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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Logistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Garden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 German preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Allied </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Day_1:_Sunday,_17_September_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_1:_Sunday,_17_September_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Day 1: Sunday, 17 September 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_1:_Sunday,_17_September_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_successes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_successes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Early successes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_successes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 British landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Communication breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XXX_Corps_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XXX_Corps_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 XXX Corps advance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XXX_Corps_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 German reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_2:_Monday_18_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_2:_Monday_18_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Day 2: Monday 18 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_2:_Monday_18_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1st_Airborne_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_Airborne_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 1st Airborne zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_Airborne_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-82nd_Airborne_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#82nd_Airborne_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 82nd Airborne zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-82nd_Airborne_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-101st_Airborne_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#101st_Airborne_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 101st Airborne zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-101st_Airborne_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_3:_Tuesday_19_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_3:_Tuesday_19_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Day 3: Tuesday 19 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_3:_Tuesday_19_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arnhem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnhem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Arnhem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnhem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oosterbeek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oosterbeek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Oosterbeek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oosterbeek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nijmegen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nijmegen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Nijmegen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nijmegen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wijchen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wijchen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Wijchen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wijchen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eindhoven–Veghel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eindhoven–Veghel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Eindhoven–Veghel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eindhoven–Veghel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_4:_Wednesday_20_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_4:_Wednesday_20_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Day 4: Wednesday 20 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_4:_Wednesday_20_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arnhem_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnhem_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Arnhem bridge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnhem_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oosterbeek_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oosterbeek_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Oosterbeek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oosterbeek_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nijmegen_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nijmegen_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Nijmegen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nijmegen_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_5:_Thursday_21_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_5:_Thursday_21_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Day 5: Thursday 21 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_5:_Thursday_21_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oosterbeek_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oosterbeek_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Oosterbeek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oosterbeek_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remainder_of_Polish_paratroopers_enter_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remainder_of_Polish_paratroopers_enter_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Remainder of Polish paratroopers enter the battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remainder_of_Polish_paratroopers_enter_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nijmegen_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nijmegen_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Nijmegen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nijmegen_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_6:_Friday_22_September_("Black_Friday")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_6:_Friday_22_September_("Black_Friday")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Day 6: Friday 22 September ("Black Friday") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_6:_Friday_22_September_("Black_Friday")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Link-up_between_the_Poles_and_XXX_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link-up_between_the_Poles_and_XXX_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Link-up between the Poles and XXX Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link-up_between_the_Poles_and_XXX_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_7:_Saturday_23_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_7:_Saturday_23_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Day 7: Saturday 23 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_7:_Saturday_23_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_8:_Sunday_24_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_8:_Sunday_24_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Day 8: Sunday 24 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_8:_Sunday_24_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_9:_Monday_25_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_9:_Monday_25_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Day 9: Monday 25 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_9:_Monday_25_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_fighting,_26–28_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_fighting,_26–28_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Further fighting, 26–28 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_fighting,_26–28_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victoria_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Victoria Cross </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medal_of_Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_of_Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Medal of Honor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Order_of_William" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Order_of_William"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Military Order of William </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Order_of_William-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_counter-attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_counter-attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 German counter-attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_counter-attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_on_Allied_strategy_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_Allied_strategy_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Debate on Allied strategy and tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_Allied_strategy_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optimistic_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimistic_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Optimistic planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimistic_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Weather </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priority_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priority_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Priority of operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priority_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missed_opportunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missed_opportunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Missed opportunities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missed_opportunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.5 Intelligence failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes_to_the_participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes_to_the_participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.6 Tributes to the participants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes_to_the_participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_on_outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Debate on outcome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Contemporaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Later assessments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_combat_in_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_combat_in_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Subsequent combat in the Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_combat_in_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Famine_in_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famine_in_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Famine in the Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famine_in_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Commemoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commemoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Memorials and remembrance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In film and video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Operation Market Garden</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasie_Market_Garden" title="Operasie Market Garden – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Operasie Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ماركت جاردن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماركت جاردن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مارکت قاردن عملیاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارکت قاردن عملیاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BD%E2%80%9C" title="Операция „Маркет Гардън“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Операция „Маркет Гардън“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_%22Market_Garden%22" title="Operacija "Market Garden" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Operacija "Market Garden"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberiadur-brezel_Market_Garden" title="Oberiadur-brezel Market Garden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oberiadur-brezel Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_Market_Garden" title="Operació Market Garden – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Market_Garden" title="Operace Market Garden – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Operation Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsioon_Market_Garden" title="Operatsioon Market Garden – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Operatsioon Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Market-Garden" title="Operación Market-Garden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Market-Garden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaco_Market_Garden" title="Operaco Market Garden – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Operaco Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Garden_Operazioa" title="Market Garden Operazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Market Garden Operazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="عملیات مارکت گاردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عملیات مارکت گاردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Market_Garden" title="Opération Market Garden – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaasje_Market_Garden" title="Operaasje Market Garden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Operaasje Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%93_%EA%B0%80%EB%93%A0_%EC%9E%91%EC%A0%84" title="마켓 가든 작전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마켓 가든 작전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Market_Garden" title="Operacija Market Garden – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Operacija Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaco_Market_Garden" title="Operaco Market Garden – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Operaco Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Market_Garden" title="Operasi Market Garden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Operasi Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Market_Garden" title="Operazione Market Garden – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="מבצע מרקט גארדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבצע מרקט גארדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatio_Market_Garden" title="Operatio Market Garden – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Operatio Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Garden_hadm%C5%B1velet" title="Market Garden hadművelet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Market Garden hadművelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Market_Garden" title="Operasi Market Garden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Operasi Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Market_Garden" title="Operatie Market Garden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="マーケット・ガーデン作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーケット・ガーデン作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem-operasjonen" title="Arnhem-operasjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arnhem-operasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacion_Market_Garden" title="Operacion Market Garden – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Operacion Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Market_Garden" title="Operacja Market Garden – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Market_Garden" title="Operação Market Garden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Market_Garden" title="Operațiunea Market Garden – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1944)" title="Голландская операция (1944) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голландская операция (1944)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1cia_Market_Garden" title="Operácia Market Garden – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Operácia Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Market-Garden" title="Operacija Market-Garden – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Operacija Market-Garden" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Операција Маркет гарден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Операција Маркет гарден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Market_Garden" title="Operaatio Market Garden – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Operation Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மார்க்கெட் கார்டன் நடவடிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்க்கெட் கார்டன் நடவடிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ปฏิบัติการมาร์เก็ตการ์เดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิบัติการมาร์เก็ตการ์เดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Garden_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1" title="Market Garden Harekâtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Market Garden Harekâtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%C2%BB" title="Операція «Маркет-Гарден» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція «Маркет-Гарден»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Market_Garden" title="Chiến dịch Market Garden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Market Garden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="市場花園行動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="市場花園行動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189930#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1944 World War II military operation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Market Garden</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg/300px-Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg/450px-Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg/600px-Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1097" /></a> Paratroopers of the <a href="/wiki/First_Allied_Airborne_Army" title="First Allied Airborne Army">First Allied Airborne Army</a> descending over the Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17–25 September 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>‑<a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>‑<a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> corridor, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> See <a href="#Debate_on_outcome">debate on outcome</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Allies fail to capture bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a> (Lower Rhine River) at <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> Allies capture Dutch cities of <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and many towns from Germans. Allies advance 60 miles (97 km) into German-held Netherlands.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Poland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li><li>As Supreme Allied Commander</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li><li>(21st Army Group)</li><li>Airborne forces ("Market")</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brereton" title="Lewis H. Brereton">Lewis H. Brereton</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Browning" title="Frederick Browning">Frederick Browning</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Urquhart" title="Roy Urquhart">Roy Urquhart</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sosabowski" title="Stanisław Sosabowski">Stanisław Sosabowski</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">James M. Gavin</a></li><li>Armoured forces ("Garden")</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bittrich" title="Wilhelm Bittrich">Wilhelm Bittrich</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Harmel" title="Heinz Harmel">Heinz Harmel</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Harzer" title="Walter Harzer">Walter Harzer</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Wolfgang_Reinhard" title="Hans-Wolfgang Reinhard">Hans Reinhard</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_von_Zangen" title="Gustav-Adolf von Zangen">Gustav von Zangen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">1st Airborne Division</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/1st_Independent_Parachute_Brigade_(Poland)" title="1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland)">1st Ind. Parachute Brigade</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Parachute Army">1st Parachute Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">II SS Panzer Corps</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/20px-9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/30px-9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/40px-9th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a> <a href="/wiki/9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9th SS Panzer Division "Hohenstaufen"</a> <a href="/wiki/File:10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/20px-10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/30px-10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/40px-10th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a> <a href="/wiki/10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg" title="10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg">10th SS Panzer Division "Frundsberg"</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Airborne: three divisions & one independent brigade 63,759 troops<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173-3">[1]</a> 4,600 combined allied aircraft<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> <hr /></li><li>Armoured: two brigades</li><li>Motorised infantry: eight brigades.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <ul><li>100,000 troops</li> <li>366 tanks and assault guns</li> <li>1,344 artillery pieces</li> <li>340-440 aircraft <a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,326–17,200 killed, wounded, and captured 88 tanks destroyed<a href="#cite_note-9">[d]</a> 377 aircraft and gliders lost<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963199-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 6,315–13,300 killed and wounded Unknown total captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth" title="Battle of the River Forth">River Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">The Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wikinger" title="Operation Wikinger">Wikinger</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">La Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dynamo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">1st Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">Adlertag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Sea Lion</a></li></ul> 1941–1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Donnerkeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Commando Raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1944–1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Baby Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#The_final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">2nd Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic Pockets</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster" title="Operation Blockbuster">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Remagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">Cologne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Gisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undertone" title="Operation Undertone">Undertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Plunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paderborn_(1945)" title="Battle of Paderborn (1945)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Baum" title="Task Force Baum">TF Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt" title="Battle of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1945)" title="Battle of Würzburg (1945)">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassel_(1945)" title="Battle of Kassel (1945)">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilbronn_(1945)" title="Battle of Heilbronn (1945)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> Strategic campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Campaignbox Liberation of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Liberation of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Liberation of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Liberation of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market Garden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe%27s_Bridge" title="Joe's Bridge">Joe's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">1st Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Berlin_(Arnhem)" title="Operation Berlin (Arnhem)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pegasus" title="Operation Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">Nijmegen salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breskens_Pocket" title="Breskens Pocket">Breskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1944)" title="Black Friday (1944)">Hoogerheide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walcheren_Causeway" title="Battle of Walcheren Causeway">Walcheren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate">Infatuate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Overloon" title="Battle of Overloon">Overloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putten_raid" title="Putten raid">Putten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">Pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broekhuizen" title="Battle of Broekhuizen">Broekhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Kapelsche_Veer" title="Battle for the Kapelsche Veer">Kapelsche Veer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_uprising_on_Texel" title="Georgian uprising on Texel">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amherst" title="Operation Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keystone" title="Operation Keystone">Keystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Arnhem" title="Liberation of Arnhem">2nd Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groningen" title="Battle of Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otterlo" title="Battle of Otterlo">Otterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Manna_and_Chowhound" title="Operations Manna and Chowhound">Manna & Chowhound</a></li> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_liberation_of_Dutch_cities_and_towns_during_World_War_II" title="Chronology of the liberation of Dutch cities and towns during World War II">Chronology of the liberation</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front(1944–1945)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front(1944–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (1944–1945)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Channel Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Reichswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Siegfried_Line_campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line" title="Template:Campaignbox Siegfried Line"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Siegfried Line"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Siegfried Line"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Siegfried_Line_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Channel Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Metz" title="Battle of Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Driant" title="Battle of Fort Driant">Fort Driant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mons_pocket" title="Battle of the Mons pocket">Mons pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moerbrugge" title="Battle of Moerbrugge">Moerbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geel" title="Battle of Geel">Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">Nijmegen bridgehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">Pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Overloon" title="Battle of Overloon">Overloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broekhuizen" title="Battle of Broekhuizen">Broekhuizen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crucifix_Hill" title="Battle of Crucifix Hill">Crucifix Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clipper" title="Operation Clipper">Geilenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Logistics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign">British</a></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_transportation_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="American transportation in the Siegfried Line campaign">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_services_and_supply_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="American services and supply in the Siegfried Line campaign">Services and supply</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marketgarden_nederlands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Marketgarden_nederlands.png/300px-Marketgarden_nederlands.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Marketgarden_nederlands.png/450px-Marketgarden_nederlands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Marketgarden_nederlands.png/600px-Marketgarden_nederlands.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Operation Market Garden</figcaption></figure> Operation Market Garden was an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> military operation during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">German-occupied Netherlands</a> from 17 to 25 September 1944. Its objective was to create a 64 mi (103 km) <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> into German territory with a <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgehead</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a> (Lower Rhine River), creating an Allied invasion route into northern Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997525-12">[8]</a> This was to be achieved by two sub-operations: seizing nine bridges with combined US and British <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> ("Market") followed by British land forces swiftly following over the bridges ("Garden"). The airborne operation was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/First_Allied_Airborne_Army" title="First Allied Airborne Army">First Allied Airborne Army</a> with the land operation by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">British Second Army</a>, with <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a> moving up the centre supported by VIII and IX Corps on their flanks. The airborne soldiers, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Paratroops" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroops">paratroops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glider_infantry" title="Glider infantry"> glider-borne troops</a> numbering more than 41,000, were dropped at sites where they could capture key bridges and hold the terrain until the land forces arrived. The land forces consisted of ten armoured and motorised brigades with a similar number of soldiers. The land forces advanced from the south along a single road surrounded by flood plain on both sides. The plan anticipated that they would cover the 103 km (64 miles) from their start to the bridge across the Rhine in 48 hours. About 100,000 German soldiers were in the vicinity to oppose the allied offensive.<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[9]</a> It was the largest airborne operation of the war up to that point.<a href="#cite_note-15">[e]</a> The operation succeeded in capturing the Dutch cities of <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> along with many towns, and a few <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> launching sites. It failed in its most important objective; securing the bridge over the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>. The Germans slowed and then halted the armoured brigades advancing from the south before they reached the Rhine. The British <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">1st Airborne Division</a> was unable to secure the bridge and was withdrawn from the north side of the Rhine after suffering 8,000 dead, missing, and captured out of a complement of 12,000 men. When the retreat order came there were not enough boats to get everyone back across the river. The Germans subsequently rounded up most of those left behind, but some of the British and Polish paratroopers managed to avoid capture by the Germans and were sheltered by the Dutch underground until they could be rescued in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pegasus" title="Operation Pegasus">Operation Pegasus</a> on 22 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a> Historians have been critical of the planning and execution of Operation Market Garden. <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> said that Market Garden "was a bad plan right from the start and right from the top".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201836-17">[12]</a> The Germans <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">counter attacked the Nijmegen salient</a> but failed to retake any of the allied gains. Arnhem was finally captured by the Allies in April 1945, towards the end of the war. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/220px--Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm/Operation_Market_Garden_UcRclr56aF8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Short US Army video of the overall plan for Operation Market Garden</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/A50_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A50 motorway (Netherlands)">Highway 69</a> (later nicknamed "Hell's Highway") leading through the planned route was two narrow lanes, partly raised above a surrounding flat terrain of <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a>. The ground on either side of the highway was in places too soft to support tactical vehicle movement and there were numerous dikes and drainage ditches. Dikes tended to be topped by trees or large bushes, and roads and paths were lined with trees. In early autumn this meant that observation would be seriously restricted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963131-18">[13]</a> There were six major water obstacles between the XXX Corps' jumping-off point and the objective of the north bank of the Lower Rhine River: the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Canal" title="Wilhelmina Canal">Wilhelmina Canal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Son_en_Breugel" title="Son en Breugel">Son en Breugel</a> 100 feet (30 m) wide; the <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Willemsvaart" title="Zuid-Willemsvaart">Zuid-Willems Canal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Veghel" title="Veghel">Veghel</a> 80 feet (20 m); the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse River">Maas River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grave,_Netherlands" title="Grave, Netherlands">Grave</a> 800 feet (240 m); the <a href="/wiki/Maas-Waal_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maas-Waal Canal">Maas-Waal Canal</a> 200 feet (60 m); the <a href="/wiki/Waal_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Waal River">Waal River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> 850 feet (260 m); and the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> 300 feet (90 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200430-19">[14]</a> The plan was for airborne forces to seize bridges across all these obstacles nearly simultaneously – any failure to do so would result in delay or defeat. In case bridges were demolished by the Germans, XXX Corps had plans to rebuild them. To this end, a vast quantity of bridging material was collected, along with 2,300 vehicles to carry it and 9,000 engineers to assemble it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200430-19">[14]</a> Although the area is generally flat with less than 30 feet (9 m) of variation in altitude, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a>, commander of XXX Corps, recalled that "The country was wooded and rather marshy, which made any outflanking operation impossible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks1960209-20">[15]</a> Two important hill areas, 300 feet (90 m) high, were some of the highest ground in the Netherlands: one northwest of Arnhem and one in the 82nd Airborne Division's zone, the <a href="/wiki/Groesbeek" title="Groesbeek">Groesbeek</a> ridge. Seizure and defence of this elevated terrain was considered vital to holding the highway bridges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963131-18">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden_order_of_battle" title="Operation Market Garden order of battle">Operation Market Garden order of battle</a></div> In August 1944, following the Allied breakout from <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Normandy</a> and the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise Pocket</a>, the allied armies pursued the retreating German army, expelling it from nearly all of France and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst20041-21">[16]</a> On 1 September, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> took over command of ground forces, while continuing as Supreme Commander. Montgomery resented this change, although the US and UK had agreed to it before the Normandy invasion. He had been the commander of ground forces and the change resulted in his former subordinate, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, becoming his equal. Montgomery continued to command the 21st Army Group, consisting mainly of British and Canadian units.<a href="#cite_note-weigley-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20183-23">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics">Logistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Logistics">edit</a>]</div> By late August the allied armies were running out of petroleum gasoline. Several allied divisions and corps were forced to halt their advance temporarily to replenish supplies. To Eisenhower fell the task of responding to competing demands for fuel and other supplies for the armies under his command. There was no shortage of fuel in the makeshift ports in Normandy; the difficulty lay in transporting sufficient quantities from Normandy to the armies in Belgium and northern France. Most arrived at the front in five gallon <a href="/wiki/Jerry_cans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry cans">jerry cans</a> after being transported hundreds of kilometres by trucks, known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Ball_Express" title="Red Ball Express">Red Ball Express</a>, from makeshift ports in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013220-24">[19]</a> A potential solution to the logistics problem was to capture a large port more accessible to the advancing allied armies. On 4 September, Montgomery's troops did just that, capturing the massive port of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in Belgium virtually intact, but the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> Estuary leading to it and preventing its use was still under German control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst20045-9-25">[20]</a> Neither Eisenhower nor Montgomery initially made opening the port of Antwerp a top priority and Antwerp was not used by allied supply ships until 28 November after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a>. The allied failure to win access quickly to the port of Antwerp has been called "one of the greatest tactical mistakes of the war".<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald2-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013302–306,_329-27">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> later acknowledged that "clearing the Scheldt Estuary and opening the port of Antwerp had been delayed for the sake of the Arnhem thrust. Thereafter it was given first priority."<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> Eisenhower proposed a <a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">"broad front strategy"</a> in which the allied armies of Montgomery in Belgium and Bradley further south in France advanced in parallel on a front several hundred miles wide into Germany. Montgomery – and Bradley's aggressive subordinate, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> – both desired a concentration of forces, a "single thrust" forward into Germany, but each man saw himself as the leader of a single thrust. Montgomery said the allied strategy should be "one powerful full-blooded thrust across the Rhine and into the heart of Germany backed by the whole of the resources of the Allied Armies". Such a policy would relegate Bradley's American armies to a "purely static role".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald196310-29">[24]</a> On his part, Patton said that with 400,000 gallons of gasoline he could be in Germany in two days. War planners saw both men's proposals as tactically and logistically infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-30">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/220px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/330px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/440px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></figcaption></figure> While agreeing that Montgomery's drive towards the industrial district of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> in Germany should have priority, Eisenhower still thought it was important to "get Patton moving again". This strategy was contested by Montgomery, who argued that with the supply situation deteriorating, he would not be able to reach the Ruhr, but "a relocation of our present resources of every description would be adequate to get one thrust to Berlin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200417-31">[26]</a> Montgomery initially suggested Operation Comet, a limited <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_main" title="Coup de main">coup de main</a> operation that was to be launched on 2 September 1944. Comet envisioned using British and Polish airborne forces to capture several bridges en route to the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200819–21-32">[27]</a> However several days of poor weather and Montgomery's concerns over increasing levels of German resistance caused him to postpone the operation and then cancel it on 10 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954281-33">[28]</a> Montgomery replaced Comet with Market Garden, a more ambitious plan to bypass the West Wall or <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a> of German defenses by hooking around its northern end and securing a crossing of the Rhine River, thereby gaining a path to the Ruhr. Another factor was the existence of <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> sites in the Netherlands which were launching rocket strikes on <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. On 10 September Dempsey, the British Second Army commander, told Montgomery that he had doubts about this plan. Montgomery replied that he had just received an order from the British government that the V-2 launch sites around <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> should be neutralised and that the plan must therefore proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200329–30-34">[29]</a> That same day, angered by Eisenhower's reluctance to give his plan the priority he desired, Montgomery flew to Brussels to meet him. Montgomery tore a file of Eisenhower's messages to shreds in front of him, argued for a concentrated northern thrust, and demanded priority in supplies. So fierce and unrestrained was Montgomery's language that Eisenhower reached out, patted Montgomery's knee, and said, "Steady, Monty! You can't talk to me like that. I'm your boss."<a href="#cite_note-ryan85-35">[30]</a> Eisenhower allegedly told Montgomery why a "single thrust" toward Berlin was not feasible: <blockquote>What you're proposing is this – if I give you all the supplies you want, you could go straight to Berlin – right straight (500 miles) to Berlin? Monty, you're nuts. You can't do it... If you try a long column like that in a single thrust you'd have to throw off division after division to protect your flanks from attack.<a href="#cite_note-ryan85-35">[30]</a></blockquote> Nevertheless, Eisenhower consented to Operation Market Garden, giving it "limited priority" in terms of supplies – but only as part of an advance on a broad front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200330–31-36">[31]</a> Eisenhower promised that aircraft and trucks would deliver an additional 1,000 tons of supplies daily to Montgomery for Market Garden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963129-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a> Eisenhower was also under pressure from the United States to use the <a href="/wiki/First_Allied_Airborne_Army" title="First Allied Airborne Army">First Allied Airborne Army</a> as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954269-40">[34]</a> After Normandy, most of the airborne forces had been withdrawn to England, re-forming into the First Allied Airborne Army of two British and three US airborne divisions and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963128-41">[35]</a> Eighteen airborne operations had been proposed, then cancelled, when the rapidly moving Allied ground forces overran the intended drop zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954281-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[g]</a> Eisenhower believed that the use of the airborne forces might provide the push needed for the allies to cross the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963119–120-44">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_plan">The plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The plan">edit</a>]</div> The plan of action consisted of two operations: <ul><li>Market: airborne forces of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brereton" title="Lewis H. Brereton">Lewis H. Brereton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Allied_Airborne_Army" title="First Allied Airborne Army">First Allied Airborne Army</a> to seize bridges and other terrain, under tactical command of <a href="/wiki/I_Airborne_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Airborne Corps (United Kingdom)">I Airborne Corps</a> under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Browning" title="Frederick Browning">Frederick Browning</a>, and</li> <li>Garden: ground forces of the Second Army to move north spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a> under Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200429-45">[38]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Market">Market</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Market">edit</a>]</div> Market would employ four of the six divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army. The U.S. 101st Airborne Division, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a>, would drop in two locations just north of XXX Corps to take the bridges north of <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> at Son and Veghel. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._82nd_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a>, under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">James M. Gavin</a>, would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at <a href="/wiki/Grave_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (Netherlands)">Grave</a> and Nijmegen and the British <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">1st Airborne Division</a>, under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Roy_Urquhart" title="Roy Urquhart">Roy Urquhart</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_1st_Independent_Parachute_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade">Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade</a>, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sosabowski" title="Stanisław Sosabowski">Stanisław Sosabowski</a>, attached, would drop at the extreme north end of the route, capturing the road bridge at Arnhem and the rail bridge at <a href="/wiki/Oosterbeek" title="Oosterbeek">Oosterbeek</a>. The <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Lowland)_Infantry_Division" title="52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division">52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division</a> would be flown to the captured <a href="/wiki/Deelen_Air_Base" title="Deelen Air Base">Deelen Airfield</a> on D+5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200829-46">[39]</a> The First Allied Airborne Army had been created on 16 August as the result of British requests for a coordinated headquarters for airborne operations, a concept approved by General Eisenhower on 20 June. The British had strongly hinted that a British officer – Browning in particular – be appointed its commander. Browning for his part decided to bring his entire staff with him on the operation to establish his field HQ using the much-needed 32 <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa" title="Airspeed Horsa">Airspeed Horsa</a> gliders for administrative personnel, and six <a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-4" title="Waco CG-4">Waco CG-4</a>A gliders for U.S. Signals' personnel. Since the bulk of both troops and aircraft were American, Brereton, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> officer, was named by Eisenhower on 16 July and appointed by SHAEF on 2 August. Brereton had no experience in airborne operations but had extensive command experience at the air force level in several theaters, most recently as commander of <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Air Force (World War II)">Ninth Air Force</a>, which gave him a working knowledge of the operations of <a href="/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command" title="IX Troop Carrier Command">IX Troop Carrier Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195681-47">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Project_video_camera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crystal_Project_video_camera.png/40px-Crystal_Project_video_camera.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crystal_Project_video_camera.png/60px-Crystal_Project_video_camera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crystal_Project_video_camera.png/80px-Crystal_Project_video_camera.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv" title="File:US Army-The Big Picture-Airborne To Battle-Gliders.ogv">A U.S. Army film describing the use of gliders during Operation Market</a></div> <div><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv/232px--US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="174" data-durationhint="111" data-mwtitle="US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv/US_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Army-The_Big_Picture-Airborne_To_Battle-Gliders.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> Market would be the largest airborne operation in history, delivering over 34,600 men of the 101st, 82nd and 1st Airborne Divisions and the Polish Brigade. 14,589 troops were landed by <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">glider</a> and 20,011 by parachute. Gliders also brought in 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces. 3,342 tons of ammunition and other supplies were brought by glider and parachute drop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956226–227-48">[41]</a> To deliver its 36 battalions of airborne infantry and their support troops to the continent, the First Allied Airborne Army had under its operational control the 14 groups of IX Troop Carrier Command,<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[h]</a> and after 11 September the 16 squadrons of <a href="/wiki/No._38_Group_RAF" title="No. 38 Group RAF">38 Group</a> RAF (an organization of converted bombers providing support to resistance groups) and a transport formation, <a href="/wiki/No._46_Group_RAF" title="No. 46 Group RAF">46 Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956112-51">[43]</a> The combined force had 1,438 <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">C-47/Dakota</a> transports (1,274 <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> and 164 <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a>) and 321 converted RAF bombers. The Allied glider force had been rebuilt after Normandy until by 16 September it numbered 2,160 CG-4A Waco gliders, 916 Airspeed Horsas (812 RAF and 104 U.S. Army) and 64 <a href="/wiki/General_Aircraft_Hamilcar" title="General Aircraft Hamilcar">General Aircraft Hamilcars</a> (large cargo gliders). The U.S. had only 2,060 glider pilots available, so that none of its gliders would have a co-pilot but would instead carry an extra passenger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195698-52">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg/220px-Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg/330px-Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg/440px-Infantry_moving_up_past_a_knocked-out_German_88mm_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Infantry of 50th (Northumbrian) Division moving up past a knocked-out German 88mm gun near '<a href="/wiki/Joe%27s_Bridge" title="Joe's Bridge">Joe's Bridge</a>' over the Meuse-Escaut Canal in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, 16 September 1944</figcaption></figure> Because the C-47s served as paratrooper transports and glider tugs and because IX Troop Carrier Command would provide all the transports for both British parachute brigades, this massive force could deliver only 60 percent of the ground forces in one lift. This limit was the reason for the decision to split the troop-lift schedule into successive days. Ninety percent of the USAAF transports on the first day would drop parachute troops, with the same proportion towing gliders on the second day (the RAF transports were almost entirely used for glider operations).<a href="#cite_note-54">[i]</a> Brereton rejected having two airlifts on the first day, although this had been accomplished during Operation Dragoon, albeit with slightly more daylight (45 minutes) and against negligible opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2002614,_616-55">[46]</a> 17 September was on a <a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">dark moon</a> and in the days following it the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> set before dark. Allied airborne doctrine prohibited big operations in the absence of all light, so the operation would have to be carried out in daylight. The risk of <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> interception was judged small, given the crushing air superiority of Allied fighters but there were concerns about the increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Flak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak">flak</a> units in the Netherlands, especially around Arnhem. Brereton's experience with tactical air operations judged that flak suppression would be sufficient to permit the troop carriers to operate without prohibitive loss. The invasion of Southern France had demonstrated that large scale daylight airborne operations were feasible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195690-56">[47]</a> Daylight operations, in contrast to those in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and Normandy, would have much greater navigational accuracy and time-compression of succeeding waves of aircraft, tripling the number of troops that could be delivered per hour. The time required to assemble airborne units on the drop zone after landing would be reduced by two-thirds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956154-57">[48]</a> IX Troop Carrier Command's transport aircraft had to tow gliders and drop paratroopers, duties that could not be performed simultaneously. Although every division commander requested two drops on the first day, Brereton's staff scheduled only one lift based on the need to prepare for the first drop by bombarding German flak positions for half a day and a weather forecast on the afternoon of 16 September (which soon proved erroneous) that the area would have clear conditions for four days, so allowing drops during them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956100-58">[49]</a> After one week preparations were declared complete. The planning and training for the airborne drops at Sicily and Normandy had taken months. One <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> historian noted that 'Market' was the only large airborne operation of the war in which the USAAF "had no training program, no rehearsals, almost no exercises, and a... low level of tactical training."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195699-59">[50]</a> Gavin had doubts about the plan. In his diary he wrote, "It looks very rough. If I get through this one I will be very lucky." He was also highly critical of Browning, writing that he "... unquestionably lacks the standing, influence and judgment that comes from a proper troop experience... his staff was superficial... Why the British units fumble along... becomes more and more apparent. Their tops lack the know-how, never do they get down into the dirt and learn the hard way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200536-60">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garden">Garden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Garden">edit</a>]</div> Garden consisted primarily of XXX Corps and was initially spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Guards_Armoured_Division" title="Guards Armoured Division">Guards Armoured Division</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division" title="43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division">43rd Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th Northumbrian Infantry Divisions</a> in reserve. They were expected to arrive at the south end of the 101st Airborne Division's area on the first day, the 82nd's by the second day and the 1st's by the fourth day at the latest. The airborne divisions would then join XXX Corps in the breakout from the Arnhem bridgehead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200829-46">[39]</a> Four days was a long time for an airborne force to fight unsupported. Even so, before Operation Market Garden started it seemed to the Allied high command that the German resistance had broken. Most of the German Fifteenth Army in the area appeared to be fleeing from the Canadians and they were known to have no <a href="/wiki/Panzergruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzergruppen">Panzergruppen</a>. It was thought that XXX Corps would face limited resistance on their route up Highway 69 and little <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armour</a>. Meanwhile, the German defenders would be spread out over 100 kilometres (62 mi) trying to contain the pockets of airborne forces, from the Second Army in the south to Arnhem in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200356-61">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_preparation">German preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German preparation">edit</a>]</div> The rout of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> during July and August led the Allies to believe that the German army was a spent force unable to reconstitute its shattered units. During those two months the Wehrmacht had suffered a string of defeats with heavy losses. Between 6 June and 14 August it had suffered 23,019 killed in action, 198,616 missing or taken prisoner and 67,240 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200414-62">[53]</a> Many of the formations the Wehrmacht had at the beginning of the Normandy campaign had been annihilated or reduced to skeleton formations by the end of August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200414-62">[53]</a> As the German armies retreated towards the German frontier, they were often harried by air attacks and bombing raids by aircraft of the Allied air forces, inflicting casualties and destroying vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200415-63">[54]</a> Attempts to halt the Allied advance often seemed fruitless as hurried counter-attacks and blocking positions were brushed aside and at times there seemed to be too few German units to hold anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200419-64">[55]</a> By early September the situation was beginning to change. Some 65,000 troops of the German Fifteenth Army were extricated from the area with 225 guns and 750 trucks by a flotilla of commandeered freighters, barges and small boats. From there they moved to the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200843–44-65">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> began to take a personal interest in the apparent disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>, which comprised the German armies in northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. On 4 September he recalled <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, who had been in retirement since Hitler had dismissed him as Wehrmacht Commander-in-Chief West on 2 July, and reinstated him in his former command,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199936-66">[57]</a> replacing Generalfeldmarschall <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a>, who had taken command just 18 days previously and would henceforth command only Army Group B.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199943-67">[58]</a> Rundstedt immediately began to plan a defence against what Wehrmacht intelligence judged to be 60 Allied divisions at full strength, although Eisenhower possessed only 49 divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199958-68">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822,_Arnheim,_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822%2C_Arnheim%2C_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822%2C_Arnheim%2C_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822%2C_Arnheim%2C_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822%2C_Arnheim%2C_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822%2C_Arnheim%2C_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73822%2C_Arnheim%2C_Grenadiere_gehen_durch_Gr%C3%A4ben_vor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers at Arnhem</figcaption></figure> Model set out to stop the Allied advance. The German <a href="/wiki/719th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="719th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">719th Infantry Division</a>, part of LXXXVIII Corps, was dispatched south to the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Canal" title="Albert Canal">Albert Canal</a> and Model requested reinforcements from Germany, stating that he would require 25 infantry divisions and six armoured divisions to hold; he envisioned a line stretching from Antwerp via <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> to <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> and from there to follow the line of the Albert Canal to the Meuse and the Siegfried Line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005454-69">[60]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmjaeger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirmjaeger">Fallschirmjaeger</a>, the German airborne forces, received orders from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a>, Chief of the Operations Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a>, to immediately move from Berlin and proceed to the Netherlands, where he would collect all available units and build a front near the Albert Canal, which was to be held at all costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200421-70">[61]</a> This front was to be held by the new <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Army_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Parachute Army (Germany)">First Parachute Army</a>, a euphemistic name for a paper formation. Its units were scattered throughout Germany and the Netherlands and consisted either of units in the process of being formed or remnants cadred by survivors of previous units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200421-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199944-71">[62]</a> Though the situation seemed dire, the German front was starting to form into what Robert Kershaw terms "a crust". Leadership, initiative, and a good staff system were beginning to create an organised push-back out of the initial chaos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200422-72">[63]</a> On 4 September, the 719th infantry division began to dig in along the Albert Canal and was soon joined by forces under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Chill" title="Kurt Chill">Kurt Chill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005456-73">[64]</a> Although Chill only officially commanded the 85th Infantry Division, which had suffered heavy casualties during the retreat from Normandy, he had assumed command of the remnants of the 84th and 89th Infantry Divisions en route. Initially ordered to take his command to the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> for rest and reinforcements, Chill disregarded the order and moved his forces to the Albert Canal, linking up with the 719th; he also had "reception centres" set up at the bridges crossing the Albert Canal, where small groups of retreating troops were picked up and turned into ad hoc units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200422-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005456-73">[64]</a> By 7 September the <a href="/wiki/176th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="176th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">176th Infantry Division</a>, a Kranken division composed of elderly men and men with various medical complaints, had arrived from the Siegfried Line and elements of the First Parachute Army began to appear. At this stage the Army consisted of approximately seven Fallschirmjaeger regiments composed of some 20,000 airborne troops along with a collection of anti-aircraft batteries and a mix of 25 <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">self-propelled guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200423-74">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> and SS units were also allocated to Student's command, and Hitler had promised Model that 200 <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tanks</a> would be sent straight from the production lines; he also ordered all <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanther" title="Jagdpanther">Jagdpanther</a> self-propelled guns, and <a href="/wiki/88_mm_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="88 mm gun">88 mm guns</a> that were available in Germany to be transferred to the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005455-75">[66]</a> On 5 September, Model's forces were bolstered by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">II SS Panzer Corps</a>, which consisted of the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bittrich" title="Wilhelm Bittrich">Wilhelm Bittrich</a>. The Corps had been reduced to approximately 6,000–7,000 men, 20–30% of its original strength in the course of continuous action since late June including in the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a>; losses in officers and NCOs had been especially high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200439-76">[67]</a> Model ordered the two divisions to rest and refit in "safe" areas behind the new German line; these areas coincidentally were to be Eindhoven and Arnhem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005455–456-77">[68]</a> The 10th SS Panzer Division was to be restored to full strength in order to provide an armoured reserve and thus the 9th SS Panzer Division was ordered to transfer all of its heavy equipment to its sister division; it was intended that the 9th would then be transported to Germany for replenishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200439-76">[67]</a> At the time of Operation Market Garden, the 10th SS Panzer Division had an approximate strength of 3,000 men; an armoured infantry regiment, divisional reconnaissance battalion, two artillery battalions, and an engineer battalion, all partially motorised.<a href="#cite_note-79">[j]</a> However, Bittrich said after the war that he only had five tanks at Arnhem.<a href="#cite_note-tank_myth-80">[70]</a> Other formations were appearing to strengthen the German defences. Between 16 and 17 September, two infantry divisions from Fifteenth Army assembled in Brabant, under strength but well-equipped and able to act as a reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200424-81">[71]</a> Near Eindhoven and Arnhem a number of scratch formations were being assembled. Several SS units, including an NCO training battalion and a panzergrenadier reserve battalion, were being prepared to enter combat and Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine personnel were being grouped into Fliegerhorst and Schiffstammabteilung formations. There were also a number of training battalions that were being equipped, several depot battalions from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring">Panzer Division Hermann Göring</a> and various artillery, anti-aircraft, and field police units scattered throughout the north of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200436–37-82">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Intelligence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> Rundstedt and Model suspected that a large Allied offensive was imminent, having received many intelligence reports that described a 'constant stream' of reinforcements to the right wing of the British Second Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200430-83">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a> is accused of passing information from MI5.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> The senior intelligence officer of Army Group B believed the Second Army would launch an offensive in the direction of Nijmegen, Arnhem and Wesel with a primary objective of reaching the industrial area along the Ruhr river. He was convinced that airborne troops would be used in this offensive but was unsure where they would be deployed, suspecting areas along the Siegfried Line north of Aachen or possibly even near the Saar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200431-85">[75]</a> Second Army would assemble its units at the Maas-Scheldt and Albert Canals. The right wing of the Army would be the assault force, composed primarily of armoured units, which would force a crossing of the Maas and attempt to break through to the Ruhr industrial area near Roermond. The left wing would cover the Army's northern flank by moving up to the Waal near Nijmegen and isolating the German 15th Army situated on the Dutch coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200431-85">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005458-86">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied">Allied</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Allied">edit</a>]</div> A number of reports about German troop movements reached Allied high command, including details of the identity and location of German armoured formations. The UK <a href="/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Code and Cypher School">Government Code and Cypher School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> which monitored and decrypted German radio traffic produced intelligence reports codenamed <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>. These were sent to senior Allied commanders, but they only reached army headquarters level and were not passed down any lower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005459-78">[69]</a> Ultra reports revealed the movement of the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions to Nijmegen and Arnhem, creating enough concern for Eisenhower to send his chief of staff, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>, to raise the issue with Montgomery on 10 September. However, Montgomery dismissed Smith's concerns and refused to alter the plans for the landing of 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005460-87">[77]</a> Aerial photographs of Arnhem taken by a photo-reconnaissance <a href="/wiki/Spitfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitfire">Spitfire</a> XI from RAF's <a href="/wiki/No._16_Squadron_RAF#World_War_2" title="No. 16 Squadron RAF">No. 16 Squadron</a> showed tanks in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDibbsHolmes2000119-88">[78]</a> However, most of the original photos have disappeared and this cannot be verified. The only tanks partly visible in the remaining images are probably a <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a>, both of which were unlikely to be from the 9th and 10th SS, who had Tiger I and Panther tanks.<a href="#cite_note-battledetective.com-89">[79]</a> There was also information from members of the Dutch resistance that the SS Divisions were in the area, although they didn't specify if there were tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook199564–65-90">[80]</a> <a href="#cite_note-battledetective.com-89">[79]</a> Fearing that 1st Airborne Division might be in grave danger if it landed at Arnhem the chief intelligence officer of the division, Major <a href="/wiki/Brian_Urquhart" title="Brian Urquhart">Brian Urquhart</a>, arranged a meeting with Browning and informed him of the armour present at Arnhem. Browning dismissed his claims and ordered the division's senior medical officer to send Urquhart on sick leave on account of "nervous strain and exhaustion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook199566-91">[81]</a> The 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions actually had very few tanks with them. Bittrich, commander of the two divisions, later said that he had almost no tanks left during the Battle of Arnhem as they had mostly been destroyed during the battle at Falaise. In fact, no German tanks were involved in the battle on the first day, and the two which engaged the British on 18 September were destroyed. Field Marshal Walter Model was, coincidently, in Oosterbeek and it was he who ordered all available armoured vehicles to the area. It was this rapid reaction by a high-ranking officer that resulted in large numbers of Axis armour at Arnhem, rather than the presence of the SS Divisions.<a href="#cite_note-tank_myth-80">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_1:_Sunday,_17_September_1944">Day 1: Sunday, 17 September 1944</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Day 1: Sunday, 17 September 1944">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_successes">Early successes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early successes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png/260px-Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png/390px-Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png/520px-Market-Garden_-_Karte_Nimwegen.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Allied landings near Nijmegen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:82nd_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/82nd_Grave.jpg/220px-82nd_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/82nd_Grave.jpg/330px-82nd_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/82nd_Grave.jpg/440px-82nd_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>The 82nd Airborne Division drops near Grave (National Archives)</figcaption></figure> Operation Market Garden opened with Allied success all round. In the first landing, almost all troops arrived on top of their drop zones without incident. In the 82nd Airborne Division, 89% of troops landed on or within 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) of their drop zones and 84% of gliders landed on or within 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) of their landing zones. This contrasted with previous operations where night drops had resulted in units being scattered by up to 19 kilometres (12 mi). Losses to enemy aircraft and flak were light; German flak was described in reports as "heavy but inaccurate".<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> By the end of the first day all water crossings were 100 percent in allied hands, or German troops prevented from using the crossings, except for the large Nijmegen bridge. In the south, the 101st met little resistance and captured four of five bridges assigned to them. After a brief delay caused by four 88 mm guns and a machine gun post, the bridge at Son was blown up by the Germans on approach. Later that day several small attacks by the German 59th Infantry Division were beaten off. Small units of the 101st moved south of Son, towards Eindhoven. Later that day they made contact with German forces. Elements of the <a href="/wiki/44th_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="44th Royal Tank Regiment">44th Royal Tank Regiment</a> who were advancing in the VIII Corps sector assisted the 101st.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> To their north, the 82nd arrived with a small group dropped near Grave securing the bridge. They also succeeded in capturing one of the vitally important bridges over the Maas-Waal canal, the lock-bridge at Heumen. The 82nd concentrated their efforts to seize the Groesbeek Heights instead of capturing their prime objective, the Nijmegen bridge. The capture of the Groesbeek Heights was to set up a blocking position on the high ground to prevent a German attack out of the nearby Klever Reichswald and to deny the heights to German artillery observers. Browning, the commander of the 1st Airborne Army agreed with the assertions of Gavin, the commander of the 82nd, that Groesbeek Heights were the priority. Gavin wanted to occupy the Grave and the Maas (Meuse)-Waal canal bridges before Nijmegen bridge. He would attempt to seize the Nijmegen bridge only when these were secure, thus releasing troops for Nijmegen. Before the operation on 15 September Gavin verbally ordered Lt-Col Linquist of the <a href="/wiki/508th_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="508th Parachute Infantry Regiment">508th Parachute Infantry Regiment</a> to send a battalion to the Nijmegen bridge after landing. He had decided that there were enough troops for the other objectives. Linquist later said he understood he should send a battalion after his regiment had completed their earlier assigned targets. Linquist's battalion approached the bridge that evening delaying the seizure of the bridge. The battalion was stopped by a SS unit that had driven south from Arnhem. A part of the SS unit returned to Arnhem but found the northern end of the Arnhem bridge occupied by the British 1st Airborne. In an attempt to cross the bridge most of the SS unit was killed, including the commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b488-94">[84]</a> The 508th was tasked with taking the 600-metre (2,000 ft) long Nijmegen highway bridge if possible but because of miscommunication they did not start until late in the day. General Gavin's orders to Colonel Lindquist of the 508th were to "move without delay" onto the Nijmegen road bridge. Lindquist's 508th started jumping at 13:28 with 1,922 men. The jump was perfect with the regiment 90% assembled by 15:00. The commander of 3rd Battalion wrote later that..."we could not have landed better under any circumstances". The 508th was still sitting around when Gavin asked them at 18:00 if they had got to the bridge yet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002a161−164-95">[85]</a> They faced the same disadvantage as the British at Arnhem in dropping many miles from their objective. If they had attacked earlier they would have faced only a dozen German bridge guards. By the time the 508th attacked, troops of the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion were arriving. The attack failed, leaving the Nijmegen bridge in German hands. Capturing this bridge was vital. Unlike some of the bridges to the south which were over smaller rivers and canals that could be bridged by <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">engineering</a> units, the Nijmegen and Arnhem bridges crossed two arms of the Rhine that could not be bridged easily. If either of the Nijmegen or Arnhem bridges were not captured and held, the advance of XXX Corps would be blocked and Operation Market Garden would fail. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_landings">British landings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: British landings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850,_Arnheim,_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850%2C_Arnheim%2C_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850%2C_Arnheim%2C_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850%2C_Arnheim%2C_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850%2C_Arnheim%2C_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850%2C_Arnheim%2C_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27850%2C_Arnheim%2C_brennende_britische_Lastensegler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Burning British <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa" title="Airspeed Horsa">Horsa</a> glider</figcaption></figure> The 1st Airborne Division landed at 13:30 without serious incident but problems associated with the poor plan began soon after. Only half of the division arrived with the first <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">lift</a> and only half of these (1st Parachute Brigade) could advance on the bridge. The remaining troops had to defend the drop zones overnight for the arrival of the second lift on the following day. Thus the division's primary objective had to be tackled by less than half a brigade. While the paratroopers marched eastwards to Arnhem, the Reconnaissance Squadron was to race to the bridge in their jeeps and hold it until the rest of the brigade arrived. The unit set off to the bridge late and having traveled only a short distance the vanguard was halted by a strong German defensive position; the squadron could make no further progress. This had grave consequences. Five hours after the initial landing, feeling that the British were tied down in Arnhem, the Reconnaissance Battalion of the 9th SS Panzer Division was able to cross the Arnhem bridge and drive to Nijmegen and the bridge over the Waal branch of the Rhine. No British airborne unit was at the bridge. Arnhem veteran Tom Hicks of 1st Parachute Squadron of the Royal Engineers described the problems the paratroops faced: "They (the Germans) had guns that out-ranged ours. We had no artillery with us so they could just lay off and pick you off kind of thing. If we wanted to get a gun out of action we had to send a patrol out, do it man to man kind of thing."<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> Two of the three <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of the 1st Parachute Brigade were slowed down by small German units of a training battalion which had quickly established a thin blocking line covering the obvious routes into Arnhem. Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Frost (British Army officer)">John Frost</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Battalion_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)">2nd Parachute Battalion</a>, advancing eastwards along the southernmost road into Arnhem near the Rhine, found its route largely undefended. They arrived at the bridge in the evening and set up defensive positions at the north end. They were joined by Brigade HQ, led by Major <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hibbert_(British_Army_officer)" title="Tony Hibbert (British Army officer)">Tony Hibbert</a>, which was the brigade's only other unit to reach the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-ParaData-97">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-PegasusArchive-98">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArnhemAccount-99">[89]</a> Two attempts to capture the arched steel bridge and its southern approach failed. Of the other battalions, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Battalion_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)">3rd Parachute Battalion</a> had covered only half the distance to the bridge when they halted for the night, the rear of their column being under attack and needing time to catch up. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Battalion_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)">1st Parachute Battalion</a> was similarly fragmented, yet pushed on around the flank of the German line throughout the night. Frequent skirmishes resulted in their making little more progress. The 3rd Battalion under Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cleminson" title="James Cleminson">James Cleminson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">KBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a>, ambushed a German staff car and killed the commander of Arnhem's garrison, Major-General Friedrich Kussin, as well as his aide and his driver. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication_breakdown">Communication breakdown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communication breakdown">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Frost.jpg/170px-John_Frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Frost.jpg/255px-John_Frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Frost.jpg/340px-John_Frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Frost (British Army officer)">John Frost</a>, leading officer of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneval_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneval Raid">Bruneval Raid</a> (Operation Biting), on 27 February 1942. Photographed after receiving the Military Cross for his part in the Bruneval Raid, 1942. At this time the Parachute Regiment did not have its own insignia or uniform; Frost wore his Cameronians uniform.</figcaption></figure> Some loss of communication between the bridge and divisional headquarters in one of the drop zones was expected, because 13 km (8.1 mi) separated them and the main radio was the Type 22 set, with an effective range of 5 km (3.1 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200399–100-100">[90]</a> The British radios did not function at any range; some had difficulty receiving signals from just a few hundred metres and others received nothing at all. It was found after landing that the radios had been set to different frequencies, two of which coincided with German and British public broadcasting stations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200399–100-100">[90]</a> Other theories have been advanced to explain the greatly reduced range of the 1st Airborne Division radio sets. Thus communication between 1st Airborne units was poor while German defences were being coordinated and reinforced. John Greenacre's study points out that radio communications failures were experienced by the division before, were warned about prior to the operation and provided for by bringing extra field telephone wire. The more powerful WS19HP set was used by the 1st Brigade on D+1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenacre2004283–308-101">[91]</a> The only means of calling for air support was through two special American units dropped with the 1st Airborne Division. These units were equipped with "Veeps": jeeps having <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">Very High Frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/SCR-193" title="SCR-193">SCR-193</a> crystal sets. It was found impossible to communicate with aircraft on the higher of two frequencies for this and the sets could not be tuned to the lower frequency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert2003100-102">[92]</a> Despite efforts to re-tune them, one set was soon destroyed by mortar fire and the other abandoned the next day, cutting the only possible link with RAF fighter-bombers. The pilots were under orders not to attack on their own initiative, since from the air there was no easy way to distinguish friend from foe; together with poor weather, this led to a lack of air support. After the war it was found that the Royal Corps of Signals was either unaware or failed to tell divisional signals of the communication problems identified in November 1943 due to <a href="/wiki/Sun_spots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun spots">sun spots</a> by the Scientific Advisor's Office to the 21st Army Group. Urquhart ordered the 4-metre (13 ft) aerials to be used, which were useless due to the physics of <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a>. The wrong frequencies were part of the same problem due to signals personnel not knowing the science of radio communications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin2001291–294-103">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="XXX_Corps_advance">XXX Corps advance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: XXX Corps advance">edit</a>]</div> On the morning of 17 September Horrocks was given confirmation that the operation was to take place that day.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a> At 12:30 hours Horrocks received a signal that the first wave of the airborne forces had left their bases within the United Kingdom and set the time for the ground attack to start at 14:35 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a> At 14:15 hours<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999182-105">[95]</a> 300 guns of the Corps artillery opened fire, firing a <a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)#Moving_barrage" title="Barrage (artillery)">rolling barrage</a> in front of XXX Corps start line<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670-106">[96]</a> that was 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 5 miles (8.0 km) in depth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999183-107">[97]</a> The barrage was supported by seven squadrons of RAF <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoons</a> firing rockets at all known German positions along the road to <a href="/wiki/Valkenswaard" title="Valkenswaard">Valkenswaard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670-106">[96]</a> The advance was led by tanks and infantry of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a><a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a> and started on time when Lieutenant Keith Heathcote, commanding the lead tank, ordered his driver to advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999183-107">[97]</a> The lead units of the Irish Guards Group had broken out of XXX Corps bridgehead on the Maas-Schelde canal and crossed into the Netherlands by 15:00 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999183-107">[97]</a> After crossing the border the Irish Guards were ambushed by infantry and anti-tank guns dug in on both sides of the main road.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999183-107">[97]</a> Portions of the artillery barrage were refined and fresh waves of Hawker Typhoons were called in.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guardsman" title="Guardsman">Guardsmen</a> moved forward to clear the German positions, manned by elements from two German parachute battalions and two battalions of the 9th SS Panzer Division,<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a> and soon routed the German forces flanking the road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999185–186-108">[98]</a> Interrogation of captured German soldiers led to some of them willingly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670-106">[96]</a> others after being threatened, pointing out the remaining German positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670-106">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999185–186-108">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999186-109">[99]</a> The fighting soon died down and the advance resumed. By last light the town of Valkenswaard had been reached and occupied by the Irish Guards Group.<a href="#cite_note-Randel32-104">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671-110">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999187-111">[101]</a> Horrocks had expected that the Irish Guards would have been able to advance the 13 miles (21 km) to Eindhoven within two-three hours; however, they had only covered 7 miles (11 km). The operation was already starting to fall behind schedule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999187-111">[101]</a> In Valkenswaard engineers were moved up to construct a 190 foot (58 m) Class 40 Bailey bridge over a stream, which was completed within 12 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671-110">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_reactions">German reactions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: German reactions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823,_Arnheim,_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823%2C_Arnheim%2C_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823%2C_Arnheim%2C_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823%2C_Arnheim%2C_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823%2C_Arnheim%2C_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823%2C_Arnheim%2C_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73823%2C_Arnheim%2C_Radfahrschwadron_im_Anmarsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>SS troops advancing on bicycles</figcaption></figure> On the German side, it was soon clear what was happening. Model was staying at the Tafelberg Hotel in Oosterbeek, a village to the west of Arnhem, when the British began to land in the countryside to the west of Oosterbeek. He rapidly deduced the likely focus of the attack and after evacuating his headquarters, organised a defense. Bittrich sent a reconnaissance company of the 9th SS Panzer Division to Nijmegen to reinforce the bridge defenses. By midnight, Model had gained a clear picture of the situation and had organised the defense of Arnhem. The confusion usually caused by airborne operations was absent at Arnhem and the advantage of surprise was lost. During the operation, the Germans allegedly recovered a copy of the Market Garden plan from the body of an American officer, who should not have carried it into combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2002616-112">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_2:_Monday_18_September">Day 2: Monday 18 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Day 2: Monday 18 September">edit</a>]</div> Allied weather forecasters correctly predicted that England would be covered in fog on the morning of 18 September. The Second Lift was postponed for three hours and thick low clouds began to develop over the southern part of the battle zone, spreading during the day over the area, hampering supply and air support (Seven of the next eight days had poor weather and all air operations were cancelled on 22 and 24 September). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1st_Airborne_zone">1st Airborne zone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1st Airborne zone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnhem_Map_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Arnhem_Map_1.jpg/220px-Arnhem_Map_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Arnhem_Map_1.jpg/330px-Arnhem_Map_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Arnhem_Map_1.jpg/440px-Arnhem_Map_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>British landings in Arnhem</figcaption></figure> The 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions pushed towards the Arnhem bridge during the early hours and had made good progress but they were frequently halted in skirmishes as soon as it became light. With their long and unwieldy columns having to halt to beat off attacks whilst the troops in front carried on unaware, the Germans delayed segments of the two battalions, fragmented them and mopped up the remnants. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg/220px-Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg/330px-Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg/440px-Waffen_SS_POWS_Netherlands_Sep_1944_IWM_BU_1159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Four Waffen SS troopers taken prisoner, 18 September 1944.</figcaption></figure> Early in the day the 9th SS Reconnaissance Battalion (sent south the day before) concluded it was not needed in Nijmegen and returned to Arnhem. Though aware of the British troops at the bridge, it attempted to cross by force and was beaten back with heavy losses, including its commanding officer, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Eberhard_Gr%C3%A4bner" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Eberhard Gräbner">SS-Hauptsturmführer Viktor Gräbner</a>. By the end of the day the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions had entered Arnhem and were within 2 km (1.2 mi) of the bridge with approximately 200 men, one-sixth their original strength. Most of the officers and non-commissioned officers had been killed, wounded or captured. The Second Lift was delayed by fog and jumped onto a landing zone under heavy attack but landed at full strength (the 4th Parachute Brigade consisting of the 10th, 11th and 156th Battalions of the Parachute Regiment, commanded by Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_Hackett_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="John Winthrop Hackett Junior">John Winthrop Hackett</a>) and C and D Companies of the 2nd <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Regiment" title="South Staffordshire Regiment">South Staffordshire Regiment</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="82nd_Airborne_zone">82nd Airborne zone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 82nd Airborne zone">edit</a>]</div> Grave proved to be well defended and German forces continued to press on the 82nd deployed on the Groesbeek heights to the east of Nijmegen. The 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment defended against German attacks in Horst, Grafwegen and Riethorst. Early in the day, German counterattacks seized one of the Allied landing zones where the Second Lift was scheduled to arrive at 13:00. The 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment attacked at 13:10 and cleared the landing zone by 14:00, capturing 16 German Flak pieces and 149 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201451-113">[103]</a> Delayed by weather in Britain, the Second Lift did not arrive until 15:30. This lift brought in elements of the 319th and 320th Glider Field Artillery battalions, the 456th Parachute Field Artillery battalion and medical support elements. Twenty minutes later, 135 B-24 bombers dropped supplies from low level. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="101st_Airborne_zone">101st Airborne zone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 101st Airborne zone">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png/220px-Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png/330px-Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png/440px-Market-Garden_-_Karte_Eindhoven.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>U.S. landings near Eindhoven</figcaption></figure> Faced with the loss of the bridge at Son, the 101st unsuccessfully attempted to capture a similar bridge a few kilometres away at <a href="/wiki/Best,_Netherlands" title="Best, Netherlands">Best</a> but found the approach blocked. Other units continued moving to the south and eventually reached the northern end of Eindhoven. At 06:00 hours the Irish Guards Group resumed the advance while facing determined resistance from German infantry and tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671-110">[100]</a> Around noon the 101st Airborne were met by the lead reconnaissance units from XXX Corps. At 16:00 radio contact alerted the main force that the Son bridge had been destroyed and requested that a Bailey bridge be brought forward. By nightfall, the Guards Armored Division had established itself in the Eindhoven area. However, transport columns were jammed in the packed streets of the town, and they were subjected to German aerial bombardment during the night. XXX Corps engineers, supported by German prisoners of war, constructed a class 40 Bailey bridge within 10 hours across the Wilhelmina Canal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel194533-114">[104]</a> During the day the British VIII and XII Corps, supporting the main attack, had forged bridgeheads across Meuse-Escaut Canal while facing stiff German resistance; the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division was transferred from XXX Corps to VIII Corps so to relieve XXX Corps from having to secure the ground gained thus far. Throughout the day German attacks were launched against XXX Corps and against the newly gained bridgeheads over the Meuse–Escaut Canal, all without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200672-115">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_3:_Tuesday_19_September">Day 3: Tuesday 19 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Day 3: Tuesday 19 September">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arnhem">Arnhem</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arnhem">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> At 03:00 the commanders of the 2nd Battalion and the 1st and 11th Parachute Battalions met to plan their attack. At 04:30, before dawn,<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> the 1st Parachute Brigade began its attack towards Arnhem Bridge, with the 1st Battalion leading supported by remnants of the 3rd Battalion, with the 2nd South Staffordshires on the 1st Battalion's left flank and the 11th Battalion following. As soon as it became light the 1st Battalion was spotted and halted by fire from the main German defensive line. Trapped in open ground and under heavy fire from three sides, the 1st Battalion disintegrated and what remained of the 3rd Battalion fell back. The 2nd South Staffordshires were similarly cut off and, save for about 150 men, overcome by midday.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> The 11th Battalion, (which had stayed out of much of the fighting) was then overwhelmed in exposed positions while attempting to capture high ground to the north. With no hope of breaking through, the 500 remaining men of these four battalions withdrew westwards in the direction of the main force, 5 km (3.1 mi) away in Oosterbeek.<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> The 2nd Battalion and attached units (approximately 600 men) were still in control of the northern approach ramp to the Arnhem bridge. They had been ceaselessly bombarded by enemy tanks and artillery from two battle groups led by SS-Sturmbannführer Brinkmann and one commanded by Major Hans-Peter Knaust. The Germans recognised that they would not be moved by infantry attacks such as those that had been bloodily repulsed on the previous day so instead they heavily shelled the short British perimeter with mortars, artillery and tanks; systematically demolishing each house to enable their infantry to exploit gaps and dislodge the defenders. Although in battle against enormous odds, the British clung to their positions and much of the perimeter was held.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oosterbeek">Oosterbeek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Oosterbeek">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg/220px-British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg/330px-British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg/440px-British_paratroopers_in_Oosterbeek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>British paratroopers in <a href="/wiki/Oosterbeek" title="Oosterbeek">Oosterbeek</a></figcaption></figure> To the north of Oosterbeek, the 4th Parachute Brigade led an attempt by the 1st Airborne Division to break through the German lines, but communication difficulties between British paratroopers and General Frederick Browning and the Americans, and enemy resistance, caused the attack to fail with heavy losses. The 1st Airborne Division, scattered far and wide and hard pressed by the enemy on all sides, had lost its offensive capability.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> Unable to help Lt.-Col. Frost, who commanded the only battalion that had made it to the Arnhem bridge, the remaining soldiers attempted to withdraw into a defensive pocket at Oosterbeek and hold a bridgehead on the north bank of the Rhine after overwhelming German resistance.<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> At 16:00 hours the British 4th Parachute Brigade's withdrawal was supported by the arrival of 35 gliders containing a portion of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Polish_Independent_Parachute_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade">1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade</a> and its anti-tank battery, who were deployed in a Landing Zone still controlled by the enemy, which killed all but a small contingent of the reinforcements. While the drop of the remainder of the Polish paratroopers was postponed due to dense fog, its commander General <a href="/wiki/Sosabowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosabowski">Sosabowski</a> was parachuted into Driel.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nijmegen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a></div> At 08:20, the <a href="/wiki/504th_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="504th Parachute Infantry Regiment">504th Parachute Infantry Regiment</a> made contact with the Grenadier Guards of XXX Corps advancing north at Grave. This enabled the regiment to move on to other missions and place the 3rd Battalion in division reserve. XXX Corps were eight miles (13 km) from Arnhem with six hours in hand, "The earlier delays had been made up"<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> Control of all troops now fell to XXX Corps whose prime objective was to seize the Nijmegen bridge having two companies from the <a href="/wiki/British_Guards_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British Guards Armoured Division">Guards Armoured Division</a> assisted by the US 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The attack got within 400 metres (440 yards) of the bridge before being halted; skirmishing continued throughout the night. A plan was made to attack the south end of the bridge again with support from the 3rd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, who would cross the River Waal in boats 2 km (1.2 mi) downstream of the bridge and then attack the north end. The boats were requested for late afternoon, however they did not arrive as requested. The 1st and 5th Battalions, <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>, were attached to the division. A supply attempt by 35 C-47s (out of 60 sent) was unsuccessful; the supplies were dropped from a high altitude and could not be recovered. Bad weather over English bases prevented the scheduled big glider mission carrying the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment from taking off, ending any hope for the scheduled reinforcements for the 82nd Airborne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wijchen">Wijchen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wijchen">edit</a>]</div> At 09:50 the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment was going forward to <a href="/wiki/Wijchen" title="Wijchen">Wijchen</a>, to attack the Edithbridge from its south end. The bridge was secured. After this fierce engagement they pushed on to the traffic bridge south of Wijchen. Another fierce engagement followed and this bridge was secured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eindhoven–Veghel">Eindhoven–Veghel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eindhoven–Veghel">edit</a>]</div> To their south, units of the 101st sent to take Best the day before, were forced to yield to German <a href="/wiki/Counter-attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-attacks">counter-attacks</a> during the morning. British tanks arriving during the day helped push back the Germans by late afternoon. Later a small force of Panther tanks arrived at Son and started firing on the Bailey bridge. These too were beaten back by anti-tank guns that had recently landed and the bridge was secured. On the night of 19–20 September, 78 German <a href="/wiki/Bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombers">bombers</a> took off to attack Eindhoven. The Allies had no anti-aircraft guns in the city, allowing the Germans to drop "a clear golden cluster of parachute flares" and bomb Eindhoven without loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013130,_278-126">[116]</a> The city centre was shattered and the water pressure failed; over 200 houses were "gutted" and 9,000 buildings were damaged, with over 1,000 civilian casualties, including 227 dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013278-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose2001130-128">[118]</a> An ammunition convoy and trucks carrying <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> were also hit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalke1990?-129">[119]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a>, in Eindhoven during the attack, wrote: "Great fires were burning everywhere, ammo trucks were exploding, gasoline trucks were on fire, and debris from wrecked houses clogged the streets."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013278-127">[117]</a> Elements of the 101st, based in and around the city, witnessed the attack and escaped loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose2001130-128">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/506th_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="506th Parachute Infantry Regiment">506th Parachute Infantry Regiment</a> rushed into the burning city and rescued civilians during the night. According to <a href="/wiki/Rick_Atkinson" title="Rick Atkinson">Rick Atkinson</a>, this was "the only large, long-range <a href="/wiki/Air_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strike">air strike</a> by German bombers during the fall of 1944".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013277–278-130">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_4:_Wednesday_20_September">Day 4: Wednesday 20 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Day 4: Wednesday 20 September">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arnhem_bridge">Arnhem bridge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Arnhem bridge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820,_Arnheim,_britische_Gefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820%2C_Arnheim%2C_britische_Gefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820%2C_Arnheim%2C_britische_Gefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820%2C_Arnheim%2C_britische_Gefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820%2C_Arnheim%2C_britische_Gefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820%2C_Arnheim%2C_britische_Gefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S73820%2C_Arnheim%2C_britische_Gefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> at Arnhem</figcaption></figure> Frost's force at the bridge continued to hold and established communication via the public telephone system with 1st Division around noon learning that the division had no hope of relieving them and that XXX Corps was stopped to the south in front of Nijmegen bridge. By the afternoon the British positions around the north end of Arnhem bridge had weakened considerably. Casualties, mostly wounded, were high from constant shelling. An acute lack of ammunition, especially anti-tank munitions, enabled enemy armor to demolish British positions from point-blank range. Food, water and medical supplies were scarce, and so many buildings were on fire and in such serious danger of collapse that a two-hour truce was arranged to evacuate the wounded (including Lieutenant-Colonel Frost) into German captivity. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gough_(MP_for_Horsham)" title="Frederick Gough (MP for Horsham)">Frederick Gough</a> took over as commander when Frost left. While leading a remnant group in withdrawal from the bridge, toward Oosterbeek, for a joining with the rest of the 1st Division, Major Hibbert was captured.<a href="#cite_note-ParaData-97">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-PegasusArchive-98">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArnhemAccount-99">[89]</a> The Germans overcame <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">pockets of resistance</a> throughout the day, gaining control of the northern bridge approaches and permitting reinforcements to cross the span and reinforce units further south near Nijmegen. The remaining British troops continued to fight on, some with just <a href="/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife" title="Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife">fighting knives</a>, but by early Thursday morning almost all had been taken prisoner. The last radio message broadcast from the bridge – "Out of ammo, God save the King" – was heard only by German radio intercept operators. While it was estimated that the 1st Airborne Division, 10,000 strong, would only need to hold the Arnhem bridge for two days, 740 had held it for twice as long against far heavier opposition than anticipated. While 81 British soldiers died defending Arnhem bridge, German losses cannot be stated with any accuracy, though they were high; 11 units known to have participated in the fighting reported 50% casualties after the battle. In memory of the fighting there, the bridge has been renamed the "John Frost Bridge". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oosterbeek_2">Oosterbeek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Oosterbeek">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03,_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek,_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03%2C_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03%2C_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03%2C_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03%2C_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03%2C_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-590-2333-03%2C_Arnheim_-_Osterbeek%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The Germans advance on Oosterbeek</figcaption></figure> Further west, the remnants of the 1st Airborne Division were gathering at Oosterbeek for their last stand; those already there were not seriously challenged by the enemy that day. To the east of the village, the 1st, 3rd and 11th Parachute Battalions and the 2nd South Staffordshires were organised into a defensive position. In desperate fighting later in the day, they repulsed an enemy attack which threatened to cut the division off from the Rhine and seal the fate of the bridgehead. In the woods to the west of Oosterbeek the 4th Parachute Brigade fought its way towards the divisional perimeter but was attacked by German troops supported by artillery, mortars and tanks, (some mounting flame-throwers). The brigade had many casualties and the 10th Battalion reached Oosterbeek in the early afternoon with only 60 men. In the rear, the 156th Parachute Battalion fought off numerous enemy attacks before counter-attacking; the Germans did not know they were fighting men who were in full retreat. The battalion, down to 150 men, mounted a bayonet charge to capture a hollow in the ground in the woods where they were pinned down by enemy attacks for the next eight hours. Towards the end of the day, 75 men fixed bayonets, broke through the German lines and retreated to the Allied pocket at Oosterbeek. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nijmegen_2">Nijmegen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nijmegen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg/220px-British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg/330px-British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg/440px-British_XXX_Corps_cross_the_road_bridge_at_Nijmegen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">tanks</a> of <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a> cross the road bridge at <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg/220px-Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg/330px-Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg/440px-Goatley_collapsible_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Canvas <a href="/wiki/Goatley_boat" title="Goatley boat">Goatley boat</a> bridge engineers used as an <a href="/wiki/Assault_boat" title="Assault boat">assault boat</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 82nd did not drop on both sides of the Nijmegen bridge: all troops were dropped on the south side of the Waal river. Hence the Americans had no means to seize the bridge, other than by a frontal river crossing from the south. The only boats available were canvas <a href="/wiki/Folding_boat" title="Folding boat">folding boats</a> (normally used only by engineers) from the British XXX Corps stores. These boats, described at the time as "Bailey boats", did not arrive until the afternoon, and with time running short, a daylight assault crossing was ordered. At about 15:00 (D+4), the 504th PIR began the river assault, when members of its 3rd Battalion – commanded by Major <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cook" title="Julian Cook">Julian Cook</a> – were rowed across the Waal, by members of Company "C", 307th Engineer Battalion (C/307th) in 26 boats.<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A shortage of <a href="/wiki/Paddles" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddles">paddles</a> required some troopers to paddle the craft with their rifle butts. Despite heavy fire from the German side, about half the boats survived the first crossing and 11 survived the first two crossings. Before the day was over, some boat "crews" from C/307th had crossed the Waal five times, while ferrying across two entire battalions from the 504th.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] (The costly attack was later nicknamed "Little Omaha" in reference to <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>. 200 paratroopers were killed, while German losses exceeded 267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013280–281-133">[123]</a>) The paratroopers then proceeded through the village of <a href="/wiki/Lent,_Gelderland" title="Lent, Gelderland">Lent</a>, toward the north end of the bridge. As German forces withdrew from the north end, tanks of the Irish Guards began to cross the bridge from the south, supported by elements of 505th PIR, at 19:30 (D+4). The Irish Guards' tanks linked up with the 504th PIR 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the bridge, in Lent. A perception that subsequent advances by XXX Corps were unreasonably slow has remained controversial. Frost and Hibbert's forces controlled the Arnhem bridge, 7 miles (11 km) away for about another two-and-a-half hours (until about 22:00 that night) and some British resistance in that area continued until the early hours of the following morning. However, it was already dark when the Nijmegen bridge was captured,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b-134">[124]</a> the overall situation was chaotic, and the depth of German opposition to the north was unknown, to the Allies, and even to German officers on the ground. For instance, the 10th SS Panzer Division commander, Heinz Harmel, when interviewed several decades later by Robert Kershaw (a former British Army officer),<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> stated: "The four panzers (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a>'s Grenadier tank troop) who crossed the bridge made a mistake when they stayed in the village of Lent. If they had carried on their advance, it would have been all over for us."<a href="#cite_note-harmel-136">[126]</a> Harmel's artillery map, preserved from the time of the battle, suggested that German troops between Nijmegen and Arnhem were extremely thin: there were a handful of security pickets with rifles at the <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(region)" title="Batavia (region)">Betuwe</a> midpoint, in <a href="/wiki/Elst,_Gelderland" title="Elst, Gelderland">Elst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harmel-136">[126]</a> In fact, however, Harmel was evidently unaware that three Tiger tanks, one heavy gun and two companies of infantry had already been heading south from Arnhem towards Lent, when the Irish Guards' tanks crossed the Nijmegen bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001Chapter_Nine-137">[127]</a> Sgt Peter Robinson, Guards Armoured Division, whose tank led the advance over the Nijmegen road bridge, stated:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b-134">[124]</a><blockquote>We reached the far end of the bridge and immediately there was a [German] roadblock. So the troop sergeant covered me through and then I got to the other side and covered the rest of the troop through. We were still being engaged; there was a gun in front of the church three or four hundred yards in front of us. We knocked him out. We got down the road to the railway bridge; we cruised round there very steady. We were being engaged all the time.</blockquote> Initially, four tanks crossed the bridge with a high probability some of the German explosive charges for demolition would activate. British engineers had cut some charges on the south of the bridge. As the tanks moved over the bridge they were fired on by single-shot, disposable anti-tank <a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust" title="Panzerfaust">Panzerfausts</a>, and had grenades dropped on them by German troops in the bridge girders – 180 German bodies were recovered from the girders with some unaccounted falling into the river below. Once across the bridge only a few 82nd troops met the first tanks as they crossed the bridge. After crossing the bridge one tank was destroyed and another badly damaged, yet moving, and was driven to the village of Lent on the north side of the bridge by the only survivor of the attack – a Sgt Knight – who had survived by feigning to be dead. The rest of the crews were killed, injured, or taken prisoner. One tank destroyed a German <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz" title="Sturmgeschütz">Sturmgeschütz</a> assault gun lying in wait. The Guards tanks met the bulk of the 82nd troops north of the bridge in the village of Lent, 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the bridge and in darkness, after clearing out SS troops from the village and setting the church ablaze. It was dark by the time (19:30) the Irish Guards tanks linked up with the 504th PIR, north of the Nijmegen bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b-134">[124]</a> Moreover, on the road out of Lent, on the northern side of the railway bridge, the leading tank met two hidden German anti-tank guns in darkness. Even if the guns were located and destroyed, German troops with Panzerfausts were on the road and four available Guards tanks were low on ammunition. Only one of the four available tanks was a <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Firefly</a>, mounting a gun capable of destroying a Tiger tank from the front. Three Tiger tanks were heading south to Lent, unbeknownst to the Guards tank crews. Unable to locate the anti-tank guns, the tanks stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001Chapter_Nine-137">[127]</a> In addition, German forces were still threatening to retake the north end of the bridge. Many of the Guards tanks were still assisting the 82nd and XXX Corps infantry in Nijmegen. The Guards who were over the bridge could not leave the northern end of the bridge for fear of recapture. At Lent only five tanks were available, including the damaged tank, which now reportedly had a joint UK-US crew: it included members of the 82nd who had prior experience with Sherman tanks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Carrington's tank was stationary, alone, at the northern end of the bridge for 45 minutes, awaiting infantry who were fighting German snipers in the girders as they moved across the bridge. In the meantime, Carrington was attacked by Germans with a Panzerfaust. After clearing the bridge of snipers, the Irish Guards crossed the bridge and formed a defence line. The line was reinforced with 82nd troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b-134">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001-138">[128]</a> To the east, German attacks on the Groesbeek Heights made significant progress. A counterattack at <a href="/wiki/Mook_en_Middelaar" title="Mook en Middelaar">Mook</a> by elements of the 505th PIR and 1st Battalion, the Coldstream Guards of XXX Corps forced the Germans back to their line of departure by 20:00. The 508th PIR lost ground at Im Thal and Legewald, when attacked by German infantry and tanks. To the south, running battles between the 101st and various German units continued. Eventually several tanks and self-propelled guns managed to cut the roads but pulled back when low on ammunition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_5:_Thursday_21_September">Day 5: Thursday 21 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Day 5: Thursday 21 September">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oosterbeek_3">Oosterbeek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Oosterbeek">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg/220px-Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg/330px-Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg/440px-Dutch_school_being_searched_for_German_snipers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Dutch school damaged by <a href="/wiki/Mortar_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar fire">mortar fire</a>, being searched for German snipers by Sergeant J. Whawell and Sergeant J. Turrell of the <a href="/wiki/Glider_Pilot_Regiment" title="Glider Pilot Regiment">Glider Pilot Regiment</a>. An empty <a href="/wiki/CLE_Canister" title="CLE Canister">CLE Canister</a> lies open on the ground in the doorway of the school. 20 September 1944</figcaption></figure> Approximately 3,584 survivors of the 1st Airborne Division established themselves in the buildings and woods around Oosterbeek with the intention of holding a <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgehead</a> on the north side of the Rhine until XXX Corps could arrive. Throughout the day their position was heavily attacked on all sides. In the southeast, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lonsdale_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lonsdale Force (page does not exist)">Lonsdale Force</a> (the remnants of the 1st, 3rd, and 11th Parachute Battalions and 2nd South Staffordshires) repulsed a big attack aided by the fire of the divisional light <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. In the north the 7th <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Scottish_Borderers" title="King's Own Scottish Borderers">King's Own Scottish Borderers</a> were almost overrun during the afternoon but a counterattack with <a href="/wiki/Bayonets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonets">bayonets</a> restored the situation and the heavily depleted battalion moved further south to occupy a narrower front. The most serious attack of the day was made at dawn against "B" Company, 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Border_Regiment" title="Border Regiment">Border Regiment</a> which controlled a vital area of high ground in the southwestern tip of the perimeter overlooking the Heveadorp ferry crossing at Driel, which was the division's only straightforward means of receiving reinforcements from the south. The company was attacked by enemy infantry and armour, including captured French tanks equipped with flamethrowers, and the heights were lost. Counterattacks failed and the remnants of the company were redeployed. The division was left in a precarious position, controlling just 700 metres (770 yards) of the riverbank. The division held ground to similar attacks elsewhere on their front. A supply attempt by RAF <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirlings</a> of 38 Group was disrupted by the only Luftwaffe fighter interception during the operation. <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Fw 190s</a> intercepted the Stirlings at low altitude and shot down 15. Anti-aircraft fire accounted for 8 further losses. The Fw 190s were able to penetrate the screen of Allied fighters sent to cover the drop when the U.S. <a href="/wiki/56th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Fighter Group">56th Fighter Group</a> was late in arriving in its patrol sector between <a href="/wiki/Lochem" title="Lochem">Lochem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>. The 56th redeemed itself to an extent by shooting down 15 of the 22 Fw 190s as they departed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956137–138-139">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remainder_of_Polish_paratroopers_enter_the_battle">Remainder of Polish paratroopers enter the battle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Remainder of Polish paratroopers enter the battle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> After two days of delay due to the weather, the remainder of the Polish <a href="/wiki/1st_Independent_Parachute_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Independent Parachute Brigade">1st Independent Parachute Brigade</a> under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Sosabowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Sosabowski">Stanislaw Sosabowski</a> entered the battle on the afternoon of 21 September, delivered at about 17:15 by 114 C-47s of the U.S. 61st and 314th Troop Carrier Groups. Two of the brigade's three battalions were dropped amidst heavy German fire, opposite the 1st Airborne Division's position on a new drop zone south of the Rhine near the village of <a href="/wiki/Driel" title="Driel">Driel</a>. The third battalion was dropped 12–15 miles away near Grave. Overall, the poor coordination by the British air transfer officers and persistent attacks by Luftwaffe aircraft caused their supplies to be dropped 15 km (9.3 mi) away on the opposite side of the Rhine. Intending to use the Heveadorp ferry to reinforce the division, they discovered that the opposite bank was dominated by the enemy and that the ferry was missing; it was later found downstream past the road bridge, completely unserviceable. Unable to help the British, the Polish withdrew to Driel for the night and organised defence there, with the Rhine behind their backs and German units increasing in strength around them. The brigade had lost 25% of its fighting strength, amounting to 590 casualties. Several attempts to cross the Rhine on improvised equipment were only partly successful due to heavy German fire and an inability by the 1st Airborne to secure the landing area on the Rhine's northern bank. The 1st Airborne Division made radio contact during the day with guns of the 64th Medium Regiment of XXX Corps' artillery, which had advanced with the ground forces and were assigned to the division for support. Unlike many others, this radio link worked throughout the battle and the regiment provided valuable fire support to the division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nijmegen_3">Nijmegen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nijmegen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg/220px-Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg/330px-Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg/440px-Market-Garden_-_Nijmegen_and_the_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> after the battle. 28 September 1944.</figcaption></figure> Despite the capture of Nijmegen bridge and the clearing of the town on the previous evening, the five tanks of Guards Armoured Division which were across the river did not advance due to: darkness, one tank having been hit, meeting hidden German anti-tank guns, not knowing the full situation on the road ahead and having to secure the northern end of the bridge until infantry were fully in place. Unbeknown to the leading tank crews, three Tiger tanks and two companies of infantry were heading down the road south from Arnhem to Lent. The division resumed its advance about 18 hours later, at noon in daylight with reinforcements from Nijmegen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001Chapter_Nine-137">[127]</a> Horrocks claimed he needed to hold his force as his troops were still fighting in Nijmegen and supplies were slow coming up the single road from Belgium. The Coldstream Guards Group were repulsing an attack on the Groesbeek position, the Irish Guards Group had moved back south to Eindhoven to meet another attack, the Grenadiers had just captured the approaches to the bridge with assistance by the 82nd Airborne paratroops and had five tanks across to support securing the north end of the bridge, and the Welsh Guards were in reserve for the 82nd Airborne. The Guards Armoured Division was scattered over 25 square miles of the south bank of the Waal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b-134">[124]</a> Horrocks stated, "Jim Gavin, the divisional commander, could have had no idea of the utter confusion that reigned in Nijmegen at the time, with sporadic battles going on all over the place, and particularly on our one road to the rear where chaos reigned".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001188-140">[130]</a> The Market Garden plan depended upon a single highway as the route of advance and supply. This imposed a delay, although the delay was not that great. A problem was that other units could not be deployed on other routes to maintain momentum. Brigadier General Gavin opinioned that this would not have been an issue with firm leadership, although he failed to discuss his own failings in maintaining the set schedule. The historian Max Hastings argued that the delays in moving towards Arnhem "reflected poorly on the British Army".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200554-141">[131]</a> Carrington stated that he met no one who "suggested we should press on to Arnhem." The historian Robin Neillands argued that the failure of Gavin's 82nd Airborne to take the Nijmegan bridge on 17 September, was a "major contribution to the failure of the entire Arnhem operation and it will not do to pass the blame for that failure on to the British or to Captain Lord Carrington."<a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> The delay enabled the Germans to reinforce the defence already established at <a href="/wiki/Ressen" title="Ressen">Ressen</a> (an SS infantry battalion, eleven tanks, an infantry battalion, two 88 mm batteries, twenty 20 mm flak and the remnants of the forces fighting at Arnhem), aided by use of the bridge following their capture of its northern end.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> The advance of the Guards, hindered by marshes that prevented off-road movement, was soon halted by a firm German defensive line. The Guards spearhead did not have the strength to outflank the line. The 43rd Division was ordered to take over the lead, work its way around the enemy positions and make contact with the Polish airborne troops at Driel to the west. The 43rd was 16 km (9.9 mi) away and there was a traffic jam between them and Nijmegen. It was not until the following day, Friday, that the whole division crossed the River Waal and began its advance. The Germans, clearly starting to gain the upper hand at Arnhem, continued counterattacking all along the path of XXX Corps. XXX Corps still managed to advance with the 101st Airborne Division and XXX Corps holding ground. Glider tugs and cargo carriers delivered supplies to the 82nd Airborne Division. About 60% of the supplies were recovered with 351 of the gliders being counted as effective, partly with the help of Dutch civilians. Most of the 82nd and 101st, reinforced with British armoured units, were engaged in defensive fighting with the objective of holding the highway corridor. Small engagements were fought along the whole length of the corridor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_6:_Friday_22_September_("Black_Friday")">Day 6: Friday 22 September ("Black Friday")</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Day 6: Friday 22 September ("Black Friday")">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> The Germans, wary after unsuccessful and costly attacks the previous day, shelled and mortared the airborne positions heavily. By the end of the battle some 110 guns had been brought to Oosterbeek as the Germans shifted to the tactics that had worked so well at Arnhem bridge. Attacks were limited, conducted against specific positions and even individual houses. Numerous well-sited British anti-tank guns also caused German reluctance to attack. The survivors of the 1st Airborne were outnumbered 4 to 1. The Polish 1st Parachute Brigade at Driel, unable to cross the Rhine, nonetheless forced a redeployment of German forces. Fearing a Polish attempt to recapture Arnhem bridge or, worse, an attempt to cut the road to the south and so trap the 10th SS Panzer Division then blocking the route of the Guards Armoured Division to Arnhem, the Germans withdrew 2,400 troops from Oosterbeek. They were moved south of the river to engage the Polish paratroopers at Driel, making attacks to little effect through the day. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British <a href="/wiki/43rd_Wessex_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Wessex Division">43rd Wessex Division</a> had moved up in order to relieve the Guards Armoured Division. Elements of the 43rd took <a href="/wiki/Oosterhout" title="Oosterhout">Oosterhout</a> from the Germans on 22 September, and then gained <a href="/wiki/Opheusden" title="Opheusden">Opheusden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodewaard" title="Dodewaard">Dodewaard</a> the following day but they were unable to push the frontline any further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2008116−125-144">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Link-up_between_the_Poles_and_XXX_Corps">Link-up between the Poles and XXX Corps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Link-up between the Poles and XXX Corps">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> The fog lifted as leading elements of the 43rd Division attempted to advance to Driel, exposing them to German fire. Whilst passing the outskirts of Elst at the De Hoop crossroads the 5th <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall%27s_Light_Infantry" title="Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry">Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry</a> came across a column of Tiger I tanks of schwere Panzer-Kompanie "Hummel." The Cornwalls set up an ambush and succeeded in knocking out five Tigers in a combined use of mines and PIATS. They arrived in Driel during the evening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2008144-145">[135]</a> Lacking assault craft, an unsuccessful attempt was made that night to put elements of the Polish brigade across the river. British and Polish engineers on both sides of the Rhine had worked through the day to improvise a crossing using small boats linked by signals cable but the cable kept breaking forcing the Polish troops to slowly row across against the strong current. The attempt was made under enemy observation and fire and only 52 soldiers of the 8th Polish Parachute Company survived the crossing before a halt was called at dawn. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While much of the corridor was firmly in Allied hands, German counterattacks were still being mounted along its length. During the previous night, two mixed armoured formations on either side of Highway 69 attacked between Veghel and Grave; one group managed to cut the highway and prevent any further advance to Arnhem. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_7:_Saturday_23_September">Day 7: Saturday 23 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Day 7: Saturday 23 September">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a></div> The Germans had figured out what the Poles were attempting to do and they spent the rest of the day trying to cut off the British in their northern bridgehead from the riverside. The British managed to hold on and both sides suffered heavy losses. The Germans also attacked the Poles on the south side in order to tie them down but several tanks arrived from XXX Corps and the German attack was defeated. Boats and engineers from the Canadian army also arrived that day and another river crossing that night landed 150 troops of the Polish 3rd Parachute Battalion on the north bank of the Rhine. To the south several more German attacks from their position astride the road were stopped but the road was still cut. XXX Corps then sent a unit of the Guards Armoured Division 19 km (12 mi) south and re-took the road. The rest of the force to the north continued to wait for infantry to move up, still only a few kilometres south of Arnhem. The 325th GIR was finally delivered to reinforce the 82nd Airborne, originally planned for 19 September, and while it was immediately 75% effective, arrived far too late to affect the battle in that sector. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_8:_Sunday_24_September">Day 8: Sunday 24 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Day 8: Sunday 24 September">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Arnhem" title="Evacuation of Arnhem">Evacuation of Arnhem</a></div> Another German force cut the road to the south of Veghel and set up defensive positions for the night. It was not clear to the Allies at this point how much of a danger this represented but the principal objective of Operation Market Garden, i.e. the Allied crossing of the Rhine, was abandoned this day and the decision made to go over to the defensive with a new <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> in Nijmegen. Nonetheless, an attempt was made on Sunday night to reinforce the 1st Airborne Division with the 4th Battalion, The Dorsetshire Regiment. Two companies were put across the river but the location of the crossing point was ill-advised and the Dorsets landed among German positions. Fragmented by their landing and immediately pinned down, of the 315 men who crossed only 75 reached Oosterbeek; the remainder were taken prisoner. As a result of this failure, it was decided to withdraw the 1st Airborne Division from its bridgehead on the northern side of the Rhine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_9:_Monday_25_September">Day 9: Monday 25 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Day 9: Monday 25 September">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Berlin_(Arnhem)" title="Operation Berlin (Arnhem)">Operation Berlin (Arnhem)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Arnhem" title="Evacuation of Arnhem">Evacuation of Arnhem</a></div> At dawn the 1st Airborne Division received their orders to withdraw across the Rhine; this was called Operation Berlin. This could not be done until nightfall and in the meantime the division struggled to survive. In a departure from their cautious attritional tactics of the previous days, the Germans formed two potent SS battlegroups and made a significant thrust along a narrow front in the eastern sector. This succeeded in breaking through the thin front line and for a time the division was in peril. The attack met with increasing resistance as it pushed deeper into the British lines and was finally broken up by a heavy bombardment of the 64th Medium Regiment. Employing every ruse to give the Germans the impression that their positions were unchanged, the 1st Airborne Division began its withdrawal at 22:00. British and Canadian engineer units ferried the troops across the Rhine, covered by the Polish 3rd Parachute Battalion on the north bank. By early the next morning they had withdrawn 2,398 survivors, leaving 300 men to surrender on the north bank at first light, when German fire prevented their rescue.<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> Of approximately 10,600 men of the 1st Airborne Division and other units who fought north of the Rhine, 1,485 had died and 6,414 were taken prisoner of whom one third were wounded. To the south the newly arrived 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division attacked the Germans holding the highway and secured it by the next day. The German bridgehead on the island by this time initially encompassed the villages of <a href="/wiki/Elden,_Netherlands" title="Elden, Netherlands">Elden</a>, Elst, <a href="/wiki/Huissen" title="Huissen">Huissen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bemmel" title="Bemmel">Bemmel</a> – the latter considered the most important. Elst however was lost on 25 September after several days of bitter street fighting with troops from the 43rd Wessex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2008264-147">[137]</a> Meanwhile, the village of Bemmel was captured by the 5th <a href="/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="East Yorkshire Regiment">East Yorkshire Regiment</a> on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1999154-148">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_fighting,_26–28_September">Further fighting, 26–28 September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further fighting, 26–28 September">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B10435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKWs</a> transport supplies across the <a href="/wiki/River_Waal" class="mw-redirect" title="River Waal">River Waal</a> at Nijmegen, below the railway bridge whose central span was broken by German <a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine#1944" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">frogmen</a> using floating mines, 28 September 1944</figcaption></figure> On 26 September the Germans then crossed the Rhine in battalion strength and managed to gain a small bridgehead at Randwijk. This was only lightly held by <a href="/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Reconnaissance_Regiment" title="43rd (Wessex) Reconnaissance Regiment">43rd Wessex Reconnaissance</a> troops but on seeing the Germans were soon reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Hampshires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry" title="Somerset Light Infantry">Somersets</a> with additional support from tanks of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">8th Armoured brigade</a>. Their intention was to take out the dyke road near Randwijk which was used by the Germans to ferry the crossings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord201891–92-149">[139]</a> Despite the interference from the Luftwaffe, the British were able to force the Germans out after a final gun battle in the village church – the Hampshires took 150 POWs. The German bridgehead south of the Neder Rijn was effectively destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2018166–167-150">[140]</a> The following two days saw the 6th and 7th <a href="/wiki/Green_Howards" title="Green Howards">Green Howards</a> attempt to take <a href="/wiki/Baal,_Netherlands" title="Baal, Netherlands">Baal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haalderen" title="Haalderen">Haalderen</a>, two villages both to the northeast and east of Bemmel respectively. This however was a failure. To the south of Haalderen, on the bank of the Waal River, lay a number of brickworks where the tall chimneys were used as German observation points, from where artillery fire could be directed.<a href="#cite_note-routetovictory.info-151">[141]</a> From 28 September onwards, the <a href="/wiki/II_Parachute_Corps_(Germany)" title="II Parachute Corps (Germany)">II Fallschirmjäger Korps</a> launched a series of assaults from the <a href="/wiki/Klever_Reichswald" title="Klever Reichswald">Klever Reichswald</a> against the Allied positions east of Nijmegen. These attacks were in preparation for a much larger counter-attack planned by Bittrich. Delays in the preparations of 2nd SS Panzer Korps however meant these were repelled as they weren't properly supported by the XII SS Korps, even though they carried out some local diversionary attacks across the Neder-Rijn towards Doorwerth and Wageningen – these too being repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2013232-152">[142]</a> Hitler ordered the Nijmegen bridges to be destroyed, in the hope that supplies and reinforcements to the Allies would be hampered, and to enable a German counterattack to retake the bridgehead. Various attempts at destroying both bridges proved a costly failure, particularly to the Luftwaffe, who launched many sorties – in one day forty-six fighters were lost to the RAF and anti-aircraft fire. Nevertheless, an attempt by three groups of four German <a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine#1944" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Marine Einsatzkommandos</a> (frogmen) set off from 10 km (6.2 mi) upstream from the Nijmegen bridges to place explosives under them. The frogmen then used the river current in an attempt to return to their lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2018147-153">[143]</a> The operation was a partial success − the railway bridge was blown up, a span managed to break away from a section and fell into the river, making it totally unusable, but the road bridge was only slightly damaged because the mine had been badly placed. Of the twelve men, three were killed, seven were captured, and two managed to return to their lines.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> The bridges however were repaired albeit temporarily – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> were able to span a prefabricated <a href="/wiki/Bailey_bridge" title="Bailey bridge">Bailey bridge</a> both over the railway bridge and the damaged section of the road bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoiner1990239-155">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airborne_grave,_Arnhem_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Airborne_grave%2C_Arnhem_1945.jpg/220px-Airborne_grave%2C_Arnhem_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Airborne_grave%2C_Arnhem_1945.jpg/330px-Airborne_grave%2C_Arnhem_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Airborne_grave%2C_Arnhem_1945.jpg/440px-Airborne_grave%2C_Arnhem_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>The grave of an unknown British soldier at Arnhem, photographed <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Arnhem" title="Liberation of Arnhem">after its liberation</a> 15 April 1945.</figcaption></figure> XXX Corps suffered fewer than 1,500 casualties, which stands in stark contrast to the 8,000 casualties suffered by the 1st Airborne Division. On several occasions, units of the flanking British Corps made contact with paratroopers before units of XXX Corps, and fought on to support them until the end of the operation. The higher toll by the 101st Airborne Division reflects the reality that in addition to contending with the local German defenders, they also had to combat German troops retreating from the XXX Corps advance. <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Casualties </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Grand Total </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)#Casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">Dutch civilians</a> </td> <td align="center">500<a href="#cite_note-157">[k]</a> </td> <td align="center">500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/I_Airborne_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Airborne Corps (United Kingdom)">I Airborne Corps</a> </td> <td align="center">11,784–13,226<a href="#cite_note-160">[l]</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">15,326–17,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/XVIII_Airborne_Corps_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)">XVIII Airborne Corps</a> </td> <td align="center">3,542–<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200456-158">[147]</a> 3,974<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999457-156">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[m]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> German casualties are harder to determine, due to incomplete records. Rundstedt provided an official figure of 3,300, but this has been challenged by historians. Conservative estimates range from 6,400 to 8,000 killed and wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173–174-162">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadsey199385-163">[150]</a> Kershaw listed the German order of battle, with between 6,315 and 8,925 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2004339–340-164">[151]</a> In <a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(book)" title="A Bridge Too Far (book)">A Bridge Too Far</a>, Cornelius Ryan estimated 7,500 to 10,000 additional casualties to those provided by Rundstedt, for a final total of 10,800–13,300 losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999599-165">[152]</a> A contemporary paper by the 21st Army Group claimed that 16,000 German prisoners were taken during the course of Operation Market Garden. The report also claimed the destruction of 159 German aircraft, and 30 tanks or self-propelled guns during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff194532-166">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[n]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victoria_Cross">Victoria Cross</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Victoria Cross">edit</a>]</div> Five <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a> were awarded during Operation Market Garden. On 19 September, RAF Douglas Dakota Mk. III, KG374, c/n 12383, (ex-USAAF C-47A-DK, 42-92568), 'YS-DM', of 271 Squadron, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Down_Ampney" title="RAF Down Ampney">RAF Down Ampney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, piloted by F/Lt. <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Anthony_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="David Samuel Anthony Lord">David Lord</a>, was hit by anti-aircraft fire in the starboard engine while on a supply sortie to Arnhem. Fire spread over the starboard wing, as Lord spent ten minutes making two passes over very small drop zones (which, unknown to the crew, had been overrun by German forces) to drop eight ammunition panniers. Just after the last pannier was dropped, the fuel tank exploded and tore off the wing, and only the navigator F/O Harry King escaped. He was made a <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> the following morning, spending the rest of the war in <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_I" title="Stalag Luft I">Stalag Luft I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Barth,_Germany" title="Barth, Germany">Barth, Germany</a>. Lord, the second pilot P/O R. E. H. "Dickie" Medhurst (son of <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Medhurst" title="Charles Medhurst">Charles Medhurst</a>), the wireless operator F/O Alec Ballantyne, and air dispatchers Cpl. P. Nixon, Dvr. A. Rowbotham, Dvr. J. Ricketts, and Dvr. L. Harper of 223 Company RASC, were killed. Following the release of King from prison camp, full details of the action became known and Lord received a posthumous Victoria Cross (VC) on 13 November 1945, the only VC awarded to any member of Transport Command during the Second World War. In May 1949, the Dutch Government awarded Harry King the Netherlands Bronze Cross.<a href="#cite_note-168">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[155]</a> From 17 to 20 September, <a href="/wiki/John_Hollington_Grayburn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hollington Grayburn">John Hollington Grayburn</a> of the 2nd Parachute Battalion "led his men with supreme gallantry and determination. Although in pain and weakened by his wounds, short of food and without sleep, his courage never flagged. There is no doubt that, had it not been for this officer's inspiring leadership and personal bravery, the Arnhem bridge could never have been held for this time."<a href="#cite_note-citation-170">[156]</a> John Grayburn's posthumous award of the Victoria Cross was accompanied by his posthumous promotion to captain.<a href="#cite_note-171">[157]</a> Also on 19 September, Captain <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Queripel" title="Lionel Queripel">Lionel Queripel</a> of the 10th Parachute Battalion, though injured in the face and both arms, personally remained as a solitary <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> after ordering his men to withdraw, over their protests. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. On 20 September, Lance Sergeant <a href="/wiki/John_Baskeyfield" title="John Baskeyfield">John Baskeyfield</a>'s "superb gallantry [was] beyond praise. During the remaining days at Arnhem stories of his valour were a constant inspiration to all ranks. He spurned danger, ignored pain and, by his supreme fighting spirit, infected all who witnessed his conduct with the same aggressiveness and dogged devotion to duty which characterised his actions throughout."<a href="#cite_note-172">[158]</a> Sergeant Baskeyfield, a member of the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, posthumously received his Victoria Cross. On 25 September, Major <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Cain" title="Robert Henry Cain">Robert Henry Cain</a>, also of the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, "showed superb gallantry. His powers of endurance and leadership were the admiration of all his fellow officers and stories of his valour were being constantly exchanged amongst the troops. His coolness and courage under incessant fire could not be surpassed."<a href="#cite_note-173">[159]</a> Major Cain was the only Victoria Cross recipient to survive the battle.<a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_of_Honor">Medal of Honor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor">edit</a>]</div> Three American soldiers received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, posthumously. On 19 September, <a href="/wiki/Private_First_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Private First Class">Private First Class</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Mann" title="Joe E. Mann">Joe E. Mann</a> of the 101st Airborne Division, under attack and injured in both arms, "which were bandaged to his body... yelled "grenade" and threw his body over the grenade, and as it exploded, he died."<a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a> On 21 September, <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/John_R._Towle" title="John R. Towle">John R. Towle</a> of the 82nd Airborne Division, under attack and "motivated only by his high conception of duty ... rushed approximately 125 yards through grazing enemy fire to an exposed position from which he could engage [an] enemy <a href="/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-track</a> with his rocket launcher. While in a kneeling position preparatory to firing on the enemy vehicle, Pvt. Towle was mortally wounded by a mortar shell. By his heroic tenacity, at the price of his life, Pvt. Towle saved the lives of many of his comrades and was directly instrumental in breaking up the enemy counterattack."<a href="#cite_note-176">[162]</a> On 18 September, <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Cole" title="Robert G. Cole">Robert G. Cole</a>, commanding the 3rd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/502nd_Parachute_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment">502d PIR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Best,_Netherlands" title="Best, Netherlands">Best, Netherlands</a>, got on the radio. A pilot asked him to put some orange identification panels in front of his position. Cole decided to do it himself. For a moment, Cole raised his head, shielding his eyes to see the plane. A German sniper in a farmhouse only 300 yards (270 m) away shot Cole, killing him instantly. Two weeks later, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his bayonet charge near <a href="/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a> on 11 June. As his widow and two-year-old son looked on, Cole's mother accepted his posthumous award on the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sam_Houston" title="Fort Sam Houston">Fort Sam Houston</a> parade ground where Cole had played as a child. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Order_of_William">Military Order of William</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Military Order of William">edit</a>]</div> For gallantry during Operation Market Garden, two units received the highest Dutch military award, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Military Order of William</a>. On 8 October 1945, the US 82nd Airborne Division was awarded the Knights 4th class honour by HM <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a>. The division was also allowed to add "Nijmegen 1944" to her <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[163]</a> On 31 May 2006, HM <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a> awarded the Knights 4th class honour to the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-178">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_counter-attack">German counter-attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: German counter-attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">Battle of the Nijmegen salient</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg/220px-17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg/330px-17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg/440px-17-pdr_anti-tank_gun_near_Nijmegen_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 17-pounder">17-pounder anti tank gun</a> protects the road embankment on 'The Island', North of the Nijmegen road bridge – the Allies managed to repel the German counter offensive from 30 September to 8 October</figcaption></figure> Model attempted to regain the Nijmegen bridgehead in an effort to contain the Allied offensive and drive them off the Betuwe, also known as 'the Island.' Bittrich led II SS Panzer Korps in the counter offensive with the aim of retaking Nijmegen and its bridges. British forces now consisted of the 43rd Wessex, the 50th Northumbrian divisions assisted later by the American 101st and backed by XXX Corps artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2008278,_308-179">[165]</a> The line held by the Allies was east of the main road Nijmegen–Arnhem, the line ran through Elst, Bemmel and just west of Haalderen down to the Waal River. Commencing on 30 September, the Germans with some armoured support attacked the Allied line – some ground was gained and over the next few days they continued their attacks. By 3 October the Germans had been repelled, suffering heavy losses in the process, including many of the heavy tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker-JonesCaddick-Adams2020227–228-180">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[167]</a> British forces from 50th Division then launched a counter-attack on 4 and 5 October, recapturing most of the lost ground, and also capturing the villages of Bemmel and Haalderen, giving extra strength to hold the bridgehead. The 10th SS Division suffered such grievous losses that it was incapable of any offensive action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2008341-182">[168]</a> The Germans made one final effort, this time against the American 101st, who had relieved the 43rd Wessex around Randwijk, Driel and Opheusden. The 116th Panzer Division were beaten back at Driel and were forced to withdraw on 5 October. The following day, the <a href="/wiki/363rd_Volksgrenadier_Division" title="363rd Volksgrenadier Division">363rd Volksgrenadier Division</a> attempted to take Randwijk and Opheusden from the Americans, and a bitter battle was fought for the possession of the latter. Opheusden lay in rubble and soon became a no man's land, while the Allies stood firm. The 363rd Division was itself destroyed in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker-JonesCaddick-Adams2020230-183">[169]</a> On 7 October, Arnhem bridge was finally bombed and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">Martin B-26 Marauders</a> of <a href="/wiki/344th_Bombardment_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="344th Bombardment Squadron">344th Bomb Group</a>, USAAF. Now unable to ferry heavy equipment across the river, the Germans were unable to mount any further attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1995449-184">[170]</a> Von Rundstedt gave permission for Model to abandon the Arnhem bridgehead, and thus was reduced to small outposts. In November, the Germans flooded the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker-JonesCaddick-Adams2020231-185">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_on_Allied_strategy_and_tactics">Debate on Allied strategy and tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Debate on Allied strategy and tactics">edit</a>]</div> Operation Market Garden has remained a controversial battle for several reasons. Allied tactics and strategy have been much debated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The operation was the result of a strategy debate at the highest levels of Allied command in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Much post-war analysis has thus probed the alternatives that were not taken, such as giving priority to securing the Scheldt estuary and so opening the port of Antwerp. But Montgomery insisted that the First Canadian Army should clear the German garrisons in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a> first although the ports were damaged and would not be navigable for some time. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Cunningham</a> warned that Antwerp would be "as much use as <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>" unless the approaches were cleared, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Ramsay</a> warned SHAEF and Montgomery that the Germans could block the Scheldt Estuary with ease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201520−23-186">[172]</a> The (French) Channel ports were "resolutely defended" and Antwerp was the only solution. But the Germans reinforced their island garrisons, and the Canadians "sustained 12,873 casualties in an operation which could have been achieved at little cost if tackled immediately after the capture of Antwerp. .... This delay was a grave blow to the Allied build-up before winter approached."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012634-187">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optimistic_planning">Optimistic planning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Optimistic planning">edit</a>]</div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> said in 2021 that "Market Garden was a very bad plan, right from the start."<a href="#cite_note-Garner-188">[174]</a> Among the controversial aspects of the plan was the necessity that all the main bridges be taken. The terrain was also ill-suited for the mission of XXX Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200536-60">[51]</a> Brereton had ordered that the bridges along XXX Corps' route should be captured with "thunderclap surprise".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999106-189">[175]</a> The decision to drop the 82nd Airborne on the Groesbeek Heights, several kilometres from the Nijmegen Bridge, has been questioned because it resulted in a long delay in its capture. Browning and Gavin considered holding a defensive blocking position on the ridge a prerequisite for holding the highway corridor. Gavin generally favoured accepting the higher initial casualties involved in dropping as close to objectives as possible in the belief that distant drop zones would result in lower chances of success. With the 82nd responsible for holding the centre of the salient, he and Browning decided the ridge must take priority. Combined with the 1st Airborne Division's delays within Arnhem, which left the Arnhem bridge open to traffic until 20:00, the Germans were given vital hours to create a defence on the Nijmegen bridge. At Arnhem, the RAF planners selected the drop zones, refusing to drop near the town on the north side of the target bridge because of flak at Deelen. Another suitable drop zone just to the south of the bridge was rejected because it was thought to be too marshy for landing gliders containing the force's heavy equipment. However, that same drop zone was selected for the 1st Polish Brigade in the third lift, which suggests they were well aware of its suitability. Urquhart made his objections to the RAF planners, who were unmoved, even when he informed them that the troops and glider pilots were willing to take whatever risks landing closer to the objectives entailed. Urquhart made the best of the RAF planners' decision and thus the three main landing and drop zones were 8–10 km (5.0–6.2 mi) from the bridge, with the fourth being 13 km (8.1 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-190">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200340–45-191">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weather">Weather</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Weather">edit</a>]</div> A precarious timetable at the mercy of the weather resulted in the 101st Airborne Division being without its artillery for two days, the 82nd Airborne without its artillery for a day and without its glider infantry regiment for four days, and the British 1st Airborne Division without its fourth brigade until the fifth day. The more time required to complete the air drops, the longer each division had to devote forces to defending the drop and landing zones, weakening their offensive power.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priority_of_operation">Priority of operation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Priority of operation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Special:EditPage/Operation Market Garden">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Operation+Market+Garden%22">"Operation Market Garden"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Operation+Market+Garden%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Operation+Market+Garden%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Operation+Market+Garden%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Operation+Market+Garden%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Operation+Market+Garden%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Several weeks prior to the plan taking shape, the British had captured Antwerp and its all-important port facilities. This action had the potential to greatly shorten the Allies' supply lines and trap <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_von_Zangen" title="Gustav-Adolf von Zangen">Gustav-Adolf von Zangen</a>'s 15th Army of 80,000 men on the south side of the Scheldt Estuary. Instead, Von Zangen's men, with most of their heavy equipment including their artillery, escaped by boat to <a href="/wiki/South_Beveland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Beveland">South Beveland</a> peninsula (Zeeland province, the Netherlands). In September, the peninsula could have been sealed by a short advance of only 24 km (15 mi) past Antwerp. Instead, because priority on supplies went to Market Garden, the First Canadian Army paused at Antwerp and then fought the costly Battle of the Scheldt in October. In the aftermath of Market Garden, Antwerp was not made operational until 28 November. By 1 October, over 240 Allied supply ships were waiting, unable to unload their cargo because of the limited port facilities on the continent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missed_opportunities">Missed opportunities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Missed opportunities">edit</a>]</div> Arnhem bridge was not the only Rhine crossing. Had the Market Garden planners realised that a ferry was available at Driel, the British might have secured that instead of the Arnhem bridge. Being a shorter distance away from their western drop and landing zones, the 1st Parachute Brigade could have concentrated to hold the Oosterbeek heights, instead of one battalion farther away at the road bridge; in this case, Arnhem was "one bridge too many". A contrasting view is that the attack into Arnhem was intended to capture the rail bridge, the pontoon bridge and the road bridge; that the rail bridge was blown in the face of Frost's 2nd Parachute Battalion, the pontoon bridge had been disabled by the removal of several sections and that this left only the highway bridge intact; the Heveadorp ferry was no substitute for a bridge.<a href="#cite_note-192">[178]</a> Hypothetically, had XXX Corps pushed north, they might have arrived at the south end and secured it (had the Guards Armoured sent more than five Sherman tanks across the bridge at Nijmegen and had they not been later stopped by the German position at Ressen), leaving the way open for another crossing to the north at some other point. There was the smaller possibility of arriving with Frost's force intact. This perceived "lack of guts" caused some bitterness at the time among members of both the British 1st Airborne and the U.S. 82nd Airborne. As it was, XXX Corps did not resume the drive to Arnhem that night, but rather eighteen hours later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The commander of XXX Corps advocated another course of action. About 25 km (16 mi) to the west was another bridge at <a href="/wiki/Rhenen" title="Rhenen">Rhenen</a>, which he predicted would be undefended, because of all the efforts being directed on Oosterbeek. This was true, but the corps was never authorised to take the bridge; if it had, it is almost certain they would have crossed unopposed into the rear of the German lines. By this time, it appears that Montgomery was more concerned with the German assaults on Market Garden's lengthy "tail".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sosabowski_Browning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sosabowski_Browning.jpg/220px-Sosabowski_Browning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sosabowski_Browning.jpg/330px-Sosabowski_Browning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sosabowski_Browning.jpg/440px-Sosabowski_Browning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sosabowski" title="Stanisław Sosabowski">Sosabowski</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Browning" title="Frederick Browning">Gen. Browning</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bad choices were made throughout the operation, and opportunities were ignored. The commander of the Glider Pilot Regiment had asked for a small force with gliders to land on the southern side of the bridge at Arnhem to quickly capture it, but he was denied. This was surprising in light of the fact that in Normandy, the British 6th Airborne Division had used such coup-de-main tactics to take the <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a>. In Britain, the commander of the British 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division, whose troops were slated to fly into a captured airfield, pleaded with his superiors to allow a brigade to fly in with gliders to assist Major-General Urquhart's trapped forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999482-193">[179]</a> Browning declined the offer, "as situation better than you think" and reaffirmed his intention to fly the 52nd Division into Deelen airfield as planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1946354-194">[180]</a> This was probably fortunate, as glider landings on undefended landing zones before the eyes of an alert enemy could have resulted in catastrophe. There was another airfield near Grave and the 52nd Lowland could have been landed there, as the 1st Light Antitank Battery did on 26 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtway1990271-195">[181]</a> The Polish 1st Parachute Brigade commander, Sosabowski, was prepared to try a dangerous drop through the fog which held up his deployment but again was refused.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Market Garden was a risky plan that required a willingness to gamble at the tactical and operational levels. Unfortunately, the detailed planning and leadership required at those levels was not always present. The 1st Airborne Division, the least experienced in working as a whole division, was given the most difficult objective. In Beevor's view this reflected both the British desire to continue to be seen as an equal partner of the US in the war effort and the fact that US opinion would no longer stand for American troops being placed in the most risky position under British command. As such it represented the triumph of political necessity over the military reality that by this point (unlike in North Africa) US forces were better battlefield performers than the exhausted and over-stretched British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2018Chapter_1-196">[182]</a> The failure of the 82nd Airborne Division to attach maximum importance to the early capture of Nijmegen Bridge was a major mistake. XXX Corps was also criticised for its inability to keep to the operation's timetable. The most notable example of this was on Wednesday 20 September, when the Nijmegen Bridge had finally been captured and elements of the Guards Armoured Division, after crossing, promptly came to a halt for the night to rest, refuel, and rearm. XXX Corps was delayed at Son by a bridge demolition, and again at Nijmegen (having arrived by D+3, within the maximum time estimate, having compensated for the delay to build a Bailey Bridge at Son). The lead unit of XXX Corps, the Guards Armoured Division, was led by a commander (<a href="/wiki/Allan_Adair" title="Allan Adair">Allan Adair</a>) whom Montgomery had sought to remove prior to D-Day. This action was blocked due to Adair's popularity. Gavin regretted giving his division's most important tasks (Groesbeek ridge and Nijmegen) to the 508th PIR rather than his best regiment, Tucker's 504th PIR.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intelligence_failure">Intelligence failure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Intelligence failure">edit</a>]</div> Unlike the American airborne divisions in the area, British forces at Arnhem ignored the local Dutch resistance. There was a reason for this: Britain's spy network in the Netherlands had been thoroughly and infamously compromised – the so-called <a href="/wiki/Englandspiel" title="Englandspiel">England game</a>, which had only been discovered in April 1944, therefore British intelligence took pains to minimise all civilian contact. U.S. units, without this bad experience, made use of Dutch help. As things turned out, knowledge of the Driel ferry or of the underground's secret telephone network could have changed the result of the operation, especially since Allied radio equipment failed, having to rely on messengers. The latter would have given the XXX Corps and Airborne High Command knowledge about the dire situation at Arnhem.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the war, claims arose that the Dutch resistance had indeed been penetrated. One high-ranking Dutch officer who had worked in counter-intelligence at SHAEF, Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Pinto" title="Oreste Pinto">Oreste Pinto</a>, published a popular book, Spy Catcher, part-memoir and part counter-intelligence handbook. Pinto, who had made a name for himself in World War I for his part in uncovering <a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari" title="Mata Hari">Mata Hari</a>, claimed that a minor figure in the Dutch resistance, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Lindemans" title="Christiaan Lindemans">Christiaan Lindemans</a> (nicknamed "King Kong") had been a German agent and had betrayed Operation Market Garden to the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurens1971168–169-197">[183]</a> Lindemans was arrested in October 1944, but committed suicide in his cell in 1946, while awaiting trial. In 1969, the French journalist and historian Anne Laurens concluded that Lindemans had been a double agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurens1971180–181-198">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tributes_to_the_participants">Tributes to the participants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Tributes to the participants">edit</a>]</div> Eisenhower wrote to Urquhart: "In this war there has been no single performance by any unit that has more greatly inspired me or more highly excited my admiration, than the nine days action of your division between 17 and 26 September".<a href="#cite_note-199">[185]</a> Montgomery predicted that "in years to come it will be a great thing for a man to be able to say: 'I fought at Arnhem'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958298-200">[186]</a> CBS war correspondent <a href="/wiki/Bill_Downs" title="Bill Downs">Bill Downs</a>, who was assigned to Montgomery's campaign since the Normandy invasion, famously said of Nijmegen that it was "...a single, isolated battle that ranks in magnificence and courage with Guam, Tarawa, Omaha Beach...a story that should be told to the blowing of bugles and the beating of drums for the men whose bravery made the capture of this crossing over the Waal River possible."<a href="#cite_note-201">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_on_outcome">Debate on outcome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Debate on outcome">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous">edit</a>]</div> Both Churchill and Montgomery claimed that the operation was nearly or 90% successful, although in Montgomery's equivocal acceptance of responsibility for failure he blames lack of support, and also refers to the Battle of the Scheldt which was undertaken by Canadian troops not involved in Market Garden. Churchill claimed in a telegram to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> on 9 October that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">As regards Arnhem, I think you have got the position a little out of focus. The battle was a decided victory, but the leading division, asking, quite rightly, for more, was given a chop. I have not been afflicted with any feeling of disappointment over this and am glad our commanders are capable of running this kind of risk. [The risks] were justified by the great prize so nearly in our grasp...Clearing the Scheldt estuary and opening the port of Antwerp had been delayed for the sake of the Arnhem thrust. Thereafter it was given first priority<a href="#cite_note-202">[188]</a></blockquote> In 1948, Eisenhower wrote that "The attack began well and unquestionably would have been successful except for the intervention of bad weather."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1977310-203">[189]</a> Eisenhower was isolated in the SHAEF HQ at Granville, which did not even have radio or telephone links, so his staff were largely ignorant of the details of the operation. Bedell Smith's objections were brushed aside by Montgomery, as were those of Montgomery's chief of staff Freddie de Guingand who went to England on sick leave. Responsibility for the failure "began with Eisenhower and extended to Montgomery, Brereton, Browning, and, on the ground side, Dempsey and Horrocks, neither of whom ... galvanised their tank units while there was still time to have seized and held Arnhem bridge". D'Este notes that Montgomery's admission of a mistake was unique: "the only admission of failure by a senior Allied commander".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2002624-204">[190]</a> Montgomery claimed that Market Garden was "90% successful" and said:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was a bad mistake on my part – I underestimated the difficulties of opening up the approaches to Antwerp ... I reckoned the Canadian Army could do it while we were going for the Ruhr. I was wrong ... In my – prejudiced – view, if the operation had been properly backed from its inception, and given the aircraft, ground forces, and administrative resources necessary for the job, it would have succeeded in spite of my mistakes, or the adverse weather, or the presence of the 2nd SS Panzer Corps in the Arnhem area. I remain Market Garden's unrepentant advocate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958243,_298-205">[191]</a></blockquote> One notable Dutch reaction was: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"My country can never again afford the luxury of another Montgomery success," stated <a href="/wiki/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld" title="Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld">Bernhard, the Prince of the Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[192]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_assessments">Later assessments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Later assessments">edit</a>]</div> The post-war American official history of the campaign, written by Charles MacDonald, stated that the operation "accomplished much of what it had been designed to accomplish. Nevertheless, by the merciless logic of war, Market Garden was a failure." The operation failed to establish a bridgehead across the Neder Rijn (Lower Rhine) river and turn the northern flank of the West Wall. MacDonald stated that a salient 65 miles (105 km) deep had been created in the German lines. This salient created a constant threat of an Allied breakout to the north and proved advantageous when the 21st Army Group launched subsequent operations. While a collapse of the German military in the Netherlands was not a formal objective of the operation, MacDonald wrote that "few would deny that many Allied commanders had nurtured the hope" but the operation also failed to realise this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963198-207">[193]</a> The British official history of the campaign noted that the operation failed, but won "a valuable salient and a bridgehead over the Waal." The official history conceded that these "had no immediate effect on the Allies advance into Germany."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200450–51-208">[194]</a> The German official history stated that "In terms of the Allies' original objectives, the operation was a total failure"; it failed to cut-off German forces in the Netherlands, failed to flank to the West Wall, and ended any possibility that the war could end before the end of the year. The reasons for these failures are stated to have primarily been poor terrain, bad weather conditions, and faulty intelligence. However, the history conceded that the German counter-objectives ("to hem in the Allied troops south of the Lower Rhine and to destroy them there") were likewise not met.<a href="#cite_note-209">[195]</a> Rick Atkinson wrote that while "one-fifth of the Netherlands had been liberated ... the rest would endure another nine months of occupation", which resulted in 16,000 civilian deaths. Atkinson stated that the terrain captured "led nowhere", and that the operation failed to achieve its objectives due to "an epic cock-up [of] poor plan[ing] with deficient intelligence, haphazard execution, and indifferent generalship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013287–288-210">[196]</a> Carlo D'Este wrote "What had begun with high optimism had turned into a military disaster", and that despite the heroics at Arnhem bridge, the operation "failed to establish a bridgehead north of the Rhine". D'Este argued that this resulted in a stalemate through winter, which saw lengthy attritional battles that obtained little significant territory and caused high casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este1994302–303-211">[197]</a> David Fraser wrote that Market Garden was a strategic failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1999348-212">[198]</a> Stephen Ashley Hart stated that the operation was "partly unsuccessful", and that Montgomery "immediately reconstituted the Second (British) Army so that it could launch Operation Gatwick, an eastward thrust intended to reach the Rhine near Krefeld". This second attempt was cancelled due to the "precarious state of the ... salient and the failure to clear the flank-threatening enemy salient at Venlo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200778,_170-213">[199]</a> Michael Reynolds wrote that "With the war still in progress, it was inevitable that Market Garden would be presented to the British and American people as a victory.", but stated "In reality, it was a strategic failure" that failed to obtain the desired objectives. Reynolds stated "The salient achieved led nowhere and was to prove extremely costly in the coming months", and that "The seven [British commanders] most directly involved ... bear responsibility for the failure of the Operation. It is also clear that, whilst the German commanders were prepared to take all necessary measures and risk to win the battle, even to point of using men untrained in ground warfare, their British adversaries were [not]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001174-214">[200]</a> Milton Shulman wrote that the "airborne operation had achieved some useful results" by driving a wedge into the German position and "thereby isolating the Fifteenth Army north of Antwerp from the First Parachute Army on the eastern side of the bulge. This segregation from the rest of the German front complicated the supply problem of Fifteenth Army, which was to forced to rely on the inferior crossings over the Maas and the Waal rivers west of the Allied penetration." Shulman stated that the terrain captured "served as an important base for subsequent operations against the Germans on the Rhine", ensured the Allied forces maintained the initiative, forced the Germans to remain on the defensive and ensured they could not assemble enough forces for a counterattack towards Antwerp, and stated that German Fifteenth Army commander called the loss of bridges and terrain as "a great embarrassment to us".<a href="#cite_note-215">[201]</a> Chester Wilmot stated that the captured terrain was "of immense tactical value", which removed "the threat of an immediate counter-stroke against Antwerp; strategically, however, it was in danger of becoming a blind alley, unless the bridgeheads over the Maas and the Waal could be quickly exploited." However, Wilmot noted that the operation failed to achieve its actual objectives, and that Montgomery's claim of a 90 per cent success "is difficult to support, unless the success of the operation is judged merely in terms of the number of bridges captured." Citing the commander of the First Parachute Army, Wilmot stated that the weather was the main contributing factor to the failure of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997523-216">[202]</a> John Warren wrote that "the greatest airborne operation of the war" had "ended in failure", which had seen "all objectives save Arnhem ... won, but without Arnhem the rest were as nothing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956146-217">[203]</a> Gerhard Weinberg wrote "At the end of ten days of bitter fighting ... the attempt to 'bounce' the [Rhine] had failed by a narrow margin in the face of reviving Germany resistance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1994701–702-218">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_combat_in_the_Netherlands">Subsequent combat in the Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Subsequent combat in the Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWIIEurope68.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WWIIEurope68.jpg/220px-WWIIEurope68.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WWIIEurope68.jpg/330px-WWIIEurope68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WWIIEurope68.jpg/440px-WWIIEurope68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3706" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>The front line in the Low Countries after Operation Market Garden</figcaption></figure> After Operation Market Garden failed to establish a bridgehead across the Rhine, Allied forces launched offensives on three fronts in the south of the Netherlands. To secure shipping to the vital port of Antwerp they advanced northwards and westwards, the Canadian First Army taking the Scheldt Estuary in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2004109–127-219">[205]</a> Allied forces also advanced eastwards in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aintree" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Aintree">Operation Aintree</a> to secure the banks of the Meuse as a natural boundary for the established salient. This attack on the German bridgehead west of the Meuse near <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> was for the Allies an unexpectedly protracted affair, which included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Overloon" title="Battle of Overloon">Battle of Overloon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2004158–162-220">[206]</a> After Aintree's completion <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">Operation Pheasant</a> was launched on 20 October which saw the Market Garden salient expand westward and resulted in the liberation of <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>. In February 1945, Allied forces in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a> advanced from the Groesbeek heights which had been taken during Market Garden, and into Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2004253–277-221">[207]</a> crossing the Rhine in March during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2004279–294-222">[208]</a> As a result of Operation Plunder, the city of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Arnhem" title="Liberation of Arnhem">Arnhem was finally liberated</a> by I Canadian Corps on 14 April 1945 after two days of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2004313–315-223">[209]</a> A surrender of the remaining German forces in the west of the Netherlands was signed on 5 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2004416–420-224">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Famine_in_the_Netherlands">Famine in the Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Famine in the Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944–45">Dutch famine of 1944–45</a></div> A tragic consequence of the operation's failure was the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944–45">Dutch famine of 1944–45</a>, also known as the 'Hunger Winter'. During the battle Dutch railway workers, incited by the Dutch government in London, went on strike in order to aid the Allied assault. In retribution Germany forbade food transportation, and in the following winter more than twenty thousand Dutch citizens starved to death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_and_remembrance">Memorials and remembrance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Memorials and remembrance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg/220px-AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg/330px-AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg/440px-AirbornemonumentStOedenrode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Monument for the Dutch at <a href="/wiki/Sint-Oedenrode" title="Sint-Oedenrode">Sint-Oedenrode</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_at_Plac_Polski,_Driel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_at_Plac_Polski%2C_Driel.jpg/170px-Monument_at_Plac_Polski%2C_Driel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_at_Plac_Polski%2C_Driel.jpg/255px-Monument_at_Plac_Polski%2C_Driel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_at_Plac_Polski%2C_Driel.jpg/340px-Monument_at_Plac_Polski%2C_Driel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>The Polish Monument in <a href="/wiki/Driel" title="Driel">Driel</a> at the 'Polenplein'</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airborne_Museum1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Airborne_Museum1.jpg/220px-Airborne_Museum1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Airborne_Museum1.jpg/330px-Airborne_Museum1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Airborne_Museum1.jpg/440px-Airborne_Museum1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airborne_Museum_(Oosterbeek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Museum (Oosterbeek)">Airborne Museum Hartenstein</a></figcaption></figure> The prized Arnhem bridge for which the British had fought so hard did not survive the war. As the front line stabilised south of the Rhine, <a href="/wiki/B-26_Marauder" class="mw-redirect" title="B-26 Marauder">B-26 Marauders</a> of 344th Bomb Group, USAAF destroyed it on 7 October to deny its use to the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1995449-184">[170]</a> It was replaced with a bridge of similar appearance in 1948 and renamed John Frost Bridge (John Frostbrug) on 17 December 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey19738-225">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1980preface,_16-226">[212]</a> There are a number of monuments in the Eindhoven – Nijmegen – Arnhem corridor. A memorial near Arnhem reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> TO THE PEOPLE OF GELDERLAND 50 years ago British and Polish Airborne soldiers fought here against overwhelming odds to open the way into Germany and bring the war to an early end. Instead we brought death and destruction for which you have never blamed us. This stone marks our admiration for your great courage, remembering especially the women who tended our wounded. In the long winter that followed your families risked death by hiding Allied soldiers and airmen, while members of the Resistance helped many to safety. You took us into your homes as fugitives and friends, We took you into our hearts. This strong bond will continue Long after we are all gone.<a href="#cite_note-227">[213]</a> </div></blockquote> Several museums in the Netherlands are dedicated to Operation Market Garden, including the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Museum" title="Freedom Museum">Freedom Museum</a> in Groesbeek,<a href="#cite_note-228">[214]</a> Wings of Liberation Museum Park in Best (near Eindhoven)<a href="#cite_note-229">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airborne_Museum_(Oosterbeek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Museum (Oosterbeek)">Airborne Museum Hartenstein</a> in Oosterbeek.<a href="#cite_note-230">[216]</a> Annually there is a <a href="/wiki/Airborne_March" title="Airborne March">commemorative walk</a> in Oosterbeek on the first Saturday of September which attracts tens of thousands of participants. On 16 September 1994, 101st Airborne veterans unveiled a "Monument for the Dutch" in Sint-Oedenrode. The monument is a gift from the veterans to the civilians who fought alongside of the U.S. troops, much to the surprise and relief of the U.S. soldiers. The inscription on the monument is in English and reads "Dedicated to the people of the Corridor by the veterans of the 101st Airborne Division, in grateful appreciation of their courage, compassion and friendship".<a href="#cite_note-231">[217]</a> The "Airborne trail" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Airbornepad_Market_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airbornepad Market Garden (page does not exist)">Airbornepad Market Garden</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbornepad_Market_Garden" class="extiw" title="nl:Airbornepad Market Garden">nl</a>]) was created as a permanent reminder of Operation Market Garden by the Dutch hiking association, Wandelsportvereniging de Ollandse Lange Afstands Tippelaars (OLAT) ('Hiking Sports Club of the Long-Distance Walkers of Olland').<a href="#cite_note-232">[218]</a> It is a 225-kilometre (140 mi), long-distance pedestrian hiking trail that follows as closely as possible the path of the liberating forces, from <a href="/wiki/Lommel" title="Lommel">Lommel</a> to Arnhem.<a href="#cite_note-233">[219]</a> It was officially opened in September 2004, during the festivities marking the 60th anniversary of the Liberation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A Commemorative Project plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2009, to commemorate the unique military and historical ties between Canada and the Netherlands. A hole, a par five, on the south course (Hylands Golf Course Uplands) in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a> was named "Arnhem, in honour of the Royal Canadian Artillery squadrons that took part in Second World War allied airborne Operation MARKET GARDEN from 17 to 26 September 1944. The operation, intended to secure a series of bridges so the allies could advance into Germany, fell short when the allied forces were unsuccessful in securing the bridge over the Rhine at Arnhem."<a href="#cite_note-234">[220]</a> The village of Somerby in Leicestershire has a memorial hall dedicated to the men of the 10th battalion who were based there and who did not return. Each year there is a parade in their honour led by the <a href="/wiki/Seaforth_Highlanders" title="Seaforth Highlanders">Seaforth Highlanders</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_video_games">In film and video games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: In film and video games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Operation Market Garden was the subject of the 1946 film <a href="/wiki/Theirs_Is_the_Glory" title="Theirs Is the Glory">Theirs Is the Glory</a>. This film mixed original footage from the battle with reenactments, shot on location in Arnhem. Many of the actors portraying the paratroopers were soldiers who fought in the battle. Some played themselves, including <a href="/wiki/Kate_ter_Horst" title="Kate ter Horst">Kate ter Horst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gough_(MP_for_Horsham)" title="Frederick Gough (MP for Horsham)">Frederick Gough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Frost (British Army officer)">John Frost</a>, and Stanley Maxted, the Canadian journalist who posted gripping reports from the front at Arnhem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2008268–269-235">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(film)" title="A Bridge Too Far (film)">A Bridge Too Far</a> is a 1977 epic war film, based on the <a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(book)" title="A Bridge Too Far (book)">1974 book of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Cornelius Ryan</a>. It was adapted by <a href="/wiki/William_Goldman" title="William Goldman">William Goldman</a>, was directed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>, and had an all-star cast. Unlike the earlier film, it covered the entire operation from all sides: British, American, German, Polish, and Dutch.</li> <li>Dramatizations of the actions of the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/506th_PIR" class="mw-redirect" title="506th PIR">506th PIR</a> during the battle (with cameo scenes also of XXX Corps, British paratroopers and Canadian engineers) formed part of the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Home_Box_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Box Office">HBO</a> television <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)">Band of Brothers</a>.</li> <li>The 2021 film <a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Battle" title="The Forgotten Battle">The Forgotten Battle</a> includes a depiction of the glider-borne insertion of Operation Market Garden.<a href="#cite_note-236">[222]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The Dutch forces most involved in Market Garden were the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade" title="Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade">Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade</a> (attached to British XXX Corps) and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The Belgian forces involved in Market Garden were the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Belgian_Brigade" title="Independent Belgian Brigade">Independent Belgian Brigade</a> (attached to British XXX Corps) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> While the size of the German force used to oppose Market Garden is currently unknown, Michael Reynolds notes that Fifteenth Army, based to the west of the axis of advance, contained over 80,000 men. The strength of First Parachute Army is not given. However, Reynolds notes it had just been reinforced with over 30,000 men from the Luftwaffe, including paratroopers in various stages of training. Finally, the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions each contained in the neighborhood of 6,000–7,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001100–101-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> XXX Corps lost 70 tanks while VIII and XII Corps lost c. 18 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963199and_endnotes-8">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Operation Varsity</a> in 1945 involved more aircraft, gliders, and troops on D-Day than in Market, but troops flown in on later days made Market Garden the larger operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963132-14">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Eisenhower wrote to Montgomery stating that 1,000 tons by air to the "Brussels area" was not possible since the transport aircraft would be given over to the airborne operations but – by temporarily immobilising some American divisions – every effort would be made to deliver 500 tons by road with  – while the aircraft were not in use for the airborne operations – 500 tons by air<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "Handsup", a drop on <a href="/wiki/Quiberon" title="Quiberon">Quiberon</a>, was cancelled after naval objections and "Beneficiary", a drop on <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, because defences were too strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195683-42">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> After 25 August, IX TCC was removed from Ninth Air Force and placed directly under U.S. Strategic Air Forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195683-42">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> 655 of the 700 scheduled RAF sorties on the first two days towed gliders and the RAF only dropped 186 total troops by parachute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956227_Table_III-53">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> The 9th SS Panzer Division was organized into the divisional reconnaissance battalion and 19 Alarmheiten (Alarm Companies) trained to head towards the sound of gunfire, each being about 130 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005459-78">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Ryan claims civilian casualties in the Arnhem area are less than 500, while he had heard of up to 10,000 killed, wounded or displaced civilians in the Market Garden operation area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999457-156">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> According to Ellis Second Army casualties (excluding the 1st Airborne Division) amounted to 3,716 men from 17–26 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200456-158">[147]</a> Ryan states that total British casualties amounted to 13,226: 1st Airborne Division (including Polish forces and glider pilots), 7,578; RAF pilot and crew losses, 294; XXX Corps, 1,480, while supporting operations by VIII and XII Corps resulted in 3,874 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999457-156">[146]</a> VIII Corps staff place their losses at 663 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson_et_al.1945156-159">[148]</a> Michael Reynolds arrives at a slightly different figure to Ryan for the airborne losses; 1,446 men of the 1st Airborne and Glider Pilot Regiment were killed while 6,414 were taken prisoner. Furthermore 97 Poles were killed and a further 111 captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173-3">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> 82nd Airborne Division: 1,432. 101st Airborne Division: 2,118. Glider pilots and air crew: 424.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999457-156">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Historian Cornelius Ryan wrote that "complete German losses remain unknown but that in Arnhem and Oosterbeek admitted casualties came to 3,300 including 1,300 dead" and "I would conservatively estimate that Army Group B lost at least another 7,500–10,000 men of which perhaps a quarter were killed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999457-156">[146]</a> Michael Reynolds wrote that "precise details of German casualties do not exist", and they totaled about 6,400 based on research by Robert Kershaw. Kershaw estimated that 2,565 Germans were killed north of the lower Rhine and a further 3,750 were lost fighting around XXX Corps corridor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173–174-162">[149]</a> Stephen Badsey wrote that "other calculations place [German losses] at 2,000 dead and 6,000 wounded".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadsey199385-163">[150]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001173_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLópez2019" class="citation web cs1">López, Todd (27 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1963536/us-allies-remember-operation-market-garden/">"US, allies remember Market Garden"</a>. US Departement of Defense.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Departement+of+Defense&rft.atitle=US%2C+allies+remember+Market+Garden&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FExplore%2FNews%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F1963536%2Fus-allies-remember-operation-market-garden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antonybeevor.com/order-of-battle-operation-market-garden/">Antony Beevor, 2020, Order of Battle: Operation Market Garden</a>. (Access: 15 March 2020.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001100–101-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001100–101_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963199and_endnotes-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963199and_endnotes_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 199, and endnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963199-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963199_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/30056/ww2_market_garden.pdf">"Operation Market Garden Netherlands 17–25 September 1944"</a> (PDF). gov.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Operation+Market+Garden+Netherlands+17%E2%80%9325+September+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F30056%2Fww2_market_garden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997525-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997525_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot1997">Wilmot 1997</a>, p. 525. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0">^</a> The Battle for the Rhine 1944 by Robin Neillands, Chapter 4 The Road to Arnhem </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963132-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963132_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinloch2023" class="citation book cs1">Kinloch, Nicholas (2023). From the Soviet Gulag to Arnhem: A Polish Paratrooper's Epic Wartime Journey. Pen and Sword. pp. 163–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399045919" title="Special:BookSources/978-1399045919"><bdi>978-1399045919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Soviet+Gulag+to+Arnhem%3A+A+Polish+Paratrooper%27s+Epic+Wartime+Journey&rft.pages=163-192&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1399045919&rft.aulast=Kinloch&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201836-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor201836_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2018">Beevor 2018</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963131-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963131_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963131_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200430-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200430_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200430_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisWarhurst2004">Ellis & Warhurst 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks1960209-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks1960209_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks1960">Horrocks 1960</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst20041-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst20041_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisWarhurst2004">Ellis & Warhurst 2004</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-weigley-22"><a href="#cite_ref-weigley_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley,_Russell_F.1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Weigley" title="Russell Weigley">Weigley, Russell F.</a> (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-13333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-13333-5"><bdi>978-0-253-13333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%27s+Lieutenants&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-253-13333-5&rft.au=Weigley%2C+Russell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20183-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor20183_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2018">Beevor 2018</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013220-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013220_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2013">Atkinson 2013</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst20045-9-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst20045-9_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisWarhurst2004">Ellis & Warhurst 2004</a>, p. 5-9. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald2-26"><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald2_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1969" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Charles B. (1969). The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War IIArmed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mighty+Endeavor%3A+American+Armed+Forces+in+the+European+Theater+in+World+War+IIArmed&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013302–306,_329-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013302–306,_329_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2013">Atkinson 2013</a>, pp. 302–306, 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1954). The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy. Vol. VI. London: Cassell. pp. 174–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=174-175&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald196310-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald196310_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2006" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2006). Patton. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403971395" title="Special:BookSources/9781403971395"><bdi>9781403971395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781403971395&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200417-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200417_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisWarhurst2004">Ellis & Warhurst 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200819–21-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200819–21_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2008">Bennett 2008</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954281-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogue1954281_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogue1954281_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPogue1954">Pogue 1954</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200329–30-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert200329–30_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2003">Hibbert 2003</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan85-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryan85_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryan85_35-1">b</a> Cornelius Ryan, A Bridge Too Far, Popular Library, 1974, pp. 85–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200330–31-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert200330–31_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2003">Hibbert 2003</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963129-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963129_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Ellis (1968) p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954269-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogue1954269_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPogue1954">Pogue 1954</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963128-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963128_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195683-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren195683_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren195683_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963119–120-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1963119–120_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1963">MacDonald 1963</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200429-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst200429_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisWarhurst2004">Ellis & Warhurst 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200829-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200829_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200829_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2008">Bennett 2008</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195681-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren195681_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956226–227-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1956226–227_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 82 (operational control of IXTCC to First Airborne Army) and p. 97 (size and composition of troop carrier units). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956112-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1956112_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195698-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren195698_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956227_Table_III-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1956227_Table_III_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 227 Table III. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2002614,_616-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Este2002614,_616_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Este2002">D'Este 2002</a>, pp. 614, 616. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195690-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren195690_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956154-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1956154_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1956100-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1956100_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren195699-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren195699_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1956">Warren 1956</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200536-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings200536_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings200536_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHastings2005">Hastings 2005</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200356-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert200356_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2003">Hibbert 2003</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200414-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200414_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200414_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200415-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200415_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200419-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200419_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200843–44-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200843–44_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2008">Bennett 2008</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199936-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan199936_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199943-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan199943_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199958-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan199958_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005454-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005454_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200421-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200421_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200421_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199944-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan199944_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200422-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200422_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200422_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005456-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005456_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005456_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200423-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200423_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005455-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005455_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200439-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200439_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200439_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005455–456-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005455–456_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, pp. 455–456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005459-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005459_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005459_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-tank_myth-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tank_myth_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tank_myth_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battle-of-arnhem.com/myth-the-germans-had-dozens-of-tanks-in-arnhem/">"Myth: 'The Germans had dozens of tanks in Arnhem' – Market Garden"</a>. The Battle of Arnhem Archive (in Dutch and English). 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Battle+of+Arnhem+Archive&rft.atitle=Myth%3A+%27The+Germans+had+dozens+of+tanks+in+Arnhem%27+%E2%80%93+Market+Garden&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battle-of-arnhem.com%2Fmyth-the-germans-had-dozens-of-tanks-in-arnhem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200424-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200424_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200436–37-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200436–37_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200430-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200430_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anthony-blunt-soviet-russian-spy-nazis-xsn37f8dx">Soviet double agent Anthony Blunt may have helped Hitler too, Robert Verkaik, 27 April 2024, The Sunday Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200431-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200431_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200431_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2004">Kershaw 2004</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005458-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005458_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005460-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarclerode2005460_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarclerode2005">Harclerode 2005</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDibbsHolmes2000119-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDibbsHolmes2000119_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDibbsHolmes2000">Dibbs & Holmes 2000</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-battledetective.com-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-battledetective.com_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-battledetective.com_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://battledetective.com/casefiles19.html">"Case File # 19: The Lost Aerial Photos of Arnhem"</a>. Battledetective.com. 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Battledetective.com&rft.atitle=Case+File+%23+19%3A+The+Lost+Aerial+Photos+of+Arnhem&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbattledetective.com%2Fcasefiles19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook199564–65-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook199564–65_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook1995">Middlebrook 1995</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook199566-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook199566_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook1995">Middlebrook 1995</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, Karsten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qkBAwAAQBAJ&q=german+flak+%22heavy+but+inaccurate%22&pg=PT219">The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler II</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4467-9584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4467-9584-2"><bdi>978-1-4467-9584-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cruel+Slaughter+of+Adolf+Hitler+II&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.isbn=978-1-4467-9584-2&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qkBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgerman%2Bflak%2B%2522heavy%2Bbut%2Binaccurate%2522%26pg%3DPT219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> A brief history of the 44th Royal Tank Regiment 1939–1945, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027024229/http://uk.geocities.com/williamfdungey/odds/44rtr.html">"Geocities.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.geocities.com/williamfdungey/odds/44rtr.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geocities.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.geocities.com%2Fwilliamfdungey%2Fodds%2F44rtr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b488-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargry2002b488_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargry2002b">Margry 2002b</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargry2002a161−164-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargry2002a161−164_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargry2002a">Margry 2002a</a>, pp. 161−164. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Interview with BBC TV News. 21 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-ParaData-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParaData_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParaData_97-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/tony-hibbert-1">Roll Call: Major Tony Hibbert, MBE MC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019094205/http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/tony-hibbert-1">Archived</a> 19 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ParaData, Airborne Assault (Registered Charity) </li> <li id="cite_note-PegasusArchive-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PegasusArchive_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PegasusArchive_98-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegasusarchive.org/arnhem/tony_hibbert.htm">Major James Anthony Hibbert</a>, The Pegasus Archive – The Battle of Arnhem Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnhemAccount-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArnhemAccount_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArnhemAccount_99-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradata.org.uk/article/857/related/13389">Personal account of Major Tony Hibbert's experiences of the Battle of Arnhem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022034811/http://www.paradata.org.uk/article/857/related/13389">Archived</a> 22 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ParaData, Airborne Assault (Registered Charity) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert200399–100-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert200399–100_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert200399–100_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2003">Hibbert 2003</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenacre2004283–308-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenacre2004283–308_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenacre2004">Greenacre 2004</a>, pp. 283–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert2003100-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert2003100_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2003">Hibbert 2003</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin2001291–294-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin2001291–294_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAustin2001">Austin 2001</a>, pp. 291–294. </li> <li id="cite_note-Randel32-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel32_104-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFRandel1945">Randel 1945</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999182-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999182_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200670_106-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillGroves2006">Gill & Groves 2006</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999183-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999183_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999183_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999183_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999183_107-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999185–186-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999185–186_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999185–186_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999186-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999186_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200671_110-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillGroves2006">Gill & Groves 2006</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1999187-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999187_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1999187_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1999">Ryan 1999</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2002616-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Este2002616_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Este2002">D'Este 2002</a>, p. 616. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201451-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga201451_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2014">Zaloga 2014</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel194533-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel194533_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRandel1945">Randel 1945</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200672-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200672_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillGroves2006">Gill & Groves 2006</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, A. D. (2001). Arnhem. London: Cassell & Co. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304356999" title="Special:BookSources/0304356999"><bdi>0304356999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0304356999&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarclerode1994" class="citation book cs1">Harclerode, Peter (1994). Arnhem: A Tragedy of Errors. London: Caxton Editions. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840671467" title="Special:BookSources/1840671467"><bdi>1840671467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Errors&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1840671467&rft.aulast=Harclerode&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarclerode1994" class="citation book cs1">Harclerode, Peter (1994). Arnhem: A Tragedy of Errors. London: Caxton Editions. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840671467" title="Special:BookSources/1840671467"><bdi>1840671467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem%3A+A+Tragedy+of+Errors&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1840671467&rft.aulast=Harclerode&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarclerode1994" class="citation book cs1">Harclerode, Peter (1994). Arnhem: A Tragedy of Errors. 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Airborne Museum Hartenstein.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airborne+Museum+Hartenstein&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbornemuseum.nl%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819210155/http://lauvanlieshoutfotos.web-log.nl/lauvanlieshoutfotos/2006/10/monument_to_the.html">"Weblog Lau van Lieshout: Monument to the Dutch"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lauvanlieshoutfotos.web-log.nl/lauvanlieshoutfotos/2006/10/monument_to_the.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2011. 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National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials. Canadian Department of National Defence. 16 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8036">the original</a> on 20 May 2014. 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Dutch, Germans, Brits and Canadians live through "The Forgotten Battle""</a>. Movie Nation. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Movie+Nation&rft.atitle=Netflixable%3F+Dutch%2C+Germans%2C+Brits+and+Canadians+live+through+%22The+Forgotten+Battle%22&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frogersmovienation.com%2F2021%2F10%2F15%2Fnetflixable-dutch-germans-briths-and-canadians-live-through-the-forgotten-battle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Blue" title="The Wild Blue">The Wild Blue : The Men and Boys Who Flew the B-24s Over Germany 1944–45</a>, Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0339-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-0339-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Blue+%3A+The+Men+and+Boys+Who+Flew+the+B-24s+Over+Germany+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0339-5&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2013" class="citation cs2">Atkinson, Rick (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805062908">The Guns at Last Light</a>, New York: Henry Holt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schonland%3A+Scientist+and+Soldier&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0750305010&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadsey1993" class="citation cs2">Badsey, Stephen (1993), Arnhem 1944: Operation Market Garden, London: Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855323025" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855323025"><bdi>978-1855323025</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem+1944%3A+Operation+Market+Garden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1855323025&rft.aulast=Badsey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalke1990" class="citation cs2">Balke, Ulf (1990), Der Luftkrieg in Europa, vol. II, Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3763758844" title="Special:BookSources/3763758844"><bdi>3763758844</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Luftkrieg+in+Europa&rft.place=Koblenz&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3763758844&rft.aulast=Balke&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1999" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, B. S (1999). The Sign of the Double 'T' (The 50th Northumbrian Division – July 1943 to December 1944). Market Weighton: Sentinel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953426201" title="Special:BookSources/9780953426201"><bdi>9780953426201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sign+of+the+Double+%27T%27+%28The+50th+Northumbrian+Division+%E2%80%93+July+1943+to+December+1944%29&rft.pub=Market+Weighton%3A+Sentinel+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780953426201&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=B.+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2012), The Second World War, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297844976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297844976"><bdi>978-0297844976</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0297844976&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2018" class="citation cs2">Beevor, Antony (2018), Arnhem: The Battle for the Bridges, 1944, London: Viking, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670918669" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670918669"><bdi>978-0670918669</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Bridges%2C+1944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0670918669&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2015" class="citation cs2">Beevor, Antony (2015), Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble, New York: Viking, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670025312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670025312"><bdi>978-0670025312</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ardennes+1944%3A+Hitler%27s+Last+Gamble&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0670025312&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2008" class="citation cs2">Bennett, David (2008), A Magnificent Disaster, Newbury: Casemate Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932033854" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932033854"><bdi>978-1932033854</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Magnificent+Disaster&rft.place=Newbury&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1932033854&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton1946" class="citation cs2">Brereton, L. H. (1946), The Brereton Diaries. The War in the Air in the Pacific, Middle East and Europe, 3 October 1941 – 8 May 1945, New York: W Morrow, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/792951">792951</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brereton+Diaries.+The+War+in+the+Air+in+the+Pacific%2C+Middle+East+and+Europe%2C+3+October+1941+%E2%80%93+8+May+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W+Morrow&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F792951&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2013" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, John (2013). Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300160352" title="Special:BookSources/9780300160352"><bdi>9780300160352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%27s+Men%3A+The+British+Army+and+the+Liberation+of+Europe&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300160352&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaforce2018" class="citation book cs1">Delaforce, Patrick (2018). The Fighting Wessex Wyverns: From Normandy to Bremerhaven with the 43rd Wessex Division. 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"Chapter 13: The Army and the Challenge of War 1939–1945". In Chandler, David; Beckett, Ian Frederick William (eds.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 99–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19869-178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19869-178-5"><bdi>978-0-19869-178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+The+Army+and+the+Challenge+of+War+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=99-126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19869-178-5&rft.aulast=D%27Este&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibbsHolmes2000" class="citation cs2">Dibbs, John; Holmes, Tony (2000), Spitfire: Flying Legend, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841350127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841350127"><bdi>978-1841350127</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitfire%3A+Flying+Legend&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1841350127&rft.aulast=Dibbs&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. 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(2004) [1968]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). Victory in the West: The Defeat of Germany. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845740597" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845740597"><bdi>978-1845740597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+West%3A+The+Defeat+of+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=pbk+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Uckfield&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1845740597&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=L.+F.&rft.au=Warhurst%2C+A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2018" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Ken (2018). Operation Market Garden 1944 (3): The British XXX Corps Missions. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472820136" title="Special:BookSources/9781472820136"><bdi>9781472820136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Market+Garden+1944+%283%29%3A+The+British+XXX+Corps+Missions&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781472820136&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fraser_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Fraser (British Army officer)">Fraser, David</a> (1999) [1983]. And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War. London: Cassell Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35233-3"><bdi>978-0-304-35233-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+We+Shall+Shock+Them%3A+The+British+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35233-3&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Frost (British Army officer)">Frost, John</a> (1980), A Drop Too Many, Cassell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850529272" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850529272"><bdi>978-0850529272</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Drop+Too+Many&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0850529272&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillGroves2006" class="citation cs2">Gill, Ronald; Groves, John (2006) [1946], Club Route in Europe: The History of 30 Corps from D-Day to May 1945, MLRS Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905696246" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905696246"><bdi>978-1905696246</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Club+Route+in+Europe%3A+The+History+of+30+Corps+from+D-Day+to+May+1945&rft.pub=MLRS+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1905696246&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Groves%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenacre2004" class="citation journal cs1">Greenacre, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1470243042000344777">"Assessing the Reasons for Failure: 1st British Airborne Division Signal Communications during Operation Market Garden"</a>. Defence Studies. 4 (3). London: Frank Cass: 283–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1470243042000344777">10.1080/1470243042000344777</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55201531">55201531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525233">218525233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+Studies&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Reasons+for+Failure%3A+1st+British+Airborne+Division+Signal+Communications+during+Operation+Market+Garden&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-308&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55201531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218525233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1470243042000344777&rft.aulast=Greenacre&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F1470243042000344777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarclerode2005" class="citation cs2">Harclerode, Peter (2005), Wings Of War: Airborne Warfare 1918–1945, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304367306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304367306"><bdi>978-0304367306</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+Of+War%3A+Airborne+Warfare+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0304367306&rft.aulast=Harclerode&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2005) [2004], Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45, London: Pan Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0330490627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0330490627"><bdi>978-0330490627</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon%3A+The+Battle+for+Germany+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0330490627&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Stephen Ashley (2007) [2000]. Colossal Cracks: Montgomery's 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944–45. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3383-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossal+Cracks%3A+Montgomery%27s+21st+Army+Group+in+Northwest+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Mechanicsburg&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3383-0&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (2003) [1962], Arnhem, London: Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842127278" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842127278"><bdi>978-1842127278</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1842127278&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Horrocks, Brian</a> (1960), Escape to Action, New York: St Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/398771">398771</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+to+Action&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F398771&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson_et_al.1945" class="citation cs2">Jackson, G. S.; et al. (2006) [1945], 8 Corps: Normandy to the Baltic, Smalldale: MLRS Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905696253" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905696253"><bdi>978-1905696253</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=8+Corps%3A+Normandy+to+the+Baltic&rft.place=Smalldale&rft.pub=MLRS+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1905696253&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoiner1990" class="citation book cs1">Joiner, J. H (1990). One More River To Cross. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850527889" title="Special:BookSources/9780850527889"><bdi>9780850527889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+More+River+To+Cross&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780850527889&rft.aulast=Joiner&rft.aufirst=J.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2004" class="citation cs2">Kershaw, Robert J. (2004), It Never Snows in September: The German View of Market-Garden and the Battle of Arnhem, September 1944 (Pbk ed.), Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711030626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0711030626"><bdi>978-0711030626</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Never+Snows+in+September%3A+The+German+View+of+Market-Garden+and+the+Battle+of+Arnhem%2C+September+1944&rft.place=Hersham&rft.edition=Pbk&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0711030626&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurens1971" class="citation cs2">Laurens, Anne (1971) [1969], Lindemans Affair: Betrayal of the Arnhem Drop, Allan Wingate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0855230074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0855230074"><bdi>978-0855230074</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lindemans+Affair%3A+Betrayal+of+the+Arnhem+Drop&rft.pub=Allan+Wingate&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0855230074&rft.aulast=Laurens&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._MacDonald" title="Charles B. MacDonald">MacDonald, Charles B.</a> (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324012229/https://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-7-1/CMH_Pub_7-7-1.pdf">The Siegfried Line Campaign</a> (PDF), Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494234368">494234368</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-7-1/CMH_Pub_7-7-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 March 2022, retrieved 27 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siegfried+Line+Campaign&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494234368&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F007%2F7-7-1%2FCMH_Pub_7-7-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargry2002a" class="citation book cs1">Margry, Karel (2002a). Operation Market Garden. Then and Now. Vol. 1. London: Battle of Britain International; After the Battle Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-39-3"><bdi>978-1-870067-39-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Market+Garden.+Then+and+Now&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Battle+of+Britain+International%3B+After+the+Battle+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-870067-39-3&rft.aulast=Margry&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargry2002b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Margry, Karel (2002b). Operation Market Garden. Then and Now. Vol. 2: Allies Capture Nijmegen Bridge. London: Battle of Britain International; After the Battle Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1870067454" title="Special:BookSources/978-1870067454"><bdi>978-1870067454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Market+Garden.+Then+and+Now&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Battle+of+Britain+International%3B+After+the+Battle+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1870067454&rft.aulast=Margry&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Middlebrook" title="Martin Middlebrook">Middlebrook, Martin</a> (1995), Arnhem 1944: The Airborne Battle, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140143423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140143423"><bdi>978-0140143423</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnhem+1944%3A+The+Airborne+Battle&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0140143423&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1958" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Montgomery, Bernard Law</a> (1958), The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G., London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/375195">375195</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Field-Marshal+the+Viscount+Montgomery+of+Alamein%2C+K.G.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F375195&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtway1990" class="citation cs2">Otway, T. B. H. (1990) [1951], The Second World War 1939–1945 Army Airborne Forces (illustrated, reprint ed.), Imperial War Museum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901627575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901627575"><bdi>978-0901627575</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%931945+Army+Airborne+Forces&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0901627575&rft.aulast=Otway&rft.aufirst=T.+B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogue1954" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Pogue" title="Forrest Pogue">Pogue, Forrest C.</a> (1954), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905011622/https://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-1/CMH_Pub_7-1.pdf">The Supreme Command</a> (PDF), Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318368731">318368731</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-1/CMH_Pub_7-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 September 2021, retrieved 27 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Command&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318368731&rft.aulast=Pogue&rft.aufirst=Forrest+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F007%2F7-1%2FCMH_Pub_7-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, Robin</a>, The Battle for the Rhine 1944, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786158867" title="Special:BookSources/0786158867"><bdi>0786158867</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+Rhine+1944&rft.isbn=0786158867&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1973" class="citation cs2">Ramsey, Winston G., ed. (1973), "Arnhem", After the Battle, no. 2, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4895468">4895468</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=After+the+Battle&rft.atitle=Arnhem&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4895468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel1945" class="citation cs2">Randel, P. B. (1945), Wilson, Major D. B. (ed.), A short history of 30 Corps in the European Campaign 1944–1945, Crawford, W. H. (illustrator), MLRS Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905973699" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905973699"><bdi>978-1905973699</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+30+Corps+in+the+European+Campaign+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=MLRS+Books&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-1905973699&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, M. (2001), Sons of the Reich: The History of II Panzer Corps, Stroud: Spellmount Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862271461" title="Special:BookSources/1862271461"><bdi>1862271461</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+Reich%3A+The+History+of+II+Panzer+Corps&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Spellmount+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1862271461&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppenthal1953" class="citation cs2">Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075332/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-2-1/CMH_Pub_7-2-1.pdf">Logistical Support of the Armies: May 1941 – September 1944</a> (PDF), vol. I, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643383738">643383738</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-2-1/CMH_Pub_7-2-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 27 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logistical+Support+of+the+Armies%3A+May+1941+%E2%80%93+September+1944&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643383738&rft.aulast=Ruppenthal&rft.aufirst=Roland+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F007%2F7-2-1%2FCMH_Pub_7-2-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppenthal1959" class="citation cs2">Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073005/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-3-1/CMH_Pub_7-3-1.pdf">Logistical Support of the Armies: September 1944 – May 1945</a> (PDF), vol. II, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256470218">256470218</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-3-1/CMH_Pub_7-3-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 27 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logistical+Support+of+the+Armies%3A+September+1944+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256470218&rft.aulast=Ruppenthal&rft.aufirst=Roland+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F007%2F7-3-1%2FCMH_Pub_7-3-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Ryan, Cornelius</a> (1999) [1974], <a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(book)" title="A Bridge Too Far (book)">A Bridge Too Far</a>, Wordsworth Editions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840222135" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840222135"><bdi>978-1840222135</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bridge+Too+Far&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1840222135&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Tim (2001). Nijmegen: U.S. 82nd Airborne and Guards Armoured Division. Battleground Europe. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Military; Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850528152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850528152"><bdi>978-0850528152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nijmegen%3A+U.S.+82nd+Airborne+and+Guards+Armoured+Division&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.series=Battleground+Europe&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military%3B+Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0850528152&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2008" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Tim (2008). The Island: Nijmegen to Arnhem Battleground Europe. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783037087" title="Special:BookSources/9781783037087"><bdi>9781783037087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Island%3A+Nijmegen+to+Arnhem+Battleground+Europe&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781783037087&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff1945" class="citation cs2">Staff of 21st Army Group (1945), Notes on the operations of 21 Army Group 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945, 21st Army Group, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220436388">220436388</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+operations+of+21+Army+Group+6+June+1944+%E2%80%93+5+May+1945&rft.pub=21st+Army+Group&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220436388&rft.au=Staff+of+21st+Army+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedder1966" class="citation book cs1">Tedder, Lord (1966). With Prejudice. Cassell & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Prejudice&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Tedder&rft.aufirst=Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker-JonesCaddick-Adams2020" class="citation book cs1">Tucker-Jones, Anthony; Caddick-Adams, Peter (2020). The Devil's Bridge The German Victory at Arnhem, 1944. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472839848" title="Special:BookSources/9781472839848"><bdi>9781472839848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Bridge+The+German+Victory+at+Arnhem%2C+1944&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781472839848&rft.aulast=Tucker-Jones&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Caddick-Adams%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1956" class="citation cs2">Warren, John C. (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624044120/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090602-016.pdf">Airborne Operations in World War II, European Theater</a> (PDF), USAF Historical Studies, USAF Historical Division Research Studies Institute, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/78918574">78918574</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090602-016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2016, retrieved 27 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airborne+Operations+in+World+War+II%2C+European+Theater&rft.series=USAF+Historical+Studies&rft.pub=USAF+Historical+Division+Research+Studies+Institute&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F78918574&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090602-016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44317-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44317-3"><bdi>978-0-521-44317-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44317-3&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmot1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Wilmot, Chester</a> (1997) [1952], The Struggle For Europe, Wordsworth Editions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853266775" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853266775"><bdi>978-1853266775</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+For+Europe&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1853266775&rft.aulast=Wilmot&rft.aufirst=Chester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven</a> (2014), Operation Market Garden 1944 (1): The American Airborne Missions, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782008163" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782008163"><bdi>978-1782008163</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Market+Garden+1944+%281%29%3A+The+American+Airborne+Missions&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1782008163&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinloch2023" class="citation book cs1">Kinloch, N. (2023). From the Soviet Gulag to Arnhem: A Polish Paratrooper's Epic Wartime Journey. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781399045919" title="Special:BookSources/9781399045919"><bdi>9781399045919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Soviet+Gulag+to+Arnhem%3A+A+Polish+Paratrooper%27s+Epic+Wartime+Journey&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword.&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781399045919&rft.aulast=Kinloch&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeale2005" class="citation book cs1">Beale, N. (2005). Kampfflieger: Bombers of the Luftwaffe: Summer 1943 – May 1945. Vol. IV. Hersham: Classic Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903223504" title="Special:BookSources/1903223504"><bdi>1903223504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kampfflieger%3A+Bombers+of+the+Luftwaffe%3A+Summer+1943+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.place=Hersham&rft.pub=Classic+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1903223504&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgett2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Burgett" title="Donald Burgett">Burgett, D.</a> (2001). The Road to Arnhem: A Screaming Eagle in Holland. Dell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0440236337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0440236337"><bdi>978-0440236337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Arnhem%3A+A+Screaming+Eagle+in+Holland&rft.pub=Dell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0440236337&rft.aulast=Burgett&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCholewczynski1993" class="citation book cs1">Cholewczynski, G. F. (1993). Poles Apart: The Polish Airborne at the Battle of Arnhem. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853671654" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853671654"><bdi>978-1853671654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poles+Apart%3A+The+Polish+Airborne+at+the+Battle+of+Arnhem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1853671654&rft.aulast=Cholewczynski&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin1979" class="citation book cs1">Devlin, G. M. (1979). Paratrooper: The Saga of Parachute and Glider Combat Troops During World War II. Robson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312596521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312596521"><bdi>978-0312596521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paratrooper%3A+The+Saga+of+Parachute+and+Glider+Combat+Troops+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0312596521&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneMontgomery,_David1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, A.</a>; Montgomery, David (1994). The Lonely Leader: Monty 1944–1945. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333587089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333587089"><bdi>978-0333587089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lonely+Leader%3A+Monty+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0333587089&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston1998" class="citation book cs1">Huston, J. A. (1998). Out of the Blue: U.S. Army Airborne Operations in World War II. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/155753148X" title="Special:BookSources/155753148X"><bdi>155753148X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Blue%3A+U.S.+Army+Airborne+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=155753148X&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Lunteren2014" class="citation book cs1">van Lunteren, F. (2014). The Battle of the Bridges. Casemate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612002323" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612002323"><bdi>978-1612002323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Bridges&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1612002323&rft.aulast=van+Lunteren&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1960" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, C. B. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">"19 The Decision to Launch Operation Market Garden"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">Command Decisions</a> (2000 ed.). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">CMH</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1518217">1518217</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_19.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19+The+Decision+to+Launch+Operation+Market+Garden&rft.btitle=Command+Decisions&rft.edition=2000&rft.pub=CMH&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1518217&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2F70-7_19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Montgomery, B. L.</a> (1947). Normandy to the Baltic. London: <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson & Co">Hutchinson & Co</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772789924">772789924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+to+the+Baltic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772789924&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersBuist,_L.2009" class="citation book cs1">Peters, M. L.; Buist, L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1971">Glider Pilots at Arnhem</a>. Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844157631" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844157631"><bdi>978-1844157631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glider+Pilots+at+Arnhem&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1844157631&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Buist%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pen-and-sword.co.uk%2F%3Fproduct_id%3D1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting2002" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, C. (2002). Bounce the Rhine. Siegfried Line Series (New ed.). Staplehurst: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1862271517" title="Special:BookSources/978-1862271517"><bdi>978-1862271517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bounce+the+Rhine&rft.place=Staplehurst&rft.series=Siegfried+Line+Series&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1862271517&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219123944/https://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/jscsc-library/bibliographies/campaign-and-battle-studies/ArnhemInternet.pdf">Operation Market Garden, The Battle of Arnhem, September 1944</a> (PDF). Campaign & Battle Series. UK Joint Services Command and Staff College Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/jscsc-library/bibliographies/campaign-and-battle-studies/ArnhemInternet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Market+Garden%2C+The+Battle+of+Arnhem%2C+September+1944&rft.series=Campaign+%26+Battle+Series&rft.pub=UK+Joint+Services+Command+and+Staff+College+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.da.mod.uk%2Fcolleges%2Fjscsc%2Fjscsc-library%2Fbibliographies%2Fcampaign-and-battle-studies%2FArnhemInternet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandeleur1967" class="citation book cs1">Vandeleur, J.O.E (1967). A Soldier's Story. Gale & Polden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Soldier%27s+Story&rft.pub=Gale+%26+Polden&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Vandeleur&rft.aufirst=J.O.E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Market+Garden" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Market_Garden&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operation_Market_Garden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marketgarden.com/2010/UK/main.html">The Digital Monument 1995–2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2marketgarden.com/index.html">Operation Market Garden Internet Website. Includes personal accounts of Dutch and Allied survivors of Operation Market Garden</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operation_Market_Garden" title="Category:Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:1944 in the Netherlands">1944 in the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerial_operations_and_battles_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom">Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands">Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Poland" title="Category:Battles and 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