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<button aria-controls="toc-Pannists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pannists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pannists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_pannists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_pannists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notable pannists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_pannists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steelpan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="طبل نحاسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبل نحاسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Стоманен барабан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стоманен барабан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeldrum" title="Steeldrum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Steeldrum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliet%C3%B8nde" title="Olietønde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Olietønde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steelpan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambores_met%C3%A1licos_de_Trinidad_y_Tobago" title="Tambores metálicos de Trinidad y Tobago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tambores metálicos de Trinidad y Tobago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctaltamburo" title="Ŝtaltamburo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtaltamburo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(instrument)" title="Pan (instrument) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pan (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeldrum" title="Steeldrum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steeldrum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banna_cruach" title="Banna cruach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Banna cruach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambores_met%C3%A1licos_de_Trinidad_e_Tobago" title="Tambores metálicos de Trinidad e Tobago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tambores metálicos de Trinidad e Tobago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_pan" title="Steel pan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steel pan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina_chalybis" title="Patina chalybis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Patina chalybis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ADldob" title="Stíldob – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stíldob" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Steelpan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeldrum" title="Steeldrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steeldrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" title="スティールパン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティールパン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%E2%80%98lat_baraban" title="Po‘lat baraban – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Po‘lat baraban" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_pan" title="Steel pan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Steel pan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambor_de_a%C3%A7o" title="Tambor de aço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tambor de aço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Стальной барабан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стальной барабан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steelpan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_pan" title="Steel pan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steel pan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_pan" title="Steel pan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Steel pan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Musical instrument originating in Trinidad and Tobago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Steel drum" redirects here. For the shipping and storage container, see <a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)#Steel_drums" title="Drum (container)">Drum (container) § Steel drums</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Steelpan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aasteeldrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aasteeldrum.jpg/134px-Aasteeldrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aasteeldrum.jpg/200px-Aasteeldrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aasteeldrum.jpg/267px-Aasteeldrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Steel drum, pan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Percussion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">111.241.12, 111.241.22<br />(<a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gongs</a> with divided surface sounding different pitches, Sets of gongs with divided surface sounding different pitches)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1880–1937</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/A_(musical_note)" title="A (musical note)">A</a>1–<a href="/wiki/F#_(musical_note)" title="F">F#</a>6</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg/220px-Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg/330px-Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg/440px-Steelpan_Instruments_at_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A steelband in Trinidad and Tobago, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>steelpan</b> (also known as a <b>pan</b>, <b>steel drum</b>, and sometimes, collectively with other musicians, as a <b>steelband</b> or <b>steel orchestra</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. Steelpan musicians are called pannists. </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> declared <a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> as World Steelpan Day.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago</a> officially recognised the steelpan as the country's national instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern pan is a <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatically</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitched</a> percussion instrument made from <a href="/wiki/200-litre_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="200-litre drum">200-litre industrial drums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Drum</i> refers to the steel drum containers from which the pans are made; the steel drum is more correctly called a <i>steel pan</i> or <i>pan</i> as it falls into the <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophone</a> family of instruments, and so is not a drum (which is a <a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">membranophone</a>). Some steelpans are made to play in the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_interval" title="Pythagorean interval">Pythagorean</a> musical cycle of fourths and fifths.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pan is played using a pair of straight sticks tipped with rubber; the size and type of rubber tip varies according to the class of pan being played. Some musicians use four pansticks, holding two in each hand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grew out of Trinidad and Tobago's early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> percussion groups known as <a href="/wiki/Tamboo_bamboo" title="Tamboo bamboo">tamboo bamboo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pan is the national instrument of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and will soon appear on the country's redrawn <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago">coat of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steelpans developed in the early to mid 1900s, but with roots going back much earlier, including the <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> cultures. The hourglass-shaped drums were used for communicating messages at a distance with <a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">drum language</a>. For example, the rhythm and pitch could indicate the location, time, and even type of dancing during an upcoming ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, people from countries in West Africa were forcibly <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">abducted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> to be sold at slave auctions. Persons of the same tribes and languages were deliberately separated and sold to different enslavers in an attempt to eradicate their traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, enslavers did not allow them to speak in their native tongues, forcing them to give up tradition and learn the enslaver's own language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1780s, French colonists arrived in Trinidad and Tobago and brought <a href="/wiki/Street_fair" title="Street fair">street festival</a> traditions. In 1785, plantation owners held the first <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival in Trinidad</a>. Many white plantation owners masqueraded as slaves (presumably in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>) and marched down the streets mocking African slave dress, singing, and dance customs, including banging on <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they were mimicked, enslaved Africans were not allowed to join the festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Africans organized underground Carnivals of their own, taking place in cabins and backyards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by ancient traditions, Africans incorporated masks, feathers, beads, and drumming.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, Spanish governor of Trinidad <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Chac%C3%B3n" title="José María Chacón">José María Chacón</a> issued a directive that all Africans (the majority of the population) would observe <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic religion</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Christian holy days</a>. The purpose was to further erase West African culture and religious beliefs. However, the enslaved Africans were able to preserve their traditions by camouflaging them within Christian holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, on Sundays, enslaved people would "put on their best clothes and go to drum dances held in different yards or on the land away from the plantation where they were allowed to grow their own crops...[They] would dance to the music and rhythms of the skin drums and <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">gourd rattles</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, slaves were emancipated in Trinidad and Tobago following the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery Abolition Act">Slavery Abolition Act</a>, but segregation and indentured servitude continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After emancipation, Africans annually celebrated <a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">Canboulay</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> drumming. In 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Canboulay_riots" title="Canboulay riots">Canboulay riots</a> occurred, which were a series of revolts during the festival. After this, <a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">stick-fighting</a> and African <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion music</a> were banned throughout the 1880s. They were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. </p><p>In 1937 they reappeared in <a href="/wiki/Laventille" title="Laventille">Laventille</a>, transformed as an orchestra of <a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">frying pans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_container" title="Waste container">dustbin</a> lids, and <a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">oil drums</a>. These steelpans are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> established a presence in Trinidad. The pannists, who were associated with lawlessness and violence,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> helped to popularise steelpan music among the soldiers, which began its international popularisation. At the time of the steelpan's popularity in Trinidad it was seen as being associated with a violent or derelict crowd. It was unacceptable for women to be involved in such activities. Culturally the stigma was focused on the idea that women belonged in the home or with the children and not out in the street with the pan players. As the instrument became more mainstream women were allowed to join and the stigma that went along with playing the instrument subsided.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first instruments developed in the evolution of steelpan were <a href="/wiki/Tamboo_bamboo" title="Tamboo bamboo">tamboo bamboos</a>, tunable sticks made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> wood. These were hit onto the ground and with other sticks in order to produce sound.<sup id="cite_ref-saldenha_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saldenha-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamboo bamboo bands included percussion of a (gin) bottle and spoon. By the mid-1930s, bits of metal percussion were being used in the tamboo bamboo bands, the first probably being either the automobile brake hub "iron" or the biscuit drum "boom". The former replaced the gin bottle-and-spoon, and the latter the "bass" bamboo that was pounded on the ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1939 the first all-steel band, <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band_(band)" title="Alexander's Ragtime Band (band)">Alexander's Ragtime Band</a>, emerged,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1940 it had become the preferred carnival accompaniment of young underprivileged men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 55-gallon oil drum was used to make steelpans from around 1947.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_All-Steel_Pan_Percussion_Orchestra" title="Trinidad All-Steel Pan Percussion Orchestra">Trinidad All-Steel Pan Percussion Orchestra</a> (TASPO), formed to attend the Festival of Britain in 1951, was the first steelband whose instruments were all made from oil drums. They performed July 26, thus introducing the steelpan and a new music genre to the world. 2022 <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> commemorated the event.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of TASPO included <a href="/wiki/Ellie_Mannette" title="Ellie Mannette">Ellie Mannette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Simon" title="Winston Simon">Winston "Spree" Simon</a>. Hugh Borde led the National Steel Band of Trinidad & Tobago at the Commonwealth Arts Festival in England, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Esso_Tripoli_Steel_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Esso Tripoli Steel Band">Esso Tripoli Steel Band</a>, which played at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a> in Montreal, Canada, and later toured with <a href="/wiki/Liberace" title="Liberace">Liberace</a>. They were featured on an album with him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three steel pans were used onstage in the 1954 Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/House_of_Flowers_(musical)" title="House of Flowers (musical)">House of Flowers</a>. When Trinidadian-born dancer <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Holder" title="Geoffrey Holder">Geoffrey Holder</a> was hired for its cast, he suggested the incorporation of three drummers from his dance company, Michael Alexander (who made the instruments), Roderick Clavery, and Alphonso Marshall; the three doubled as dancers in the show.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_developments">Evolution and developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution and developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_pan_notes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Steel_pan_notes.svg/300px-Steel_pan_notes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Steel_pan_notes.svg/450px-Steel_pan_notes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Steel_pan_notes.svg/600px-Steel_pan_notes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Circle of fifths arrangement of notes on typical <span class="nowrap">tenor (1),</span> <span class="nowrap">double second (2),</span> <span class="nowrap">double guitar (3)</span> and <span class="nowrap">tenor bass (4)</span> pans</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Williams_(musician)" title="Anthony Williams (musician)">Anthony Williams</a> designed the "fourths and fifths" arrangement of notes, known as the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</a>. This has become the standard form of note placement for lead pans. Other important developments include the tuning of harmonic overtones in individual notes, developed simultaneously and independently by <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Marshall" title="Bertie Marshall">Bertie Marshall</a> and Alan Gervais.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, steelpan instruments were marketed as early as 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caribbean Research Institute CARIRI investigated possibilities to mass-produce raw forms with the use of pressing machines in the 1970s. Much of this project took place in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Saab_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Group">Saab</a> Company. Although first results were promising, the project has been abandoned due to lack of finances and support by local pan tuners in Trinidad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another method of shaping the pan was attempted: by spinning. The pan was spun on a <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a>-like device, and a roller on the end of a bar was used to sink the pan. While this did create pre-sunk pans, a problem was that there would often be scratches and grooves in the steel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Swiss steelpan manufacturer (PANArt) researched the field of fine-grain sheet steel and developed a deep-drawn raw form which was additionally hardened by <a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">nitriding</a>. This process, and the new instruments they called <i>pang</i>, were presented at the International Conference of Steel pan and Science in <a href="/wiki/Port-of-Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-of-Spain">Port-of-Spain</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic steelpans have also been developed. One such version is the E-Pan,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invented by Salmon Cupid, who holds utility patents for it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is the Percussive Harmonic Instrument (PHI).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_drum_tuning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steel_drum_tuning.jpg/170px-Steel_drum_tuning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steel_drum_tuning.jpg/255px-Steel_drum_tuning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steel_drum_tuning.jpg/340px-Steel_drum_tuning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Tuning a steelpan with a <a href="/wiki/Electronic_tuner#Strobe_tuners" title="Electronic tuner">strobe tuner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The note's size corresponds to the pitch—the larger the oval, the lower the tone.<sup id="cite_ref-krystle_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krystle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of the instrument varies from one pan to another. It may have almost all of the "skirt" (the cylindrical part of the oil drum) cut off and around 30 soprano-range notes. It may use the entire drum with only three bass notes per pan, in which case one person may play six such pans. The length of the skirt generally corresponds to the <i><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a></i> (high or low range) of the drum. The pans are usually either painted or <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chrome plated</a>. Other processes such as <a href="/wiki/Nickel#Applications" title="Nickel">nickel plating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdercoating" class="mw-redirect" title="Powdercoating">powdercoating</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">hardening</a> can also be applied as a finish. </p><p>Despite being a relatively new member of the percussion family, steelpan tuning techniques have advanced rapidly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Strobe tuners are ideally suited for the task. The need to see the first few <a href="/wiki/Overtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtones">overtones</a> further makes a strobe tuner a necessity for steelpan tuning. Steelpan makers have used strobe tuners since it was discovered that, by adjusting the overtones (first (fundamental), second, and third partial), the pan's sound seemed to sparkle in a way that it did not previously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several ways in which a steelpan may become out of tune (most commonly this is caused by playing the steelpan with excessive force and incorrect handling) and it is quite common that steelbands arrange to have their instruments tuned once or twice a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A tuner must have great skill in their work to manage to make the notes sound both good and at the correct pitch. Much of the tuning work is performed using hammers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the beginning of the steelband movement, players would play a single pan only, now commonly called <i>around the neck</i> instruments. Later on, some steelpans became <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> by using multiple pans, particularly for the bass registers, which have fewer notes per pan owing to the larger sizes of the lower note areas. Following are some of the most popular instruments: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5"> <th>Instrument</th> <th>Pitch</th> <th>Inventor </th></tr> <tr> <td>Single Tenor, or Ping Pong<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Soprano</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winston_Simon" title="Winston Simon">Winston "Spree" Simon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spiderweb Lead</td> <td>Soprano</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Williams_(musician)" title="Anthony Williams (musician)">Tony Williams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Invader Lead</td> <td>Soprano</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellie_Mannette" title="Ellie Mannette">Ellie Mannette</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double Tenor</td> <td>Mezzo-soprano</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Marshall" title="Bertie Marshall">Bertie Marshall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double Second</td> <td>Alto</td> <td>Ellie Mannette </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double Guitar</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td>Jonathan Francis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quadrophonic (four pans)</td> <td>Tenor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Charles" title="Rudolph Charles">Rudolph Charles</a><sup id="cite_ref-Inventions_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventions-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quadduet</td> <td>Baritone</td> <td>Ellie Mannette </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triple Guitar</td> <td>Baritone</td> <td>Ellie Mannette </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cello</td> <td>Baritone</td> <td>Ellie Mannette </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tenor Bass</td> <td>Bass</td> <td>Ellie Mannette </td></tr> <tr> <td>Six Bass</td> <td>Bass</td> <td>Ellie Mannette </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nine Bass</td> <td>Bass</td> <td>Rudolph Charles<sup id="cite_ref-Inventions_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventions-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twelve Bass</td> <td>Bass</td> <td>Rudolph Charles<sup id="cite_ref-Inventions_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventions-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_competitions">Music and competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music and competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pan_player.jpg/220px-Pan_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pan_player.jpg/330px-Pan_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pan_player.jpg/440px-Pan_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A musician playing the double tenor steelpan</figcaption></figure> <p>The repertoire of the steelband is extensive. Steelbands in Trinidad have a tradition of re-interpreting the current year's <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypsos</a> for carnival performance; rarely will a calypso from a previous year be heard at carnival or the <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(music_competition)" title="Panorama (music competition)">Panorama</a> music competition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bands that perform all year round (both in Trinidad and world-wide) have long prided themselves on being able to perform many types of music, particularly Latin and jazz numbers, film music and other popular tunes. Pannists also have a tradition of performing classical music which dates back to 1946, both in calypso tempo (known as "The Bomb") and straight (generally in concert or music festival contexts). In these contexts, accuracy and faithfulness to the original are highly prized.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An international festival, the World Steelband Music Festival, has been held intermittently in Trinidad since 1964, where steelbands perform a test piece (sometimes specially composed, or a selected calypso); a piece of choice (very often a "classic" or European art-music work); and calypso of choice, in a concert-style venue.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panorama, the largest steelband contest in the world, occurs during Carnival celebrations in Trinidad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the world's first online steelpan competition, <a href="/wiki/PanoGrama" title="PanoGrama">PanoGrama</a>, was launched by Nevin Roach.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1978 a <a href="/wiki/National_Panorama_Competition_(UK)" title="National Panorama Competition (UK)">national Panorama competition</a> has been held in the United Kingdom as part of the annual Notting Hill Carnival celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooklyn, NY, home to a large West Indian population, has hosted an annual Steelband Panorama since 1972 as part of its annual Labor Day Carnival festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steelpans were introduced to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a> by players such as <a href="/wiki/Dave_Samuels" title="Dave Samuels">Dave Samuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Othello_Molineaux" title="Othello Molineaux">Othello Molineaux</a> in the 1970s, and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Scales" title="Jonathan Scales">Jonathan Scales</a> in the 2000s. They are featured in the early fusion album <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Dance" title="Morning Dance">Morning Dance</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Spyro_Gyra" title="Spyro Gyra">Spyro Gyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pannists">Pannists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pannists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg/220px-Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg/330px-Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg/440px-Solo_steel_drummer_with_backing_tracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Steel pannist performing with a backing track</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg/220px-JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg/330px-JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg/440px-JonathanScalesFourchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>American pannist Jonathan Scales and his band performing in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>A pannist (sometimes <i>panist</i> or <i>panman</i>), is a person who plays the steelpan. A professional pannist may perform solo, play with a steel band, or accompany singers or solo instrumentalists. </p><p>Pannists may play with their respective bands in large competitions,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and generally memorize everything that they perform.<sup id="cite_ref-diverse_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diverse-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pannist's top position in a Panorama steelband is that of the captain. These large ensembles often include section leaders: accomplished pannists that monitor the various voices in the band.<sup id="cite_ref-authority_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authority-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influential pannists include <a href="/wiki/Ellie_Mannette" title="Ellie Mannette">Ellie Mannette</a>, the "Father of the Modern Steel Drum" and an accomplished panman, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Simon" title="Winston Simon">Winston "Spree" Simon</a>, the inventor and a skilled player of the "Ping Pong" pan.<sup id="cite_ref-authority_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authority-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_pannists">Notable pannists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable pannists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellie_Mannette" title="Ellie Mannette">Ellie Mannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Simon" title="Winston Simon">Winston "Spree" Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Holman" title="Ray Holman">Ray Holman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Teague" title="Liam Teague">Liam Teague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_%22Boogsie%22_Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Len "Boogsie" Sharpe">Len "Boogsie" Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Russ Henderson">Russ Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Akiho" title="Andy Akiho">Andy Akiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello_Molineaux" title="Othello Molineaux">Othello Molineaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Scales" title="Jonathan Scales">Jonathan Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Tomita" title="Yann Tomita">Yann Tomita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_MacDonald" title="Ralph MacDonald">Ralph MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greenidge" title="Robert Greenidge">Robert Greenidge</a></li></ul></div> <p>Musicians <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett" title="Jimmy Buffett">Jimmy Buffett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_(calypsonian)" title="Lord Kitchener (calypsonian)">Lord Kitchener</a> are known for composing music later adapted to the steel pan. Noted pan tuners and producers include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darren_Dyke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darren Dyke (page does not exist)">Darren Dyke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mappo_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mappo (musician) (page does not exist)">Mappo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Kelman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertrand Kelman (page does not exist)">Bertrand Kelman</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Guppy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Guppy (page does not exist)">Herman Guppy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_(instrument)" title="Hang (instrument)">Hang (instrument)</a> – a similar instrument with a convex rather than concave surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a> – a musical instruments created from Hang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calypsos_with_sociopolitical_influences#Culture_–_Steelpan" title="List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences">List of Calypsos about Steelpan Music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/steelpan-day">"World Steelpan Day"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Steelpan+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fobservances%2Fsteelpan-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/227/21/pdf/n2322721.pdf?token=OxYlit1SEbao05ZVmk&fe=true">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2024" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Bert (9 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribbeanlife.com/trinidad-finally-names-steelpan-as-national-instrument/">"Trinidad finally names steelpan as national instrument"</a>. Caribbean Life<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trinidad+finally+names+steelpan+as+national+instrument&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanlife.com%2Ftrinidad-finally-names-steelpan-as-national-instrument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuempfle, Stephen. <i>The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steelband.mobi/about-steel-pans/">"About Steel Pans"</a>. <i>SteelPan Directory</i>. 19 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SteelPan+Directory&rft.atitle=About+Steel+Pans&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteelband.mobi%2Fabout-steel-pans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudley, Shannon; <i>Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago</i>, New York City: Oxford University Press; 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-532123-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-532123-5">0-19-532123-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuempfle1995" class="citation book cs1">Stuempfle, Stephen (1995). <i>The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 23–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812233298" title="Special:BookSources/0812233298"><bdi>0812233298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+steelband+movement%3A+The+forging+of+a+national+art+in+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.pages=23-26&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0812233298&rft.aulast=Stuempfle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trinidadexpress.com/news/rowley-steelpan-to-replace-columbus-ships-on-coat-of-arms/article_bb1896c0-5db3-11ef-a463-7f2a3e78b077.amp.html">"Rowley: Steelpan to replace Columbus' ships on Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>Trinidad Express Newspapers</i>. 18 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+Express+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Rowley%3A+Steelpan+to+replace+Columbus%27+ships+on+Coat+of+Arms&rft.date=2024-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinidadexpress.com%2Fnews%2Frowley-steelpan-to-replace-columbus-ships-on-coat-of-arms%2Farticle_bb1896c0-5db3-11ef-a463-7f2a3e78b077.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Angela (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EaQj8VZF0w4C&q=The+Origin+of+the+Steelpan+Drums+or+the+Steel+Drums"><i>Steel Drums and Steelbands: A History</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8343-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-8343-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+Drums+and+Steelbands%3A+A+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8343-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEaQj8VZF0w4C%26q%3DThe%2BOrigin%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSteelpan%2BDrums%2Bor%2Bthe%2BSteel%2BDrums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705180227/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/muhonors1111087466/inline">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/muhonors1111087466/inline">the original</a> on 5 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Frws_etd%2Fdocument%2Fget%2Fmuhonors1111087466%2Finline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18903131">"A brief history of the steel pan"</a>. <i>Bbc.com</i>. 24 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.com&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+the+steel+pan&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18903131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuempfle1995" class="citation book cs1">Stuempfle (1995). <i>The Steelbamd Movement</i>. pp. 178–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steelbamd+Movement&rft.pages=178-183&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Stuempfle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saldenha-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saldenha_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldenha2002" class="citation web cs1">Saldenha, Robert (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807235814/http://pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-evolution.htm">"Another Look at the History of the Steel Band No. 1 The Evolution of the Steel Band"</a>. <i>Sam's Newsletter</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-evolution.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam%27s+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Another+Look+at+the+History+of+the+Steel+Band+No.+1+The+Evolution+of+the+Steel+Band&rft.date=2002-01&rft.aulast=Saldenha&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pan-jumbie.com%2Fsam%2Fsteelband-evolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Kim (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'If yuh iron good you is king', 1939". <i>From tin pan to TASPO: steelband in Trinidad, 1939–1951</i>. Kingston, Jamaica: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_Press" title="University of the West Indies Press">University of the West Indies Press</a>. pp. 29–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-254-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-254-9"><bdi>978-976-640-254-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733093608">733093608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27If+yuh+iron+good+you+is+king%27%2C+1939&rft.btitle=From+tin+pan+to+TASPO%3A+steelband+in+Trinidad%2C+1939%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Jamaica&rft.pages=29-37&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733093608&rft.isbn=978-976-640-254-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-steelpan/">"Celebrating Steelpan"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Steelpan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fcelebrating-steelpan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vandykeparks.com/esso.html"><i>Van Dyke Parks: The Esso Trinidad Tripoli Steel Band</i></a>; En hed is heel zwaar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, Jeffrey. "Drumming on Steel Barrel-Heads." Music Journal 13:5 (May–June 1955), 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"News to Us: The Trinidad Steel Band Drum." The Instrumentalist, June 1961, 24. Sold by Drum City Enterprises of Hollywood, CA; photographed with Los Angeles studio percussionist Roy Harte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106192628/http://www.tobago.org/trinidad/pan/archive/r%26d/panart/ir_archivecopy_the_pang_instruments.htm">"Pang instruments"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tobago.org/trinidad/pan/archive/r&d/panart/ir_archivecopy_the_pang_instruments.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pang+instruments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tobago.org%2Ftrinidad%2Fpan%2Farchive%2Fr%26d%2Fpanart%2Fir_archivecopy_the_pang_instruments.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://napeinc.com/">"Steelpan Drums and Steelpan App with access to MIDI Files"</a>. <i>Napeinc.com</i>. 3 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Napeinc.com&rft.atitle=Steelpan+Drums+and+Steelpan+App+with+access+to+MIDI+Files&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnapeinc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7030305.PN.&OS=PN/7030305&RS=PN/7030305">Patent</a> at US Patent Office website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714205042/http://panadigm.com/products/PHI/">"About the P.H.I."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panadigm.com/products/PHI/">the original</a> on 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+P.H.I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanadigm.com%2Fproducts%2FPHI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krystle-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krystle_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Krystle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krystlejmclaughlin.com/filecabinet/harmony_in_the_caribbean-krystlewilliams_2004.doc">"Harmony in the Caribbean: Making and Breaking the Secrets of the Steel Pan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harmony+in+the+Caribbean%3A+Making+and+Breaking+the+Secrets+of+the+Steel+Pan&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Krystle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krystlejmclaughlin.com%2Ffilecabinet%2Fharmony_in_the_caribbean-krystlewilliams_2004.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009101657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ksdCm507SVOrKN1rq7BXXw/">"BBC: A History of the World – Objects"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ksdCm507SVOrKN1rq7BXXw/">the original</a> on 9 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%3A+A+History+of+the+World+%E2%80%93+Objects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fahistoryoftheworld%2Fobjects%2FksdCm507SVOrKN1rq7BXXw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inventions-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inventions_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inventions_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inventions_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123201113/http://pantrinbago.co.tt/www/profiles/details.asp?profileID=10">"Inventions"</a>. <i>Pantrinbago.co.tt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pantrinbago.co.tt/www/profiles/details.asp?profileID=10">the original</a> on 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pantrinbago.co.tt&rft.atitle=Inventions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpantrinbago.co.tt%2Fwww%2Fprofiles%2Fdetails.asp%3FprofileID%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Dudley (2008) and Thomas (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuempfle; <i>The Steelband Movement</i>; 1995; pp.164–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley2007" class="citation book cs1">Dudley (2007). <i>Music From Behind the Bridge</i>. pp. 137–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+From+Behind+the+Bridge&rft.pages=137-150&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Dudley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood" class="citation web cs1">Blood, Sandra L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.tt/article/historymaking-panograma-breathes-life-and-love-into-the-body-of-pan-6.2.1113407.bfb5b9eb1e">"History-making Panograma breathes life and love into the body of pan"</a>. <i>Guardian.co.tt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian.co.tt&rft.atitle=History-making+Panograma+breathes+life+and+love+into+the+body+of+pan&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Sandra+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.tt%2Farticle%2Fhistorymaking-panograma-breathes-life-and-love-into-the-body-of-pan-6.2.1113407.bfb5b9eb1e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnaval.com/cityguides/london/2004/2004_UK_panorama_.htm">"2004 UK PANORAMA"</a>. <i>www.carnaval.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carnaval.com&rft.atitle=2004+UK+PANORAMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnaval.com%2Fcityguides%2Flondon%2F2004%2F2004_UK_panorama_.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Ray (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1079400580"><i>Jump Up! : Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065684-3"><bdi>978-0-19-065684-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079400580">1079400580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jump+Up%21+%3A+Caribbean+Carnival+Music+in+New+York+City&rft.pages=112-142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1079400580&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065684-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1079400580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/morning-dance-mw0000188696/credits">"Morning Dance – Spyro Gyra | Credits | AllMusic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Morning+Dance+%E2%80%93+Spyro+Gyra+%26%23124%3B+Credits+%26%23124%3B+AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fmorning-dance-mw0000188696%2Fcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldenha2005" class="citation web cs1">Saldenha, Robert (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808000421/http://pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-history-2.htm">"Another Look At The History of The Steel Band (No. 2 1945–1949)"</a>. <i>Sam's Newsletter</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pan-jumbie.com/sam/steelband-history-2.htm">the original</a> on 8 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam%27s+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Another+Look+At+The+History+of+The+Steel+Band+%28No.+2+1945%E2%80%931949%29&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Saldenha&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pan-jumbie.com%2Fsam%2Fsteelband-history-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diverse-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diverse_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodall2008" class="citation web cs1">Woodall, Carolyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diversitynow.ca/article.jsp;jsessionid=AGJCODFIOJFA?content=20040825_145033_5260">"Focal Point: Steelpan – Playing in De Band"</a>. <i>Diversity Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diversity+Now&rft.atitle=Focal+Point%3A+Steelpan+%E2%80%93+Playing+in+De+Band&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversitynow.ca%2Farticle.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3DAGJCODFIOJFA%3Fcontent%3D20040825_145033_5260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-authority-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-authority_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-authority_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1&tabid=165">"Steelband"</a>. <i>National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago</i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+and+Information+System+Authority+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.atitle=Steelband&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary2.nalis.gov.tt%2FDefault.aspx%3FPageContentMode%3D1%26tabid%3D165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteelpan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>21 New Yorker Magazine page 17 December 20. 2021 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aho, William R. "Steel Band Music in Trinidad and Tobago: The Creation of a People's Music", <i>Latin American Music Review</i> 8 (1): 26–56, 1987.</li> <li>Blake, Felix I. R. <i>The Trinidad and Tobago Steel Pan: History and Evolution</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9525528-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9525528-0-9">0-9525528-0-9</a></li> <li>Dudley, Shannon; <i>Music from Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago</i>, New York City: Oxford University Press; 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-532123-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-532123-5">0-19-532123-5</a></li> <li>Dudley, Shannon K. "Judging 'By the beat': Calypso versus soca", <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnomusicology (journal)">Ethnomusicology</a></i> 40 (2): 269–98, 1996.</li> <li>Dudley, Shannon K. <i>Making music for the Nation: Competing identities and Esthetics in Trinidad and Tobago's Panorama Steelband Competition</i>. PhD dissertation; University of California Berkeley, 353pp., 1997.</li> <li>Dudley, Shannon K. "Dropping the Bomb: Steelband Performance and Meaning in 1960's Trinidad", <i>Ethnomusicology</i> 46 (1): 135–64, 2002.</li> <li>Grant, Cy. <i>Ring of Steel – Pan Sound and Symbol</i>. Macmillan Education, London, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-66128-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-66128-1">0-333-66128-1</a></li> <li>Helmlinger, Aurélie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/43/77/44/PDF/CMT14_Helmlinger.pdf">Geste individuel, mémoire collective: Le jeu du pan dans les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago</a>, <i>Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles</i> 14 : 181–202, 2001.</li> <li>Helmlinger, Aurélie. <i>Mémoire et jeu d'ensemble ; La mémorisation du répertoire dans les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago.</i> PhD dissertation; Université Paris X Nanterre, Paris, 2005.</li> <li>Helmlinger, Aurélie. "The influence of the group for the memorization of repertoire in Trinidad and Tobago steelbands". 9th International Conference on Musical Perception and Cognition proceedings, ed. by M. Baroni, A.R. Addessi, R. Caterina, M. Costa, Bologna, 2006.</li> <li>Helmlinger, Aurélie. <i>Les steelbands de Trinidad et Tobago : Ethnomusicologie cognitive d'une mémoire d'orchestre</i>, In Intellectica 48 (1) : 81–101, 2008.</li> <li>Helmlinger, Aurélie. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/53/57/57/PDF/2010_FYSSEN_24_HELMLINGER.pdf">Mémoriser à plusieurs. Expérience sur l’effet du groupe dans les steelbands (Trinidad et Tobago). Memorizing together. Group effect experiments in steelbands (Trinidad and Tobago)</a></i>. Annales Fyssen 24 : 216–235, 2010.</li> <li>Helmlinger, Aurélie. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ateliers.revues.org/8798">La virtuosité comme arme de guerre psychologique</a></i>, Ateliers d'anthropologie, 35, 2011.</li> <li>Kronman, Ulf. <i>Steel Pan Tuning – a Handbook for Steel Pan Making and Tuning</i>. Part of the series, <i>Musikmuseets skrifter</i>, 1992. ISSN 0282-8952</li> <li>Manuel, Peter. <i>Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae</i>, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-463-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-463-7">1-59213-463-7</a></li> <li>Seeger, P. <i>Steel drums – how to play them and make them</i>, Oak. Publ. New York, 1964.</li> <li>Stuempfle, Stephen. <i>The steelband movement. The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 287 pp., 1995.</li> <li>Thomas, Jeffrey. <i>Forty Years of Steel: An Annotated Discography of Steelband and Pan Recordings, 1951–1991</i>. Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steelpans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steelpans">Steelpans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pantrinbago.co.tt/">Pan Trinbago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://triniinxisle.com/2023/03/26/from-oil-drums-to-musical-instruments-the-evolution-of-steelpan-in-trinidad/">Oil Drums to Pan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pan-jumbie.com/">Pan Jumbie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pano-grama.com/">PanoGrama</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Su35kRo5sDo&t">Different Timbres</a></i>, 1980, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Sheppard, Chas (interviewer); Phillip, Jimi (pan tuner) (14 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0kZgt6tTE0"><i>Transforming an Oil Drum Into an Instrument: Jimi Phillip Making Steel Pans</i></a> (Documentary interview). Chaguanas, Trinidad<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percussion_instruments" title="Template talk:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percussion_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments" title="List of percussion instruments">List of percussion instruments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments_by_type" title="List of percussion instruments by type">List of percussion instruments by type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6610630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6610630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6610630#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4589753-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94002502">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532335405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/2bf75d8e-68f0-4e58-8042-3835265034c1">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&oldid=1246930412">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steelpan&oldid=1246930412</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steelpan_music" title="Category:Steelpan music">Steelpan music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_American_and_Caribbean_percussion_instruments" title="Category:Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments">Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Idiophones_struck_directly" title="Category:Idiophones struck directly">Idiophones struck directly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_percussion_instruments" 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