com-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Religion in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Dharma_Maha_Sabha" title="Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha">Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago">Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Islam in Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago">Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago">Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago">Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg/170px-TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg/255px-TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg/340px-TnT_Hanuman_Statue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The 26-meter <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> murti in <a href="/wiki/Carapichaima" title="Carapichaima">Carapichaima</a>, a noted centre of Hindu and Indo-Trinidadian culture; it is one of the largest statue of Hanuman outside of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> According to the 2011 census,<a href="#cite_note-2011Census-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion of the country, claimed as the faith of 55.2% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> were the largest single Christian denomination, with 21.60% of the total population. The <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a> denominations were the second largest Christian group with 12.02% of the population. Various other Christian denominations include <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a> (5.67%), <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> (5.67%), <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> (4.09%), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a> (2.49%), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (1.47%), <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (1.21%), <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> (0.65%) and the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> (0.27%). <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:200px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Trinidad and Tobago (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:55.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:18.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:5.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:crimson; width:0.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Religion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:7.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">None/not shared</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:13.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> was the second largest religion in the country, adhered to by 18.2% of the population in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-2011Census-3">[3]</a> Hinduism is practised throughout the country, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> is a public holiday, and other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu holidays">Hindu holidays</a> are also widely celebrated. The largest Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago is the <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Dharma_Maha_Sabha" title="Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha">Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha</a>, which was formed in 1952 after the merging of the two main Hindu organizations. Most Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tan%C4%AB" title="Sanātanī">Sanātanī (Sanatanist/Orthodox Hindu)</a>. Other sects and organizations include the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir Panth</a>, Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani), <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aughar (Aghor)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali Mai (Madrasi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba movement</a>, Shirdi Sai Baba movement, <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON (Hare Krishna)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sevashram_Sangha" title="Bharat Sevashram Sangha">Bharat Sevashram Sangha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Murugan (Kaumaram)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Kripalu_Parishat" title="Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat">Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> represented 4.97% of the population in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-2011Census-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> is a public holiday and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shab-e-barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shab-e-barat">Shab-e-barat</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Muslim holidays</a> are also celebrated. African-derived or Afrocentric religions are also practised, notably <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a>) believers (0.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Rastafarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarians">Rastafarians</a> (0.27%).<a href="#cite_note-2011Census-3">[3]</a> Various aspects of traditional <a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">obeah</a> beliefs are still commonly practised on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018251-40">[37]</a> There has been a Jewish community on the islands for many centuries. However, their numbers have never been large, with a 2007 estimate putting the Jewish population at 55 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Luxner2007-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siegel2015-145">[142]</a> Respondents who did not state a religious affiliation represented 11.1% of the population, with 2.18% declaring themselves <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> faiths, the Shouter or <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Orisha</a> faith (formerly called <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shangos</a>) are among the fastest growing religious groups. Similarly, there is a noticeable increase in numbers of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Christian">Fundamentalist</a> churches usually lumped as "<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>" by most Trinidadians, although this designation is often inaccurate. <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are practiced by a minority of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians</a>, mostly by recent immigrants from India. Several eastern religions such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> are followed by a minority of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a>, with most being Christians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Urban centres">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Template:Largest cities of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Trinidad and Tobago <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data/">2011 Census*</a> <a href="#cite_note-Excel_Document_to_Pop._Stats_CTTRC-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Excel_Document_to_Pop._Stats_PTRC-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMRC-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-PDRC-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPRC-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJLRC-151">[148]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Trinidad and Tobago">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Municipality</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Trinidad and Tobago">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Municipality</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaguanas"><img alt="Chaguanas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg/120px-TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg/180px-TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg/240px-TnT_Chaguanas_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a> <a href="/wiki/File:STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Fernando"><img alt="San Fernando" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg/120px-STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg/180px-STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg/240px-STAPP_037_San_Fernando_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2178" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago">San Fernando</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Chaguanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough of Chaguanas">Borough of Chaguanas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,297</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sangre_Grande" title="Sangre Grande">Sangre Grande</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sangre_Grande_(region)" title="Sangre Grande (region)">Region of Sangre Grande</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,630 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port of Spain"><img alt="Port of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg/120px-View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg/180px-View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg/240px-View_of_Government_Campus_Plaza_from_the_Gulf_of_Paria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="905" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/File:ArimaCBD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arima"><img alt="Arima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ArimaCBD.jpg/120px-ArimaCBD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ArimaCBD.jpg/180px-ArimaCBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ArimaCBD.jpg/240px-ArimaCBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="656" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago">San Fernando</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago">City of San Fernando</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">82,997</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penal" title="Penal">Penal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penal%E2%80%93Debe" title="Penal–Debe">Region of Penal–Debe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">City of Port of Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,142</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Tobago">Scarborough</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,537 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Chartered_Borough_of_Arima" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Chartered Borough of Arima">The Royal Chartered Borough of Arima</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,623</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gasparillo" title="Gasparillo">Gasparillo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Couva%E2%80%93Tabaquite%E2%80%93Talparo" title="Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo">Region of Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago"> San Juan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Laventille" title="San Juan–Laventille">Region of San Juan–Laventille</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,588</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siparia" title="Siparia">Siparia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siparia" title="Siparia">Borough of Siparia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Martin" title="Diego Martin">Diego Martin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Martin" title="Diego Martin">Borough of Diego Martin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,686</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Claxton_Bay" title="Claxton Bay">Claxton Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Couva%E2%80%93Tabaquite%E2%80%93Talparo" title="Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo">Region of Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,436 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Couva" title="Couva">Couva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Couva%E2%80%93Tabaquite%E2%80%93Talparo" title="Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo">Region of Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,858</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fyzabad" title="Fyzabad">Fyzabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siparia" title="Siparia">Borough of Siparia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,099 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Point_Fortin" title="Point Fortin">Point Fortin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_Borough_of_Point_Fortin" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Borough of Point Fortin">Republic Borough of Point Fortin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,579</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Valencia, Trinidad and Tobago">Valencia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sangre_Grande_(region)" title="Sangre Grande (region)">Region of Sangre Grande</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,327 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Princes_Town" title="Princes Town">Princes Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Princes_Town_(region)" title="Princes Town (region)">Region of Princes Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,335</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Freeport, Trinidad and Tobago">Freeport</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Couva%E2%80%93Tabaquite%E2%80%93Talparo" title="Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo">Region of Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,850 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tunapuna" title="Tunapuna">Tunapuna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tunapuna%E2%80%93Piarco" title="Tunapuna–Piarco">Region of Tunapuna–Piarco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,829</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debe" title="Debe">Debe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penal%E2%80%93Debe" title="Penal–Debe">Region of Penal–Debe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,733 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Education in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> Children generally start pre-school at two and a half years but this is not mandatory. They are, however, expected to have basic reading and writing skills when they commence primary school. Students begin primary school at age five and move on to secondary after seven years. The seven classes of primary school consists of First Year and Second Year, followed by Standard One through Standard Five. During the final year of primary school, students prepare for and sit the Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) which determines the secondary school the child will attend.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg/220px-TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg/330px-TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg/440px-TnT_St._Augustine_UWI_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago">St. Augustine</a></figcaption></figure> Students attend secondary school for a minimum of five years, leading to the CSEC (Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate) examinations, which is the equivalent of the British GCSE O levels. Children with satisfactory grades may opt to continue high school for a further two-year period, leading to the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE), the equivalent of GCE A levels. Both CSEC and CAPE examinations are held by the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). Public Primary and Secondary education is free for all, although private and religious schooling is available for a fee. Tertiary education for tuition costs are provided for via GATE (The Government Assistance for Tuition Expenses), up to the level of the bachelor's degree, at the University of the West Indies (UWI), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="University of Trinidad and Tobago">University of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (UTT), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Southern_Caribbean" title="University of the Southern Caribbean">University of the Southern Caribbean</a> (USC), the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Science,_Technology_and_Applied_Arts_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago">College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (COSTAATT) and certain other local accredited institutions. Government also currently subsidises some Masters programmes. Both the Government and the private sector also provide financial assistance in the form of academic scholarships to gifted or needy students for study at local, regional or international universities. Trinidad and Tobago was ranked 108th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, down from 91st in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Women in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> While women account for only 49% of the population, they constitute nearly 55% of the workforce in the country.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Economy of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piarco_International_Airport,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Piarco_International_Airport%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Piarco_International_Airport%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Piarco_International_Airport%2C_2010.jpg/330px-Piarco_International_Airport%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Piarco_International_Airport%2C_2010.jpg/440px-Piarco_International_Airport%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Piarco International Airport</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago is the most developed nation and one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean and is listed in the top 40 (2010 information) of the 70 <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">high-income countries</a> in the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its gross national income per capita of US$20,070<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> (2014 gross national income at Atlas Method) is one of the highest in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> In November 2011, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Trinidad's economy is strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> industry. Tourism and manufacturing are also important to the local economy. Tourism is a growing sector, particularly on Tobago, although proportionately it is much less important than in many other Caribbean islands. Agricultural products include citrus and cocoa. It also supplies manufactured goods, notably food, beverages, and cement, to the Caribbean region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refinerypointeapierre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Refinerypointeapierre.JPG/220px-Refinerypointeapierre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Refinerypointeapierre.JPG/330px-Refinerypointeapierre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Refinerypointeapierre.JPG/440px-Refinerypointeapierre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The oil refinery at <a href="/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Pierre" title="Pointe-à-Pierre">Pointe-à-Pierre</a>. A strong petrochemical and oil industry has boosted the economy and the country is less reliant on tourism or agriculture</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago is the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas, and its economy is heavily dependent upon these resources.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Oil and gas account for about 40% of GDP and 80% of exports, but only 5% of employment.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> Recent growth has been fuelled by investments in liquefied natural gas (LNG), petrochemicals, and steel. Additional petrochemical, aluminium, and plastics projects are in various stages of planning. The country is also a regional financial centre, and the economy has a growing trade surplus.<a href="#cite_note-back-84">[81]</a> The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_LNG" title="Atlantic LNG">Atlantic LNG</a> over the past six years created the largest single-sustained phase of economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago. The nation is an exporter of LNG and supplied a total of 13.4 billion m3 in 2017. The largest markets for Trinidad and Tobago's LNG exports are Chile and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:1-161">[158]</a> Trinidad and Tobago has transitioned from an oil-based economy to a natural gas based economy. In 2017, natural gas production totalled 18.5 billion m3, a decrease of 0.4% from 2016 with 18.6 billion m3 of production.<a href="#cite_note-:1-161">[158]</a> Oil production has decreased over the past decade from 7.1 million metric tonnes per year in 2007 to 4.4 million metric tonnes per year in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> In December 2005, the Atlantic LNG's fourth production module or "train" for liquefied natural gas (LNG) began production. Train four has increased Atlantic LNG's overall output capacity by almost 50% and is the largest LNG train in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg/220px-Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg/330px-Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg/440px-Pigeon_Point_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tourists at <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_Point,_Tobago" title="Pigeon Point, Tobago">Pigeon Point</a> beach, Tobago</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago is far less dependent on tourism than many other Caribbean countries and territories, with the bulk of tourist activity occurring on Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The government has made efforts to boost this sector in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Some of the attractions of the island are its street food culture and cultural events, and Aripita Avenue in Port of Spain is one noted place for this.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg/220px-TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg/330px-TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg/440px-TnT_Maracas_Falls_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Maracas falls, is over 90 meter falls the tallest in the country (see <a href="/wiki/Maracas_Valley" title="Maracas Valley">Maracas Valley</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Historically agricultural production (for example, sugar and coffee) dominated the economy. Sugar cane is the most important crop for Trinidad, earning the most amount of money, and providing work for many people. Some of the sugar produced is eaten in Trinidad but most of it is sold to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Cocoa is the second most valuable crop, even covering greater areas than sugar cane. Most farmers grow cocoa to sell to other countries that cannot grow it themselves. Trinidad was once the second biggest producer of cocoa after <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, but this would not last long. As countries in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> began growing cocoa at a lower price, Trinidad lost many of its customers.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> This sector has been in steep decline since the 20th century and now forms just 0.4% of the country's GDP and employing 3.1% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Various fruits and vegetables are grown, such as cucumbers, eggplant, cassava, pumpkin, dasheen (taro) and coconut, and fishing is still also commonly practised.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_diversification">Economic diversification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economic diversification">edit</a>]</div> Trinidad and Tobago, in an effort to undergo economic transformation through diversification,<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Trinidad_and_Tobago-19">[16]</a> formed <a href="/wiki/InvesTT" title="InvesTT">InvesTT</a> in 2012 to serve as the country's sole investment promotion agency. This agency is aligned to the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is to be the key agent in growing the country's non-oil and gas sectors significantly and sustainably.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_Beverage_industry">Food and Beverage industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Food and Beverage industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz,_Trinidad,_West_Indies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz%2C_Trinidad%2C_West_Indies.jpg/220px-Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz%2C_Trinidad%2C_West_Indies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz%2C_Trinidad%2C_West_Indies.jpg/330px-Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz%2C_Trinidad%2C_West_Indies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz%2C_Trinidad%2C_West_Indies.jpg/440px-Deen%27s_Doubles_Menu_-_Santa_Cruz%2C_Trinidad%2C_West_Indies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Many restaurants serve Trinidad and Tobago dishes such as Roti or doubles. Fresh cut coconut water and jelly is another popular item</figcaption></figure> TT is home to the largest brewery company in <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carib_Brewery" title="Carib Brewery">Carib Brewery</a>. It also has a number of food production facilities including a Nestle plant. Because the island has less land and a higher income then average there is a tendency to import food, nevertheless there is local production of many products including milk, chocolate, coconuts, and alcoholic beverages among others.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> In 2022, the output of the Food, Beverage, and Tobacco industry was almost 8 billion Trinidian dollars.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> An example of a restaurant chain in Trinidad and Tobago is <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle_(restaurant)" title="Royal Castle (restaurant)">Royal Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_and_drink_companies_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Food and drink companies of Trinidad and Tobago">Category:Food and drink companies of Trinidad and Tobago</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_infrastructure">Communications infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Communications infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Trinidad and Tobago has a well developed communications sector. The telecommunications and broadcasting sectors generated an estimated TT$5.63 billion (US$0.88 billion) in 2014, which as a percentage of GDP equates to 3.1 percent. This represented a 1.9 percent increase in total revenues generated by this industry compared to last year. Of total telecommunications and broadcasting revenues, mobile voice services accounted for the majority of revenues with TT$2.20 billion (39.2 percent). This was followed by internet services which contributed TT$1.18 billion or 21.1 percent. The next highest revenue earners for the industry were fixed voice services and paid television services whose contributions totalled TT$0.76 billion and TT$0.70 billion respectively (13.4 percent and 12.4 percent). International voice services was next in line, generating TT$0.27 billion (4.7 percent) in revenues. Free-to Air radio and television services contributed TT$0.18 billion and TT$0.13 billion respectively (3.2 percent and 2.4 percent). Finally, other contributors included "other revenues" and "leased line services" with earnings of TT$0.16 billion and TT$0.05 billion respectively, with 2.8 percent and 0.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> There are several providers for each segment of the telecommunications market. Fixed Lines Telephone service is provided by <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a>, <a href="/wiki/TSTT" class="mw-redirect" title="TSTT">TSTT</a> (operating as <a href="/wiki/Bmobile" title="Bmobile">bmobile</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Communications" title="Cable & Wireless Communications">Cable & Wireless Communications</a> operating as <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW</a>; cellular service is provided by <a href="/wiki/TSTT" class="mw-redirect" title="TSTT">TSTT</a> (operating as bmobile) and Digicel whilst internet service is provided by <a href="/wiki/TSTT" class="mw-redirect" title="TSTT">TSTT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a>, Green Dot and Lisa Communications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_industries">Creative industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Creative industries">edit</a>]</div> The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the creative industries as a pathway to economic growth and development. It is one of the newest, most dynamic sectors where creativity, knowledge and intangibles serve as the basic productive resource. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Creative_Industries_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company">Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company</a> Limited (CreativeTT) was established as a state agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry with a mandate to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activities of the Creative Industries in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth, and, as such, the company is responsible for the strategic and business development of the three niche areas and sub sectors currently under its purview – <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Music</a>, Film and Fashion. <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Music_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Music Company">MusicTT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Film_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Film Company">FilmTT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Fashion_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Fashion Company">FashionTT</a> are the subsidiaries established to fulfil this mandate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Transport in Trinidad and Tobago">Transport in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRHUBH_intersection.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CRHUBH_intersection.JPG/220px-CRHUBH_intersection.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CRHUBH_intersection.JPG/330px-CRHUBH_intersection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CRHUBH_intersection.JPG/440px-CRHUBH_intersection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>An intersection of <a href="/wiki/Churchill%E2%80%93Roosevelt_Highway" title="Churchill–Roosevelt Highway">Churchill–Roosevelt Highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Butler_Highway" title="Uriah Butler Highway">Uriah Butler Highway</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg/220px-TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg/330px-TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg/440px-TnT_Tunapuna_Eastern_Main_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Traffic drives on the left side of road</figcaption></figure> The transport system in Trinidad and Tobago consists of a dense network of highways and roads across both major islands, ferries connecting Port of Spain with Scarborough and <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago">San Fernando</a>, and international airports on both islands.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Butler_Highway" title="Uriah Butler Highway">Uriah Butler Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Roosevelt_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Roosevelt Highway">Churchill Roosevelt Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Solomon_Hochoy_Highway" title="Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway">Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway</a> links the island of Trinidad together, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Claude_Noel_Highway" title="Claude Noel Highway">Claude Noel Highway</a> is the only major highway in Tobago. Public transportation options on land are public buses, private taxis and minibuses. By sea, the options are inter-island ferries and inter-city water taxis.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The island of Trinidad is served by <a href="/wiki/Piarco_International_Airport" title="Piarco International Airport">Piarco International Airport</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Piarco" title="Piarco">Piarco</a>, which opened on 8 January 1931.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Sitting at an elevation of 17.4 metres (57 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>, it comprises an area of 680 hectares (1,700 acres) and has a runway of 3,200 metres (10,500 ft). The airport consists of two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal. The older South Terminal underwent renovations in 2009 for use as a VIP entrance point during the fifth Summit of the Americas. The North Terminal was completed in 2001, and consists of<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> 14-second-level aircraft gates with jetways for international flights, two ground-level domestic gates and 82 ticket counter positions. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_(8504733249).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_%288504733249%29.jpg/220px-Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_%288504733249%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_%288504733249%29.jpg/330px-Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_%288504733249%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_%288504733249%29.jpg/440px-Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_9Y-TAB_%288504733249%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>The state-owned <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Airlines" title="Caribbean Airlines">Caribbean Airlines</a> is the largest in the region.</figcaption></figure> In 2008, the passenger throughput at Piarco International Airport was approximately 2.6 million. It is the seventh busiest airport in the Caribbean and the third busiest in the English-speaking Caribbean, after <a href="/wiki/Sangster_International_Airport" title="Sangster International Airport">Sangster International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynden_Pindling_International_Airport" title="Lynden Pindling International Airport">Lynden Pindling International Airport</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Caribbean Airlines, the national airline, operates its main hub at the Piarco International Airport and services the Caribbean, the United States, Canada and South America. The airline is wholly owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. After an additional cash injection of US$50 million, the Trinidad and Tobago government acquired the Jamaican airline <a href="/wiki/Air_Jamaica" title="Air Jamaica">Air Jamaica</a> on 1 May 2010, with a 6–12-month transition period to follow.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The Island of Tobago is served by the <a href="/wiki/A.N.R._Robinson_International_Airport" title="A.N.R. Robinson International Airport">A.N.R. Robinson International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_Tobago" title="Crown Point, Tobago">Crown Point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> This airport has regular services to North America and Europe. There are regular flights between the two islands, with fares being heavily subsidised by the Government. Trinidad was formerly home to a <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Government_Railway" title="Trinidad Government Railway">railway network</a>, however this was closed down in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> There have been talks to build a new railway on the islands, though nothing yet has come of this.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_policy_and_climate_change">Energy policy and climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Energy policy and climate change">edit</a>]</div> Trinidad and Tobago is the region's leading exporter of oil and gas but imports of fossil fuels provided over 90% of the energy consumed by its CARICOM neighbours in 2008. This vulnerability led CARICOM to develop an Energy Policy which was approved in 2013. This policy is accompanied by the CARICOM Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). Under the policy, renewable energy sources are to contribute 20% of the total electricity generation mix in member states by 2017, 28% by 2022 and 47% by 2027.<a href="#cite_note-:0-176">[173]</a> In 2014 Trinidad and Tobago was the third country in the world which emitted the most CO2 per capita after <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curacao" class="mw-redirect" title="Curacao">Curacao</a> according to the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-test-177">[174]</a> On average, each inhabitant produced 34.2 metric tons of CO2 in the atmosphere. In comparison, the world average was 5.0 tons per capita the same year. Over recent years CO2 emissions have declined, so that in 2021 at 21.01 tonnes per capita,<a href="#cite_note-EDGAR2022-178">[175]</a> Trinidad and Tobago ranked fourth, after the tiny countries smaller than half a million, such as <a href="/wiki/Curacao" class="mw-redirect" title="Curacao">Curacao</a>, are excluded, and is the only non-Middle East country in the remaining worst seven <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">CO2 emitters on a per capita basis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109-179">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png/440px-Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png/660px-Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png/880px-Top_20_intensity_of_economy_emitters.png 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption>Activity sectoral profile of worst 20 CO2 <a href="/wiki/Emissions_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions intensity">intensity emitters</a>. (Data available from <a href="#cite_note-EDGAR2022-178">[175]</a>)</figcaption></figure> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Emissions_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions intensity">emissions intensity</a> of economy (defined as CO2 emissions per unit of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>), Trinidad and Tobago ranked third globally.<a href="#cite_note-EDGAR2022-178">[175]</a> Its emissions-source profile is unique amongst the worst CO2 intensity emitters as the so-called "other sectors", which includes: industrial process emissions, agricultural soils and waste, accounts for more than fifty per cent of fossil CO2 emissions, rather than the power industry, other industrial combustion, transport and buildings sectors.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109-179">[176]</a> The Caribbean Industrial Research Institute in Trinidad and Tobago facilitates climate change research and provides industrial support for R&D related to food security. It also carries out equipment testing and calibration for major industries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Culture of Trinidad and Tobago">Culture of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> Trinidad and Tobago has a diverse culture with African, Indian, Creole, European, Chinese, Indigenous, Latino-Hispanic, and Arab influences, reflecting the various communities who have migrated to the islands over the centuries. Steelpan music, the limbo dance competition, and carnival with its elaborate costumes, and Caribbean street foods are some of the famous cultures of the islands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_design">Art and design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Art and design">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_artists" title="List of Trinidad and Tobago artists">List of Trinidad and Tobago artists</a></div> Trinidadian designer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minshall" title="Peter Minshall">Peter Minshall</a> is renowned not only for his Carnival costumes but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">Barcelona Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>, for which he won an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago">Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FOOD_Callaloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/FOOD_Callaloo.jpg/220px-FOOD_Callaloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/FOOD_Callaloo.jpg/330px-FOOD_Callaloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/FOOD_Callaloo.jpg/440px-FOOD_Callaloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Callaloo" title="Callaloo">Callaloo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg/220px-FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg/330px-FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg/440px-FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doubles_(food)" title="Doubles (food)">Doubles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aloo_Pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aloo_Pie.jpg/220px-Aloo_Pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aloo_Pie.jpg/330px-Aloo_Pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aloo_Pie.jpg/440px-Aloo_Pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Aloo pie</figcaption></figure> Diversity is also reflected the culinary culture, which bears witness to a variety of influences, including African, Indian, and colonial traditions.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Street food is popular, and some examples are Doubles, <a href="/wiki/Aloo_pie" title="Aloo pie">Aloo pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saheena" title="Saheena">Saheena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pholourie" title="Pholourie">Phoulourie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bake_and_shark" title="Bake and shark">Bake and shark</a>, grilled pigtails, chow, and others.<a href="#cite_note-:3-182">[179]</a> Some main and/or side dishes are curry crab with dumpling, <a href="/wiki/Pelau" title="Pelau">Pelau</a>, Oil down, <a href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">Pastelles</a>, Bujol, Coo-Coo (cornmeal and okra cake), Trinidadian <a href="/wiki/Callaloo" title="Callaloo">Callaloo</a>, Dhal, <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Roti</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-:3-182">[179]</a> Some noted soups are Cowheel, Fish Broth, and Corn soup, and some deserts include <a href="/wiki/Pone_(food)" title="Pone (food)">Pone</a>, Kurma, <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">Goolab jamon</a>, Sawine, and <a href="/wiki/Soursop" title="Soursop">Soursop</a> ice cream.<a href="#cite_note-:3-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-183">[180]</a> Of these one of the most famous is Doubles, which is two bara (fried flatbread) with channa (curried chickpeas) with various condiments like Trini <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, pepper sauce, cilantro sauce, and others; this is thought to be the most popular one on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Latchu-184">[181]</a> Doubles are popular late-night snack or breakfast, are thought to have been invented in 1936 on Trinidad.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> A food like Aloo pie, another popular street food reflects an interesting history that Aloo is the Hindo word for potato. Aloo pie is a torpedo shape of spicy mashed potatoes that is baked, then sliced open and filled with channa (curry chickpeas), tamarind, and other toppings.<a href="#cite_note-Latchu-184">[181]</a> Types of food that are popular are street food, celebration foods, deserts, and condiments like various chutneys.<a href="#cite_note-:5-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-183">[180]</a> Fresh coconut water, rum, <a href="/wiki/Mauby" title="Mauby">Mauby</a>, are some examples.<a href="#cite_note-:5-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nation-187">[184]</a> Having a fresh coconut water with "jelly", bitters, various mixed drinks, sorrel, are among noted beverages of the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Nation-187">[184]</a> Trinidadian gyros are another noted food item, which was popularized by Lebanese migrants to the islands.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Trini <a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">macaroni</a> pie is another dish that is popular.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(dance)" title="Limbo (dance)">limbo</a> dance originated in Trinidad as an event that took place at <a href="/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)" title="Wake (ceremony)">wakes</a> in Trinidad. The limbo has African roots. It was popularized in the 1950s by dance pioneer <a href="/wiki/Julia_Edwards_(dancer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Edwards (dancer)">Julia Edwards</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> (known as the "First Lady of Limbo") and her company which appeared in several films.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">Bélé</a>, Bongo, and whining are also dance forms with African roots.<a href="#cite_note-discovertnt.com-192">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">Jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">ballroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">modern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">salsa</a> dancing are also popular.<a href="#cite_note-discovertnt.com-192">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Indian dance forms</a> are also prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> are the most popular <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance forms</a> in Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-194">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Indian folk dances</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lavanda_Naach" title="Lavanda Naach">launda ke naach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bollywood_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood dance">Bollywood dances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney</a> dancing are also popular.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_holidays">Festivals and holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Festivals and holidays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago">Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg/220px-Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg/330px-Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg/440px-Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Masqueraders parading during <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divalinagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Divalinagar.jpg/170px-Divalinagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Divalinagar.jpg/255px-Divalinagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Divalinagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Divali_Nagar" title="Divali Nagar">Divali Nagar</a> entrance in <a href="/wiki/Chaguanas" title="Chaguanas">Chaguanas</a>; Divali Nagar is one of the largest Diwali celebration outside <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> The island is particularly renowned for its annual <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival</a> celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-EBTT-14">[11]</a> Festivals rooted in various religions and cultures practiced on the islands are also popular. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Hindu festivals</a> include <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phagwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagwah">Phagwah (Holi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Nauratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ram Naumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Utsav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Utsav">Ganesh Utsav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Nahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivaha_Panchami" title="Vivaha Panchami">Vivaha Panchami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhairava_Ashtami" title="Bhairava Ashtami">Kalbhairo Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datta_Jayanti" title="Datta Jayanti">Datta Jayanti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Jayanti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Christian holidays and observances include <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist/Shouter_Liberation_Day" title="Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day">Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave of Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Feast of Corpus Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Muslim holidays include <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Day of Arafah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shab-e-barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shab-e-barat">Shab-e-barat</a>. People of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indian descent</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/Indian_Arrival_Day" title="Indian Arrival Day">Indian Arrival Day</a> to commemorate the arrival of their <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured Indian ancestors</a> beginning in 1845 and people of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">African descent</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> to commemorate the day their African ancestors were emancipated from <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">slavery</a>. Trinidad and Tobago was the first country in the world to recognize both of these holiday and make them public holidays. The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Amerindians</a> have their <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Santa Rosa Indigenous Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians</a> have the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, although they are not public national holidays.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> National holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a> are celebrated as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_literature" title="Trinidad and Tobago literature">Trinidad and Tobago literature</a></div> Trinidad and Tobago claims two <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a>-winning authors, <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St Lucian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> (who also founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop). Other notable writers include <a href="/wiki/Michael_Anthony_(author)" title="Michael Anthony (author)">Michael Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bissoondath" title="Neil Bissoondath">Neil Bissoondath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vahni_Capildeo" title="Vahni Capildeo">Vahni Capildeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Hodge" title="Merle Hodge">Merle Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Lovelace" title="Earl Lovelace">Earl Lovelace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Maharaj" title="Rabindranath Maharaj">Rabindranath Maharaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Ramchand" title="Kenneth Ramchand">Kenneth Ramchand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Selvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Selvon">Samuel Selvon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Music of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indo-Caribbean music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_music" title="Afro-Caribbean music">Afro-Caribbean music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg/170px-Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg/255px-Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg/340px-Nicki_Minaj_interview_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>International superstar <a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a> is a Trinidadian-born rapper based in the United States, is now the best-selling female rapper of all time.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theaterspektakel_(2010)_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Theaterspektakel_%282010%29_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG/220px-Theaterspektakel_%282010%29_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Theaterspektakel_%282010%29_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG/330px-Theaterspektakel_%282010%29_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Theaterspektakel_%282010%29_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG/440px-Theaterspektakel_%282010%29_2010-09-04_19-02-50.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a> was invented in Trinidad.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg/220px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg/330px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg/440px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sweet_Tassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tassa" title="Tassa">Tassa</a> is a percussion ensemble of Indian origin that is popular in Trinidad and Tobago.</figcaption></figure> Trinidad and Tobago is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Trinidad is also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney-soca" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutney-soca">chutney-soca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">parang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">rapso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pichakaree" title="Pichakaree">pichakaree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chutney_parang" title="Chutney parang">chutney parang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_Theatre">Media and Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Media and Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago">List of newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Radio in Trinidad and Tobago">Radio in Trinidad and Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Television in Trinidad and Tobago">Television in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_films" title="List of Trinidad and Tobago films">List of Trinidad and Tobago films</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Holder" title="Geoffrey Holder">Geoffrey Holder</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Boscoe_Holder" title="Boscoe Holder">Boscoe Holder</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Heather_Headley" title="Heather Headley">Heather Headley</a> are two Trinidad-born artists who have won <a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a> for theatre. Holder also has a distinguished film career, and Headley has won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> as well. <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">Indian theatre</a> is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago. <a href="/wiki/Nautanki" title="Nautanki">Nautankis</a> and dramas such as <a href="/wiki/Harischandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Harischandra">Raja Harishchandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Raja Nal</a>, Raja Rasalu, <a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inder_Sabha" title="Inder Sabha">Indra Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Bhakt Prahalad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorikayan" title="Lorikayan">Lorikayan</a>, Gopichand, and <a href="/wiki/Alha-Khand" title="Alha-Khand">Alha-Khand</a> were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramleela</a>, the drama about the life of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, is popular during the time between <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Sharad Navaratri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijaydashmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaydashmi">Vijaydashmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rasa_Lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa Lila">Ras leela (Krishna leela)</a>, the drama about the life of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, is popular around the time of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Trinidad and Tobago is also smallest country to have two <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> titleholders and the first <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> woman ever to win: <a href="/wiki/Janelle_Commissiong" title="Janelle Commissiong">Janelle Commissiong</a> in 1977, followed by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Fitzwilliam" title="Wendy Fitzwilliam">Wendy Fitzwilliam</a> in 1998; the country has also had one <a href="/wiki/Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World</a> titleholder, <a href="/wiki/Giselle_LaRonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Giselle LaRonde">Giselle LaRonde</a> who won in 1986. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_&_Gardens">Museums & Gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Museums & Gardens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG/220px-Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG/330px-Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG/440px-Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>National Museum</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of museums in Trinidad and Tobago">List of museums in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> Trinidad and Tobago has a variety of museums, covering everything from classic cars, art, history, to zoology.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olympic_sports">Olympic sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Olympic sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_Olympics" title="Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics">Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Trinidad and Tobago at the Pan American Games">Trinidad and Tobago at the Pan American Games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG/220px-TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG/330px-TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG/440px-TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Trinidad and Tobago won bronze in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay" title="Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay">Men's 4x400 relay</a> at the 2012 London Olympics</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hasely_Crawford" title="Hasely Crawford">Hasely Crawford</a> won the first Olympic <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's <a href="/wiki/100_metre_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="100 metre dash">100-metre dash</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a>. Nine different athletes from Trinidad and Tobago have won twelve medals at the Olympics, beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Silver_medal" title="Silver medal">silver medal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, won by Rodney Wilkes in <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Most recently, a gold medal was won by <a href="/wiki/Keshorn_Walcott" title="Keshorn Walcott">Keshorn Walcott</a> in the men's <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ato_Boldon" title="Ato Boldon">Ato Boldon</a> has won the most Olympic and World Championship medals for Trinidad and Tobago in athletics, with eight in total – four from the Olympics and four from the World Championships. Boldon won the 1997 <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200-metre dash</a> World Championship in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, and was the sole world champion Trinidad and Tobago had produced until <a href="/wiki/Jehue_Gordon" title="Jehue Gordon">Jehue Gordon</a> in <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2013 World Championships in Athletics">Moscow 2013</a>. Swimmer <a href="/wiki/George_Bovell" title="George Bovell">George Bovell III</a> won a bronze medal in the men's <a href="/wiki/200_metres_Individual_Medley" class="mw-redirect" title="200 metres Individual Medley">200 metres Individual Medley</a> in 2004. At the 2017 World Championship in London, the Men's 4x400 relay team captured the title, thus the country now celebrates three world championships titles. The team consisted of <a href="/wiki/Jarrin_Solomon" title="Jarrin Solomon">Jarrin Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jareem_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Jareem Richards">Jareem Richards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machel_Cedenio" title="Machel Cedenio">Machel Cedenio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lalonde_Gordon" title="Lalonde Gordon">Lalonde Gordon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Renny_Quow" title="Renny Quow">Renny Quow</a> who ran in the heats.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg/220px-Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg/330px-Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg/440px-Leah_Bertrand_Paris_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Leah Bertrand at the 2024 Paris Olympics</figcaption></figure>Also in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Lalonde_Gordon" title="Lalonde Gordon">Lalonde Gordon</a> competed in the London Summer Olympics where he won a bronze medal in the <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400-metre dash</a>, being surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Luguelin_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Luguelin Santos">Luguelin Santos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirani_James" title="Kirani James">Kirani James</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>. Keshorn Walcott (as stated above) came first in javelin and earned a gold medal, making him the second Trinidadian in the country's history to receive one. This also makes him the first Western athlete in 40 years to receive a gold medal in the javelin sport, and the first athlete from Trinidad and Tobago to win a gold medal in a field event in the Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Sprinter Richard Thompson is also from Trinidad and Tobago. He came second place to Usain Bolt in the Beijing Olympics in the 100-metre dash with a time of 9.89s. In 2018, The Court of Arbitration for Sport made its final decision on the failed doping sample from the Jamaican team in the 4 x 100 relay in the 2008 Olympic Games. The team from Trinidad and Tobago will be awarded the gold medal, because of the second rank during the relay run.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> In 2023, Trinidad and Tobago hosted the <a href="/wiki/2023_Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="2023 Commonwealth Youth Games">2023 Commonwealth Youth Games</a>. In 2024, Trinidadian sprinter <a href="/wiki/Leah_Bertrand" title="Leah Bertrand">Leah Bertrand</a> competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> Overall, TT sent about 17 atheltes to the 2024 games, including noted athletes Michelle-Lee Ahye (springer), Jereem Richards (200m and 400m), Dylan Carter (swimming), Keshorn Walcott (javelin), Nicholas Paul (cyclist). Keshorn Walcott is previous Olympic medal winner, have won Gold and bronze.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> (see also<a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Trinidad and Tobago at the 2024 Summer Olympics">Trinidad and Tobago at the 2024 Summer Olympics</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_the_West_Indies" title="Cricket in the West Indies">Cricket in the West Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_cricket_team" title="Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team">Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg/220px-BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg/330px-BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg/440px-BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lara" title="Brian Lara">Brian Lara</a> batting for the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies</a> against <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">India</a></figcaption></figure> Cricket is a popular sport of Trinidad and Tobago, often deemed the national sport, and there is intense inter-island rivalry with its Caribbean neighbours. Trinidad and Tobago is represented at <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Twenty20_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty20 cricket">Twenty20 cricket</a> level as a member of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad and Tobago cricket team">national team</a> plays at the <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a> level in regional competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Four_Day_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Four Day Competition">Regional Four Day Competition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Super50" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Super50">Regional Super50</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Trinbago_Knight_Riders" title="Trinbago Knight Riders">Trinbago Knight Riders</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Premier_League" title="Caribbean Premier League">Caribbean Premier League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Oval" title="Queen's Park Oval">Queen's Park Oval</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> is the largest cricket ground in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, having hosted 60 Test matches as of January 2018. Trinidad and Tobago along with other islands from the Caribbean co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lara" title="Brian Lara">Brian Lara</a>, world record holder for the most runs scored both in a Test and in a First Class innings amongst other records, was born in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Santa Cruz, Trinidad and Tobago">Santa Cruz</a> and is often referred to as the Prince of Port of Spain or simply the Prince. This legendary West Indian batsman is widely regarded.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Trinidad and Tobago">Association football in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Pan_American_Games,_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_(50).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2015_Pan_American_Games%2C_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_%2850%29.jpg/220px-2015_Pan_American_Games%2C_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_%2850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2015_Pan_American_Games%2C_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_%2850%29.jpg/330px-2015_Pan_American_Games%2C_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_%2850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2015_Pan_American_Games%2C_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_%2850%29.jpg/440px-2015_Pan_American_Games%2C_Argentina_vs_Trinidad_and_Tobago_-_Laslovarga_%2850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Woman's team at the 2015 Pan American Games</figcaption></figure> Association football is also a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago. <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_football_team" title="Trinidad and Tobago national football team">The men's national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> for the first time by beating <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_national_football_team" title="Bahrain national football team">Bahrain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> on 16 November 2005, making them the second smallest country ever (in terms of population) to qualify, after <a href="/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team" title="Iceland national football team">Iceland</a>. The team, coached by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutchman</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Beenhakker" title="Leo Beenhakker">Leo Beenhakker</a>, and led by Tobagonian-born captain <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yorke" title="Dwight Yorke">Dwight Yorke</a>, drew their first group game – against <a href="/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team" title="Sweden men's national football team">Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, 0–0, but lost the second game to <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> on late goals, 0–2. They were eliminated after losing 2–0 to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team" title="Paraguay national football team">Paraguay</a> in the last game of the Group stage. Prior to the 2006 World Cup qualification, Trinidad and Tobago came close in a controversial qualification campaign for the <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974 FIFA World Cup</a>. Following the match, the referee of their critical game against <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> was awarded a lifetime ban for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Trinidad and Tobago again fell just short of qualifying for the World Cup in <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990</a>, needing only a draw at home against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="United States men's national soccer team">United States</a> but losing 1–0.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> They play their home matches at the <a href="/wiki/Hasely_Crawford_Stadium" title="Hasely Crawford Stadium">Hasely Crawford Stadium</a>. Trinidad and Tobago hosted the <a href="/wiki/2001_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship" title="2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship">2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship</a>, and hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_U-17_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup">2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/TT_Pro_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TT Pro League">TT Pro League</a> is the country's primary football competition and is the top level of the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_football_league_system" title="Trinidad and Tobago football league system">Trinidad and Tobago football league system</a>. The Pro League serves as a league for professional football clubs in Trinidad and Tobago. The league began in 1999 as part of a need for a professional league to strengthen the country's <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_football_team" title="Trinidad and Tobago national football team">national team</a> and improve the development of domestic players. The first season took place in the same year beginning with eight teams. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basketball">Basketball</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad and Tobago national basketball team">Trinidad and Tobago national basketball team</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is commonly played in Trinidad and Tobago in colleges, universities and throughout various urban basketball courts. Its national team is one of the most successful teams in the Caribbean. At the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Basketball Championship">Caribbean Basketball Championship</a> it won four straight gold medals from 1986 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais,_3rd_October_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais%2C_3rd_October_2014.jpg/220px-Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais%2C_3rd_October_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais%2C_3rd_October_2014.jpg/330px-Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais%2C_3rd_October_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais%2C_3rd_October_2014.jpg/440px-Delon_Armitage_-_US_Oyonnax_vs._Rugby_Club_Toulonnais%2C_3rd_October_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>Trinidad rugby players of Rugby Club Toulonnais, 2014</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> has long been a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago, although it has declined in popularity in recent years. At the <a href="/wiki/Netball_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Netball World Championships">Netball World Championships</a> they co-won the event in 1979, were runners up in 1987, and second runners up in 1983. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago">Rugby</a> is played in Trinidad and Tobago and continues to be a popular sport, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> is regularly followed in the country.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> There is also the Trinidad and Tobago national baseball team which is controlled by the Baseball/Softball Association of Trinidad and Tobago, and represents the nation in international competitions. The team is a provisional member of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Baseball_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Baseball Confederation">Pan American Baseball Confederation</a>. There are a number of 9 and 18-hole <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> courses on Trinidad and Tobago. The most established is the St Andrews Golf Club, Maraval in Trinidad (commonly referred to as Moka), and there is a newer course at Trincity, near Piarco Airport called Millennium Lakes. There are 18-hole courses at Chaguramas and Point-a-Pierre and nine-hole courses at Couva and St Madeline. Tobago has two 18-hole courses. The older of the two is at Mount Irvine, with the Magdalena Hotel & Golf Club (formerly Tobago Plantations) being built more recently.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Although a minor sport, bodybuilding is of growing interest in Trinidad and Tobago. <a href="/wiki/Darrem_Charles" title="Darrem Charles">Darrem Charles</a>, a former world class body builder, is from Trinidad and Tobago. Dragonboat is also another water-sport that has been rapidly growing over the years. Introduced in 2006. the fraternity made consistent strides in having more members a part of the TTDBF (Trinidad and Tobago Dragonboat Federation) as well as performing on an international level such as the 10th IDBF World Nations Dragon Boat Championships in Tampa, Florida in the US in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Noel_(boxer)" title="Claude Noel (boxer)">Claude Noel</a> is a former world champion in professional boxing. He was born in Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Chess_Championship" title="Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship">Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship</a> was started in 1937, and is an annual national chess championship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: National symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago">National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/220px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/330px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/440px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Flag">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Flag of Trinidad and Tobago">Flag of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> The flag was chosen by the Independence committee in 1962. Red, black and white symbolise the warmth of the people, the richness of the earth and water respectively.<a href="#cite_note-gov-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago">Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_ibis" title="Scarlet ibis">scarlet ibis</a> (native to Trinidad), the <a href="/wiki/Rufous-vented_chachalaca" title="Rufous-vented chachalaca">cocrico</a> (native to Tobago) and <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a>. The shield bears three ships, representing both the Trinity, and the three ships that Columbus sailed.<a href="#cite_note-gov-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orders_and_decorations">Orders and decorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Orders and decorations">edit</a>]</div> There are five categories and thirteen classes of national awards:<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago">Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (formerly The <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cross" title="Trinity Cross">Trinity Cross</a> Medal of the Order of the Trinity) in Gold only</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chaconia_Medal" title="Chaconia Medal">Chaconia Medal</a>, in Gold, Silver and Bronze</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_Medal" title="Hummingbird Medal">Hummingbird Medal</a>, in Gold, Silver and Bronze</li> <li>The Public Service Medal of Merit, in Gold, Silver and Bronze</li> <li>The Medal for the Development of Women, in Gold, Silver and Bronze</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_anthem_and_national_songs">National anthem and national songs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: National anthem and national songs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty" title="Forged from the Love of Liberty">Forged from the Love of Liberty</a></div> The national anthem of the twin-island state is "<a href="/wiki/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty" title="Forged from the Love of Liberty">Forged from the Love of Liberty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Other national songs include "God Bless Our Nation"<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> and "Our Nation's Dawning".<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_flower">National flower</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: National flower">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warszewiczia_coccinea" title="Warszewiczia coccinea">Warszewiczia coccinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg/220px-Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg/330px-Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg/440px-Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Chaconia (<a href="/wiki/Warszewiczia_coccinea" title="Warszewiczia coccinea">Warszewiczia coccinea</a>) is the national flower of Trinidad and Tobago</figcaption></figure> The national flower of Trinidad and Tobago is the <a href="/wiki/Warszewiczia_coccinea" title="Warszewiczia coccinea">chaconia</a> flower. It was chosen as the national flower because it is an indigenous flower that has witnessed the history of Trinidad and Tobago. It was also chosen as the national flower because of its red colour that resembles the red of the national flag and coat of arms and because it blooms around the Independence Day of Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg/220px-Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg/330px-Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg/440px-Oceanografic_Scarlet_Ibis_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="4604" /></a><figcaption>Scarlet Ibis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_birds">National birds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: National birds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_ibis" title="Scarlet ibis">Scarlet ibis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rufous-vented_chachalaca" title="Rufous-vented chachalaca">Rufous-vented chachalaca</a></div> The national birds of Trinidad and Tobago are the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_ibis" title="Scarlet ibis">scarlet ibis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rufous-vented_chachalaca" title="Rufous-vented chachalaca">cocrico</a>. The scarlet ibis is kept safe by the government by living in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary which was set up by the government for the protection of these birds. The Cocrico is more indigenous to the island of Tobago and is more likely to be seen in the forest.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a> is considered another symbol of Trinidad and Tobago due to its significance to the Indigenous peoples, however, it is not a national bird.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Trinidad and Tobago–related topics">List of Trinidad and Tobago–related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Outline of Trinidad and Tobago">Outline of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="List of Trinidadians and Tobagonians">List of Trinidadians and Tobagonians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtrɪnɪdæd ... təˈbeɪɡoʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/En-us-Trinidad_and_Tobago.ogg\/En-us-Trinidad_and_Tobago.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Trinidad and Tobago.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/En-us-Trinidad_and_Tobago.ogg/En-us-Trinidad_and_Tobago.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Trinidad_and_Tobago.ogg" title="File:En-us-Trinidad and Tobago.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/- toʊ-/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TRIN-ih-dad ... tə-BAY-goh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠ toh-</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_Republic_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="citation web cs1">Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191351/https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FGorTT%20Web%20Content%2Fttconnect%2Fhome%2Fabout+t+and+t%2Fgeneral+information%2Flanguage">"Home"</a>. Ttconnect.gov.tt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FGorTT%20Web%20Content%2Fttconnect%2Fhome%2Fabout+t+and+t%2Fgeneral+information%2Flanguage">the original</a> on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Ttconnect.gov.tt&rft.au=Government+of+the+Republic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttconnect.gov.tt%2Fgortt%2Fportal%2Fttconnect%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fa1%2F04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4%2Fdl5%2Fd5%2FL2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh%2F%3FWCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT%3D%252Fgortt%252Fwcm%252Fconnect%252FGorTT%2520Web%2520Content%252Fttconnect%252Fhome%252Fabout%2Bt%2Band%2Bt%252Fgeneral%2Binformation%252Flanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2011-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2011_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TT/languages">"Trinidad and Tobago – Languages"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124732/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/tt/languages">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTT%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011Census-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011Census_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf">Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report</a> (PDF) (Report). Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151408/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+2011+Population+and+Housing+Census+Demographic+Report&rft.pub=Trinidad+and+Tobago+Central+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tt.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Ftrinidad_tobago%2Fdocs%2FDemocraticGovernance%2FPublications%2FTandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r">"National Profiles; World Religion"</a>. www.thearda.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125220438/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thearda.com&rft.atitle=National+Profiles%3B+World+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3FREGION%3D0%26u%3D224c%26u%3D23r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trinbagonian">"Trinbagonian"</a>. Macmillan Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181304/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trinbagonian">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. 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Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftrinidad-and-tobago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112060138/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/TRINIDADANDTOBAGOEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21045974~menuPK:331460~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:331452,00.html">"Trinidad and Tobago Country brief"</a>. The World Bank. 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Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+English%2FCreole+of+Trinidad+%26+Tobago%3A+On+Historical+Principles+-+Lise+Winer+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.isbn=9780773576070&rft.aulast=Winer&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_n82hsbDJBMC%26dq%3Dchinidat%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018249_25-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFRough_Guides2018">Rough Guides (2018)</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid_2008-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid_2008_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2008" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Basil A. 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Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533/page/n49">33</a>–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817380533" title="Special:BookSources/9780817380533"><bdi>9780817380533</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/567999135">567999135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developing+Weights-of-Evidence+Predictive+Models+for+the+Cultural+Resource+Management+of+Pre-Columbian+Sites+in+Trinidad&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+geoinformatics+%3A+case+studies+from+the+Caribbean&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=33-73&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F567999135&rft.isbn=9780817380533&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Basil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologygeoin00reid_533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams19647–8-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams19647–8_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1964">Williams (1964)</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael196114-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmichael196114_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarmichael1961">Carmichael (1961)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams196411,_18-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams196411,_18_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1964">Williams (1964)</a>, pp. 11, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-dutch-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dutch_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dutch_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dutch_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamerini" class="citation web cs1">Ramerini, Marco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110022814/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html">"Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago: A History of the First Settlements, 1628–1677"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 March 2021. <q>Among those killed in the governor's party was Fr.Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, O.P., missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Cuara, Tacarigua and Arauca.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osargenews.com&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osargenews.com%2Fhistory-info%2Frepublic-of-trinidad-and-tobago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2003" class="citation journal cs1">Romero, Aldemaro (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408">"Death and Taxes: the Case of the Depletion of Pearl Oyster Beds in Sixteenth-Century Venezuela"</a>. Conservation Biology. 17 (4): 1016. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ConBi..17.1013R">2003ConBi..17.1013R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.2003.01406.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01406.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86335309">86335309</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312011430/https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2020. 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Trinidad Express Newspapers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+Express+Newspapers&rft.atitle=The+Merikens+again&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinidadexpress.com%2Fcommentaries%2FThe-Merikens-again-210343861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNish_Weiss2002" class="citation book cs1">McNish Weiss, John (2002). The Merikens: Free Black American settlers in Trinidad 1815-16 (2nd ed.). 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Trinicenter.com. 8 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117011017/http://trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1845%3A+The+East+Indians+and+indentureship&rft.pub=Trinicenter.com&rft.date=1999-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinicenter.com%2Findian%2Findentureship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Deen, Shamshu (1994). Solving East Indian Roots in Trinidad. Freeport Junction. H.E.M. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521480477" title="Special:BookSources/0521480477"><bdi>0521480477</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31290367">31290367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indentured+labor+in+the+age+of+imperialism%2C+1834-1922&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31290367&rft.isbn=0521480477&rft.au=Northrup%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brereton, Bridget (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf">"The Historical Background to the Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago"</a> (PDF). Caribbean Review of Gender Studies (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109163824/http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Review+of+Gender+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Background+to+the+Culture+of+Violence+in+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.sta.uwi.edu%2Fcrgs%2Ffebruary2010%2Fjournals%2FBridgetBrereton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html">"THE EXPERIENCE OF INDIAN INDENTURE IN TRINIDAD: ARRIVAL AND SETTLEMENT"</a>. www.caribbean-atlas.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417023530/http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.caribbean-atlas.com&rft.atitle=THE+EXPERIENCE+OF+INDIAN+INDENTURE+IN+TRINIDAD%3A+ARRIVAL+AND+SETTLEMENT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbean-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fwaves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean%2Fwaves-of-colonization%2Fthe-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayaramAtal2004" class="citation book cs1">Jayaram, N.; Atal, Yogesh (24 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDRjfwtJgBMC&q=hindi+in+trinidad&pg=PA155">The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761932185" title="Special:BookSources/9780761932185"><bdi>9780761932185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Diaspora%3A+Dynamics+of+Migration&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft.isbn=9780761932185&rft.aulast=Jayaram&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Atal%2C+Yogesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDRjfwtJgBMC%26q%3Dhindi%2Bin%2Btrinidad%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Mohammed, Patricia (2002). 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501729041" title="Special:BookSources/9781501729041"><bdi>9781501729041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415043232/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. 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An introduction to the history of Trinidad and Tobago. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-98474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-98474-8"><bdi>978-0-435-98474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-435-98474-8&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf">1976 Republican Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221142521/https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018236-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018236_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018236_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRough_Guides2018">Rough Guides (2018)</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567">Paul Donovan, "Obituary: Sir Ellis Clarke"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112226/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567">Archived</a> 5 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Independent Catholic News, 1 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018257-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018257_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERough_Guides2018257_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRough_Guides2018">Rough Guides (2018)</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-N1-73"><a href="#cite_ref-N1_73-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 630, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1991" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Selwyn (1991). 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Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Planning, Family. (30 September 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago">Trinidad and Tobago | Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050254/http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago">Archived</a> 17 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 5 November 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html">"Country Comparison :: GDP – per capita (PPP)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Comparison+%3A%3A+GDP+%E2%80%93+per+capita+%28PPP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2004rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopie2011" class="citation news cs1">Gopie, Rajiv (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106133126/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html">"Are we developed?"</a>. Trinidad Express Newspapers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+Express+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Are+we+developed%3F&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.aulast=Gopie&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinidadexpress.com%2Fcommentaries%2FAre_we_developed_-133214738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html">"BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Natural Gas"</a>. BP.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109100916/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BP+Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy+%E2%80%93+Natural+Gas&rft.pub=BP.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review-of-world-energy%2Fnatural-gas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html">"BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Oil"</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109062005/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BP+Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy+%E2%80%93+Oil&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review-of-world-energy%2Foil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobago2014" class="citation web cs1">Tobago, Discover Trinidad & (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Ariapita-Avenue">"Trinidad's Ariapita Avenue: liming & dining"</a>. Discover Trinidad & Tobago. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521049511" title="Special:BookSources/9780521049511"><bdi>9780521049511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+First+Geography+of+Trinidad+%26+Tobago&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521049511&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=F.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707033818/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf">"Agency Focus"</a> (PDF). Tradelinks: 10. January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradelinks&rft.atitle=Agency+Focus&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradeind.gov.tt%2FPortals%2F0%2FDocuments%2FTRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%2520%25282%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/trinidad-tobago/2016-report/economy/bon-appetit-the-countrys-food-and-beverage-sector-offers-new-potential">"Trinidad and Tobago's food and beverage sector offers new potential - The Americas 2016 - Oxford Business Group"</a>. oxfordbusinessgroup.com. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordbusinessgroup.com&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago%27s+food+and+beverage+sector+offers+new+potential+-+The+Americas+2016+-+Oxford+Business+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Freports%2Ftrinidad-tobago%2F2016-report%2Feconomy%2Fbon-appetit-the-countrys-food-and-beverage-sector-offers-new-potential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tt.loopnews.com/content/trade-minister-assures-tt-economy-remains-buoyant">"Trade Minister assures: TT economy remains buoyant | Loop Trinidad & Tobago"</a>. Loop News. 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Retrieved 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=24+Fast-Food+Restaurants+We+Wish+Were+in+the+U.S.&rft.pub=TheDailyMeal.com&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailymeal.com%2Ftravel%2F24-fast-food-restaurants-we-wish-were-us-slideshow%2Fslide-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222">Annual Market Report 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123951/http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863">"Government of Trinidad and Tobago Information Services press release on water taxis"</a>. News.gov.tt. 30 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093631/http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago+Information+Services+press+release+on+water+taxis&rft.pub=News.gov.tt&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.gov.tt%2Findex.php%3Fnews%3D863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelshall1987" class="citation book cs1">Kelshall, Gaylord (1987). The History of Aviation in Trinidad & Tobago, 1913-1962 (1st ed.). Paria Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/10_9768054042" title="Special:BookSources/10 9768054042"><bdi>10 9768054042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Aviation+in+Trinidad+%26+Tobago%2C+1913-1962&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Paria+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kelshall&rft.aufirst=Gaylord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503210532/http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html">"Airport Authority of Trinidad and Tobago – Welcome to Piarco Airport"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html">the original</a> on 3 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+Authority+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago+%E2%80%93+Welcome+to+Piarco+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tntairports.com%2Fpiarco_about.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Daraine Luton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html">Caribbean Airlines to re-hire 1,000 workers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033610/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Jamaica Gleaner, (29 April 2010). Retrieved 30 May 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410075955/http://www.ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html">"History"</a>. Public Transport Service Corporation on. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2013. 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Retrieved 2 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=otp.tt&rft.atitle=National+Emblems+%E2%80%93+The+Office+of+the+President+of+the+Republic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fotp.tt%2Ftrinidad-and-tobago%2Fnational-emblems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html">"Trinidad & Tobago National Birds"</a>. tntisland.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092238/http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tntisland.com&rft.atitle=Trinidad+%26+Tobago+National+Birds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tntisland.com%2Ftntbirds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols">"National Symbols"</a>. www.nalis.gov.tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013325/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nalis.gov.tt&rft.atitle=National+Symbols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nalis.gov.tt%2Fresources%2Fsubject-guide%2Fnational-symbols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Wharf_2,_San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King%27s_Wharf_2%2C_San_Fernando%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG/220px-King%27s_Wharf_2%2C_San_Fernando%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King%27s_Wharf_2%2C_San_Fernando%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG/330px-King%27s_Wharf_2%2C_San_Fernando%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King%27s_Wharf_2%2C_San_Fernando%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG/440px-King%27s_Wharf_2%2C_San_Fernando%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Birds rest on a boat, at King's Warf of San Fernando, Trinidad</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael1961" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Gertrude (1961). The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498–1900. London: Alvin Redman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+West+Indian+Islands+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago%2C+1498%E2%80%931900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Alvin+Redman&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Gertrude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiely1996" class="citation book cs1">Kiely, Ray (1996). The Politics of Labour and Development in Trinidad. Press University of the West Indies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789766400170" title="Special:BookSources/9789766400170"><bdi>9789766400170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Labour+and+Development+in+Trinidad&rft.pub=Press+University+of+the+West+Indies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789766400170&rft.aulast=Kiely&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1964" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Eric (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofthepeop006593mbp">History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago</a>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64-13390">64-13390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+People+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64-13390&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofthepeop006593mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamkissoonKahwa2015" class="citation book cs1">Ramkissoon, Harold; Kahwa, Ishenkumba A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">"Caricom"</a> (PDF). UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 156–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1"><bdi>978-92-3-100129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caricom&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Science+Report%3A+towards+2030&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=156-173&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100129-1&rft.aulast=Ramkissoon&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Kahwa%2C+Ishenkumba+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002354%2F235406e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRough_Guides2018" class="citation book cs1">Rough Guides (2018). The Rough Guide to Trinidad and Tobago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Rough+Guides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</a>, 156–173, Harold Ramkissoon & Ishenkumba A. Kahwa, UNESCO Publishing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg/220px-STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg/330px-STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg/440px-STAPP_064_Debe_S.S.Erin_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Debe, Trinidad, 2016</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Besson" title="Gérard Besson">Besson, Gérard</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Brereton" title="Bridget Brereton">Brereton, Bridget</a>. The Book of Trinidad (2nd edition), <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-8054-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/976-8054-36-0">976-8054-36-0</a>.</li> <li>Brereton, Bridget. An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago (Heinemann, 1996).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Kenny" title="Julian Kenny">Julian Kenny</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meppublishers.com/books/index.php?pid=1001&isbn=976-95057-0-6">Views from the Ridge</a>, Port of Spain: Prospect Press, <a href="/wiki/Media_and_Editorial_Projects_Limited" title="Media and Editorial Projects Limited">Media and Editorial Projects Limited</a>, 2000/2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-95057-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/976-95057-0-6">976-95057-0-6</a>.</li> <li>Lans, Cheryl. Creole Remedies of Trinidad and Tobago. C. Lans, 2001.</li> <li>Mendes, John. Côté ci Côté là: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Ryan" title="Selwyn Ryan">Ryan, Selwyn D.</a> Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago (University of Toronto Press, 2020).</li> <li>Saith, Radhica, and Lyndersay, Mark. Why Not a Woman? Port of Spain: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-8054-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/976-8054-42-5">976-8054-42-5</a></li> <li>Stuempfle, Stephen. The Steelband Movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Taylor_(writer)" title="Jeremy Taylor (writer)">Taylor, Jeremy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333419855">Visitor's Guide to Trinidad & Tobago</a>, London: Macmillan, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41985-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41985-4">978-0-333-41985-4</a>. 2nd edition as Trinidad and Tobago: An Introduction and Guide, London: Macmillan, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-55607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-55607-8">978-0-333-55607-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Trinidad and Tobago">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Trinidad and Tobago">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="extiw" title="voy:Trinidad and Tobago">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/">Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visittobago.gov.tt/">Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Company official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906080515/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/trinidadtobago.htm">Trinidad and Tobago</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1209827.stm">Trinidad and Tobago profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TTO/Year/2010/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Trinidad and Tobago">Wikimedia Atlas of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/555717">Trinidad and Tobago</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754#P402" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trinidad_and_Tobago_topics" title="Template:Trinidad and Tobago topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trinidad_and_Tobago_topics" title="Template talk:Trinidad and Tobago topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trinidad_and_Tobago_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trinidad and Tobago topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trinidad_and_Tobago_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tobago" title="History of Tobago">History of Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">French invasion of Tobago (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">British invasion of Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962" title="Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962">Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_unrest_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago">Social unrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dry_forests" title="Trinidad and Tobago dry forests">Dry forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_moist_forests" title="Trinidad and Tobago moist forests">Moist forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_mangroves" title="Trinidad mangroves">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural history of Trinidad and Tobago">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago-related_topics#Wildlife_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Trinidad and Tobago-related topics">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Elections in Trinidad and Tobago">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Human rights in Trinidad and Tobago">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Tobago" title="Chief Secretary of Tobago">Chief Secretary of Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar" title="Trinidad and Tobago dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Trinidad and Tobago">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Society of Trinidad and Tobago">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Crime in Trinidad and Tobago">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Healthcare in Trinidad and Tobago">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Trinidad and Tobago">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Culture of Trinidad and Tobago">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Flag of Trinidad and Tobago">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Trinidad and Tobago">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Mass media in Trinidad and Tobago">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Outline of Trinidad and Tobago">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Trinidad and Tobago">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Portal:Trinidad and Tobago">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/The_West_Indies_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="The West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="The West Indies">West Indies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Antilles">Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Greater_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hispaniola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lesser_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9sirade" title="La Désirade">La Désirade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_des_Saintes" title="Îles des Saintes">Les Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Galante" title="Marie-Galante">Marie-Galante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>^*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>^*</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a>^</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Collectivity of Saint Martin">Collectivity of Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Southern_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Southern Caribbean (page does not exist)">Southern Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Leeward_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Insular_Region,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="The Insular Region, Venezuela">Insular Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="The Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ABC_islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="The ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Windward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriacou_and_Petite_Martinique" title="Carriacou and Petite Martinique">Carriacou and Petite Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a>†</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lucayan_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lucayan Archipelago">Lucayan Archipelago</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" title="Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a>~</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a>~</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Caribbean_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Western Caribbean zone">Caribbean continental zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel" title="Cozumel">Cozumel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Izabal_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="The Izabal Department">Izabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lim%C3%B3n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="The Limón Province">Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="The North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="The South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">South Caribbean Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean region of Colombia">Colombian Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venezuelan_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="The Venezuelan Caribbean">Venezuelan Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean Community">Wider groupings</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Association_of_Caribbean_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Association of Caribbean States">may include:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Department" title="Petén Department">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guayana_Region,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guayana Region, Venezuela">Venezuelan Guayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba</a>ǂ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigri_Area" title="Tigri Area">Tigri Area</a>ǂ</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>N.B.: Territories in italics are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies. ^These three form the <a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">SSS islands</a> that with the ABC islands comprise the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>, of which *the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">BES islands</a> are not direct <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom</a> constituents but subsumed with the country of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. †<a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physiographically</a>, these <a href="/wiki/Island#Continental_islands" title="Island">continental islands</a> are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically. ǂ<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed territories</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. ~<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed territories</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. #<a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> is an isolated <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">oceanic island</a>, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">Northern American</a> region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121047631">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122737458">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211577/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3Qhcfgyjgt7QFBtRVG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060907-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81008555">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118787798">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118787798">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573317">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35555883">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131122&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451123">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000103452">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cbdzh41brz3z">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/19151">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548178905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620209906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6c290168-f3b9-3adb-9889-b856feb2c26c">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15033874?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/862ad05d-a097-4277-8467-2a733dfaa839">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/994644">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/RcpNSyaB">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026564289">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/21px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/32px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/42px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Portal:Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/21px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/42px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinidad_and_Tobago&params=10_36_N_61_6_W_type:country_region:TT">10°36′N 61°6′W / 10.600°N 61.100°W / 10.600; -61.100</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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