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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islam in the post-Soviet period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam_in_the_post-Soviet_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islam in the post-Soviet period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_the_post-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam_in_the_North_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_in_the_North_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Islam in the North Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_the_North_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Demographics and Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conversions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hajj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hajj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hajj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hajj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Language controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception_of_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception_of_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Public perception of Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception_of_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_in_Russia_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_in_Russia_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam in Russia by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam_in_Russia_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islam in Russia by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_Russia_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam_in_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_in_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Islam in Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Russian_muftiates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Russian_muftiates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Russian muftiates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Russian_muftiates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Russian_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Russian_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Russian Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Russian_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Russia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الإسلام في روسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiyada_islam" title="Rusiyada islam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiyada islam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রাশিয়ায় ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাশিয়ায় ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%99%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Рәсәйҙә ислам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәйҙә ислам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1m_v_Rusku" title="Islám v Rusku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islám v Rusku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_yn_Rwsia" title="Islam yn Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Islam yn Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Russland" title="Islam in Russland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islam in Russland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισλάμ στη Ρωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλάμ στη Ρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Rusia" title="Islam en Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islam en Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسلام در روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Russie" title="Islam en Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci_a_Rasha" title="Musulunci a Rasha – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Musulunci a Rasha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="रूस में इस्लाम धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस में इस्लाम धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Rusia" title="Islam di Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslam_%C3%AD_R%C3%BAsslandi" title="Íslam í Rússlandi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslam í Rússlandi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islam in Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ისლამი რუსეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლამი რუსეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ресейдегі ислам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресейдегі ислам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ислам дини Орусияда – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ислам дини Орусияда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ms_Krievij%C4%81" title="Islāms Krievijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāms Krievijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Исламот во Русија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исламот во Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Rusia" title="Islam di Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Rusland" title="Islam in Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam in Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ロシアにおけるイスラーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアにおけるイスラーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyada_islom" title="Rossiyada islom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiyada islom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="روس وچ اسلام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس وچ اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismo_na_R%C3%BAssia" title="Islamismo na Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islamismo na Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Ислам в России – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в России" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4ll%C3%A4" title="Islam Venäjällä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islam Venäjällä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Россиядә ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россиядә ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ศาสนาอิสลามในประเทศรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาอิสลามในประเทศรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya%27da_%C4%B0slam" title="Rusya'da İslam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya'da İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" title="Іслам в Росії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іслам в Росії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="روس میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روس میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png/280px-Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png/420px-Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png/560px-Distribution_of_Muslims_in_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="6441" data-file-height="4263" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the distribution of Muslim ethnic communities at municipality level, based on the results of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Russian census</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/280px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/420px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/560px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.35em"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></b></span><br />by percentage of country population<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <table style="margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border:none;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002400; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 95–100%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#053905; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 90–95%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3c873c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 50–55%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#56ad56; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 30–35%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87c387; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 10–20%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0cfa0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 5–10%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein"> Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b8dbb8; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 4–5%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0e7d0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 2–4%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8f3e8; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1–2%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> < 1%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a major <a href="/wiki/Religious_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minority">religious minority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, which has the largest <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Muslim population in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a> in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims in Russia numbered 14 million or roughly 10% of the total population. One of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Muftis</a> of Russia, sheikh <a href="/wiki/Rawil_Gaynetdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawil Gaynetdin">Rawil Gaynetdin</a>, estimated the Muslim population of Russia at 25 million in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognized under the law and by Russian political leaders as one of Russia's traditional religions, Islam is a part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian historical heritage</a>, and is <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidized</a> by the Russian government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of Islam as a major Russian religion, alongside <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, dates from the time of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, who sponsored <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic clerics</a> and scholarship through the <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Muslim_Spiritual_Assembly" title="Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly">Orenburg Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Islam and Russia encompasses periods of conflict between the Muslim minority and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> majority, as well as periods of collaboration and mutual support. Robert Crews's study of Muslims living under the Tsar indicates that "the mass of Muslims" was loyal to that regime after Catherine, and sided with it over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> fell, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> introduced a policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, which impeded the practice of Islam and other religions and led to the execution and suppression of various Muslim leaders. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, Islam regained a legally recognized space in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russian politics</a>. Despite having made <a href="/wiki/Islamophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobic">Islamophobic</a> comments during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has since subsidized <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and Islamic education, which he called an "integral part of Russia's cultural code",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> from Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet states">former Soviet states</a>. </p><p>Muslims form a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Federal District</a> and predominate among the nationalities in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Federal_District" title="North Caucasian Federal District">North Caucasian Federal District</a> located between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachay" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay">Karachay</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Dagestan#Ethnic_groups" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a> peoples. Also, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Region">Volga Region</a> reside populations of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, the vast majority of whom are Muslims. Other areas with notable Muslim minorities include <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, the republics of <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblasts">oblasts</a>. There are over 8,000 registered religious Muslim organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to almost one fifth of the number of registered Russian Orthodox religious organizations of about 42,000 as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-7th century AD, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, Islam was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, parts of which <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">were later</a> permanently incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first people to become Muslims within current Russian territory, the <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a> people (region of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>), converted after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> conquest of the region in the 8th century. The first Muslim state in the future Russian lands was <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (922). The <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a> inherited the population of believers from that state. Later most of the European and Caucasian <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> also became followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongol rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> were Muslims from 1313. By the 1330s, three of the four major khanates of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> had become Muslim. </p><p>The Tatars of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, the last remaining successor to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, continued to raid <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1571)" title="Fire of Moscow (1571)">burnt down parts of Moscow</a> in 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> maintained a massive slave-trade with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine over the period 1500–1700.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the early 16th century up to and including the 19th century, all of <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> was ruled by various successive <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian empires</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharids" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharids">Afsharids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>), and their geopolitical and ideological neighboring arch-rivals, on the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>. In the respective areas they ruled, in both the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> spread, resulting in a fast and steady conversion of many more ethnic Caucasian peoples in adjacent territories. </p><p>The period from the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">Russian conquest of Kazan</a> in 1552 by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> to the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> in 1762 featured systematic Russian repression of Muslims through policies of exclusion and discrimination - as well as the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Muslim culture</a> by the elimination of outward manifestations of Islam such as <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to flourish as <a href="/wiki/Muslim_cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim cleric">Muslim clerics</a> were invited into the various regions to preach to the Muslims, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, whom the Russians viewed with contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncycSex572_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycSex572-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russian policy shifted toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of collective consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly élite <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> military institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter14_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring religious fervor by espousing <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkism</a>, though many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (October 2015)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> were persecuted as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Russia paid <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars</a> from the Ural-Volga area working among the Kazakhs<sup id="cite_ref-Frank1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg/220px-Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg/330px-Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg/440px-Carlo_Bossoli_Khanpalast_von_Bachcisaraj_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="3087" /></a><figcaption>The Crimean Khan's Palace in <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a> in 1857. Crimea was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic slavery</a> did not have racial restrictions. Russian girls were legally allowed to be sold in Russian-controlled Novgorod to Tatars from Kazan in the 1600s by <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Russian law</a>. Germans, Poles, and Lithuanians were allowed to be sold to Crimean Tatars in Moscow. In 1665, Tatars were allowed to buy Polish and Lithuanian slaves from the Russians. Before 1649, Russians could be sold to Muslims under Russian law in Moscow. This contrasted with other places in Europe outside Russia where Muslims were not allowed to own Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> recruited and incorporated Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cossack rank was awarded to Bashkirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2001_2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2001_2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkics</a> and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> served as Cossacks. The <a href="/wiki/Ural_Cossacks" title="Ural Cossacks">Cossack Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Cossacks" title="Astrakhan Cossacks">Astrakhan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossack</a> hosts had Kalmyks in their ranks. Mishar Muslims, Teptiar Muslims, service Tatar Muslims, and Bashkir Muslims joined the <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Cossacks" title="Orenburg Cossacks">Orenburg Cossack Host</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2001_3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2001_3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cossack non-Muslims shared the same status with <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossack</a> Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2001_4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2001_4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim Cossacks in Siberia requested an Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2001_5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2001_5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cossacks in Siberia included Tatar Muslims like in Bashkiria.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2001_6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2001_6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Bashkirs in Paris during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, 1814</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> fought against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elting1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were judged suitable for inundating opponents but not intense fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Leggiere2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leggiere2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were in a non-standard capacity in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartley2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartley2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrows, bows, and melee combat weapons were wielded by the Muslim Bashkirs. Bashkir women fought among the regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Davidov" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Davidov">Denis Davidov</a> mentioned the arrows and bows wielded by the Bashkirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davydov1999_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davydov1999-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon's forces faced off against Kalmyks on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-Kappeler2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kappeler2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon faced light mounted Bashkir forces.<sup id="cite_ref-MalloyPalermo2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalloyPalermo2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mounted Kalmyks and Bashkirs numbering 100 were available to Russian commandants during the war against Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieven2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieven2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalmyks and Bashkirs served in the Russian army in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieven2010_2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieven2010_2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nachalnik was present in every one of the 11 cantons of the Bashkir host which was created by Russia after the <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowring2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowring2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bashkirs had the military statute of 1874 applied to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinwedel2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinwedel2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims were exempt from <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">military conscription</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Fighting in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While total expulsion (as practiced in other Christian nations such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>) was not feasible to achieve a homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian-Orthodox</a> population, other policies such as land grants and the promotion of migration by other Russian and non-Muslim populations into Muslim lands displaced many Muslims, making them minorities in places such as some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ural" title="Southern Ural">South Ural region</a> and encouraging emigration to other parts such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and almost annihilating the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, and various Muslims of the Caucasus. The Russian army rounded up people, driving Muslims from their villages to ports on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, where they awaited ships provided by the neighboring Ottoman Empire. The explicit Russian goal involved expelling the groups in question from their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were given a choice as to where to be resettled: in the Ottoman Empire, in Persia, or Russia far from their old lands. The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a> ended with the signing of loyalty oaths by Circassian leaders on 2 June [O.S. 21 May] 1864. Afterward, the Ottoman Empire offered to harbor the Circassians who did not wish to accept the rule of a Christian monarch, and many emigrated to Anatolia (the heart of the Ottoman Empire) and ended up in modern Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, and Kosovo. Many other Caucasian Muslims ended up in neighboring Iran - sizeable numbers of Shia <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Muslim Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Russian, Caucasus, and Western historians agree on the figure of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000 inhabitants of the highland Caucasus being deported by Russia in the 1860s. A large proportion of them died in transit from disease. Those that remained loyal to Russia were settled into the lowlands, on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban' River</a>. The trend of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> has continued at different paces in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet</a> periods, so that <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> more Tatars lived outside the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> than inside it.<sup id="cite_ref-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg/250px-Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg/330px-Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg/500px-Muslim_Girls_School_Erivan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Students and staff of the <a href="/wiki/Erivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Erivan">Erivan</a> Russian-Muslim School for Girls, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>A policy of deliberately enforcing anti-modern, traditional, ancient conservative <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Islamic education</a> in schools and Islamic ideology was enforced by the Russians in order to deliberately hamper and destroy opposition to their rule by keeping them in a state of torpor to and prevent foreign ideologies from penetrating in.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1986_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1986-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennigsenLemercier-Quelquejay1967_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennigsenLemercier-Quelquejay1967-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22,_Nordfrankreich,_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-295-1560-22%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Turkmenische_Freiwillige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Captured Soviet soldiers of Muslim backgrounds <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">volunteered in large numbers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a> of the Wehrmacht.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist rule</a> oppressed and suppressed Islam, like other <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">religions in the Soviet Union</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Many mosques (for some estimates,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 83% in Tatarstan) were closed. For example, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rcani_Mosque" title="Märcani Mosque">Märcani Mosque</a> was the only acting mosque in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> at that<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_in_the_post-Soviet_period">Islam in the post-Soviet period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islam in the post-Soviet period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_in_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Islam_in_Russia.png/250px-Islam_in_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Islam_in_Russia.png/330px-Islam_in_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Islam_in_Russia.png/500px-Islam_in_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Areas in Russia where Islam is the largest religion. Islam makes up the majority in: <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There was much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> increased sharply after the embargo of the Soviet era ended in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, the newly established <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Muslims_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Muslims of Russia (page does not exist)">Union of Muslims of Russia</a>, led by Imam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatyb_Mukaddas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatyb Mukaddas (page does not exist)">Khatyb Mukaddas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, began organizing a movement aimed at improving inter-ethnic understanding and ending lingering misconceptions of Islam among non-Muslim Russians. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Muslims">Union of Muslims</a>, which had its own faction in the Russian <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a>. The post-Communist union formed a political party, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nur_All-Russia_Muslim_Public_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement (page does not exist)">Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement</a>, which acts in close coordination with Muslim imams to defend the political, economic, and cultural rights of Muslims. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Cultural_Center_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Cultural Center of Russia (page does not exist)">Islamic Cultural Center of Russia</a>, which includes a <a href="/wiki/Madrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa">madrassa</a> (religious school), opened in Moscow in 1991. In the 1990s, the number of Islamic publications has increased. Among them are few magazines in Russian, namely: "Ислам" (<a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Russian_into_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Russian into English">transliteration</a>: <i>Islam</i>), "Эхо Кавказа" (<i>Ekho Kavkaza</i>) and "Исламский вестник" (<i>Islamsky Vestnik</i>), and the Russian-language newspaper "Ассалам" (<i>Assalam</i>), and "Нуруль Ислам" (<i>Nurul Islam</i>), which are published in <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_320886_Turkmen_President_Gurbanguly_Berdymukhammedov_in_the_Kul_Sharif_Mosque_during_his_visit_to_Tatarstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintimer Shaimiyev">Mintimer Shaimiyev</a>, the president of the republic of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolşärif Mosque">Qolşärif Mosque</a>, Kazan.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> has a large Muslim population (probably the second after Moscow urban group of the Muslims and the biggest indigenous group in Russia) and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Islamic_University" title="Russian Islamic University">Russian Islamic University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>. Education is in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> there are number of Islamic universities and <a href="/wiki/Madrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa">madrassas</a>, notable among them are: Dagestan Islamic University, Institute of Theology and International Relations, whose rector <a href="/wiki/Maksud_Sadikov" title="Maksud Sadikov">Maksud Sadikov</a> was assassinated on 8 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Talgat_Tadzhuddin" title="Talgat Tadzhuddin">Talgat Tadzhuddin</a> was the Chief Mufti of Russia. Since Soviet times, the Russian government has divided Russia into a number of Muslim Spiritual Directorates. In 1980, Tazhuddin was made Mufti of the European USSR and Siberia Division. Since 1992, he has headed the central or combined Muslim Spiritual Directorate of all of Russia. </p><p>In 2005, Russia was granted the status of an observer state in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has said that <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> is much closer to Islam than <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> is.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GvosdevMarsh2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GvosdevMarsh2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chain e-mail spread a hoax speech attributed to Putin which called for tough assimilation policies on immigrants, no evidence of any such speech can be found in Russian media or Duma archives.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/150px-%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/225px-%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/300px-%E2%84%96_3002_%D0%A2.%D0%90._%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%84%96_3003_%D0%94.%D0%9D._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E2%84%96_3003_%D0%94.%D0%9D._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/250px-%E2%84%96_3003_%D0%94.%D0%9D._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E2%84%96_3003_%D0%94.%D0%9D._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%E2%84%96_3003_%D0%94.%D0%9D._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Russian Muslim soldiers killed in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022. The ethnically non-Russian <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a> of the Russian Federation suffered heavy losses in the war in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Islam has been expanding under Putin's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatar Muslims are engaging in a revival under Putin.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, "Russian Muslims are split regarding the [Russian] <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">intervention in Syria</a>, but more are pro- than anti-war."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> of Russia, Talgat Tadzhuddin and other Russia's Muslim leaders supported the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chechnya's <a href="/wiki/Kadyrovites" title="Kadyrovites">Kadyrovite</a> forces have fought alongside the Russian forces in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a Quran burning incident that happened in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> during <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian president Vladimir Putin defended the Quran by stating that It's a crime in Russia to disrespect the Quran and other holy books.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_in_the_North_Caucasus">Islam in the North Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islam in the North Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a> experienced an Islamic (as well as a national) renaissance. Also radical and extremist streams of Islam started taking root, initially in western (upland) <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> declared independence as the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army">Russian Army</a> forces were commanded into <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> in 1994, but, after <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">two years of intense fighting</a>, the Russian troops eventually withdrew from Chechnya under the <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a>. Chechnya preserved its <i>de facto</i> independence until 1999. However, the Chechen government's grip on Chechnya was weak, especially outside the ruined capital <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. The areas controlled by separatist groups grew larger and the country became increasingly lawless.<sup id="cite_ref-global_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a>'s government was unable to rebuild the region or to prevent a number of warlords from taking effective control. The relationship between the government and radicals deteriorated. In March 1999, Maskhadov closed down the Chechen parliament and introduced aspects of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>. Despite this concession, extremists such as <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a>-born Islamist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Khattab">Ibn Al-Khattab</a> continued to undermine the Maskhadov government. In April 1998, the group publicly declared that its long-term aim was the creation of a union of Chechnya and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> under Islamic rule and the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> from the entire Caucasian Region.<sup id="cite_ref-bowker_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">invasion of militants in Dagestan</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> in 1999. The Chechen separatists were internally divided between the Islamic extremists, the more moderate pro-independent Muslim Chechens and the traditional Islamic authorities with various positions towards Chechen independence. An interim Russian-controlled administration was imposed in Chechnya in 2000, headed by the ex-Mufti and, therefore, religious leader of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a>. Encouraged by the Russian strategy of using the traditional Islamic structures and leaders against the Islamic extremists, there was a process of religious radicalisation in Chechnya and other Northern Caucasus regions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Second Chechen War, in 2005, Chechen rebel leader, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Halim_Sadulayev" title="Abdul-Halim Sadulayev">Abdul-Halim Sadulayev</a>, decreed the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(militant_group)" title="Caucasian Front (militant group)">Caucasus Front</a> against Russia, among Islamic believers in the North Caucasus, in an attempt to widen Chechnya's conflict with Russia. After his death, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Dokka_Umarov" title="Dokka Umarov">Dokka Umarov</a>, declared continuing <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> to establish an Islamic fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a> in the North Caucasus and beyond. <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a> continued until 2017. The police and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a> carried out mass arrests and used harsh interrogation techniques. Some of those who closely followed the teachings of Islam have lost their jobs; mosques have also been closed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has allowed the de facto implementation of Sharia law in Chechnya by <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>, including polygamy and enforced veiling.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_(2015-09-23)_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_%282015-09-23%29_12.jpg/220px-The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_%282015-09-23%29_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_%282015-09-23%29_12.jpg/330px-The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_%282015-09-23%29_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_%282015-09-23%29_12.jpg/440px-The_opening_of_the_Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_%282015-09-23%29_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> opened Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque" title="Moscow Cathedral Mosque">Cathedral Mosque</a>, 23 September 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>There was large anger from mostly Muslims from the Caucasus against the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a> cartoons in France.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin is believed to have backed protests by Muslims in Russia against Charlie Hebdo cartoons and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_and_Branches">Demographics and Branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics and Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Chechen World War II veterans during celebrations on the 66th anniversary of victory in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Second World War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 90% of Muslims in Russia adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few areas, notably <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, there is a tradition of Sunni <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, which is represented by <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqshbandi–Shadhili spiritual master <a href="/wiki/Said_Afandi_al-Chirkawi" title="Said Afandi al-Chirkawi">Said Afandi al-Chirkawi</a> received hundreds of visitors daily.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baku_Mosque" title="Baku Mosque">Baku Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, former Sunni, presently belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia</a> community.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 10%, or more than two million, are <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shia Muslims</a>, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, they are the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeris</a>, who historically and still currently been nominally followers of Shi'a Islam, as their republic split off from the Soviet Union, significant number of Azeris immigrated to Russia in search of work. In addition to them, some of the indigenous peoples of Dagestan, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a> (a minority) and the <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a> (a majority), are Shias too.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Isma'ili</a> Muslims—another Shia branch—are represented only by the <a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a>, migrants from <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also an active presence of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Putin announced that some 20% of Russian aviation industry employees are Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversions">Conversions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Muslims in Russia belong to ethnic minorities but in the recent years there have been conversions among the Russian majority as well, one of the country's main Islamic institutions, the Moscow-based <i>Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation</i> (DUM RF) estimating the ethnic Russian converts to number into the "tens of thousands" while some converts themselves give numbers between 50,000 and 70,000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hajj">Hajj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hajj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A record 18,000 Russian Muslim pilgrims from all over the country attended the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecca, Saudi Arabia">Mecca, Saudi Arabia</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, at least 20,000 Russian Muslim pilgrims attended the Hajj, as Russian Muslim leaders sent letters to the <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> requesting that the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> visa quota be raised to at least 25,000–28,000 visas for Muslims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to overwhelming demand from Russian Muslims, on 5 July 2011, Muftis requested President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>'s assistance in increasing the allocated by Saudi Arabia pilgrimage quota in <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The III International Conference on Hajj Management attended by some 170 delegates from 12 counties was held in Kazan from 7 – 9 July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_controversies">Language controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> constituted the only Muslim ethnic group in European Russia, with <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a> being the only language used in their mosques, a situation which saw rapid change over the course of the 20th century as a large number of Caucasian and Central Asian Muslims migrated to central Russian cities and began attending Tatar-speaking mosques, generating pressure on the imams of such mosques to begin using Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem is evident even within Tatarstan itself, where Tatars constitute a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_perception_of_Muslims">Public perception of Muslims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public perception of Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A survey published in 2019 by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 76% of Russians had a favourable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 19% had an unfavourable view.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_in_Russia_by_region">Islam in Russia by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islam in Russia by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Memorial_mosque.jpg/250px-Memorial_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Memorial_mosque.jpg/330px-Memorial_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Memorial_mosque.jpg/440px-Memorial_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Memorial Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mosque_SPB.jpg/250px-Mosque_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mosque_SPB.jpg/330px-Mosque_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mosque_SPB.jpg/500px-Mosque_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="4400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mosque" title="Saint Petersburg Mosque">Saint Petersburg Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>White Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG/220px-Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG/330px-Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG/440px-Mechet_25_prorokov.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Twenty-Five_Prophets" title="Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets">Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg/220px-Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg/330px-Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg/440px-Makhachkala_mosque_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Makhachkala" title="Grand Mosque of Makhachkala">Grand Mosque of Makhachkala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg/250px-Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg/330px-Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg/500px-Izhevsk_Mosque-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4661" data-file-height="4077" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/220px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/330px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/440px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque,_Grozny,_Chechnya,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque%2C_Grozny%2C_Chechnya%2C_Russia.jpg/250px-Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque%2C_Grozny%2C_Chechnya%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque%2C_Grozny%2C_Chechnya%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque%2C_Grozny%2C_Chechnya%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque%2C_Grozny%2C_Chechnya%2C_Russia.jpg/500px-Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque%2C_Grozny%2C_Chechnya%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Percentage of Muslims in Russia by region: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100;" cellspacing="4"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Region </th> <th data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em">Percentage of Muslims </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a> </td> <td>24.60 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg/40px-Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg/60px-Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> </td> <td>6.20 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.63 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Arkhangelsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkhangelsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Arkhangelsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkhangelsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Arkhangelsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkhangelsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="527" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a> </td> <td>14.62 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> </td> <td><b>54.3</b> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Belgorod_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgorod_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Belgorod_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgorod_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="305" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Bryansk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bryansk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Bryansk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bryansk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Bryansk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bryansk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a> </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> </td> <td><b>95.00</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>6.87 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Chukotka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chukotka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Chukotka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chukotka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Chukotka.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chukotka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a> </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a> </td> <td>3.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a> </td> <td>15.00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> </td> <td><b>83.00</b> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a> </td> <td><b>96.00</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="658" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Ivanovo_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ivanovo_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Ivanovo_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ivanovo_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Ivanovo Oblast">Ivanovo Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.80 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> </td> <td><b>70.40</b> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a> </td> <td>4.80 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Kaluga_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kaluga_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Kaluga_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kaluga_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="505" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.63 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka Krai</a> </td> <td>1.20 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> </td> <td><b>64.20</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia#Religion" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a> </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg/40px-Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg/60px-Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a> </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a> </td> <td>0.60 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yugra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yugra.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yugra.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>10.88 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Kirov_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kirov_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Kirov_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kirov_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Kirov_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kirov_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/40px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/60px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Kostroma_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kostroma_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Kostroma_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kostroma_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Kostroma_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kostroma_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.60 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> </td> <td>1.37 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/40px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/60px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a> </td> <td>1.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan Oblast</a> </td> <td>2.62 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Kursk_Oblast_%28large_fix%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kursk_Oblast_%28large_fix%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Kursk_Oblast_%28large_fix%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kursk_Oblast_%28large_fix%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Leningrad_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Leningrad_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Leningrad_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Leningrad_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Lipetsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lipetsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Lipetsk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lipetsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El</a> </td> <td>6.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a> </td> <td>2.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="356" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td> <td>3.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Moscow_oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moscow_oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Moscow_oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moscow_oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Moscow_oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Moscow_oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> </td> <td>2.12 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Murmansk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Murmansk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Murmansk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Murmansk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/60px-Flag_of_Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1173" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a> </td> <td>4.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.80 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>2.75 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Orenburg_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Orenburg_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Orenburg_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Orenburg_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg Oblast</a> </td> <td>13.87 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Oryol_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Oryol_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Oryol_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Penza_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Penza_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Penza_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Penza_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza Oblast</a> </td> <td>5.75 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Perm_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a> </td> <td>4.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="377" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a> </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Pskov_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pskov_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Pskov_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Pskov_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1834" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rostov_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Ryazan_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ryazan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Ryazan_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ryazan_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Ryazan_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ryazan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> </td> <td>2.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.40 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Samara_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samara_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Samara_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samara_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Samara_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Samara_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a> </td> <td>2.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Saratov_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saratov_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Saratov_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saratov_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Saratov_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saratov_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a> </td> <td>2.40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast#Religion" title="Saratov Oblast">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>2.88 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Tambov_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tambov_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Tambov_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tambov_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="599" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> </td> <td><b>53.80</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan#Religion" title="Tatarstan">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Tula_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tula_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Tula_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tula_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1298" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula Oblast</a> </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Tver_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tver_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Tver_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tver_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Tver_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tver_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a> </td> <td>5.75 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="270" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a> </td> <td>4.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Ulyanovsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ulyanovsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Ulyanovsk_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ulyanovsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>6.87 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vladimir_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vladimir_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vladimir_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vladimir_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vladimir_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vladimir_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">Vladimir Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.63 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Volgograd_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Volgograd_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Volgograd_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Volgograd_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Volgograd_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Volgograd_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd Oblast</a> </td> <td>3.50 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Vologda_oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vologda_oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Vologda_oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Vologda_oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Voronezh_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.38 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yakutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakutia">Yakutia</a> </td> <td>1.40 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>17.40 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="531" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Yaroslavl Oblast">Yaroslavl Oblast</a> </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a> </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/maps/arena_russia_main/arena_statistic.xls">Source</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_in_Moscow">Islam in Moscow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islam in Moscow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2010 Russian census, Moscow has less than 300,000 permanent residents of Muslim background, while some estimates suggest that Moscow has around 1 million Muslim residents and up to 1.5 million more Muslim <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">migrant workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has permitted the existence of four mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor of Moscow claims that four mosques are sufficient for the population.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's economy "could not manage without them," he said. There are currently four mosques in Moscow,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 8,000 in the whole of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim migrants from Central Asia have had an impact on the culture with <a href="/wiki/Samsa_(food)" title="Samsa (food)">Samsa</a> becoming one of the most popular take away foods in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Russian_muftiates">List of Russian muftiates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of Russian muftiates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Council_of_Muftis" title="Russian Council of Muftis">Russian Council of Muftis</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b>All-Russia boards</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" width="250">Grand Muftiates </th> <th scope="row" width="300">Grand Muftis </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Term of office </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Headquarters </th></tr> <tr> <td>The Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1973842?uselang=en" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh al-Islam">Sheikh-ul-Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Talgat_Tadzhuddin" title="Talgat Tadzhuddin">Talgat Tadzhuddin</a> </td> <td>1992–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russian Federation <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171314?uselang=en" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Rawil_%C4%9Eaynetdin" title="Rawil Ğaynetdin">Rawil Ğaynetdin</a> </td> <td>2014–present </td> <td>Moscow </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" width="250">Muftiate </th> <th scope="row" width="300">Mufti </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Term of office </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Headquarters </th></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Assembly of the Muslims of Russia <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28001031?uselang=en" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Albir Krganov </td> <td>2016–present </td> <td>Moscow </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b>Interregional boards</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" width="250">Muftiates </th> <th scope="row" width="300">Muftis </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Term of office </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Headquarters </th></tr> <tr> <td>The Coordinating Center of North Caucasus Muslims <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28000852?uselang=en" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Berdiyev" title="Ismail Berdiyev">Ismail Berdiyev</a> </td> <td>2003–present </td> <td>Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Buynaksk" title="Buynaksk">Buynaksk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Asian Part of Russia <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20888318?uselang=en" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nafigulla Ashirov </td> <td>1997–present </td> <td>Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b>Notable regional muftiates</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" width="250">Muftiates </th> <th scope="row" width="300">Muftis </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Term of office </th> <th scope="row" width="100">Headquarters </th></tr> <tr> <td>The Muftiate of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Afandi_Abdulaev" title="Ahmad Afandi Abdulaev">Ahmad Afandi Abdulaev</a> </td> <td>1998–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Askarbiy Kardanov </td> <td>2012–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ainur Birgalin </td> <td>2019–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Administration_of_the_Muslims_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic">Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salah_Mezhiev" title="Salah Mezhiev">Salah Mezhiev</a> </td> <td>2014–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkarian Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Hazrataliy Dzasejev </td> <td>2010–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkess Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Berdiyev" title="Ismail Berdiyev">Ismail Berdiyev</a> </td> <td>1991–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Khajimurat Gatsalov </td> <td>2011–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popov_95-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kamil Samigullin </td> <td>2013–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Spiritual Centre of the Muslims of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lunkin_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Isa Khamkhoev </td> <td>2004–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magas, Ingushetia">Magas</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Russian_Muslims">Notable Russian Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Russian Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khabib_Nurmagomedov" title="Khabib Nurmagomedov">Khabib Nurmagomedov</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khabib_Nurmagomedov" title="Khabib Nurmagomedov">Khabib Nurmagomedov</a> is a former professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmanap_Nurmagomedov" title="Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov">Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet</a> military veteran, former judoka and combat sports coach, and the father of former <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a> Undisputed Lightweight Champion <a href="/wiki/Khabib_Nurmagomedov" title="Khabib Nurmagomedov">Khabib Nurmagomedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Makhachev" title="Islam Makhachev">Islam Makhachev</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a> and current <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a> undisputed lightweight champion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_Nurmagomedov" title="Usman Nurmagomedov">Usman Nurmagomedov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a> and current <a href="/wiki/Bellator_MMA" title="Bellator MMA">Bellator MMA</a> undisputed lightweight champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Nurmagomedov" title="Umar Nurmagomedov">Umar Nurmagomedov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magomed_Ankalaev" title="Magomed Ankalaev">Magomed Ankalaev</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabit_Magomedsharipov" title="Zabit Magomedsharipov">Zabit Magomedsharipov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagir_Ulanbekov" title="Tagir Ulanbekov">Tagir Ulanbekov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikram_Aliskerov" title="Ikram Aliskerov">Ikram Aliskerov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Nurmagomedov" title="Abubakar Nurmagomedov">Abubakar Nurmagomedov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadzhi_Rabadanov" title="Gadzhi Rabadanov">Gadzhi Rabadanov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saygid_Izagakhmaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saygid Izagakhmaev (page does not exist)">Saygid Izagakhmaev</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubaira_Tukhugov" title="Zubaira Tukhugov">Zubaira Tukhugov</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev" title="Rudolf Nureyev">Rudolf Nureyev</a> was considered the greatest male ballet dancer of his generation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marat_Safin" title="Marat Safin">Marat Safin</a> a former world No. 1 <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Polosin" title="Vyacheslav Polosin">Vyacheslav Polosin</a> was a former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> priest who was at the forefront of a campaign to make Orthodox Christmas a public holiday in Russia<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and converted to Islam in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alina_Zagitova" title="Alina Zagitova">Alina Zagitova</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Figure_skater" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure skater">figure skater</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Musaev" title="Shamil Musaev">Shamil Musaev</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestler</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movlid_Khaybulaev" title="Movlid Khaybulaev">Movlid Khaybulaev</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial artist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movsar_Evloev" title="Movsar Evloev">Movsar Evloev</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial artist</a>, who is currently competing in the <a href="/wiki/Featherweight_(MMA)" title="Featherweight (MMA)">featherweight division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a>. A professional since 2014, he has also competed at <a href="/wiki/M-1_Global" title="M-1 Global">1 Global</a>, where he is the former <a href="/wiki/M-1_Global#M-1_Global_Bantamweight_Championship" title="M-1 Global">bantamweight</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> was a political leader and <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, who resisted against Russian expansion of the Caucasus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramazan_Ramazanov" title="Ramazan Ramazanov">Ramazan Ramazanov</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov" title="Alisher Usmanov">Alisher Usmanov</a>, oligarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Nabiullina" title="Elvira Nabiullina">Elvira Nabiullina</a>, head of Russia state bank</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qolşärif Mosque in Kazan, belonging to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, is one of the largest mosques in Russia."><img alt="Qolşärif Mosque in Kazan, belonging to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, is one of the largest mosques in Russia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG/120px-Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG/180px-Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG/240px-Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolşärif Mosque">Qolşärif Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, is one of the largest mosques in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurd_Kamal_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nord Kamal Mosque in Norilsk, the world's northernmost mosque.[97]"><img alt="Nord Kamal Mosque in Norilsk, the world's northernmost mosque.[97]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nurd_Kamal_Mosque.jpg/120px-Nurd_Kamal_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nurd_Kamal_Mosque.jpg/160px-Nurd_Kamal_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nord_Kamal_Mosque" title="Nord Kamal Mosque">Nord Kamal Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, the world's northernmost mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatar mosque in Irkutsk, Siberia, 1906"><img alt="Tatar mosque in Irkutsk, Siberia, 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg/83px-%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg/125px-%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg/166px-%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_1906%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tatar mosque in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, 1906</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noyab%C4%B1rsk_yamal_i_nenitski_otonom_b%C3%B6lgesinin_en_b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C5%9Fehiri_rusyan%C4%B1nda_petrol_ve_gaz_yataklar%C4%B1n%C4%B1nda_merkezi_-62derece_s%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1k_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosque in Noyabrsk in Siberia's Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where Muslims make up 18% of the total population."><img alt="Mosque in Noyabrsk in Siberia's Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where Muslims make up 18% of the total population." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Noyab%C4%B1rsk_yamal_i_nenitski_otonom_b%C3%B6lgesinin_en_b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C5%9Fehiri_rusyan%C4%B1nda_petrol_ve_gaz_yataklar%C4%B1n%C4%B1nda_merkezi_-62derece_s%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1k_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Noyab%C4%B1rsk_yamal_i_nenitski_otonom_b%C3%B6lgesinin_en_b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C5%9Fehiri_rusyan%C4%B1nda_petrol_ve_gaz_yataklar%C4%B1n%C4%B1nda_merkezi_-62derece_s%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1k_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Noyabrsk" title="Noyabrsk">Noyabrsk</a> in Siberia's <a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a>, where Muslims make up 18% of the total population.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moscow Cathedral Mosque"><img alt="Moscow Cathedral Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg/120px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg/180px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg/240px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_2015-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque" title="Moscow Cathedral Mosque">Moscow Cathedral Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia,_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central mosque of Karachaevsk, Karachaevo-Cherkessia"><img alt="Central mosque of Karachaevsk, Karachaevo-Cherkessia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia%2C_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg/120px-Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia%2C_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia%2C_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg/180px-Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia%2C_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia%2C_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg/240px-Town_of_Karachaevsk_central_mosque._Russia%2C_Karachaevo-Cherkessia.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central mosque of Karachaevsk, <a href="/wiki/Karachaevo-Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachaevo-Cherkessia">Karachaevo-Cherkessia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lala_Tulpan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lala Tulpan in Ufa, Bashkortostan"><img alt="Lala Tulpan in Ufa, Bashkortostan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lala_Tulpan.jpg/120px-Lala_Tulpan.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lala_Tulpan.jpg/250px-Lala_Tulpan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lala_Tulpan" title="Lala Tulpan">Lala Tulpan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perm Mosque, Perm Krai"><img alt="Perm Mosque, Perm Krai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg/96px-Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg/144px-Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg/192px-Perm_asv2019-05_img48_Cathedral_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="5315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perm_Mosque" title="Perm Mosque">Perm Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qolşärif Mosque, Kazan, Tatarstan"><img alt="Qolşärif Mosque, Kazan, Tatarstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG/120px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG/180px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG/240px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolşärif Mosque">Qolşärif Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korovin_kazan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivan the Terrible subjugated the Tatars and forcibly converted[citation needed] some of them to Christianity."><img alt="Ivan the Terrible subjugated the Tatars and forcibly converted[citation needed] some of them to Christianity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Korovin_kazan.jpg/107px-Korovin_kazan.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Korovin_kazan.jpg/160px-Korovin_kazan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Korovin_kazan.jpg/213px-Korovin_kazan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and forcibly converted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> some of them to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Islam in Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Russia" title="List of mosques in Russia">List of mosques in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Islam in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/vxIaV">"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center"</a>. 10 July 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/">the original</a> on 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Population+Growth+in+Europe+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2Feuropes-growing-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lunkin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunkin_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLunkin2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lunkin, Roman; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2Fislam-russia-180307094248743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell,_I2002" class="citation book cs1">Bell, I (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47"><i>Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-137-7"><bdi>978-1-85743-137-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%2C+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-137-7&rft.au=Bell%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPP3ti4hysUC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azamatov, Danil D. (1998), "The Muftis of the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly in the 18th and 19th Centuries: The Struggle for Power in Russia's Muslim Institution", in Anke von Kugelgen; Michael Kemper; Allen J. Frank, Muslim culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, pp. 355–384,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. Crews, <i>For Prophet and Tsar</i>, pp. 299-300 (Harvard, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/putin-pledges-support-islamic-schools-russia-791561">"Vladimir Putin says Muslim schools can help stop "destructive" ideas"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Get+circumcised%2C+angry+Putin+tells+reporter&rft.date=2002-11-13&rft.aulast=Traynor&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F13%2Fchechnya.iantraynor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/society/821145">"Russia builds more than 8,000 mosques, Islamic schools in 20 years"</a>. <i>TASS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Russia+builds+more+than+8%2C000+mosques%2C+Islamic+schools+in+20+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fsociety%2F821145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newizv.ru/news/2024-02-13/vpered-v-proshloe-shkol-v-rossii-vse-menshe-tserkvey-vse-bolshe-427182">"Вперед, в прошлое: школ в России стало меньше, чем церквей"</a>. <i>newizv.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newizv.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%2C+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5%3A+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%2C+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewizv.ru%2Fnews%2F2024-02-13%2Fvpered-v-proshloe-shkol-v-rossii-vse-menshe-tserkvey-vse-bolshe-427182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter2004" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). <i>Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. <q>(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam invaded early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. In the middle of the seventh century, Islam reached the Caucasus region as part of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquest</a> of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Russia%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+and+Security&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMako2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mako, Gerald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1902427">"The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered"</a>. <i>Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</i>. <b>18</b> (208)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>[...] the Volga Bulghars adopted the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, as practiced in Khwarazm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=The+Islamization+of+the+Volga+Bulghars%3A+A+Question+Reconsidered&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=208&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mako&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1902427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shireen_Tahmasseb_Hunter_2004_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shireen Tahmasseb Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, <i>"Islam in Russia"</i>, M.E. Sharpe, Apr 1, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1282-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1282-8">0-7656-1282-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov,_S.2001" class="citation book cs1">Solovyov, S. (2001). <i>History of Russia from the Earliest Times</i>. Vol. 6. AST. pp. <span class="nowrap">751–</span>809. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-17-002142-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-17-002142-9"><bdi>5-17-002142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russia+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E809&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-17-002142-9&rft.au=Solovyov%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikhail_Kizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mikhail Kizilov (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3706285">"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate"</a>. <i>The Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>58</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F2730%2FJJS-2007">10.18647/2730/JJS-2007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Slaves%2C+Money+Lenders%2C+and+Prisoner+Guards%3A+The+Jews+and+the+Trade+in+Slaves+and+Captives+in+the+Crimean+Khanate&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F2730%2FJJS-2007&rft.au=Mikhail+Kizilov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3706285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank, Allen J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910. Vol. 35. Brill, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khodarkovsky, Michael. <i>Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800</i>, pg. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycSex572-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncycSex572_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. <i>Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures</i>, pg. 572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter14-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter14_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter14_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Shireen. "Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, Caesar E. <i>Islam: Beliefs and Observances</i>, pg. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank1998-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank1998_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank1998" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nx2FwBKJ3MYC&pg=PA35"><i>Islamic Historiography and "Bulghar" Identity Among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 35–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11021-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11021-6"><bdi>90-04-11021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Historiography+and+%22Bulghar%22+Identity+Among+the+Tatars+and+Bashkirs+of+Russia&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11021-6&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnx2FwBKJ3MYC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKIZILOV2007" class="citation journal cs1">KIZILOV, MIKHAIL (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2971600">"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of_Christian Muslim and Jewish Sources"</a>. <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>11</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV: 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006507780385125">10.1163/157006507780385125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Crimea+From+the+Perspective+of_Christian+Muslim+and+Jewish+Sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006507780385125&rft.aulast=KIZILOV&rft.aufirst=MIKHAIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2971600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2001-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2001_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&pg=PA61"><i>Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2"><bdi>90-04-11975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Institutions+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Islamic+World+of+Novouzensk+District+and+the+Kazakh+Inner+Horde%2C+1780-1910&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11975-2&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudUR_uKyE1kC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2001_2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2001_2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&pg=PA79"><i>Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 79–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2"><bdi>90-04-11975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Institutions+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Islamic+World+of+Novouzensk+District+and+the+Kazakh+Inner+Horde%2C+1780-1910&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11975-2&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudUR_uKyE1kC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2001_3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2001_3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&pg=PA86"><i>Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2"><bdi>90-04-11975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Institutions+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Islamic+World+of+Novouzensk+District+and+the+Kazakh+Inner+Horde%2C+1780-1910&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11975-2&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudUR_uKyE1kC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2001_4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2001_4_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&pg=PA87"><i>Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 87–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2"><bdi>90-04-11975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Institutions+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Islamic+World+of+Novouzensk+District+and+the+Kazakh+Inner+Horde%2C+1780-1910&rft.pages=87-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11975-2&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudUR_uKyE1kC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2001_5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2001_5_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&pg=PA122"><i>Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 122–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2"><bdi>90-04-11975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Institutions+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Islamic+World+of+Novouzensk+District+and+the+Kazakh+Inner+Horde%2C+1780-1910&rft.pages=122-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11975-2&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudUR_uKyE1kC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2001_6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2001_6_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen_J._Frank2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&pg=PA170"><i>Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 170–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11975-2"><bdi>90-04-11975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Institutions+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+The+Islamic+World+of+Novouzensk+District+and+the+Kazakh+Inner+Horde%2C+1780-1910&rft.pages=170-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-11975-2&rft.au=Allen+J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudUR_uKyE1kC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVershinin2014" class="citation news cs1">Vershinin, Alexander (29 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/29/how_russias_steppe_warriors_took_on_napoleons_armies_37029">"How Russia's steppe warriors took on Napoleon's armies"</a>. <i>Russia & India Report</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+%26+India+Report&rft.atitle=How+Russia%27s+steppe+warriors+took+on+Napoleon%27s+armies&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.aulast=Vershinin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Farts%2F2014%2F07%2F29%2Fhow_russias_steppe_warriors_took_on_napoleons_armies_37029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elting1997_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Elting1997" class="citation book cs1">John R. Elting (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtABAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée</i></a>. Perseus Books Group. pp. 237–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80757-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+Around+a+Throne%3A+Napoleon%27s+Grande+Arm%C3%A9e&rft.pages=237-&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80757-2&rft.au=John+R.+Elting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtABAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leggiere2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leggiere2015_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_V._Leggiere2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael V. Leggiere (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CAe7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: Volume 2, The Defeat of Napoleon: The Franco-Prussian War of 1813</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-39309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-39309-3"><bdi>978-1-316-39309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Struggle+for+Germany%3A+Volume+2%2C+The+Defeat+of+Napoleon%3A+The+Franco-Prussian+War+of+1813&rft.pages=101-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-39309-3&rft.au=Michael+V.+Leggiere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAe7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_V._Leggiere2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael V. Leggiere (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKS4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: 1</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08054-6"><bdi>978-1-107-08054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Struggle+for+Germany%3A+1&rft.pages=101-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08054-6&rft.au=Michael+V.+Leggiere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKS4BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartley2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartley2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanet_M._Hartley2008" class="citation book cs1">Janet M. Hartley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLAMsDm3wJEC&pg=PA27"><i>Russia, 1762–1825: Military Power, the State, and the People</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97871-6"><bdi>978-0-275-97871-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+1762%E2%80%931825%3A+Military+Power%2C+the+State%2C+and+the+People&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97871-6&rft.au=Janet+M.+Hartley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpLAMsDm3wJEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasirov2005" class="citation news cs1">Nasirov, Ilshat (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islam.ru/en/content/story/islam-russian-army">"Islam in the Russian Army"</a>. <i>Islam Magazine</i>. Makhachkala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+Magazine&rft.atitle=Islam+in+the+Russian+Army&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nasirov&rft.aufirst=Ilshat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislam.ru%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2Fislam-russian-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze2015-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2015_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Mikaberidze (20 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVhEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276"><i>Russian Eyewitness Accounts of the Campaign of 1807</i></a>. Frontline Books. pp. 276–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5016-3"><bdi>978-1-4738-5016-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Eyewitness+Accounts+of+the+Campaign+of+1807&rft.pages=276-&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-5016-3&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVhEBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davydov1999-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davydov1999_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Vasilʹevich_Davydov1999" class="citation book cs1">Denis Vasilʹevich Davydov (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaOfAAAAMAAJ&q=On+that+day,+as+if+to+offer+us+a+distraction+from+dire+events,+several+Bashkir+regiments+arrived+to+join+our+rearguard.+...+it+is+just+possible+that+a+multitude+of+natives+from+the+Urals,+Kalmyks+and+Bashkirs,+sent+as+a+diversion+in+the+enemy%27s+rear,+..."><i>In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon: The Memoirs of Denis Davidov, 1806–1814</i></a>. Greenhill Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-373-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-373-3"><bdi>978-1-85367-373-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Tsar+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Denis+Davidov%2C+1806%E2%80%931814&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-373-3&rft.au=Denis+Vasil%CA%B9evich+Davydov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaOfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DOn%2Bthat%2Bday%2C%2Bas%2Bif%2Bto%2Boffer%2Bus%2Ba%2Bdistraction%2Bfrom%2Bdire%2Bevents%2C%2Bseveral%2BBashkir%2Bregiments%2Barrived%2Bto%2Bjoin%2Bour%2Brearguard.%2B...%2Bit%2Bis%2Bjust%2Bpossible%2Bthat%2Ba%2Bmultitude%2Bof%2Bnatives%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BUrals%2C%2BKalmyks%2Band%2BBashkirs%2C%2Bsent%2Bas%2Ba%2Bdiversion%2Bin%2Bthe%2Benemy%2527s%2Brear%2C%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kappeler2014-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kappeler2014_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Kappeler2014" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Kappeler (27 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ9eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 129–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56810-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56810-0"><bdi>978-1-317-56810-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire%3A+A+Multi-ethnic+History&rft.pages=129-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56810-0&rft.au=Andreas+Kappeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZ9eBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalloyPalermo2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MalloyPalermo2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTove_H._MalloyFrancesco_Palermo2015" class="citation book cs1">Tove H. Malloy; Francesco Palermo (8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jiqkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT158"><i>Minority Accommodation through Territorial and Non-Territorial Autonomy</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106359-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106359-6"><bdi>978-0-19-106359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Accommodation+through+Territorial+and+Non-Territorial+Autonomy&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-19-106359-6&rft.au=Tove+H.+Malloy&rft.au=Francesco+Palermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjiqkCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieven2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieven2010_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Lieven2010" class="citation book cs1">Dominic Lieven (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAWbz1iPIfoC&pg=PT326"><i>Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-42938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-42938-9"><bdi>978-1-101-42938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Campaigns+of+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-101-42938-9&rft.au=Dominic+Lieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAWbz1iPIfoC%26pg%3DPT326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieven2010_2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieven2010_2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Lieven2010" class="citation book cs1">Dominic Lieven (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAWbz1iPIfoC&pg=PT504"><i>Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 504–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-42938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-42938-9"><bdi>978-1-101-42938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Campaigns+of+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=504-&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-101-42938-9&rft.au=Dominic+Lieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAWbz1iPIfoC%26pg%3DPT504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowring2013-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowring2013_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBill_Bowring2013" class="citation book cs1">Bill Bowring (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-uLyNbn09QC&pg=PA129"><i>Law, Rights and Ideology in Russia: Landmarks in the Destiny of a Great Power</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 129–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62580-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62580-2"><bdi>978-1-134-62580-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Rights+and+Ideology+in+Russia%3A+Landmarks+in+the+Destiny+of+a+Great+Power&rft.pages=129-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-134-62580-2&rft.au=Bill+Bowring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-uLyNbn09QC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinwedel2016-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinwedel2016_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_R._Steinwedel2016" class="citation book cs1">Charles R. Steinwedel (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4D_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 145–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01933-2"><bdi>978-0-253-01933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threads+of+Empire%3A+Loyalty+and+Tsarist+Authority+in+Bashkiria%2C+1552%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=145-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01933-2&rft.au=Charles+R.+Steinwedel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4D_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, Orlando (1996). <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 257. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04162-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04162-2">0-224-04162-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35657827">35657827</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazemzadeh 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А. Г. Булатова. Лакцы (XIX – нач. XX вв.). Историко-этнографические очерки. — Махачкала, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes1986-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1986_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949</i></a>. CUP Archive. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911-1949&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BennigsenLemercier-Quelquejay1967-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BennigsenLemercier-Quelquejay1967_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexandre_BennigsenChantal_Lemercier-QuelquejayCentral_Asian_Research_Centre_(London,_England)1967" class="citation book cs1">Alexandre Bennigsen; Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay; Central Asian Research Centre (London, England) (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YG9AAAAAIAAJ"><i>Islam in the Soviet Union</i></a>. 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В. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Outside+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1124-6&rft.au=Ingvar+Svanberg%2C+David+Westerlund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTVjWTllOGgC%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEscobar2021" class="citation web cs1">Escobar, Pepe (21 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2021/07/checkmate-fighter-puts-russia-ahead-of-the-game/">"Checkmate fighter puts Russia ahead of the game"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Checkmate+fighter+puts+Russia+ahead+of+the+game&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft.aulast=Escobar&rft.aufirst=Pepe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2Fcheckmate-fighter-puts-russia-ahead-of-the-game%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSibgatullina2020" class="citation book cs1">Sibgatullina, Gulnaz (2020). <i>Languages of Islam and Christianity in Post-Soviet Russia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Islam+and+Christianity+in+Post-Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sibgatullina&rft.aufirst=Gulnaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hajinformation.com/main/y1191.htm">Russian Pilgrims Number Exceeds 18,000</a>, Ministry of Hajj, Saudi Arabia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamdag.info/news/1107">"IslamDag.info"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IslamDag.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamdag.info%2Fnews%2F1107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamdag.info/news/1136">"IslamDag.info"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IslamDag.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamdag.info%2Fnews%2F1136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/islam_russia.htm">"The Rebirth of Islam in Russia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Islam+in+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chris-kutschera.com%2FA%2Fislam_russia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712122317/http://www.religare.ru/analytics4454.htm">"РЕЛИГАРЕ - "Русский ислам" как явление и как предмет исследования"</a>. <i>www.religare.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religare.ru/analytics4454.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.religare.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%95+-+%22%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%22+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religare.ru%2Fanalytics4454.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.allrussia.ru/pressreview/default.asp?id=37870&rub_id=19&VYear=2000&VMonth=4&VDay=18">http://www.allrussia.ru/pressreview/default.asp?id=37870&rub_id=19&VYear=2000&VMonth=4&VDay=18</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/">"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism – 6. Minority groups"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=European+Public+Opinion+Three+Decades+After+the+Fall+of+Communism+%E2%80%93+6.+Minority+groups&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2Fminority-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html">"Строители и гувернантки покидают Москву"</a>. <i>Российская газета</i>. 9 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fmigrant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShuster2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shuster, Simon (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/roads/2013/08/moscow_s_underground_mosques_russia_s_intolerance_toward_muslims_may_be.html">"Underground Islam"</a>. <i>Slate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Underground+Islam&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Froads%2F2013%2F08%2Fmoscow_s_underground_mosques_russia_s_intolerance_toward_muslims_may_be.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2013/1121/Moscow-mayor-No-more-mosques-in-my-city">"Moscow mayor: No more mosques in my city"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. 21 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Moscow+mayor%3A+No+more+mosques+in+my+city&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2013%2F1121%2FMoscow-mayor-No-more-mosques-in-my-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012805/http://rudaw.net/english/world/280820151">"In Moscow, more Muslims than mosques"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/world/280820151">the original</a> on 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Moscow%2C+more+Muslims+than+mosques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2F280820151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interpretermag.com/7500-mosques-have-been-erected-in-russia-since-putin-became-president/">"7500 Mosques Have Been Erected In Russia Since Putin Became President"</a>. <i>www.interpretermag.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interpretermag.com&rft.atitle=7500+Mosques+Have+Been+Erected+In+Russia+Since+Putin+Became+President&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpretermag.com%2F7500-mosques-have-been-erected-in-russia-since-putin-became-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17436481">"Moscow's Muslims find no room in the mosque"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 22 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Moscow%27s+Muslims+find+no+room+in+the+mosque&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17436481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popov-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popov_95-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopov2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Popov, Igor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiafaiths.blogspot.com/p/islam-1.html">"1.3.1 Сунниты"</a> [1.3.1 Sunnis]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiafaiths.blogspot.com/p/book-index.html"><i>Справочник всех религиозных течений и объединений в России</i></a> [<i>The Reference Book on All Religious Branches and Communities in Russia</i>] (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.3.1+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Popov&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russiafaiths.blogspot.com%2Fp%2Fislam-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamdag.info/story/1057/">"IslamDag.info"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IslamDag.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamdag.info%2Fstory%2F1057%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2007" class="citation news cs1">Paxton, Robin (15 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-muslims-russia-arctic-idUSL1072493620070415">"Arctic mosque stays open but Muslim numbers shrink"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Arctic+mosque+stays+open+but+Muslim+numbers+shrink&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-muslims-russia-arctic-idUSL1072493620070415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a 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of California Press, 1988)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/europe/457866-banning-hadiths-and-seerah-in-russia.html">Reasons and Consequences: Banning Hadiths and Seerah in Russia, onislam.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islam.ru/en">islam.ru</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamdag.info/story/1589">History of Hajj in Russia from 18th to 21st century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whyislam.ru">Why Islam?</a></li> <li>Akhmetova, Elmira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/europe/425961-islam-in-russia-history-and-facts.html">Islam in Russia (History & Facts), onislam.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chris-kutschera.com/A/islam_russia.htm">Chris Kutschera - "The Rebirth of Islam in Tatarstan"</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519195038/http://english.mn.ru/english/issue.php?2006-7-16">Russian Islam Comes Out into the Open</a></i> <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_News" title="The Moscow News">The Moscow News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/19/MNGJGMFUVG1.DTL">Russia has a Muslim dilemma Ethnic Russians hostile to Muslims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demographymatters.blogspot.com/2006/05/islam-in-russia-evolution-in-action.html">Islam in Russia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russian-mosques.com/en/">Russian mosques</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-60626.html">Moscow's Mosque Problem</a> - slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></li> <li>Akhmetova, Elmira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/3413/425970.html">Islam in the Volga Region, onislam.net</a></li> <li>Sotnichenko, Alexander <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina3_broj2/Analiza%203.pdf">Islam, Russian Orthodox Church Relations and the State in Post-communist Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610231101/http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina3_broj2/Analiza%203.pdf">Archived</a> 10 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Europe77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Europe77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Classics">Transmission of the Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Cultural transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar yoke">Tatar yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception of Islam in early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Arctic_and_Subarctic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions">Islam in the Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_and_burka_controversies_in_Europe" title="Hijab and burka controversies in Europe">Hijab and burka controversies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mosques_in_Russia247" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Russia" title="Template:Mosques in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mosques_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Mosques in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mosques_in_Russia247" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Russia" title="List of mosques in Russia">Mosques in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque" title="Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque">Akhmad Kadyrov, Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Makhachkala" title="Grand Mosque of Makhachkala">Makhachkala Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtarov_Mosque" title="Mukhtarov Mosque">Mukhtarov, Vladikavkaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga—Urals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bashkortostan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Tulpan" title="Lala Tulpan">Lala Tulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Ufa" title="Old Mosque, Ufa">Tukayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Twenty-Five_Prophets" title="Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets">Twenty-Five Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchaly_Mosque" title="Uchaly Mosque">Uchaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Ufa" title="Old Mosque, Ufa">Old Ufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynulla_Rasulev_Mosque" title="Zaynulla Rasulev Mosque">Zaynulla Rasulev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tatarstan<br />(also see: <a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar mosque</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84cem_Mosque" title="Äcem Mosque">Äcem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornay_Mosque" title="Bornay Mosque">Bornay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_Mosque" title="Bulgar Mosque">Bolğar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iske_Tash_Mosque" title="Iske Tash Mosque">Iske Tash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul_Sharif_Mosque" title="Kul Sharif Mosque">Kul Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rcani_Mosque" title="Märcani Mosque">Märcani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurulla_Mosque" title="Nurulla Mosque">Nurulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltan_Mosque" title="Soltan Mosque">Soltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_Anniversary_of_Islam_Mosque" title="Thousandth Anniversary of Islam Mosque">Thousandth Anniversary of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_Mosque_(Cheboksary)" title="Bulgar Mosque (Cheboksary)">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Cathedral_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque">Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Caravanserai" title="Orenburg Caravanserai">Orenburg Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Mosque" title="Perm Mosque">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Mosque" title="Samara Mosque">Samara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khan%27s_Mosque" title="Khan's Mosque">Khan's, Kasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque" title="Moscow Cathedral Mosque">Moscow Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Moscow" title="Old Mosque, Moscow">Old Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_Cathedral_Mosque" title="Rostov-on-Don Cathedral Mosque">Rostov-on-Don Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mosque" title="Saint Petersburg Mosque">Saint Petersburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Kamal_Mosque" title="Nord Kamal Mosque">Nord Kamal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Crimea</i><br />(disputed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqmescit_Friday_Mosque" title="Aqmescit Friday Mosque">Aqmescit Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Khan_Mosque" title="Big Khan Mosque">Big Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismi_Khan_Jami_Mosque" title="Ismi Khan Jami Mosque">Ismi Khan Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juma-Jami_Mosque" title="Juma-Jami Mosque">Juma-Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebir-Jami_Mosque,_Simferopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebir-Jami Mosque, Simferopol">Kebir-Jami, Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkoz_Jami_Mosque" title="Kokkoz Jami Mosque">Kokkoz Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molla-Mustafa_Jami_Mosque" title="Molla-Mustafa Jami Mosque">Molla-Mustafa Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti-Jami_Mosque" title="Mufti-Jami Mosque">Mufti-Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orta_Cami_Mosque" title="Orta Cami Mosque">Orta Cami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozbek_Han_Mosque" title="Ozbek Han Mosque">Ozbek Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenit_Mosque" title="Partenit Mosque">Partenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtali-Jami_Mosque" title="Tahtali-Jami Mosque">Tahtali-Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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