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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-culinary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_medicinal_uses_and_adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_medicinal_uses_and_adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Potential medicinal uses and adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_medicinal_uses_and_adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phytochemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Clove</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Къэрмэфибл – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэрмэфибл" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naeltjies" title="Naeltjies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Naeltjies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8D%89%E1%8B%B5" title="ቅርንፉድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅርንፉድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84" title="قرنفل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرنفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82" title="লং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix%C9%99k" title="Mixək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mixək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengk%C3%A9h" title="Cengkéh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Cengkéh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="লবঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লবঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangkih" title="Cangkih – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Cangkih" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гваздзіковае дрэва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гваздзіковае дрэва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Карамфил (подправка) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карамфил (подправка)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ལི་ཤི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལི་ཤི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klin%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Klinčić – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klinčić" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavell_d%27esp%C3%A8cia" title="Clavell d'espècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clavell d'espècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%C4%95%D0%BC)" title="Тупалак (техĕм) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тупалак (техĕм)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%99eb%C3%AD%C4%8Dkovec_ko%C5%99enn%C3%BD" title="Hřebíčkovec kořenný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hřebíčkovec kořenný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viulaccia" title="Viulaccia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Viulaccia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gte_kryddernellike" title="Ægte kryddernellike – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ægte kryddernellike" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrznelkenbaum" title="Gewürznelkenbaum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewürznelkenbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AB" title="ކަރަންފޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަރަންފޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_nelgipuu" title="Harilik nelgipuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik nelgipuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Γαριφαλόδενδρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαριφαλόδενδρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariofilo" title="Kariofilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kariofilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iltze_(espezia)" title="Iltze (espezia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iltze (espezia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="میخک صدپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میخک صدپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroflier" title="Giroflier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Giroflier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurumbal" title="Gurumbal – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Gurumbal" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3bh" title="Clóbh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóbh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clo-mheas" title="Clo-mheas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clo-mheas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craveiro_da_India" title="Craveiro da India – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Craveiro da India" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="લવિંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લવિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="लवंग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लवंग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%96%A5%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4" title="정향나무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정향나무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84)" title="Մեխակ (համեմունք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեխակ (համեմունք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="लौंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लौंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawy_nalikowc" title="Prawy nalikowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prawy nalikowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klin%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Klinčić – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klinčić" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariofilo" title="Kariofilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kariofilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengkih" title="Cengkih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cengkih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Даричины бæлас – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Даричины бæлас" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negull" title="Negull – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Negull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F_(%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F)" title="ציפורן (תבלין) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציפורן (תבלין)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengk%C3%A8h" title="Cengkèh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cengkèh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97" title="ಲವಂಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲವಂಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="მიხაკის ხე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიხაკის ხე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Қалампыр ағашы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қалампыр ағашы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkarafuu" title="Mkarafuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkarafuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiw%C3%B2f" title="Jiwòf – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jiwòf" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAxek" title="Mêxek – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mêxek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAstais_nagli%C5%86koks" title="Īstais nagliņkoks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īstais nagliņkoks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelcheskapp" title="Neelcheskapp – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neelcheskapp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvapnusis_gvazdikmedis" title="Kvapnusis gvazdikmedis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvapnusis gvazdikmedis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groffelsnagel" title="Groffelsnagel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groffelsnagel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szegf%C5%B1szeg" title="Szegfűszeg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szegfűszeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengk%C3%A8" title="Cengkè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Cengkè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Каранфилче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каранфилче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirofo" title="Jirofo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jirofo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82" title="കരയാമ്പൂ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരയാമ്പൂ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="लवंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लवंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84" title="قرنفل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قرنفل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengkih" title="Cengkih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cengkih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangkeh" title="Cangkeh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cangkeh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Голт бор (эмийн ургамал) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Голт бор (эмийн ургамал)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လေးညှင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေးညှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruidnagel" title="Kruidnagel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kruidnagel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="ल्वाङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ल्वाङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8" title="チョウジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョウジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neegelkbuum" title="Neegelkbuum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neegelkbuum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryddernellik" title="Kryddernellik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kryddernellik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelliktre" title="Nelliktre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nelliktre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliou_d%27giroufl%27ye" title="Cliou d'giroufl'ye – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cliou d'giroufl'ye" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir%C3%B2fle" title="Giròfle – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Giròfle" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଲବଙ୍ଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲବଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97" title="ਲੌਂਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੌਂਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="لونگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لونگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="لونگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لونگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czapetka_pachn%C4%85ca" title="Czapetka pachnąca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czapetka pachnąca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravo-da-%C3%ADndia" title="Cravo-da-índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cravo-da-índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jrovv%C3%B6tsn%C3%A4%C3%A4hl" title="Jrovvötsnäähl – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jrovvötsnäähl" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui%C8%99oare" title="Cuișoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cuișoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гвоздичное дерево – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гвоздичное дерево" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="लवङ्गम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लवङ्गम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove" title="Clove – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Clove" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92" title="කරාබුනැටි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කරාබුනැටි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove" title="Clove – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clove" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klin%C4%8Dekovec_vo%C5%88av%C3%BD" title="Klinčekovec voňavý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klinčekovec voňavý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%A1e%C4%8Di_klin%C4%8Devec" title="Dišeči klinčevec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dišeči klinčevec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaga_yare_(geed)" title="Dhaga yare (geed) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaga yare (geed)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%A9" title="مێخەک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێخەک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanfili%C4%87" title="Karanfilić – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karanfilić" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klin%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Klinčić – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klinčić" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengk%C3%A9h" title="Cengkéh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cengkéh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausteneilikka" title="Mausteneilikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mausteneilikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryddnejlika" title="Kryddnejlika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kryddnejlika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கிராம்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிராம்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwinas" title="Tiwinas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiwinas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="లవంగము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లవంగము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9" title="กานพลู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กานพลู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97" title="ಲವಂಗ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲವಂಗ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanfil_(baharat)" title="Karanfil (baharat) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karanfil (baharat)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_aromatica" title="Eugenia aromatica – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Eugenia aromatica" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Гвоздика (пряність) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гвоздика (пряність)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="لونگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لونگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90inh_h%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_(gia_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Đinh hương (gia vị) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đinh hương (gia vị)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djirofe" title="Djirofe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djirofe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruudnoagel" title="Kruudnoagel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kruudnoagel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" title="Syzygium aromaticum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syzygium aromaticum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%A6%99" title="丁香 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="丁香" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="נעגעלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעגעלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0nn%C3%A1f%C3%B9r%C3%B9" title="Kànnáfùrù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kànnáfùrù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%A6%99" title="丁香 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="丁香" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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aromaticum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the spice. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Clove_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Clove (disambiguation)">Clove (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cloves" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CLOVES_syndrome" title="CLOVES syndrome">CLOVES syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloves_(singer)" title="Cloves (singer)">Cloves (singer)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">Clover</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Clove </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg/220px-Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg/330px-Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg/440px-Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Syzygium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syzygium" title="Syzygium"><i>Syzygium</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. aromaticum</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Syzygium aromaticum</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Drew_Merrill" title="Elmer Drew Merrill">Merr.</a> & <a href="/wiki/L.M.Perry" class="mw-redirect" title="L.M.Perry">L.M.Perry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Caryophyllus aromaticus</i> <small>L.</small></li> <li><i>Eugenia aromatica</i> <small>(L.) Baill.</small></li> <li><i>Eugenia caryophyllata</i> <small>Thunb.</small></li> <li><i>Eugenia caryophyllus</i> <small>(Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison</small></li> <li><i>Jambosa caryophyllus</i> <small>(Thunb.) Nied.</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Cloves</b> are the aromatic <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a> of a tree in the family <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a>, <i><b>Syzygium aromaticum</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are native to the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, or Moluccas, in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and are commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">fragrance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">consumer products</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>, soaps, or <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kew_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kew-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloves are available throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons across various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>clove</i>, first used in English in the <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a>, derives via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">clow of gilofer</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-uch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglo-French <i>clowes de gilofre</i> and Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">clou de girofle</i></span>, from the Latin word <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">clavus</i></span></i> "nail".<sup id="cite_ref-oed_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related English word <i>gillyflower</i>, originally meaning "clove", derives<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via said Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">girofle</i></span> and Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caryophyllon</i></span></i>, from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">karyophyllon</i></span> "clove", literally "nut leaf".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uch_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clove tree is an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> that grows up to 8–12 metres (26–39 ft) tall, with large leaves and <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a> flowers grouped in terminal clusters. The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.5–2 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long, and consist of a long <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> that terminates in four spreading <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>, and four unopened petals that form a small central ball. </p><p>Clove <i>stalks</i> are slender <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> axis that show opposite <a href="/wiki/Decussate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussate">decussate</a> branching. Externally, they are brownish, rough, and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture. <i>Mother cloves (anthophylli)</i> are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid, brown berries, <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">unilocular</a> and one-seeded. <i>Blown cloves</i> are expanded flowers from which both <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corollae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> have been detached. <i>Exhausted cloves</i> have most or all the oil removed by distillation. They yield no oil and are darker in color.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Clove" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Clove"> Clove</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClovesDried.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ClovesDried.jpg/220px-ClovesDried.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ClovesDried.jpg/330px-ClovesDried.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ClovesDried.jpg/440px-ClovesDried.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Dried cloves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG/220px-The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG/330px-The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG/440px-The_flowers_of_clove_tree_in_Pemba_island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Clove tree flowerbuds</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Clove" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Clove"> Clove</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <p>Cloves are used in the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Near</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle East</a> countries, lending flavor to meats (such as <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">baked ham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marinade" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinade">marinades</a>, as well as fruit (such as apples, pears, and <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>). Cloves may be used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages, often combined with other ingredients such as lemon and sugar. They are a common element in spice blends (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a> <i>rempah empat beradik</i> –"four sibling spices"– besides cinnamon, cardamom and star anise for example<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), including <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">pumpkin pie spice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speculaas" title="Speculaas">speculaas</a> spices. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a>, cloves are best known as <i>clavos de olor</i>, and often accompany <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also used in Peruvian cuisine, in a wide variety of dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carapulcra" title="Carapulcra">carapulcra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Rice pudding">arroz con leche</a></i>. </p><p>A major component of clove's taste is imparted by the chemical <a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eugenol_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the quantity of the spice required is typically small. It pairs well with cinnamon, <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus_peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus peel">citrus peel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_anise" title="Star anise">star anise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn">peppercorns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-culinary_uses">Non-culinary uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-culinary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often added to <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">betel quids</a> to enhance aroma while chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spice is used in a type of cigarette called <i><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">kretek</a></i> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clove cigarettes were smoked throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States. Clove cigarettes are currently classified in the United States as <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result of a <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> on flavored cigarettes in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clove <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> may be used to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a> growth on various types of foods.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these non-culinary uses of clove, it can be used to protect wood in a system for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> conservation, and showed the efficacy of clove essential oil to be higher than a <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>-based wood preservative.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloves can be used to make a fragrant <a href="/wiki/Pomander" title="Pomander">pomander</a> when combined with an orange. When given as a gift in Victorian England, such a pomander indicated warmth of feeling. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg/220px-Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg/330px-Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg/440px-Seasonal_clove_buds_drying_on_Pemba1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Cloves drying in sun</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_medicinal_uses_and_adverse_effects">Potential medicinal uses and adverse effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Potential medicinal uses and adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of clove for any medicinal purpose has not been approved by the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, and its use may cause <a href="/wiki/Adverse_event" title="Adverse event">adverse effects</a> if taken orally by people with <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clotting">blood clotting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> disorders, or <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloves are used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Oil_of_cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil of cloves">essential oil</a>, which is used as an <a href="/wiki/Anodyne" title="Anodyne">anodyne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>) mainly for dental emergencies and other disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that clove oil containing <a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a> is effective for <a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">toothache</a> pain and other types of pain,<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one review reported the efficacy of eugenol combined with <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesic</a> for <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_osteitis" title="Alveolar osteitis">alveolar osteitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clove essential oil may prevent the growth of <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a></i> bacteria which is often present in a root canal treatment failure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> repellent, and to prevent <a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">premature ejaculation</a> have been inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains unproven whether <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels are reduced by cloves or clove oil.<sup id="cite_ref-nih_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essential oil may be used in <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/220px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/330px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/440px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">proto-historic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">historic</a> maritime trade network in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">colonial era</a>, cloves only grew on a few islands in the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> (historically called the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Bacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacan">Bacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makian" title="Makian">Makian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moti_Island" title="Moti Island">Moti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloves were first traded by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a> (which began around 1500 BC, later becoming the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Trade">Spice Trade</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first notable example of modern clove farming developed on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and is cultivated in three separate ways, a <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>, agricultural parklands, and <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Buccellati" title="Giorgio Buccellati">Giorgio Buccellati</a> found cloves in <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>, Syria, in a burned-down house which was dated to 1720 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">kingdom of Khana</a>. This was the first evidence of cloves being used in the west before Roman times. The discovery was first reported in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reached <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by the first century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ardika_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardika-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other archeological finds of cloves include: At the <a href="/wiki/Batujaya" title="Batujaya">Batujaya</a> site a single clove was found in a waterlogged layer dating to between the 100s BC to 200s BC corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a> phase of this site.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study at the site of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam found starch grains of cloves on stone implements used in food processing. This site was occupied from the first to eighth century BC, and was a trading center for the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">kingdom of Funnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two cloves were found during archaeological excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Mantai</a> dated to around 900–1100 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingwell-Banham_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingwell-Banham-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloves are mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloves are also mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest examples of literary evidence of cloves in China is from the book the <i>Han Guan Yi</i> (Etiquettes of the Officialdom of the Han Dynasty, dating to around 200 BC). The book states a rule that ministers should suck cloves to sweeten their breath before speaking to the emperor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The book referenced here is only mentioned in "Earliest curry in Southeast Asia and the global spice trade 2000 years ago" In this article the citation "R. S. Bown, Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600–1900 (St. Martin’s Press, 2010)" is given as the source. I would like to track down the original book and cite that. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From Chinese records during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (960 to 1279 AD) cloves were primarily imported by private ventures, called Merchant Shipping Offices, who bought goods from middlemen in the Austronesian polities of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Butuan</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271 to 1368 AD) Chinese merchants began sending ships directly to the Moluccas to trade for cloves, and other spices.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ptak_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ptak-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Western Classical literature cloves are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elders'</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Natural History</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> mentions cloves in his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis"><i>Liber Pontifcalis</i></a> records an endowment made by Passinopolis under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a>. This endowment included an Egyptian estate, its annual revenues, 150 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">libra</a> (around 50 kg or 108 lb) of cloves, and other amounts of spices and papyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustis</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Christian_Topography" title="Christian Topography"><i>Topographia Christiana</i></a> outlined his travels to Sri Lanka, and recounted that the Indians said that cloves, among other products, came in from unspecified places along sea trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I would like to cite the Topographia Christiana (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cloves were also present in records in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> by around the third century to second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ardika_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardika-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mentions of "cloves" reported in China, South Asia, and the Middle East come from before the establishment of Southeast Asian maritime trade. But all of these are misidentifications that referred to other plants (like <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">cassia</a> buds, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>); or are imports from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> mistakenly identified as being natively produced in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ptak_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ptak-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologists recovered the earliest known example of macro-botanical cloves in northwest Europe from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship, <a href="/wiki/Gribshunden" title="Gribshunden">Gribshunden</a>. The ship sank near <a href="/wiki/Ronneby" title="Ronneby">Ronneby</a>, Sweden in June 1495 while <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">King Hans</a> was sailing to political summit at Kalmar, Sweden. Exotic luxuries including cloves, ginger, peppercorns, and saffron would have impressed the noblemen and high church officials at the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloves have been documented in the burial practices of Europeans from the late middle ages into the early modern period. During renovations on the <a href="/wiki/Grote_Kerk_(Breda)" title="Grote Kerk (Breda)">Grote Kerk</a> of Breda a tomb was rediscovered that was used between 1475 and 1526 AD by eight members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">house of Nassau</a>. These burials had to be moved, but before being re-interred these burials were studied for botanical remains. The burial of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimburga_von_Baden" class="extiw" title="de:Cimburga von Baden">Cimberga van Baden</a> contained pollen from cloves. The Dutch Physician <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Forestus" title="Petrus Forestus">Pieter Van Foreest</a> wrote down multiple recipes for embalming some of which included cloves. One of these recipes he wrote down was that used by his fellow physicians Spierinck and Goethals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">embalming jar</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Vittoria_della_Rovere" title="Vittoria della Rovere">Vittoria della Rovere</a> also contained clove pollen. This probably came from her ingestion of clove oil as a medicine in her final days.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When burials needed to be moved from the church of Saint Germain in <a href="/wiki/Flers,_Orne" title="Flers, Orne">Flers</a>, France they were also studied for botanical remains. The body and coffin of Philippe René de la Motte Ango, count of Flers who was buried in 1737 AD contained whole cloves.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the colonial era, cloves were traded like oil, with an enforced limit on exportation.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> consolidated its control of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> in the 17th century, they sought to gain a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> in cloves as they had in nutmeg. However, "unlike nutmeg and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">mace</a>, which were limited to the minute <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Bandas</a>, clove trees grew all over the Moluccas, and the trade in cloves was beyond the limited policing powers of the corporation".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One clove tree named <i>Afo</i> that experts believe is the oldest in the world on <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Malay">Ternate</a> may be 350–400 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourists are told that seedlings from this very tree were stolen by a Frenchman named <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poivre" title="Pierre Poivre">Pierre Poivre</a> in 1770, transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>), and then later to <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, which was once the world's largest producer of cloves.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current leaders in clove production are <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia is the largest clove producer, but only about 10-15% of its cloves production is exported, and domestic shortfalls must sometimes be filled with imports from Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern province of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a> remains the largest source of cloves in Indonesia with around 15% of national production, although provinces comprising the island of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> produced over 40% collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenol_acsv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Eugenol_acsv.svg/220px-Eugenol_acsv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Eugenol_acsv.svg/330px-Eugenol_acsv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Eugenol_acsv.svg/440px-Eugenol_acsv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>The compound <a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a> is responsible for most of the characteristic aroma of cloves.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> comprises 72–90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, and is the compound most responsible for clove aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-eugenol_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complete <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extraction</a> occurs at 80 minutes in pressurized water at 125 °C (257 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction methods provide more rapid extraction rates with lower energy costs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> of clove oil include acetyl eugenol, beta-<a href="/wiki/Caryophyllene" title="Caryophyllene">caryophyllene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crategolic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Crategolic acid">crategolic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bicornin" title="Bicornin">bicornin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eugenol_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gallotannic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallotannic acid">gallotannic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugenin" title="Eugenin">eugenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhamnetin" title="Rhamnetin">rhamnetin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenitin" title="Eugenitin">eugenitin</a>, tri<a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Oleanolic_acid" title="Oleanolic acid">oleanolic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">sesquiterpenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although eugenol has not been classified for its potential <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was shown to be toxic to test organisms in concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg per liter.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kretek clove cigarettes, Indonesia"><img alt="Kretek clove cigarettes, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg/120px-Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg/180px-Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg/240px-Djarum-blacks-kretek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">Kretek</a> clove cigarettes, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_pomander.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloves used in an orange as a pomander"><img alt="Cloves used in an orange as a pomander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Orange_pomander.jpg/120px-Orange_pomander.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Orange_pomander.jpg/180px-Orange_pomander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Orange_pomander.jpg/240px-Orange_pomander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cloves used in an orange as a <a href="/wiki/Pomander" title="Pomander">pomander</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clove_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dried clove bud"><img alt="Dried clove bud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clove_close_up.jpg/120px-Clove_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clove_close_up.jpg/180px-Clove_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clove_close_up.jpg/240px-Clove_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4821" data-file-height="3213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dried clove bud</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syzygium_aromaticum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Syzygium aromaticum">Syzygium aromaticum</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cloves" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cloves">Cloves</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cinnamomum cassia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">Gallic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">Insect repellent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">Medicinal plant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=50069">"<i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> (L.) 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Routledge. pp. 160–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81624-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81624-8"><bdi>978-1-134-81624-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+and+philological+data+towards+a+chronology+of+Austronesian+activity+in+India+and+Sri+Lanka&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+IV%3A+Language+Change+and+Cultural+Transformation&rft.pages=160-240&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81624-8&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ardika-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ardika_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ardika_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdika2021" class="citation book cs1">Ardika, I Wayan (2021). 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Here's what our find in Sri Lanka says about the early spice trade"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+clove%3F+Here%27s+what+our+find+in+Sri+Lanka+says+about+the+early+spice+trade&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.aulast=Kingwell-Banham&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fworlds-oldest-clove-heres-what-our-find-in-sri-lanka-says-about-the-early-spice-trade-109686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingwell-BanhamBohingamuwaPereraAdikari2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Bohingamuwa, Wijerathne; Perera, Nimal; Adikari, Gamini; Crowther, Alison; Fuller, Dorian Q; Boivin, Nicole (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X18001680/type/journal_article">"Spice and rice: pepper, cloves and everyday cereal foods at the ancient port of Mantai, Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>92</b> (366): 1552–1570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2018.168">10.15184/aqy.2018.168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Spice+and+rice%3A+pepper%2C+cloves+and+everyday+cereal+foods+at+the+ancient+port+of+Mantai%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=366&rft.pages=1552-1570&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2018.168&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Kingwell-Banham&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Bohingamuwa%2C+Wijerathne&rft.au=Perera%2C+Nimal&rft.au=Adikari%2C+Gamini&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Alison&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003598X18001680%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri1952" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Hariprasad (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536335/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Ramayana of Valmiki</i></a>. Bristol: Burleigh Press. pp. 354, Book 2 Chapter 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789333119597" title="Special:BookSources/9789333119597"><bdi>9789333119597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=354%2C+Book+2+Chapter+91&rft.pub=Burleigh+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9789333119597&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Hariprasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.536335%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/charaka-samhita-and-sushruta-samhita/d/doc1147016.html">https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/charaka-samhita-and-sushruta-samhita/d/doc1147016.html</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/charaka-samhita-and-sushruta-samhita"><i>Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita</i></a>. 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"Extraction of clove using pressurized hot water". <i>Flavour and Fragrance Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (6): 399–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1026%28199911%2F12%2914%3A6%3C399%3A%3AAID-FFJ851%3E3.0.CO%3B2-A">10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199911/12)14:6<399::AID-FFJ851>3.0.CO;2-A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flavour+and+Fragrance+Journal&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+clove+using+pressurized+hot+water&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=399-404&rft.date=2000-02-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1026%28199911%2F12%2914%3A6%3C399%3A%3AAID-FFJ851%3E3.0.CO%3B2-A&rft.au=Rovio%2C+S.&rft.au=Hartonen%2C+K.&rft.au=Holm%2C+Y.&rft.au=Hiltunen%2C+R.&rft.au=Riekkola%2C+M.-L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalil,_A.A.ur_Rahman,_U.Khan,_M.R.Sahar,_A.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khalil, A.A.; ur Rahman, U.; Khan, M.R.; Sahar, A.; Mehmood, T.; Khan, M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7RA04803C">"Essential oil eugenol: sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives"</a>. <i>RSC Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (52): 32669–32681. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RSCAd...732669K">2017RSCAd...732669K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7RA04803C">10.1039/C7RA04803C</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RSC+Advances&rft.atitle=Essential+oil+eugenol%3A+sources%2C+extraction+techniques+and+nutraceutical+perspectives&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=32669-32681&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7RA04803C&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017RSCAd...732669K&rft.au=Khalil%2C+A.A.&rft.au=ur+Rahman%2C+U.&rft.au=Khan%2C+M.R.&rft.au=Sahar%2C+A.&rft.au=Mehmood%2C+T.&rft.au=Khan%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FC7RA04803C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi-Ming_Bao,_EerdunbayaerNozaki,_AkikoTakahashi,_EizoOkamoto,_Keinosuke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Li-Ming Bao, Eerdunbayaer; Nozaki, Akiko; Takahashi, Eizo; Okamoto, Keinosuke; Ito, Hideyuki; Hatano, Tsutomu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3987%2FCOM-11-12392">"Hydrolysable tannins isolated from <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>: Structure of a new c-glucosidic ellagitannin and spectral features of tannins with a tergalloyl group"</a>. <i>Heterocycles</i>. <b>85</b> (2): 365–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3987%2FCOM-11-12392">10.3987/COM-11-12392</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heterocycles&rft.atitle=Hydrolysable+tannins+isolated+from+Syzygium+aromaticum%3A+Structure+of+a+new+c-glucosidic+ellagitannin+and+spectral+features+of+tannins+with+a+tergalloyl+group&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-381&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3987%2FCOM-11-12392&rft.au=Li-Ming+Bao%2C+Eerdunbayaer&rft.au=Nozaki%2C+Akiko&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+Eizo&rft.au=Okamoto%2C+Keinosuke&rft.au=Ito%2C+Hideyuki&rft.au=Hatano%2C+Tsutomu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3987%252FCOM-11-12392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueretzSomensiMartinsSouza2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gueretz, Juliano Santos; Somensi, Cleder Alexandre; Martins, Maurício Laterça; Souza, Antonio Pereira de (2017-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0103-8478cr20170194">"Evaluation of eugenol toxicity in bioassays with test-organisms"</a>. <i>Ciência Rural</i>. <b>47</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0103-8478cr20170194">10.1590/0103-8478cr20170194</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1678-4596">1678-4596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ci%C3%AAncia+Rural&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+eugenol+toxicity+in+bioassays+with+test-organisms&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F0103-8478cr20170194&rft.issn=1678-4596&rft.aulast=Gueretz&rft.aufirst=Juliano+Santos&rft.au=Somensi%2C+Cleder+Alexandre&rft.au=Martins%2C+Maur%C3%ADcio+Later%C3%A7a&rft.au=Souza%2C+Antonio+Pereira+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252F0103-8478cr20170194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link 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href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">4,5-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5',6'-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Syzygium aromaticum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26736" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26736">Q26736</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Syzygium aromaticum">Syzygium aromaticum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/16437">16437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id62110">62110</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=210608">210608</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/545PT">545PT</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2508665">2508665</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SYZAR">SYZAR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3183002">3183002</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=50069">50069</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/122770">122770</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/601421-1">601421-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506167">506167</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282873">282873</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=219868">219868</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/346685/">346685</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=200286">200286</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-199236">kew-199236</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SYAR2">SYAR2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A601421-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:601421-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/22102278">22102278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000318267">wfo-0000318267</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Caryophyllus aromaticus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21872197" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21872197">Q21872197</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/76002">76002</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/RJFW">RJFW</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5418973">5418973</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=318428">318428</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/592134-1">592134-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=510319">510319</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A592134-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592134-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/22102177">22102177</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000808515">wfo-0000808515</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26736#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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