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aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_game_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_game_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Video game terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_game_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Game media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Input_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Input_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Input device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Input_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_and_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_and_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Display and output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_and_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Content rating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Game_theory_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_theory_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Game theory and studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_theory_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_for_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_for_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Intellectual property for video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property_for_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industry roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_regional_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_regional_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Major regional markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_regional_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Game sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effects on society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects on society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beneficial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beneficial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Beneficial uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beneficial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collecting and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Video game</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videospeletjie" title="Videospeletjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Videospeletjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspiel" title="Computerspiel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Computerspiel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAwungplega" title="Īwungplega – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īwungplega" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="لعبة فيديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لعبة فيديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videochuego" title="Videochuego – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Videochuego" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxuegu" title="Videoxuegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videoxuegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27angam%C3%BDi_%C3%B1embosar%C3%A1i" title="Ta'angamýi ñembosarái – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ta'angamýi ñembosarái" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videooyun" title="Videooyun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Videooyun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidheo_gim" title="Vidheo gim – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vidheo gim" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="ভিডিও গেম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিডিও গেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-n%C3%A1u_i%C3%BB-h%C3%AC" title="Tiān-náu iû-hì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-náu iû-hì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Компьютер уйыны – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Компьютер уйыны" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Камп’ютарная гульня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камп’ютарная гульня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кампутарная гульня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кампутарная гульня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Видеоигра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видеоигра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoigra" title="Videoigra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Videoigra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hoari_video" title="C'hoari video – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hoari video" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojoc" title="Videojoc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Videojoc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohra" title="Videohra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Videohra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAm_fideo" title="Gêm fideo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gêm fideo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspil" title="Computerspil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Computerspil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspiel" title="Computerspiel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computerspiel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videom%C3%A4ng" title="Videomäng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Videomäng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9" title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoz%C3%B9g" title="Videozùg – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Videozùg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuego" title="Videojuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videojuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoludo" title="Videoludo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Videoludo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideojoko" title="Bideojoko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bideojoko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بازی ویدئویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی ویدئویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Video game" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teldusp%C3%B8l" title="Telduspøl – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Telduspøl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_vid%C3%A9o" title="Jeu vidéo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu vidéo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideospultsje" title="Fideospultsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fideospultsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamman-feeshan" title="Gamman-feeshan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gamman-feeshan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxogo" title="Videoxogo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Videoxogo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="비디오 게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오 게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasan_Bidiyo" title="Wasan Bidiyo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wasan Bidiyo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Համակարգչային խաղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակարգչային խաղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="वीडियो खेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वीडियो खेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoigra" title="Videoigra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Videoigra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoludo" title="Videoludo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Videoludo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egwuregwu_vidiyo" title="Egwuregwu vidiyo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Egwuregwu vidiyo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_video" title="Permainan video – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojoco" title="Videojoco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Videojoco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videolude" title="Videolude – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Videolude" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvuleikur" title="Tölvuleikur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvuleikur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogioco" title="Videogioco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Videogioco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95" title="משחק וידאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק וידאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gim_vid%C3%A9o" title="Gim vidéo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gim vidéo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ვიდეო თამაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიდეო თამაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ویڈیو گیم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ویڈیو گیم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Видео ойын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Видео ойын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mchezo_wa_video" title="Mchezo wa video – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mchezo wa video" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9_vid%C3%A9o" title="Jé vidéo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jé vidéo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEstika_v%C3%AEdyoy%C3%AA" title="Lîstika vîdyoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîstika vîdyoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Видео оюн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Видео оюн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuech" title="Videojuech – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Videojuech" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A1" title="ວີດີໂອເກມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວີດີໂອເກມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusus_magnetoscopicus" title="Lusus magnetoscopicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lusus magnetoscopicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videosp%C4%93le" title="Videospēle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Videospēle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspill" title="Computerspill – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Computerspill" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiuterinis_%C5%BEaidimas" title="Kompiuterinis žaidimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompiuterinis žaidimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computersjpel" title="Computersjpel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Computersjpel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A1mbwisi-masano" title="Litámbwisi-masano – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Litámbwisi-masano" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/samselkei" title="samselkei – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="samselkei" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogioch" title="Videogioch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Videogioch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide%C3%B3j%C3%A1t%C3%A9k" title="Videójáték – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Videójáték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Видеоигра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Видеоигра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82" title="പെഴ്സണൽ കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ഗെയിം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെഴ്സണൽ കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ഗെയിം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="व्हिडिओ गेम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हिडिओ गेम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ڤيديو جيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤيديو جيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ویدئو کاء – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویدئو کاء" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_video" title="Permainan video – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_i%C3%B9-hi%C3%A9" title="Diêng-cṳ̄ iù-hié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-cṳ̄ iù-hié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Компьютер тоглоом – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Компьютер тоглоом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဗွီဒီယိုဂိမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗွီဒီယိုဂိမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspel" title="Computerspel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerspel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videospel" title="Videospel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Videospel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="コンピュータゲーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンピュータゲーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuoco" title="Videojuoco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Videojuoco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videospill" title="Videospill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Videospill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataspel" title="Dataspel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dataspel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoj%C3%B2c" title="Videojòc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Videojòc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoo%CA%BByin" title="Videooʻyin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Videooʻyin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵੀਡੀਓ ਗੇਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਡੀਓ ਗੇਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%81" title="منظری لعبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منظری لعبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidio_giem" title="Vidio giem – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vidio giem" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeknerspeel" title="Reeknerspeel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Reeknerspeel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra_komputerowa" title="Gra komputerowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gra komputerowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Jogo eletrônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jogo eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_video" title="Joc video – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc video" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuq_rikch%27a_puklla" title="Kuyuq rikch'a puklla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuyuq rikch'a puklla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Компютерна бавка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Компютерна бавка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Компьютерная игра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерная игра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%83" title="Видео оонньуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Видео оонньуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoj%C3%B2cu" title="Videojòcu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Videojòcu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gemme" title="Video gemme – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Video gemme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspil" title="Computerspil – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Computerspil" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_loja" title="Video loja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Video loja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiugiocu" title="Vidiugiocu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vidiugiocu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Video game" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video game" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_hra" title="Počítačová hra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Počítačová hra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoigra" title="Videoigra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Videoigra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dmputrowy_szpil" title="Kōmputrowy szpil – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kōmputrowy szpil" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کایەی ڤیدیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کایەی ڤیدیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Видео-игра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Видео-игра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoigra" title="Videoigra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Videoigra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videopeli" title="Videopeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Videopeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorspel" title="Datorspel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datorspel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larong_bidyo" title="Larong bidyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Larong bidyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிகழ்பட ஆட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகழ்பட ஆட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urar_anvidyu" title="Urar anvidyu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Urar anvidyu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Санак уены – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Санак уены" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="వీడియో గేమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వీడియో గేమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1" title="วิดีโอเกม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิดีโอเกม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Бозии видеоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бозии видеоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_oyunu" title="Video oyunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Video oyunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideo_o%C3%BDun" title="Wideo oýun – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wideo oýun" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Відеогра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відеогра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ویڈیو گیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویڈیو گیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videozugo" title="Videozugo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Videozugo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i_video" title="Trò chơi video – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trò chơi video" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeu_videyo" title="Djeu videyo – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djeu videyo" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulay_nga_video" title="Mulay nga video – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mulay nga video" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="电子游戏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子游戏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%90_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ווידעא שפיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווידעא שפיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_gaming&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer gaming">Computer gaming</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Video Game" redirects here. For the song by Sufjan Stevens, see <a href="/wiki/Video_Game_(song)" title="Video Game (song)">Video Game (song)</a>. For the American game show, see <a href="/wiki/The_Video_Game" title="The Video Game">The Video Game</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Video Games" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Video_Games_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Video Games (disambiguation)">Video Games (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Computer game" redirects here. For games played on personal computers, see <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC game</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Computer_game_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Computer game (disambiguation)">Computer game (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two children playing Pong on a television set." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/260px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/390px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/520px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>First-generation <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i> console at the <a href="/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerspielemuseum Berlin">Computerspielemuseum Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Video_games" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/60px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/90px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/120px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Platform">Platforms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">Console game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld console</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_game" title="Electronic game">Electronic game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_game" title="Audio game">Audio game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game" title="Handheld electronic game">Electronic handheld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Online game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">Browser game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-network_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-network game">Social-network game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">Mobile game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_gaming" title="Mac gaming">Mac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_games" title="Lists of video games">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arcade_video_games" title="List of arcade video games">Arcade games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game#Highest-grossing" title="Arcade video game">highest-grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">Best-selling games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_game_franchises" title="List of best-selling video game franchises">franchises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-running_video_game_franchises" title="List of longest-running video game franchises">Longest-running franchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-played_mobile_games_by_player_count" title="List of most-played mobile games by player count">Most-played mobile games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_considered_the_best" title="List of video games considered the best">Games considered the best</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards" title="List of Game of the Year awards">Game of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_soundtracks_considered_the_best" title="List of video game soundtracks considered the best">soundtracks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_notable_for_negative_reception" title="List of video games notable for negative reception">Negative reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cancelled_video_games" title="Lists of cancelled video games">Cancelled games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">Development</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_producer" title="Video game producer">Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">Developer</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design#Game_designer" title="Video game design">Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design#Video_game_artist" title="Game art design">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Programmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)#Level_design" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programming" title="Video game programming">Programming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">AI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_testing" title="Game testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_games" title="Template:Video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_games" title="Template talk:Video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>video game</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as a <b>computer game</b> or just a <b>game</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_game" title="Electronic game">electronic game</a> that involves interaction with a <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> or <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">controller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Motion_sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion sensing">motion sensing</a> device) to generate <a href="/wiki/Visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual">visual</a> <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display device</a>, most commonly shown in a <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> format on a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel display</a> or <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Handheld_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld device">handheld devices</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">virtual reality headset</a>. Most modern video games are <a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">audiovisual</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> complement delivered through <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">speakers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>, and sometimes also with other types of sensory feedback (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic technology</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">tactile</a> sensations). Some video games also allow <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> inputs for <a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">in-game chatting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_livestreaming" title="Video game livestreaming">livestreaming</a>. </p><p>Video games are typically categorized according to their <a href="/wiki/Hardware_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware platform">hardware platform</a>, which traditionally includes <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">console games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">computer (PC) games</a>; the latter also encompasses <a href="/wiki/Network_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Network game">LAN games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">browser games</a>. More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a> has expanded onto <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablet computers">tablet computers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> systems, and remote <a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">cloud gaming</a>. Video games are also classified into a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">genres</a> based on their style of <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>. </p><p>The first video game prototypes in the 1950s and 1960s were simple extensions of electronic games using video-like output from large, room-sized <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe computers">mainframe computers</a>. The first consumer video game was the arcade video game <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i> in 1971. In 1972 came the iconic hit game <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i> and the first <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home console</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>. The industry grew quickly during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">"golden age" of arcade video games</a> from the late 1970s to early 1980s but suffered from the <a href="/wiki/1983_video_game_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 video game crash">crash of the North American video game market in 1983</a> due to loss of publishing control and saturation of the market. Following the crash, the industry matured, was dominated by Japanese companies such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony</a>, and established practices and methods around the development and distribution of video games to prevent a similar crash in the future, many of which continue to be followed. In the 2000s, the core industry centered on "<a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a>" games, leaving little room for riskier experimental games. Coupled with the availability of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">digital distribution</a>, this gave room for <a href="/wiki/Independent_video_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent video game development">independent video game development</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">indie games</a>") to gain prominence into the 2010s. Since then, the commercial importance of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a> has been increasing. The emerging Asian markets and proliferation of smartphone games in particular are altering player demographics towards <a href="/wiki/Casual_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Casual games">casual gaming</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">monetization</a> by incorporating <a href="/wiki/Games_as_a_service" title="Games as a service">games as a service</a>. </p><p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">video game development</a> requires numerous <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> skills, <a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teamwork" title="Teamwork">teamwork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">liaisons</a> between different parties, including <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developers" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game developers">developers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game publishers">publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">distributors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailer">retailers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">hardware</a> manufacturers, and other marketers, to successfully bring a game to its consumers. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the global video game market had estimated annual revenues of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$159 billion</span> across hardware, software, and services, which is three times the size of the global <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> and four times that of the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-vg_industry_size_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg_industry_size_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it a formidable heavyweight across the modern <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry">entertainment industry</a>. The video game market is also a major influence behind the <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> component, console, and peripheral sales, as well as consumer demands for better game performance, have been powerful driving factors for hardware design and innovation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_arcade_video_games" title="History of arcade video games">History of arcade video games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg/220px-Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg/330px-Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg/440px-Tennis_For_Two_on_a_DuMont_Lab_Oscilloscope_Type_304-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_for_Two" title="Tennis for Two">Tennis for Two</a></i> (1958), an early <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computer</a> game that used an <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a> for a display</figcaption></figure> <p>Early video games use interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a "<a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube_amusement_device" title="Cathode-ray tube amusement device">cathode-ray tube amusement device</a>" was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Goldsmith_Jr." title="Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.">Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.</a> and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> display technology, it consists of an analog device allowing a user to control the parabolic arc of a dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which are paper drawings fixed to the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-PongStory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PongStory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early examples include <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">draughts</a> game, the <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(computer)" title="Nimrod (computer)">Nimrod</a> computer at the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/OXO_(video_game)" title="OXO (video game)">OXO</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" title="Tic-tac-toe">tic-tac-toe</a> computer game by <a href="/wiki/A.S._Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Douglas">Alexander S. Douglas</a> for the <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a> in 1952; <i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_for_Two" title="Tennis for Two">Tennis for Two</a></i>, an electronic interactive game engineered by <a href="/wiki/William_Higinbotham" title="William Higinbotham">William Higinbotham</a> in 1958; and <i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> students Martin Graetz, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a>, and Wayne Wiitanen's on a DEC <a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> computer in 1962. Each game has different means of display: NIMROD has a panel of lights to play the game of <a href="/wiki/Nim" title="Nim">Nim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OXO has a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tennis for Two</i> has an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court,<sup id="cite_ref-PongStory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PongStory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Spacewar!</i> has the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> PDP-1's vector display to have two <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spaceships</a> battle each other.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:243px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph-Baer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ralph-Baer.jpg/162px-Ralph-Baer.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ralph-Baer.jpg/243px-Ralph-Baer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ralph-Baer.jpg/324px-Ralph-Baer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a> in 2009</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:243px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nolan Bushnell giving a speech at the Game Developers Conference in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg/222px-Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg/333px-Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg/444px-Nolan_Bushnell_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1755" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> in 2013</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_Game_Test2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pong_Game_Test2.gif/220px-Pong_Game_Test2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Pong_Game_Test2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a> (1972), one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These preliminary inventions paved the way for the origins of video games today. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a>, while working at <a href="/wiki/Sanders_Associates" title="Sanders Associates">Sanders Associates</a> in 1966, devised a control system to play a rudimentary game of table tennis on a television screen. With the company's approval, Baer built the prototype "Brown Box". Sanders patented Baer's inventions and licensed them to <a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a>, which commercialized it as the first <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home video game console</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, released in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-PongStory_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PongStory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separately, <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a>, inspired by seeing <i>Spacewar!</i> running at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, devised a similar version running in a smaller coin-operated <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">arcade cabinet</a> using a less expensive computer. This was released as <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a>, in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bushnell and Dabney went on to form <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a>, created their second <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> in 1972, the hit <a href="/wiki/Ping_pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping pong">ping pong</a>-style <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i>, which was directly inspired by the table tennis game on the Odyssey. Sanders and Magnavox sued Atari for infringement of Baer's patents, but Atari settled out of court, paying for perpetual rights to the patents. Following their agreement, Atari made a home version of <i>Pong</i>, which was released by Christmas 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-PongStory_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PongStory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the Odyssey and <i>Pong</i>, both as an arcade game and home machine, launched the video game industry.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-GameRev-Time_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-GameRev-Time-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InformIT_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InformIT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Baer and Bushnell have been titled "Father of Video Games" for their contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The term "video game" was developed to distinguish this class of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_game" title="Electronic game">electronic games</a> that were played on some type of <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">video display</a> rather than on a <a href="/wiki/Teletype_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletype printer">teletype printer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">audio speaker</a>, or similar device.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf_2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also distinguished from many <a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game" title="Handheld electronic game">handheld electronic games</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Merlin_(console)" title="Merlin (console)">Merlin</a></i> which commonly used LED lights for indicators but did not use these in combination for imaging purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_medium_chp1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Computer game" may also be used as a descriptor, as all these types of games essentially require the use of a computer processor, and in some cases, it is used interchangeably with "video game".<sup id="cite_ref-vg_theory_reader_intro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg_theory_reader_intro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, this is common due to the historic relevance of domestically produced microcomputers. Other terms used include digital game, for example, by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term "computer game" can also be used to more specifically refer to games played primarily on <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> or other types of flexible hardware systems (also known as <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC game</a>), as a way to distinguish them from <a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">console games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">mobile games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_medium_chp1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_2007_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf_2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms such as "television game", "telegame", or "TV game" had been used in the 1970s and early 1980s, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">home gaming consoles</a> that rely on connection to a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these terms were also used interchangeably with "video game" in the 1970s, primarily due to "video" and "television" being synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where consoles like the Odyssey were first imported and then made within the country by the large television manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a>, such games are known as "TV games", "TV geemu", or "terebi geemu".<sup id="cite_ref-geemu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geemu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "TV game" is still commonly used into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-geemu_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geemu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Electronic game" may also be used to refer to video games, but this also incorporates devices like early handheld electronic games that lack any video output.<sup id="cite_ref-vg_theory_reader_intro_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg_theory_reader_intro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first appearance of the term "video game" emerged around 1973. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> cited a 10 November 1973 <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a></i> article as the first printed use of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Bushnell believed the term came from a vending magazine review of <i>Computer Space</i> in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a review of the major vending magazines <i><a href="/wiki/Vending_Times" title="Vending Times">Vending Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)" title="Cashbox (magazine)">Cashbox</a></i> showed that the term may have come even earlier, appearing first in a letter dated July 10, 1972. In the letter, Bushnell uses the term "video game" twice.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per video game historian Keith Smith, the sudden appearance suggested that the term had been proposed and readily adopted by those in the field. Around March 1973, Ed Adlum, who ran <i>Cashbox</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s coin-operated section until 1972 and then later founded <i>RePlay Magazine</i>, covering the coin-op amusement field, in 1975, used the term in an article in March 1973. In a September 1982 issue of <i>RePlay</i>, Adlum is credited with first naming these games as "video games": "RePlay's Eddie Adlum worked at 'Cash Box' when 'TV games' first came out. The personalities in those days were Bushnell, his sales manager Pat Karns, and a handful of other 'TV game' manufacturers like Henry Leyser and the McEwan brothers. It seemed awkward to call their products 'TV games', so borrowing a word from <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s description of movie jukeboxes, Adlum started to refer to this new breed of amusement machine as 'video games.' The phrase stuck."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Adlum explained in 1985 that up until the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcades" class="mw-redirect" title="Amusement arcades">amusement arcades</a> typically had non-video <a href="/wiki/Arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade games">arcade games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pinball" title="Pinball">pinball</a> machines and <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">electro-mechanical games</a>. With the arrival of video games in arcades during the early 1970s, there was initially some confusion in the arcade industry over what term should be used to describe the new games. He "wrestled with descriptions of this type of game," alternating between "TV game" and "television game" but "finally woke up one day" and said, "What the hell... video game!"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, the traveling Videotopia exhibit served as the closest representation of such a vital resource. In addition to collecting home video game consoles, the Electronics Conservancy organization set out to locate and restore 400 antique arcade cabinets after realizing that the majority of these games had been destroyed and feared the loss of their historical significance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games have significantly begun to be seen in the real-world as a purpose to present history in a way of understanding the methodology and terms that are being compared. Researchers have looked at how historical representations affect how the public perceives the past, and digital humanists encourage historians to use video games as primary materials.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games, considering their past and age, have over time progressed as what a video game really means. Whether played through a monitor, TV, or a hand-held device, there are many ways that video games are being displayed for users to enjoy. People have drawn comparisons between flow-state-engaged video gamers and pupils in conventional school settings. In traditional, teacher-led classrooms, students have little say in what they learn, are passive consumers of the information selected by teachers, are required to follow the pace and skill level of the group (group teaching), and receive brief, imprecise, normative feedback on their work.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games, as they continue to develop into better graphic definitions and genres, create new terminology when something unknown tends to become known. Yearly, consoles are being created to compete against other brands with similar functioning features that tend to lead the consumer into which they'd like to purchase. Now, companies have moved towards games only the specific console can play to grasp the consumer into purchasing their product compared to when video games first began, there was little to no variety. In 1989, a console war began with Nintendo, one of the biggest in gaming, up against target, Sega with their brand new Master System which, failed to compete, allowing the Nintendo Emulator System to be one of the most consumed products in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More technology continued to be created, as the computer began to be used in people's houses for more than just office and daily use. Games began being implemented into computers and have progressively grown since then with coded robots to play against you. Early games like tic-tac-toe, solitaire, and Tennis for Two were great ways to bring new gaming to another system rather than one specifically meant for gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <p>While many games readily fall into a clear, well-understood definition of video games, new genres and innovations in game development have raised the question of what are the essential factors of a video game that separate the medium from other forms of entertainment. </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">interactive films</a> in the 1980s with games like <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Lair" title="Dragon's Lair">Dragon's Lair</a></i>, featured games with <a href="/wiki/Full_motion_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Full motion video">full motion video</a> played off a form of media but only limited user interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had required a means to distinguish these games from more traditional board games that happen to also use external media, such as the <i>Clue VCR Mystery Game</i> which required players to watch VCR clips between turns. To distinguish between these two, video games are considered to require some interactivity that affects the visual display.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_medium_chp1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most video games tend to feature some type of victory or winning conditions, such as a scoring mechanism or a final <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boss (video game)">boss</a> fight. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">walking simulators</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure games</a> that allow for exploration but lack any objectives) like <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_Home" title="Gone Home">Gone Home</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Empathy_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathy game">empathy games</a> (video games that tend to focus on emotion) like <i><a href="/wiki/That_Dragon,_Cancer" title="That Dragon, Cancer">That Dragon, Cancer</a></i> brought the idea of games that did not have any such type of winning condition and raising the question of whether these were actually games.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are still commonly justified as video games as they provide a game world that the player can interact with by some means.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of any industry definition for a video game by 2021 was an issue during the case <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games v. Apple</a></i> which dealt with video games offered on Apple's <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">iOS App Store</a>. Among concerns raised were games like <i><a href="/wiki/Fortnite_Creative" title="Fortnite Creative">Fortnite Creative</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Roblox" title="Roblox">Roblox</a></i> which created <a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">metaverses</a> of interactive experiences, and whether the larger game and the individual experiences themselves were games or not in relation to fees that Apple charged for the App Store. Judge <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Gonzalez_Rogers" title="Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers">Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers</a>, recognizing that there was yet an industry standard definition for a video game, established for her ruling that "At a bare minimum, video games appear to require some level of interactivity or involvement between the player and the medium" compared to passive entertainment like film, music, and television, and "videogames are also generally graphically rendered or animated, as opposed to being recorded live or via motion capture as in films or television".<sup id="cite_ref-pcgamer_epic_case_def_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_epic_case_def-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rogers still concluded that what is a video game "appears highly eclectic and diverse".<sup id="cite_ref-pcgamer_epic_case_def_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_epic_case_def-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_game_terminology">Video game terminology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms" title="Glossary of video game terms">Glossary of video game terms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedoom002_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Freedoom002_01.png/220px-Freedoom002_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Freedoom002_01.png/330px-Freedoom002_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Freedoom002_01.png/440px-Freedoom002_01.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Freedoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedoom">Freedoom</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">clone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>. Common elements include a <a href="/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads-up display (video games)">heads-up display</a> along the bottom that includes the player's remaining <a href="/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)" title="Health (game terminology)">health</a> and ammunition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gameplay experience varies radically between video games, but many common elements exist. Most games will launch into a <a href="/wiki/Title_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Title screen">title screen</a> and give the player a chance to review options such as the number of players before starting a game. Most games are divided into <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">levels</a> which the player must work the avatar through, <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" title="Score (game)">scoring points</a>, collecting <a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">power-ups</a> to boost the avatar's innate attributes, all while either using special attacks to defeat enemies or moves to avoid them. This information is relayed to the player through a type of on-screen <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads-up display (video games)">heads-up display</a> atop the rendering of the game itself. Taking damage will deplete their avatar's <a href="/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)" title="Health (game terminology)">health</a>, and if that falls to zero or if the avatar otherwise falls into an impossible-to-escape location, the player will lose one of their <a href="/wiki/Life_(video_games)" title="Life (video games)">lives</a>. Should they lose all their lives without gaining an <a href="/wiki/Extra_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra life">extra life or "1-UP"</a>, then the player will reach the "<a href="/wiki/Game_over" title="Game over">game over</a>" screen. Many levels as well as the game's finale end with a type of <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_games)" title="Boss (video games)">boss</a> character the player must defeat to continue on. In some games, intermediate points between levels will offer <a href="/wiki/Save_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Save point">save points</a> where the player can create a <a href="/wiki/Saved_game" title="Saved game">saved game</a> on storage media to restart the game should they lose all their lives or need to stop the game and restart at a later time. These also may be in the form of a passage that can be written down and reentered at the title screen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Product flaws include <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">software bugs</a> which can manifest as <a href="/wiki/Glitch" title="Glitch">glitches</a> which may be <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(online_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploit (online gaming)">exploited</a> by the player; this is often the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Speedrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedrun">speedrunning</a> a video game. These bugs, along with <a href="/wiki/Cheat_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheat codes">cheat codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)" title="Easter egg (media)">Easter eggs</a>, and other hidden secrets that were intentionally added to the game can also be exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KonamiCode_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KonamiCode-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patterns_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterns-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some consoles, <a href="/wiki/Cheat_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheat cartridge">cheat cartridges</a> allow players to execute these cheat codes, and user-developed <a href="/wiki/Trainer_(games)" title="Trainer (games)">trainers</a> allow similar bypassing for computer software games. Both of which might make the game easier, give the player additional power-ups, or change the appearance of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-KonamiCode_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KonamiCode-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg/220px-Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg/330px-Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg/440px-Arcade_Sugoi_Malmi_Helsinki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade video game</a> machines at the Sugoi arcade game hall in <a href="/wiki/Malmi,_Helsinki" title="Malmi, Helsinki">Malmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>To distinguish from electronic games, a video game is generally considered to require a platform, the hardware which contains computing elements, to process player interaction from some type of input device and displays the results to a video output display.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_game_industry_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_game_industry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform">Platform</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Video_game" title="Special:EditPage/Video game">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Video+game%22">"Video game"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Video+game%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Video+game%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Video+game%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Video+game%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Video+game%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg/220px-Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg/330px-Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg/440px-Consoles-computerspielemuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Various gaming consoles at the <a href="/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerspielemuseum Berlin">Computer Games Museum</a> in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Video games require a platform, a specific combination of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">electronic components</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">software</a>, to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-platformdef_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platformdef-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term system is also commonly used. These platforms may include multiple brandsheld by <a href="/wiki/Platform_holder" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform holder">platform holders</a>, such as Nintendo or Sony, seeking to gain larger market shares.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Games are typically designed to be played on one or a limited number of platforms, and exclusivity to a platform or brand is used by platform holders as a competitive edge in the video game market.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, games may be developed for alternative platforms than intended, which are described as <a href="/wiki/Port_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (video gaming)">ports</a> or conversions. These also may be remasters - where most of the original game's source code is reused and art assets, models, and game levels are updated for modern systems – and remakes, where in addition to asset improvements, significant reworking of the original game and possibly from scratch is performed.<sup id="cite_ref-port_vs_conversion_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port_vs_conversion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list below is not exhaustive and excludes other electronic devices capable of playing video games such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">graphing calculators</a>. </p> <dl><dt>PC games</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC games</a> involve a player interacting with a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> (PC) connected to a <a href="/wiki/Video_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video monitor">video monitor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal computers are not dedicated game platforms, so there may be differences running the same game on different hardware. Also, the openness allows some features to developers like reduced software cost,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased flexibility, increased innovation, emulation, creation of modifications or <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video gaming)">mods</a>, open hosting for <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> (in which a person plays a video game with people who are in a different household) and others. A <a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">gaming computer</a> is a PC or laptop intended specifically for gaming, typically using high-performance, high-cost components. In addition to personal computer gaming, there also exist games that work on <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> and other similarly shared systems, with users logging in remotely to use the computer.</dd> <dt>Home console</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/220px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/330px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/440px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles" title="List of best-selling game consoles">best-selling video game console</a>, with over 155 million units sold.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>A <a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">console game</a> is played on a <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home console</a>, a specialized electronic device that connects to a common <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a> or <a href="/wiki/Composite_monitor" title="Composite monitor">composite video monitor</a>. Home consoles are specifically designed to play games using a dedicated hardware environment, giving developers a concrete hardware target for development and assurances of what features will be available, simplifying development compared to PC game development. Usually consoles only run games developed for it, or games from other platform made by the same company, but never games developed by its direct competitor, even if the same game is available on different platforms. It often comes with a specific <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controller</a>. Major console platforms include <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_video_game_consoles" title="Nintendo video game consoles">Nintendo</a>.</dd> <dt>Handheld console</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game console</a> is a small, self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user's hands. It features the console, a small screen, speakers and buttons, <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controllers</a> in a single unit. Like consoles, handhelds are dedicated platforms, and share almost the same characteristics. Handheld hardware usually is less powerful than PC or console hardware. Some handheld games from the late 1970s and early 1980s could only play one game. In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of handheld games used cartridges, which enabled them to be used to play many different games. The handheld console has waned in the 2010s as mobile device gaming has become a more dominant factor.</dd> <dt>Arcade video game</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg/220px-Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg/330px-Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg/440px-Light_gun_survival_horror_arcade_game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A police-themed arcade game in which players use a <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a></figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> generally refers to a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a special, large coin-operated <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">cabinet</a> which has one built-in console, controllers (joystick, buttons, etc.), a <a href="/wiki/CRT_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="CRT screen">CRT screen</a>, and audio amplifier and speakers. Arcade games often have brightly painted logos and images relating to the theme of the game. While most arcade games are housed in a vertical cabinet, which the user typically stands in front of to play, some arcade games use a tabletop approach, in which the display screen is housed in a table-style cabinet with a see-through table top. With table-top games, the users typically sit to play. In the 1990s and 2000s, some arcade games offered players a choice of multiple games. In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Video_arcade" class="mw-redirect" title="Video arcade">video arcades</a> were businesses in which game players could use a number of arcade video games. In the 2010s, there are far fewer video arcades, but some movie theaters and family entertainment centers still have them.</dd> <dt>Browser game</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">browser game</a> takes advantages of standardizations of technologies for the functionality of <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> across multiple devices providing a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> environment. These games may be identified based on the website that they appear, such as with <a href="/wiki/Miniclip" title="Miniclip">Miniclip</a> games. Others are named based on the programming platform used to develop them, such as <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> games.</dd> <dt>Mobile game</dt> <dd>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> standardized on the <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> operating systems, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a> has become a significant platform. These games may use unique features of mobile devices that are not necessary present on other platforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">global positioning information</a> and camera devices to support <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> gameplay.</dd> <dt>Cloud gaming</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a> requires a minimal hardware device, such as a basic computer, console, laptop, mobile phone or even a dedicated hardware device connected to a display with good Internet connectivity that connects to hardware systems by the cloud gaming provider. The game is computed and rendered on the remote hardware, using a number of predictive methods to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">network latency</a> between player input and output on their display device. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Cloud_Gaming" title="Xbox Cloud Gaming">Xbox Cloud Gaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a> platforms use dedicated custom <a href="/wiki/Server_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Server blade">server blade</a> hardware in <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> centers.</dd> <dt>Virtual reality</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_(36454815300).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg/220px-Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg/330px-Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg/440px-Gamescom_Playstation_VR_Playseat_%2836454815300%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5295" data-file-height="3530" /></a><figcaption>Players using the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a> headsets in 2017</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> (VR) games generally require players to use a special <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">head-mounted unit</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic screens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">motion tracking</a> to immerse a player within virtual environment that responds to their head movements. Some VR systems include control units for the player's hands as to provide a direct way to interact with the virtual world. VR systems generally require a separate computer, console, or other processing device that couples with the head-mounted unit.</dd> <dt>Emulation</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">emulator</a> enables games from a console or otherwise different system to be run in a type of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> on a modern system, simulating the hardware of the original and allows old games to be played. While emulators themselves have been found to be legal in United States case law, the act of obtaining the game software that one does not already own may violate copyrights. However, there are some official releases of emulated software from game manufacturers, such as Nintendo with its <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online" title="Nintendo Switch Online">Nintendo Switch Online</a> offerings.</dd> <dt>Backward compatibility</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a> is similar in nature to emulation in that older games can be played on newer platforms, but typically directly though hardware and build-in software within the platform. The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> popularized the trend of having the capability of playing past generation games from the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation 1</a> simply by inserting the original game media into the newer console, while Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> could play <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> titles as well in the same manner.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_media">Game media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Cartridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NES-Cartridge.jpg/220px-NES-Cartridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NES-Cartridge.jpg/330px-NES-Cartridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NES-Cartridge.jpg/440px-NES-Cartridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>An unlabeled game cartridge for the Nintendo Entertainment System</figcaption></figure> <p>Early arcade games, home consoles, and handheld games were dedicated hardware units with the game's logic built into the electronic componentry of the hardware. Since then, most video game platforms are considered programmable, having means to read and play multiple games distributed on different types of media or formats. Physical formats include <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a> including <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">magnetic-tape data storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disc">floppy discs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical media">optical media</a> formats including <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> cards. Furthermore <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> over the Internet or other communication methods as well as <a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">cloud gaming</a> alleviate the need for any physical media. In some cases, the media serves as the direct read-only memory for the game, or it may be the form of <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">installation media</a> that is used to write the main assets to the player's platform's local storage for faster loading periods and later updates. </p><p>Games can be extended with new content and <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">software patches</a> through either <a href="/wiki/Expansion_pack" title="Expansion pack">expansion packs</a> which are typically available as physical media, or as <a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">downloadable content</a> nominally available via digital distribution. These can be offered freely or can be used to <a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">monetize</a> a game following its initial release. Several games offer players the ability to create <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a> to share with others to play. Other games, mostly those on personal computers, can be extended with <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video games)">user-created modifications</a> or mods that alter or add onto the game; these often are unofficial and were developed by players from <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> of the game, but other games provide official support for modding the game.<sup id="cite_ref-lombardi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lombardi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Input_device">Input device</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg/220px-Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg/330px-Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg/440px-Nintendo-Super-NES-Controller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4100" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A North American <a href="/wiki/Super_NES" class="mw-redirect" title="Super NES">Super NES</a> game controller from the early 1990s</figcaption></figure> <p>Video game can use several types of input devices to translate human actions to a game. Most common are the use of game controllers like <a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">gamepads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joysticks</a> for most consoles, and as accessories for personal computer systems along keyboard and mouse controls. Common controls on the most recent controllers include face buttons, shoulder triggers, <a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog sticks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D-pad" title="D-pad">directional pads ("d-pads")</a>. Consoles typically include standard controllers which are shipped or bundled with the console itself, while peripheral controllers are available as a separate purchase from the console manufacturer or third-party vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar control sets are built into handheld consoles and onto arcade cabinets. Newer technology improvements have incorporated additional technology into the controller or the game platform, such as <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion detection">motion detection</a> sensors that give more options for how the player interacts with the game. Specialized controllers may be used for certain genres of games, including <a href="/wiki/Racing_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing wheel">racing wheels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_pad" title="Dance pad">dance pads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital cameras</a> and motion detection can capture movements of the player as input into the game, which can, in some cases, effectively eliminate the control, and on other systems such as virtual reality, are used to enhance immersion into the game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_and_output">Display and output</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Video game graphics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/170px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/255px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/340px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Handheld units, like the Game Boy, include built-in output screens and sound speakers.</figcaption></figure> <p>By definition, all video games are intended to output graphics to an external video display, such as <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> televisions, newer <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) televisions and built-in screens, <a href="/wiki/Projector" title="Projector">projectors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a>, depending on the type of platform the game is played on. Features such as <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Screen_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen resolution">screen resolution</a> are a combination of the limitations of the game platform and display device and the program efficiency of the game itself. The game's output can range from fixed displays using LED or LCD elements, <a href="/wiki/Text-based_game" title="Text-based game">text-based games</a>, <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">two-dimensional</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">three-dimensional</a> graphics, and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> displays. </p><p>The game's graphics are often accompanied by sound produced by internal speakers on the game platform or external speakers attached to the platform, as directed by the game's programming. This often will include sound effects tied to the player's actions to provide audio feedback, as well as background music for the game. </p><p>Some platforms support additional feedback mechanics to the player that a game can take advantage of. This is most commonly <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic technology</a> built into the game controller, such as causing the controller to shake in the player's hands to simulate a shaking earthquake occurring in game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2></div> <p>Video games are frequently classified by a number of factors related to how one plays them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre">Genre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genre</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">Gameplay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/220px-seek%3D54-Dustforce_Trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Dustforce_Trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dustforce_Trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Dustforce_Trailer.webm/Dustforce_Trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dustforce" title="Dustforce">Dustforce</a></i> is representative of the <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platform game</a> genre as its gameplay involves jumping between platforms.</figcaption></figure> <p>A video game, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into <a href="/wiki/Genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Genres">genres</a>. However, unlike film or television which use visual or narrative elements, video games are generally categorized into genres based on their gameplay interaction, since this is the primary means which one interacts with a video game.<sup id="cite_ref-Apperley_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apperley-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gamasutra_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Explosion_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Explosion-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative setting does not impact gameplay; a <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter game</a> is still a shooter game, regardless of whether it takes place in a fantasy world or in outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-fundamentals_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is the <a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">horror game</a> genre, used for games that are based on narrative elements of <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genre names are normally self-describing in terms of the type of gameplay, such as <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_role_playing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer role playing game">role playing game</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">shoot 'em up</a>, though some genres have derivations from influential works that have defined that genre, such as <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelikes</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)" title="Rogue (video game)">Rogue</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone">Grand Theft Auto clones</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III" title="Grand Theft Auto III">Grand Theft Auto III</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">battle royale games</a> from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Royale_(film)" title="Battle Royale (film)">Battle Royale</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names may shift over time as players, developers and the media come up with new terms; for example, <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooters</a> were originally called "Doom clones" based on <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">the 1993 game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hierarchy of game genres exist, with top-level genres like "shooter game" and "action game" that broadly capture the game's main gameplay style, and several subgenres of specific implementation, such as within the shooter game <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">third-person shooter</a>. Some cross-genre types also exist that fall until multiple top-level genres such as <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure game</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mode">Mode</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg/220px-Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg/330px-Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg/440px-Winter_2004_DreamHack_LAN_Party.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/LAN_party" title="LAN party">LAN party</a> at the 2004 <a href="/wiki/DreamHack" title="DreamHack">DreamHack</a> with hundreds of players</figcaption></figure> <p>A video game's mode describes how many players can use the game at the same type. This is primarily distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">single-player video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer video games</a>. Within the latter category, multiplayer games can be played in a variety of ways, including locally at the same device, on separate devices connected through a local network such as <a href="/wiki/LAN_party" title="LAN party">LAN parties</a>, or online via separate Internet connections. Most multiplayer games are based on competitive gameplay, but many offer <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">cooperative and team-based options</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_gameplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric gameplay">asymmetric gameplay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Online games</a> use server structures that can also enable <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online games</a> (MMOs) to support hundreds of players at the same time. </p><p>A small number of video games are <a href="/wiki/Zero-player_game" title="Zero-player game">zero-player games</a>, in which the player has very limited interaction with the game itself. These are most commonly simulation games where the player may establish a starting state and then let the game proceed on its own, watching the results as a passive observer, such as with many computerized simulations of <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <p>Most video games are intended for entertainment purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_game_industry_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_game_industry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different game types include: </p> <dl><dt>Core games</dt> <dd>Core or hard-core games refer to the typical perception of video games, developed for entertainment purposes. These games typically require a fair amount of time to learn and master, in contrast to casual games, and thus are most appealing to gamers rather than a broader audience. Most of the AAA video game industry is based around the delivery of core games.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Casual games</dt> <dd>In contrast to core games, <a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">casual games</a> are designed for ease of accessibility, simple to understand gameplay and quick to grasp rule sets, and aimed at <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a> audience. They frequently support the ability to jump in and out of play on demand, such as during commuting or lunch breaks. Numerous browser and mobile games fall into the casual game area, and casual games often are from genres with low intensity game elements such as <a href="/wiki/Match_three" class="mw-redirect" title="Match three">match three</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidden_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden object">hidden object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Management_(video_game_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Management (video game genre)">time management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle</a> games.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causal games frequently use <a href="/wiki/Social-network_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-network game">social-network game</a> mechanics, where players can enlist the help of friends on their social media networks for extra turns or moves each day.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular casual games include <i><a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga" title="Candy Crush Saga">Candy Crush Saga</a></i>. More recent, starting in the late 2010s, are <a href="/wiki/Hyper-casual_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper-casual game">hyper-casual games</a> which use even more simplistic rules for short but infinitely replayable games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Flappy_Bird" title="Flappy Bird">Flappy Bird</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Educational games</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Education_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Education software">Education software</a> has been used in homes and classrooms to help teach children and students, and video games have been similarly adapted for these reasons, all designed to provide a form of interactivity and entertainment tied to game design elements. There are a variety of differences in their designs and how they educate the user. These are broadly split between <a href="/wiki/Educational_entertainment" title="Educational entertainment">edutainment</a> games that tend to focus on the entertainment value and rote learning but are unlikely to engage in <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">educational video games</a> that are geared towards problem solving through motivation and positive reinforcement while downplaying the entertainment value.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of educational games include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(series)" title="The Oregon Trail (series)">The Oregon Trail</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego_(video_game_series)" title="Carmen Sandiego (video game series)">Carmen Sandiego</a></i> series. Further, games not initially developed for educational purposes have found their way into the classroom after release, such as that feature <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open worlds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">virtual sandboxes</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Education_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or offer critical thinking skills through <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle video games</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceChem" title="SpaceChem">SpaceChem</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Serious games</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg/220px-AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg/330px-AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg/440px-AFA_Beech_in_Flight_Simulator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator" title="Microsoft Flight Simulator">Microsoft Flight Simulator</a></i> is an example of a simulation game.</figcaption></figure> Further extending from educational games, <a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">serious games</a> are those where the entertainment factor may be augmented, overshadowed, or even eliminated by other purposes for the game. Game design is used to reinforce the non-entertainment purpose of the game, such as using video game technology for the game's interactive world, or <a href="/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">gamification</a> for reinforcement training. Educational games are a form of serious games, but other types of games include <a href="/wiki/Exergaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Exergaming">fitness games</a> that incorporate significant physical exercise to help keep the player fit (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Wii_Fit" title="Wii Fit">Wii Fit</a></i>), simulator games that resemble <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulators</a> to pilot aircraft (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator" title="Microsoft Flight Simulator">Microsoft Flight Simulator</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">advergames</a> that are built around the advertising of a product (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pepsiman_(video_game)" title="Pepsiman (video game)">Pepsiman</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">newsgames</a> aimed at conveying a specific advocacy message (such as <i><a href="/wiki/NarcoGuerra" title="NarcoGuerra">NarcoGuerra</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Art games</dt> <dd>Although video games have been considered an art form on their own, games may be developed to try to purposely communicate a story or message, using the medium as a work of art. These <a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">art or arthouse games</a> are designed to generate emotion and empathy from the player by challenging societal norms and offering critique through the interactivity of the video game medium. They may not have any type of win condition and are designed to let the player explore through the game world and scenarios. Most art games are <a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">indie games</a> in nature, designed based on personal experiences or stories through a single developer or small team. Examples of art games include <i><a href="/wiki/Passage_(video_game)" title="Passage (video game)">Passage</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flower_(video_game)" title="Flower (video game)">Flower</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/That_Dragon,_Cancer" title="That Dragon, Cancer">That Dragon, Cancer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmes2003_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2003-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_rating">Content rating</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_content_rating_system" title="Video game content rating system">Video game content rating system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESRBrating.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/ESRBrating.PNG" decoding="async" width="207" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="102" /></a><figcaption>A typical ESRB rating label, listing the rating and specific content descriptors for <i><a href="/wiki/Rabbids_Go_Home" title="Rabbids Go Home">Rabbids Go Home</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Video games can be subject to national and international <a href="/wiki/Content_rating" title="Content rating">content rating</a> requirements. Like with film content ratings, video game ratings typing identify the target age group that the national or regional ratings board believes is appropriate for the player, ranging from all-ages, to a teenager-or-older, to mature, to the infrequent adult-only games. Most content review is based on the level of violence, both in the type of violence and how <a href="/wiki/Graphic_violence" title="Graphic violence">graphic</a> it may be represented, and sexual content, but other themes such as drug and alcohol use and gambling that can influence children may also be identified. A primary identifier based on a minimum age is used by nearly all systems, along with additional descriptors to identify specific content that players and parents should be aware of. </p><p>The regulations vary from country to country but generally are voluntary systems upheld by vendor practices, with penalty and fines issued by the ratings body on the video game publisher for misuse of the ratings. Among the major content rating systems include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a> (ESRB) that oversees games released in the United States. ESRB ratings are voluntary and rated along a E (Everyone), E10+ (Everyone 10 and older), T (Teen), M (Mature), and AO (Adults Only). Attempts to mandate video games ratings in the U.S. subsequently led to the landmark <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case, <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association</a></i> in 2011 which ruled video games were a protected form of art, a key victory for the video game industry.<sup id="cite_ref-legal_results_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legal_results-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan European Game Information">Pan European Game Information</a> (PEGI) covering the United Kingdom, most of the European Union and other European countries, replacing previous national-based systems. The PEGI system uses content rated based on minimum recommended ages, which include 3+, 8+, 12+, 16+, and 18+.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Australian Classification Board</a> (ACB) oversees the ratings of games and other works in Australia, using ratings of G (General), PG (Parental Guidance), M (Mature), MA15+ (Mature Accompanied), R18+ (Restricted), and X (Restricted for pornographic material). ACB can also deny to give a rating to game (RC – Refused Classification). The ACB's ratings are enforceable by law, and importantly, games cannot be imported or purchased digitally in Australia if they have failed to gain a rating or were given the RC rating, leading to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_in_Australia" title="List of banned video games in Australia">number of notable banned games</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Entertainment_Rating_Organization" title="Computer Entertainment Rating Organization">Computer Entertainment Rating Organization</a> (CERO) rates games for Japan. Their ratings include A (all ages), B (12 and older), C (15 and over), D (17 and over), and Z (18 and over).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterhaltungssoftware_Selbstkontrolle" title="Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle">Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle</a> (USK) rates games for Germany. Their ratings include 0, 6, 12, 16, and 18.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, the major content system provides have worked to create the <a href="/wiki/International_Age_Rating_Coalition" title="International Age Rating Coalition">International Age Rating Coalition</a> (IARC), a means to streamline and align the content ratings system between different region, so that a publisher would only need to complete the content ratings review for one provider, and use the IARC transition to affirm the content rating for all other regions. </p><p>Certain nations have even more restrictive rules related to political or ideological content. Within Germany, until 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Unterhaltungssoftware_Selbstkontrolle" title="Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle">Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle</a> (<i>Entertainment Software Self-Regulation</i>) would refuse to classify, and thus allow sale, of any game depicting <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> imagery, and thus often requiring developers to replace such imagery with fictional ones. This ruling was relaxed in 2018 to allow for such imagery for "social adequacy" purposes that applied to other works of art.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China's video game segment</a> is mostly isolated from the rest of the world due to the government's censorship, and all games published there must adhere to strict government review, disallowing content such as smearing the image of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. Foreign games published in China often require modification by developers and publishers to meet these requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">Video game development</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game industry practices">Video game industry practices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virtual-camera-system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Virtual-camera-system.png/220px-Virtual-camera-system.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Virtual-camera-system.png 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Developers use various tools to create video games. Here an editor is fine-tuning the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_camera_system" title="Virtual camera system">virtual camera system</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Video game development and authorship, much like any other form of entertainment, is frequently a cross-disciplinary field. <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">Video game developers</a>, as employees within this industry are commonly referred to, primarily include <a href="/wiki/Game_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game programmer">programmers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic designers</a>. Over the years, this has expanded to include almost every type of skill that one might see prevalent in the creation of any movie or television program, including <a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">sound designers</a>, musicians, and other technicians; as well as skills that are specific to video games, such as the <a href="/wiki/Game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game designer">game designer</a>. All of these are managed by <a href="/wiki/Game_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game producer">producers</a>. </p><p>In the early days of the industry, it was more common for a single person to manage all of the roles needed to create a video game. As platforms have become more complex and powerful in the type of material they can present, larger teams have been needed to generate all of the art, programming, cinematography, and more. This is not to say that the age of the "one-man shop" is gone, as this is still sometimes found in the casual gaming and handheld markets,<sup id="cite_ref-numberofdevs_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numberofdevs-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where smaller games are prevalent due to technical limitations such as limited <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> or lack of dedicated 3D graphics rendering capabilities on the target platform (e.g., some <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Video games are <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmed</a> like any other piece of computer software. Prior to the mid-1970s, arcade and home consoles were programmed by assembling discrete electro-mechanical components on circuit boards, which limited games to relatively simple logic. By 1975, low-cost <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> were available at volume to be used for video game hardware, which allowed game developers to program more detailed games, widening the scope of what was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing improvements in computer hardware technology have expanded what has become possible to create in video games, coupled with convergence of common hardware between console, computer, and arcade platforms to simplify the development process.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, game developers have a number of commercial and <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> tools available for use to make games, often which are across multiple platforms to support portability, or may still opt to create their own for more specialized features and direct control of the game. Today, many games are built around a <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> that handles the bulk of the game's logic, gameplay, and rendering. These engines can be augmented with specialized engines for specific features, such as a <a href="/wiki/Physics_engine" title="Physics engine">physics engine</a> that simulates the physics of objects in real-time. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> exists to help developers access other features, such as playback of videos within games, <a href="/wiki/Netcode" title="Netcode">network-oriented code</a> for games that communicate via online services, <a href="/wiki/Matchmaking_(video_games)" title="Matchmaking (video games)">matchmaking</a> for online games, and similar features. These features can be used from a developer's programming language of choice, or they may opt to also use <a href="/wiki/Game_development_kit" title="Game development kit">game development kits</a> that minimize the amount of direct programming they have to do but can also limit the amount of customization they can add into a game. Like all software, video games usually undergo <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">quality testing</a> before release to assure there are no <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glitch" title="Glitch">glitches</a> in the product, though frequently developers will release <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patches and updates</a>. </p><p>With the growth of the size of development teams in the industry, the problem of cost has increased. Development studios need the best talent, while publishers reduce costs to maintain profitability on their investment. Typically, a video game console development team ranges from 5 to 50 people, and some exceed 100. In May 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II" title="Assassin's Creed II">Assassin's Creed II</a></i> was reported to have a development staff of 450.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of team size combined with greater pressure to get completed projects into the market to begin recouping production costs has led to a greater occurrence of missed deadlines, rushed games, and the release of unfinished products.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While amateur and hobbyist game programming had existed since the late 1970s with the introduction of home computers, a newer trend since the mid-2000s is <a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">indie game development</a>. Indie games are made by small teams outside any direct publisher control, their games being smaller in scope than those from the larger "<a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a>" game studios, and are often experiments in gameplay and art style. Indie game development is aided by the larger availability of digital distribution, including the newer mobile gaming market, and readily-available and low-cost development tools for these platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-indie_dreams_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie_dreams-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_theory_and_studies">Game theory and studies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Video_game" title="Special:EditPage/Video game">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_studies" title="Game studies">Game studies</a></div> <p>Although departments of computer science have been studying the technical aspects of video games for years, theories that examine games as an artistic medium are a relatively recent development in the humanities. The two most visible schools in this emerging field are <a href="/wiki/Ludology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludology">ludology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">narratology</a>. Narrativists approach video games in the context of what <a href="/wiki/Janet_Murray" title="Janet Murray">Janet Murray</a> calls "Cyberdrama". That is to say, their major concern is with video games as a storytelling medium, one that arises out of <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a>. Murray puts video games in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a>, a fictional piece of technology from <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>, arguing for the video game as a medium in which the player is allowed to become another person, and to act out in another world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This image of video games received early widespread popular support, and forms the basis of films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EXistenZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EXistenZ">eXistenZ</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Starfighter" title="The Last Starfighter">The Last Starfighter</a></i>. </p><p>Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. <a href="/wiki/Espen_J._Aarseth" class="mw-redirect" title="Espen J. Aarseth">Espen J. Aarseth</a> argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider" title="Tomb Raider">Tomb Raider</a></i>, saying that "the dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</a>'s body, already analyzed to death by <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theorists</a>, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simply put, ludologists reject traditional theories of art because they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player. </p><p>While many games rely on <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent principles</a>, video games commonly present simulated story worlds where emergent behavior occurs within the context of the game. The term "emergent narrative" has been used to describe how, in a simulated environment, storyline can be created simply by "what happens to the player."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, emergent behavior is not limited to sophisticated games. In general, any place where event-driven instructions occur for <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> in a game, emergent behavior will exist. For instance, take a racing game in which cars are programmed to avoid crashing, and they encounter an obstacle in the track: the cars might then maneuver to avoid the obstacle causing the cars behind them to slow or maneuver to accommodate the cars in front of them and the obstacle. The programmer never wrote code to specifically create a traffic jam, yet one now exists in the game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_for_video_games">Intellectual property for video games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_video_games" title="Intellectual property protection of video games">Intellectual property protection of video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></div> <p>Most commonly, video games are protected by <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, though both <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> have been used as well. </p><p>Though local copyright regulations vary to the degree of protection, video games qualify as copyrighted visual-audio works, and enjoy cross-country protection under the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This typically only applies to the underlying code, as well as to the artistic aspects of the game such as its writing, art assets, and music. Gameplay itself is generally not considered copyrightable; in the United States among other countries, video games are considered to fall into the <a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">idea–expression distinction</a> in that it is how the game is presented and expressed to the player that can be copyrighted, but not the underlying principles of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because gameplay is normally ineligible for copyright, gameplay ideas in popular games are often replicated and built upon in other games. At times, this repurposing of gameplay can be seen as beneficial and a fundamental part of how the industry has grown by building on the ideas of others.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_clone_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_clone-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars_clone_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars_clone-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i> (1993) and <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III" title="Grand Theft Auto III">Grand Theft Auto III</a></i> (2001) introduced gameplay that created popular new game genres, the <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone"><i>Grand Theft Auto</i> clone</a>, respectively, in the few years after their release.<sup id="cite_ref-clones_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clones-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_gta_clone_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_gta_clone-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at times and more frequently at the onset of the industry, developers would intentionally create video game clones of successful games and game hardware with few changes, which led to the flooded arcade and dedicated home console market around 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_clone_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_clone-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars_clone_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars_clone-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloning is also a major issue with countries that do not have strong intellectual property protection laws, such as <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">within China</a>. The lax oversight by China's government and the difficulty for foreign companies to take Chinese entities to court had enabled China to support a large <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">grey market</a> of cloned hardware and software systems.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry remains challenged to distinguish between creating new games based on refinements of past successful games to create a new type of gameplay, and intentionally creating a clone of a game that may simply swap out art assets.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video game industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_-7_(7356846176).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg/330px-Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg/440px-Los_Angeles_-7_%287356846176%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E3" title="E3">E3</a> was one of the typical trade show events of the video game industry.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>The early history of the video game industry, following the first game hardware releases and through 1983, had little structure. Video games quickly took off during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">golden age of arcade video games</a> from the late 1970s to early 1980s, but the newfound industry was mainly composed of game developers with little business experience. This led to numerous companies forming simply to create <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">clones</a> of popular games to try to capitalize on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-down_many_times_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-down_many_times-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to loss of publishing control and oversaturation of the market, the North American home video game market <a href="/wiki/1983_video_game_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 video game crash">crashed in 1983</a>, dropping from revenues of around <span style="white-space: nowrap">$3 billion</span> in 1983 to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$100 million</span> by 1985. Many of the North American companies created in the prior years closed down. Japan's growing game industry was briefly shocked by this crash but had sufficient longevity to withstand the short-term effects, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> helped to revitalize the industry with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> in North America in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-down_many_times_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-down_many_times-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with it, Nintendo established a number of core industrial practices to prevent unlicensed game development and control game distribution on their platform, methods that continue to be used by console manufacturers today.<sup id="cite_ref-down_many_times_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-down_many_times-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry remained more conservative following the 1983 crash, forming around the concept of publisher-developer dichotomies, and by the 2000s, leading to the industry centralizing around low-risk, <a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">triple-A</a> games and studios with large development budgets of at least <span style="white-space: nowrap">$10 million</span> or more.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of the Internet brought digital distribution as a viable means to distribute games, and contributed to the growth of more riskier, experimental <a href="/wiki/Independent_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent game development">independent game development</a> as an alternative to triple-A games in the late 2000s and which has continued to grow as a significant portion of the video game industry.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indie_dreams_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie_dreams-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_roles">Industry roles</h3></div> <p>Video games have a large <a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">network effect</a> that draw on many different sectors that tie into the larger video game industry. While video game developers are a significant portion of the industry, other key participants in the market include:<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">Publishers</a>: Companies generally that oversee bringing the game from the developer to market. This often includes performing the <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, public relations, and advertising of the game. Publishers frequently pay the developers ahead of time to make their games and will be involved in critical decisions about the direction of the game's progress, and then pay the developers additional royalties or bonuses based on sales performances. Other smaller, boutique publishers may simply offer to perform the publishing of a game for a small fee and a portion of the sales, and otherwise leave the developer with the creative freedom to proceed. A range of other publisher-developer relationships exist between these points.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distributors</a>: Publishers often are able to produce their own game media and take the role of distributor, but there are also third-party distributors that can mass-produce game media and distribute to retailers. Digital storefronts like <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">iOS App Store</a> also serve as distributors and retailers in the digital space.</li> <li>Retailers: Physical storefronts, which include large online retailers, department and electronic stores, and specialty video game stores, sell games, consoles, and other accessories to consumers. This has also including a trade-in market in certain regions, allowing players to turn in used games for partial refunds or credit towards other games. However, with the uprising of digital marketplaces and <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce revolution</a>, retailers have been performing worse than in the past.</li> <li>Hardware manufacturers: The <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> manufacturers produce console hardware, often through a value chain system that include numerous component suppliers and <a href="/wiki/Contract_manufacturer" title="Contract manufacturer">contract manufacturer</a> that assemble the consoles. Further, these console manufacturers typically require a license to develop for their platform and may control the production of some games, such as Nintendo does with the use of game cartridges for its systems. In exchange, the manufacturers may help promote games for their system and may seek console exclusivity for certain games. For games on personal computers, a number of manufacturers are devoted to high-performance "<a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">gaming computer</a>" hardware, particularly in the graphics card area; several of the same companies overlap with component supplies for consoles. A range of third-party manufacturers also exist to provide equipment and gear for consoles post-sale, such as additional controllers for console or carrying cases and gear for handheld devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Journalism</a>: While journalism around video games used to be primarily print-based, and focused more on post-release reviews and gameplay strategy, the Internet has brought a more proactive press that use web journalism, covering games in the months prior to release as well as beyond, helping to build excitement for games ahead of release.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">Influencers</a>: With the rising importance of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, video game companies have found that the opinions of influencers using <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> to play through their games has had a significant impact on game sales, and have turned to use influencers alongside traditional journalism as a means to build up attention to their game before release.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">Esports</a>: Esports is a major function of several multiplayer games with numerous professional leagues established since the 2000s, with large viewership numbers, particularly out of southeast Asia since the 2010s.</li> <li>Trade and advocacy groups: Trade groups like the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Entertainment Software Association</a> were established to provide a common voice for the industry in response to governmental and other advocacy concerns. They frequently set up the <a href="/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions" title="List of gaming conventions">major trade events and conventions</a> for the industry such as <a href="/wiki/E3" title="E3">E3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamers</a>: Proactive hobbyists who are players and consumers of video games. While their representation in the industry is primarily seen through game sales, many companies follow gamers' comments on social media or on user reviews and engage with them to work to improve their products in addition to other feedback from other parts of the industry. Demographics of the larger player community also impact parts of the market; while once dominated by younger men, the market shifted in the mid-2010s towards women and older players who generally preferred mobile and causal games, leading to further growth in those sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_regional_markets">Major regional markets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry#International_practices" title="Video game industry">Video game industry § International practices</a></div> <p>The industry itself grew out from both the United States and Japan in the 1970s and 1980s before having a larger worldwide contribution. Today, the video game industry is predominantly led by major companies in North America (primarily the United States and Canada), Europe, and southeast Asia including Japan, South Korea, and China. Hardware production remains an area dominated by Asian companies either directly involved in hardware design or part of the production process, but digital distribution and indie game development of the late 2000s has allowed game developers to flourish nearly anywhere and diversify the field.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_sales">Game sales</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">List of best-selling video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">Golden age of arcade video games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Videogameretaildisplay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Videogameretaildisplay.jpg/220px-Videogameretaildisplay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Videogameretaildisplay.jpg/330px-Videogameretaildisplay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Videogameretaildisplay.jpg/440px-Videogameretaildisplay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A retail display in Switzerland with a large selection of games for platforms popular in the early 2000s</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the market research firm Newzoo, the global video game industry drew estimated revenues of over <span style="white-space: nowrap">$159 billion</span> in 2020. Mobile games accounted for the bulk of this, with a 48% share of the market, followed by console games at 28% and personal computer games at 23%.<sup id="cite_ref-vg_industry_size_2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg_industry_size_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sales of different types of games vary widely between countries due to local preferences. Japanese consumers tend to purchase much more <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld game">handheld games</a> than <a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">console games</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC games</a>, with a strong preference for games catering to local tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key difference is that, though having <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of video arcade games">declined in the West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a> remain an important sector of the <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Japan">Japanese gaming industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in South Korea">In South Korea</a>, computer games are generally preferred over console games, especially <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a> games and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> games. Computer games are also popular in China.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_society">Effects on society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_culture" title="Video game culture">Video game culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_(6848246182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg/220px-The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg/330px-The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg/440px-The_Art_of_Video_Games_2012_%286848246182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games" title="The Art of Video Games">The Art of Video Games</a></i> exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Video game culture is a worldwide <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> subculture formed around video games and game playing. As computer and video games have increased in popularity over time, they have had a significant influence on popular culture. Video game culture has also evolved over time hand in hand with <a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">internet culture</a> as well as the increasing popularity of mobile games. Many people who play video games identify as gamers, which can mean anything from someone who enjoys games to someone who is passionate about it. As video games become more social with <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online capability</a>, gamers find themselves in growing <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>. Gaming can both be entertainment as well as competition, as a new trend known as <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">electronic sports</a> is becoming more widely accepted. In the 2010s, video games and discussions of video game trends and topics can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, politics, television, film and music. The <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">COVID-19 pandemic</a> during 2020–2021 gave further visibility to video games as a pastime to enjoy with friends and family online as a means of <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_games_as_an_art_form" title="Video games as an art form">Video games as an art form</a></div> <p>Since the mid-2000s there has been debate whether video games qualify as art, primarily as the form's interactivity interfered with the artistic intent of the work and that they are designed for commercial appeal. A significant debate on the matter came after film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> published an essay "Video Games can never be art",<sup id="cite_ref-ebert_gamesart_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebert_gamesart-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which challenged the industry to prove him and other critics wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view that video games were an art form was cemented in 2011 when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in the landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association</a></i> that video games were a protected form of speech with artistic merit.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, video game developers have come to use the form more for artistic expression, including the development of <a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">art games</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cultural heritage of video games as works of arts, beyond their technical capabilities, have been part of major museum exhibits, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games" title="The Art of Video Games">The Art of Video Games</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> and toured at other museums from 2012 to 2016. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation#Video_game_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film adaptation § Video game adaptation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_and_the_video_game_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood and the video game industry">Hollywood and the video game industry</a></div> <p>Video games will inspire sequels and other video games within the same franchise, but also have influenced works outside of the video game medium. Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_based_on_video_games" title="List of television series based on video games">television shows</a> (both animated and live-action), <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_video_games" title="List of films based on video games">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_novels_based_on_video_games" title="List of novels based on video games">novels</a> have been created based on existing video game franchises. Because video games are an interactive medium there has been trouble in converting them to these passive forms of media, and typically such works have been critically panned or treated as children's media. For example, until 2019, no video game film had ever been received a "Fresh" rating on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, but the releases of <i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Pikachu_(film)" title="Detective Pikachu (film)">Detective Pikachu</a></i> (2019) and <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(film)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (film)">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> (2020), both receiving "Fresh" ratings, shows signs of the film industry having found an approach to adapt video games for the large screen.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, some early video game-based films have been highly successful at the box office, such as 1995's <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1995_film)" title="Mortal Kombat (1995 film)">Mortal Kombat</a></i> and 2001's <i><a href="/wiki/Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider" title="Lara Croft: Tomb Raider">Lara Croft: Tomb Raider</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding_media_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding_media-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently since the 2000s, there has also become a larger appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">video game music</a>, which ranges from <a href="/wiki/Chiptunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiptunes">chiptunes</a> composed for limited sound-output devices on early computers and consoles, to fully-scored compositions for most modern games. Such music has frequently served as a platform for covers and remixes, and concerts featuring video game soundtracks performed by bands or orchestras, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Video_Games_Live" title="Video Games Live">Video Games Live</a></i>, have also become popular.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding_media_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding_media-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games also frequently incorporate licensed music, particularly in the area of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">rhythm games</a>, furthering the depth of which video games and music can work together.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding_media_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding_media-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, video games can serve as a virtual environment under full control of a producer to create new works. With the capability to render 3D actors and settings in real-time, a new type of work <a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">machinima</a> (short for "machine cinema") grew out from using video game engines to craft narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As video game engines gain higher fidelity, they have also become part of the tools used in more traditional filmmaking. <a href="/wiki/Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a> has been used as a backbone by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> for their <a href="/wiki/StageCraft" title="StageCraft">StageCraft</a> technology for shows like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mandalorian" title="The Mandalorian">The Mandalorian</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separately, video games are also frequently used as part of the promotion and marketing for other media, such as for <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_based_on_films" title="List of video games based on films">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_based_on_anime_or_manga" title="List of video games based on anime or manga">anime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_based_on_comics" title="List of video games based on comics">comics</a>. However, these licensed games in the 1990s and 2000s often had a reputation for poor quality, developed without any input from the intellectual property rights owners, and several of them are considered among <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_notable_for_negative_reception" title="List of video games notable for negative reception">lists of games with notably negative reception</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_64" title="Superman 64">Superman 64</a></i>. More recently, with these licensed games being developed by triple-A studios or through studios directly connected to the licensed property owner, there has been a significant improvement in the quality of these games, with an early trendsetting example of <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Arkham_Asylum" title="Batman: Arkham Asylum">Batman: Arkham Asylum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beneficial_uses">Beneficial uses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games in education">Video games in education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_behavioral_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game behavioral effects">Video game behavioral effects</a></div> <p>Besides their entertainment value, appropriately-designed video games have been seen to provide value in education across several ages and comprehension levels. Learning principles found in video games have been identified as possible techniques with which to reform the U.S. education system.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noticed that gamers adopt an attitude while playing that is of such high concentration, they do not realize they are learning, and that if the same attitude could be adopted at school, education would enjoy significant benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Video_game#Dubious" title="Talk:Video game">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Students are found to be "learning by doing" while playing video games while fostering creative thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Video games are also believed to be beneficial to the mind and body. It has been shown that action video game players have better <a href="/wiki/Hand%E2%80%93eye_coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand–eye coordination">hand–eye coordination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">visuo-motor skills</a>, such as their resistance to <a href="/wiki/Distraction" title="Distraction">distraction</a>, their sensitivity to information in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">peripheral vision</a> and their ability to count briefly presented objects, than nonplayers.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers found that such enhanced abilities could be acquired by training with action games, involving challenges that switch attention between different locations, but not with games requiring concentration on single objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2018 systematic review found evidence that video gaming training had positive effects on cognitive and emotional skills in the adult population, especially with young adults.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 systematic review also added support for the claim that video games are beneficial to the brain, although the beneficial effects of video gaming on the brain differed by video games types.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/220px-seek%3D4.8-How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="692" data-mwtitle="How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm/How_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:04.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_video_games_can_boost_your_mental_health.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>How can video games boost your mental health? – Max Birk (<a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology" title="Eindhoven University of Technology">Eindhoven University of Technology</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Organisers of video gaming events, such as the organisers of the <i>D-Lux</i> video game festival in <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a>, Scotland, have emphasised the positive aspects video games can have on <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>. Organisers, mental health workers and mental health nurses at the event emphasised the relationships and friendships that can be built around video games and how playing games can help people learn about others as a precursor to discussing the person's mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2020 from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> also suggested that playing video games can be a benefit to a person's mental health. The report of 3,274 gamers, all over the age of 18, focused on the games <a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing:_New_Horizons" title="Animal Crossing: New Horizons">Animal Crossing: New Horizons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plants_vs_Zombies:_Battle_for_Neighborville" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants vs Zombies: Battle for Neighborville">Plants vs Zombies: Battle for Neighborville</a> and used actual play-time data. The report found that those that played more games tended to report greater "wellbeing".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2020, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Regan_Mandryk" title="Regan Mandryk">Regan Mandryk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> said her research also showed that video games can have health benefits such as reducing <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a> and improving mental health. The university's research studied all age groups – "from pre-literate children through to older adults living in long term care homes" – with a main focus on 18 to 55-year-olds.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of gamers attitudes towards gaming which was reported about in 2018 found that <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a> use video games as a key strategy for coping with stress. In the study of 1,000 gamers, 55% said that it "helps them to unwind and relieve stress ... and half said they see the value in gaming as a method of escapism to help them deal with daily work pressures".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Video_game" title="Special:EditPage/Video game">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Video+game%22">"Video game"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Video+game%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Video+game%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Video+game%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Video+game%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Video+game%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies" title="Video game controversies">Video game controversies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health#Autism" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health § Autism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg/220px-Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg/330px-Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg/440px-Compulsion_loop_for_video_games.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Compulsion_loop" title="Compulsion loop">compulsion loop</a> for video games is believed to trigger <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> release that can encourage <a href="/wiki/Addictive_behavior" title="Addictive behavior">addictive behavior</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Video games have caused controversy since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents and children's advocates regularly raise concerns that <a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">violent video games</a> can influence young players into performing those violent acts in real life, and events such as the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a> in 1999 in which some claimed the perpetrators specifically alluded to using video games to plot out their attack, raised further fears.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Medical experts and mental health professionals have also raised concerned that <a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">video games may be addictive</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has included "gaming disorder" in the 11th revision of its <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases">International Statistical Classification of Diseases</a>. Other health experts, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, have stated that there is insufficient evidence that video games can create violent tendencies or lead to addictive behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_20190805_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_20190805-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though agree that video games typically use a <a href="/wiki/Compulsion_loop" title="Compulsion loop">compulsion loop</a> in their core design that can create <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> that can help reinforce the desire to continue to play through that compulsion loop and potentially lead into violent or addictive behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gamasutra_kim_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_kim-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with case law establishing that video games qualify as a protected art form, there has been pressure on the video game industry to keep their products in check to avoid over-excessive violence particularly for games aimed at younger children. The potential addictive behavior around games, coupled with increased used of post-sale monetization of video games, has also raised concern among parents, advocates, and government officials about <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> tendencies that may come from video games, such as controversy around the use of <a href="/wiki/Loot_box" title="Loot box">loot boxes</a> in many high-profile games. </p><p>Numerous other controversies around video games and its industry have arisen over the years, among the more notable incidents include the <a href="/wiki/1993_congressional_hearings_on_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 congressional hearings on video games">1993 United States Congressional hearings</a> on violent games like <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat" title="Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a></i> which lead to the formation of the ESRB ratings system, numerous legal actions taken by attorney <a href="/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(activist)" title="Jack Thompson (activist)">Jack Thompson</a> over violent games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III" title="Grand Theft Auto III">Grand Theft Auto III</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)" title="Manhunt (video game)">Manhunt</a></i> from 2003 to 2007, the outrage over the "<a href="/wiki/No_Russian" title="No Russian">No Russian</a>" level from <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_2" title="Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2">Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2</a></i> in 2009 which allowed the player to shoot a number of innocent non-player characters at an airport, and the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate harassment campaign</a> in 2014 that highlighted misogyny from a portion of the player demographic. The industry as a whole has also dealt with issues related to gender, racial, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ+</a> discrimination and mischaracterization of these minority groups in video games. A further issue in the industry is related to working conditions, as development studios and publishers frequently use "<a href="/wiki/Crunch_time_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunch time (video gaming)">crunch time</a>", required extended working hours, in the weeks and months ahead of a game's release to assure on-time delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting_and_preservation">Collecting and preservation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_collecting" title="Video game collecting">Video game collecting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_preservation" title="Video game preservation">Video game preservation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_museums" title="List of video game museums">List of video game museums</a></div> <p>Players of video games often maintain collections of games. More recently there has been interest in <a href="/wiki/Retrogaming" title="Retrogaming">retrogaming</a>, focusing on games from the first decades. Games in retail packaging in good shape have become collectors items for the early days of the industry, with some rare publications having gone for over <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$100,000</span> as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. Separately, there is also concern about the preservation of video games, as both game media and the hardware to play them degrade over time. Further, many of the game developers and publishers from the first decades no longer exist, so records of their games have disappeared. Archivists and preservations have worked within the scope of copyright law to save these games as part of the cultural history of the industry. </p><p>There are many video game museums around the world, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Videogame_Museum_(United_States)" title="National Videogame Museum (United States)">National Videogame Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frisco,_Texas" title="Frisco, Texas">Frisco, Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which serves as the largest museum wholly dedicated to the display and preservation of the industry's most important artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe hosts video game museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerspielemuseum Berlin">Computer Games Museum</a> in Berlin<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Soviet_Arcade_Machines" title="Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines">Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines</a> in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art_and_Digital_Entertainment" title="Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment">Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> is a dedicated video game museum focusing on playable exhibits of console and computer games.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Video_Game_Museum_of_Rome" title="Video Game Museum of Rome">Video Game Museum of Rome</a> is also dedicated to preserving video games and their history.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_the_History_of_Electronic_Games" title="International Center for the History of Electronic Games">International Center for the History of Electronic Games</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Strong" title="The Strong">The Strong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> contains one of the largest collections of electronic games and game-related historical materials in the world, including a 5,000-square-foot (460 m<sup>2</sup>) exhibit which allows guests to play their way through the history of video games.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in Washington, DC has three video games on permanent display: <i>Pac-Man</i>, <i>Dragon's Lair</i>, and <i>Pong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> has added a total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_in_the_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="List of video games in the Museum of Modern Art">20 video games and one video game console</a> to its permanent Architecture and Design Collection since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a> ran an exhibition on "<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games" title="The Art of Video Games">The Art of Video Games</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the reviews of the exhibit were mixed, including questioning whether video games belong in an art museum.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/28px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/42px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/56px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_games" title="Portal:Video games">Video games portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_games" title="Lists of video games">Lists of video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accessories_to_video_games_by_system" title="List of accessories to video games by system">List of accessories to video games by system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_video_games" title="Outline of video games">Outline of video games</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Videogame" may also be used, though this is less frequent.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vg_industry_size_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vg_industry_size_2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vg_industry_size_2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2020" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Stefan (15 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/">"How COVID-19 is taking gaming and esports to the next level"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505214601/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+COVID-19+is+taking+gaming+and+esports+to+the+next+level&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2020%2F05%2Fcovid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2455992">U.S. patent 2,455,992</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PongStory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PongStory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PongStory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PongStory_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PongStory_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm">"Welcome to Pong-Story – Introduction"</a>. Pong-Story. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827183321/http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Pong-Story+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.pub=Pong-Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pong-story.com%2Fintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodeveca.net/nimrod/">"Welcome to... NIMROD!"</a>. <i>goodeveca.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723135752/http://www.goodeveca.net/nimrod/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goodeveca.net&rft.atitle=Welcome+to...+NIMROD%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodeveca.net%2Fnimrod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter" class="citation web cs1">Winter, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm">"A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game"</a>. PONG-Story. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223140718/http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.S.Douglas%27+1952+Noughts+and+Crosses+game&rft.pub=PONG-Story&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pong-story.com%2F1952.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rabin, Steve (2005) [14 June 2005]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoga0000unse"><i>Introduction to Game Development</i></a></span>. Massachusetts: Charles River Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58450-377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58450-377-4"><bdi>978-1-58450-377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Game+Development&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=Charles+River+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58450-377-4&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoga0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlando,_Greg2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Orlando, Greg (15 May 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/">"Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516011520/http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/multimedia/2007/05/gallery_game_history">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+News&rft.atitle=Console+Portraits%3A+A+40-Year+Pictorial+History+of+Gaming&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2007%2F06%2Fgallery-game-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagoda2008" class="citation web cs1">Yagoda, Marvin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228061939/http://www.marvin3m.com/arcade/cspace.htm">"1972 Nutting Associates Computer Space"</a>. <i>Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marvin3m.com/arcade/cspace.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marvin%27s+Marvelous+Mechanical+Museum&rft.atitle=1972+Nutting+Associates+Computer+Space&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Yagoda&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarvin3m.com%2Farcade%2Fcspace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-GameRev-Time-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS-GameRev-Time_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html">"History of Gaming – Interactive Timeline of Game History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218080821/http://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Gaming+%E2%80%93+Interactive+Timeline+of+Game+History&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkcts%2Fvideogamerevolution%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline_flash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InformIT-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InformIT_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Michael (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012152258/http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=378141"><i>A History of Home Video Game Consoles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/InformIT_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="InformIT (publisher)">InformIT</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=378141">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Home+Video+Game+Consoles&rft.pub=InformIT&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.au=Miller%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fp%3D378141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonLoguidice2009" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Mat; Loguidice, Bill (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112004852/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php">"The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Game_Developer_(website)" title="Game Developer (website)">Game Developer</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Of+Pong%3A+Avoid+Missing+Game+to+Start+Industry&rft.pub=Game+Developer&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Mat&rft.au=Loguidice%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F3900%2Fthe_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVendelGoldberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Vendel, Curt; Goldberg, Marty (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold/page/26"><i>Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun</i></a></span>. Syzygy Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985597405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985597405"><bdi>978-0985597405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atari+Inc.%3A+Business+Is+Fun&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Syzygy+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0985597405&rft.aulast=Vendel&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatariincbusiness0000gold%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf_2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_2007_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_2007_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark (2007). "Chapter 1: What Is a Video Game?". In Wolf, Mark (ed.). <i>The Video Game Explosion</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313338687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313338687"><bdi>978-0313338687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+What+Is+a+Video+Game%3F&rft.btitle=The+Video+Game+Explosion&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313338687&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf_medium_chp1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_medium_chp1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_medium_chp1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_medium_chp1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark JP (2001). "Chapter 1: Video game as the medium". <i>The Medium of the Video Game</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. 13–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292791503" title="Special:BookSources/9780292791503"><bdi>9780292791503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Video+game+as+the+medium&rft.btitle=The+Medium+of+the+Video+Game&rft.pages=13-33&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780292791503&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vg_theory_reader_intro-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vg_theory_reader_intro_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vg_theory_reader_intro_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfPerron2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark; Perron, Bernard (2003). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Film%2C+Television+and+Digital+Games%2C+Australia%2C+2015-16+financial+year&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Findustry%2Ftechnology-and-innovation%2Ffilm-television-and-digital-games-australia%2Flatest-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2019" class="citation book cs1">Wills, John (2019). <i>Gamer Nation: Video Games and American Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Press">Johns Hopkins Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421428697" title="Special:BookSources/9781421428697"><bdi>9781421428697</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088892215">1088892215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamer+Nation%3A+Video+Games+and+American+Culture&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088892215&rft.isbn=9781421428697&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2017" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Michael Z. 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Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262035712" title="Special:BookSources/9780262035712"><bdi>9780262035712</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028476">2016028476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atari+Age%3A+The+Emergence+of+Video+Games+in+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016028476&rft.isbn=9780262035712&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geemu-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geemu_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geemu_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Picard, Martin (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamestudies.org/1302/articles/picard">"The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese video games"</a>. <i>International Journal of Computer Game Research</i>. <b>13</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624050100/http://gamestudies.org/1302/articles/picard">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Computer+Game+Research&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+of+Geemu%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Early+Japanese+video+games&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgamestudies.org%2F1302%2Farticles%2Fpicard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkagi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005"><i>アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971–2005)</i></a> [<i>Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971–2005)</i>] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215" title="Special:BookSources/978-4990251215"><bdi>978-4990251215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89TV%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E2%80%A2%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%A8%281971%E2%80%932005%29&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=Amusement+News+Agency&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft.isbn=978-4990251215&rft.aulast=Akagi&rft.aufirst=Masumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArcadeGameList1971-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A red-hot market for video games". <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a></i>. 10 November 1973. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=A+red-hot+market+for+video+games&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1973-11-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2007" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Benj (12 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/404/vcg-interview-nolan-bushnell-founder-of-atari">"VC&G Interview: Nolan Bushnell, Founder of Atari"</a>. <i>Vintage Computing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723130632/http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/404/vcg-interview-nolan-bushnell-founder-of-atari">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Computing&rft.atitle=VC%26G+Interview%3A+Nolan+Bushnell%2C+Founder+of+Atari&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Benj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagecomputing.com%2Findex.php%2Farchives%2F404%2Fvcg-interview-nolan-bushnell-founder-of-atari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-etymology-of-term-video-game.html?m=1">"The Golden Age Arcade Historian: The etymology of "video game"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+Arcade+Historian%3A+The+etymology+of+%22video+game%22&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fthe-etymology-of-term-video-game.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlum1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Adlum, Eddie (November 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-11-issue-no.-2-november-1985-600DPI/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2011%2C%20Issue%20No.%202%20-%20November%201985/page/152">"The Replay Years: Reflections from Eddie Adlum"</a>. <i>RePlay</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTherrien2012" class="citation web cs1">Therrien, Carl (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ludov.ca/documents/publications/Therrien%20-%20Before%20the%20Crash.pdf">"Video Games Caught Up in History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113213403/https://www.ludov.ca/documents/publications/Therrien%20-%20Before%20the%20Crash.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 November 2022.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+History&rft.atitle=Gaming+history%3A+computer+and+video+games+as+historical+scholarship&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-221&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144613217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1364-2529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13642529.2014.973714&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13642529.2014.973714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquire" class="citation web cs1">Squire, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games">"Video Game History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a></i>. 17 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190310145323/https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Channel&rft.atitle=Video+Game+History&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Finventions%2Fhistory-of-video-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/spotlight/the-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games/video-game-history">"Video Game History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030171514/https://www.si.edu/spotlight/the-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games/video-game-history">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Video+Game+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fspotlight%2Fthe-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games%2Fvideo-game-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerron2013" class="citation book cs1">Perron, Bernard (2013). "From gamers to players and gameplayers: The example of interactive movies". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+the+%22walking+simulator%2C%22+gaming%27s+most+detested+genre&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2017%2F11%2F11%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-walking-simulator-gamings-most-detested-genre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermannHuberts2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmermann, Felix; Huberts, Christian (2019). "From walking simulator to ambience action game". <i>Press Start</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 29–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+Start&rft.atitle=From+walking+simulator+to+ambience+action+game&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-50&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Huberts%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcgamer_epic_case_def-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcgamer_epic_case_def_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcgamer_epic_case_def_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoop2021" class="citation web cs1">Knoop, Joseph (10 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/videogame-definition-legal/">"Epic v Apple judge grapples with the big question: What is a videogame?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Gamer" title="PC Gamer">PC Gamer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915140722/https://www.pcgamer.com/videogame-definition-legal/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=Epic+v+Apple+judge+grapples+with+the+big+question%3A+What+is+a+videogame%3F&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=Knoop&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fvideogame-definition-legal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashPost-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas,_Jose_Antonio2006" class="citation news cs1">Vargas, Jose Antonio (28 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701059.html">"In Game World, Cheaters Proudly Prosper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820080450/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701059.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Game+World%2C+Cheaters+Proudly+Prosper&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft.au=Vargas%2C+Jose+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F08%2F27%2FAR2006082701059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KonamiCode-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KonamiCode_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KonamiCode_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522201923/http://www.1up.com/features/cracking-code-konami-code">"Cracking the Code: The Konami Code"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1UP.com" class="mw-redirect" title="1UP.com">1UP.com</a></i>. 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Retrieved 25 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu_game_industry-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eu_game_industry_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eu_game_industry_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_PratoFeijóoNepelskiBogdanowicz2010" class="citation report cs1">De Prato, Guiditta; Feijóo, Claudio; Nepelski, Daniel; Bogdanowicz, Marc; Simon, Jean Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC60711">Born digital/grown digital: Assessing the future competitiveness of the EU video games software industry</a> (Report). 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An ontological framework for classifying game versions"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2019 DiGRA International Conference: Game, Play and the Emerging Ludo-Mix</i>. DiGRA Conference 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142448/http://www.digra.org/digital-library/publications/port-or-conversion-an-ontological-framework-for-classifying-game-versions/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stylus Publishing, LLC. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937585-84-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937585-84-6"><bdi>978-1-937585-84-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809090716/https://books.google.es/books?id=w-pJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Video+Game+Addiction&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Stylus+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-937585-84-6&rft.aulast=Olle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Westcott%2C+Jean+Riescher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-pJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2011" class="citation web cs1">Lane, Rick (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/12/13/is-pc-gaming-really-more-expensive-than-consoles">"Is PC Gaming Really More Expensive Than Consoles?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813150831/http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/12/13/is-pc-gaming-really-more-expensive-than-consoles">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+PC+Gaming+Really+More+Expensive+Than+Consoles%3F&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F13%2Fis-pc-gaming-really-more-expensive-than-consoles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGameCentral_staff2013" class="citation news cs1">GameCentral staff (27 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2013/06/27/xbox-360-beats-wii-as-the-uks-best-selling-console-3858990/">"Xbox 360 beats Wii as the UK's best-selling console"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419064841/https://metro.co.uk/2013/06/27/xbox-360-beats-wii-as-the-uks-best-selling-console-3858990/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Xbox+360+beats+Wii+as+the+UK%27s+best-selling+console&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft.au=GameCentral+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2013%2F06%2F27%2Fxbox-360-beats-wii-as-the-uks-best-selling-console-3858990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashir2020" class="citation web cs1">Bashir, Dale (26 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.ign.com/god-of-war/165395/news/10-gaming-innovations-that-the-playstation-2-brought-to-us-20-years-ago">"10 Gaming Innovations That The PlayStation 2 Brought to Us 20 Years Ago"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Gaming+Innovations+That+The+PlayStation+2+Brought+to+Us+20+Years+Ago&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsea.ign.com%2Fgod-of-war%2F165395%2Fnews%2F10-gaming-innovations-that-the-playstation-2-brought-to-us-20-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelbart2020" class="citation web cs1">Gelbart, Bryn (13 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/sony-playstation-history-with-backward-compatibility">"PlayStation's Long, Complicated History with Backward Compatibility"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PlayStation%27s+Long%2C+Complicated+History+with+Backward+Compatibility&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft.aulast=Gelbart&rft.aufirst=Bryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Fsony-playstation-history-with-backward-compatibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huguesjohnson.com/features/backwards/">"History of Backwards Compatibility"</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Backwards+Compatibility&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuguesjohnson.com%2Ffeatures%2Fbackwards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lombardi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lombardi_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2004" class="citation web cs1">Hyman, Paul (9 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506004712/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000484956">"Hollywood Reporter interviewing Doug Lombardi, Quote: "Mods absolutely helped us drive huge sales to 'Half-Life'""</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Reporter+interviewing+Doug+Lombardi%2C+Quote%3A+%22Mods+absolutely+helped+us+drive+huge+sales+to+%27Half-Life%27%22&rft.date=2004-04-09&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fhr%2Fsearch%2Farticle_display.jsp%3Fvnu_content_id%3D1000484956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasOrlandSteinberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David; Orland, Kyle; Steinberg, Scott (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamestyleguide.com/VideoGameStyleGuideeBook.pdf"><i>The Videogame Style Guide and Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Power Play Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781430313052" title="Special:BookSources/9781430313052"><bdi>9781430313052</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072136/http://www.gamestyleguide.com/VideoGameStyleGuideeBook.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Videogame+Style+Guide+and+Reference+Manual&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Power+Play+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781430313052&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Orland%2C+Kyle&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamestyleguide.com%2FVideoGameStyleGuideeBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apperley-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apperley_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApperley,_Thomas_H.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Apperley, Thomas H. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trac.assembla.com/CommanderAssembler/export/32/docs/Genre%20and%20game%20studies%20-%20tom-apperley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Simulation+%26+Gaming&rft.atitle=Genre+and+game+studies&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-23&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17373114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1046-8781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1046878105282278&rft.au=Apperley%2C+Thomas+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrac.assembla.com%2FCommanderAssembler%2Fexport%2F32%2Fdocs%2FGenre%2520and%2520game%2520studies%2520-%2520tom-apperley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamasutra-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gamasutra_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Ernest2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest W. Adams">Adams, Ernest</a> (9 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4074/the_designers_notebook_sorting_.php">"Background: The Origins of Game Genres"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Developer_(website)" title="Game Developer (website)">Game Developer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217155232/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4074/the_designers_notebook_sorting_.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Developer&rft.atitle=Background%3A+The+Origins+of+Game+Genres&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.au=Adams%2C+Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F4074%2Fthe_designers_notebook_sorting_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Explosion-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Explosion_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2008" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J.P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&q=video+game+genres"><i>The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to Playstation and Beyond</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313338687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313338687"><bdi>978-0313338687</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423094107/https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&q=video+game+genres">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Video+Game+Explosion%3A+A+History+from+PONG+to+Playstation+and+Beyond&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313338687&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXiM0ntMybNwC%26q%3Dvideo%2Bgame%2Bgenres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundamentals-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsAndrew_Rollings2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ernest; Andrew Rollings (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm1jAgAAQBAJ"><i>Fundamentals of Game Design</i></a>. Prentice Hall. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-343571-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-343571-9"><bdi>978-0-13-343571-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915042311/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm1jAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Game+Design&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-343571-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Andrew+Rollings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLm1jAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarteveld2011" class="citation book cs1">Harteveld, Casper (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIcQYKcoH7IC&q=lives+game+design"><i>Triadic Game Design: Balancing Reality, Meaning and Play</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84996-157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84996-157-8"><bdi>978-1-84996-157-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130011802/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIcQYKcoH7IC&q=lives+game+design">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Introduction". <i>Serious Games: Foundations, Concepts and Practice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319406121" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319406121"><bdi>978-3319406121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Introduction&rft.btitle=Serious+Games%3A+Foundations%2C+Concepts+and+Practice&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319406121&rft.aulast=Wiemeyer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=D%C3%B6rner%2C+Ralf&rft.au=G%C3%B6bel%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Effelsberg%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjaoutiAlvarezJesselRampnoux2011" class="citation book cs1">Djaouti, Damien; Alvarez, Julian; Jessel, Jean-Pierre; Rampnoux, Olivier (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://normandie-univ.hal.science/hal-04024666">"Origins of Serious Games"</a>. <i>Serious Games and Edutainment Applications</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. 25–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4471-2161-9_3">10.1007/978-1-4471-2161-9_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2160-2"><bdi>978-1-4471-2160-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Serious+Games&rft.btitle=Serious+Games+and+Edutainment+Applications&rft.pages=25-43&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4471-2161-9_3&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-2160-2&rft.aulast=Djaouti&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Julian&rft.au=Jessel%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Rampnoux%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnormandie-univ.hal.science%2Fhal-04024666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling2009" class="citation news cs1">Schilling, Chris (23 July 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/5893530/Art-house-video-games.html">"Art house video games"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesIndustry.biz&rft.atitle=Germany+relaxes+stance+on+Nazi+symbols+in+video+games&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Handrahan&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Farticles%2F2018-08-09-germany-relaxes-stance-on-nazi-symbols-in-video-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Ali (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamesn.com/fortnite/fortnite-china-ban">"Fortnite, PUBG, and Paladins have reportedly been banned by the Chinese government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PCGamesN" title="PCGamesN">PCGamesN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211701/https://www.pcgamesn.com/fortnite/fortnite-china-ban">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Reason%3F&rft.pub=Eurogamer&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Fthe-edge-of-reason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimer2005" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (8 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/11/crossplatform/">"Cross-platform game development and the next generation of consoles"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603073211/https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/11/crossplatform/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=No%2C+Video+Games+Don%27t+Cause+Mass+Shootings.+But+The+Conversation+Shouldn%27t+End+There&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5647659%2Fno-video-games-dont-cause-mass-shootings-but-the-conversation-shouldnt-end-there%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvmusa.org">"National Videogame Museum"</a>. nvmusa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202165057/http://www.nvmusa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Videogame+Museum&rft.pub=nvmusa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvmusa.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fox4news.com/good-day/national-videogame-museum-opens-in-frisco">"National Videogame Museum opens in Frisco"</a>. <i>Fox4news.com</i>. 12 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015007/http://www.fox4news.com/good-day/national-videogame-museum-opens-in-frisco">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox4news.com&rft.atitle=National+Videogame+Museum+opens+in+Frisco&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox4news.com%2Fgood-day%2Fnational-videogame-museum-opens-in-frisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerspielemuseum.de/index.php?lg=en">"Computerspielemuseum – Berlin"</a>. Computerspielemuseum.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501141756/http://www.computerspielemuseum.de/index.php?lg=en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computerspielemuseum+%E2%80%93+Berlin&rft.pub=Computerspielemuseum.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerspielemuseum.de%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.15kop.ru/en/">"Museum of Soviet arcade machines"</a>. 15kop.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128025438/http://15kop.ru/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Soviet+arcade+machines&rft.pub=15kop.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.15kop.ru%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921225512/http://www.redpenguin.net/trans-siberian-part-7-the-museum-of-soviet-arcade-machines.php">"Red Penguin: Review of the Museum of Soviet arcade machines"</a>. redpenguin.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redpenguin.net/trans-siberian-part-7-the-museum-of-soviet-arcade-machines.php">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Penguin%3A+Review+of+the+Museum+of+Soviet+arcade+machines&rft.pub=redpenguin.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redpenguin.net%2Ftrans-siberian-part-7-the-museum-of-soviet-arcade-machines.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530145047/http://www.themade.org/content/what-are-we">"About The MADE"</a>. themade.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themade.org/content/what-are-we">the original</a> on 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+MADE&rft.pub=themade.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themade.org%2Fcontent%2Fwhat-are-we&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigamus.com/en/">"ViGaMus"</a>. vigamus.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213050653/http://www.vigamus.com/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ViGaMus&rft.pub=vigamus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigamus.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf,_Mark_J.P.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolf, Mark J.P., ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+eGameRevolution+Exhibit+Gives+Game+History+Its+First+Permanent+Home&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F31666%2FStrongs_eGameRevolution_Exhibit_Gives_Game_History_Its_First_Permanent_Home.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527093827/http://www.icheg.org/see-do/egamerevolution">"eGameRevolution"</a>. International Center for the History of Electronic Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icheg.org/see-do/egamerevolution">the original</a> on 27 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eGameRevolution&rft.pub=International+Center+for+the+History+of+Electronic+Games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icheg.org%2Fsee-do%2Fegamerevolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226002728/http://www.thocp.net/software/games/golden_age.htm#PacMan">"History of Computing: Video games – Golden Age"</a>. <i>thocp.net</i>. 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Americanart.si.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110015838/http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibitions%3A+The+Art+of+Video+Games&rft.pub=Americanart.si.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanart.si.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Farchive%2F2012%2Fgames%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2012" class="citation news cs1">Barron, Christina (29 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604201354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html">"Museum exhibit asks: Is it art if you push 'start'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Museum+exhibit+asks%3A+Is+it+art+if+you+push+%27start%27%3F&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgog%2Fexhibits%2Fthe-art-of-video-games%2C1215143%2Fcritic-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennicott2012" class="citation news cs1">Kennicott, Philip (18 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604201354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html">"The Art of Video Games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Video+Games&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft.aulast=Kennicott&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgog%2Fexhibits%2Fthe-art-of-video-games%2C1215143%2Fcritic-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlodget2005" class="citation web cs1">Blodget, Henry (12 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/go_east_young_man/2005/04/how_to_solve_chinas_piracy_problem.html">"How to Solve China's Piracy Problem"</a>. Slate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108033525/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/go_east_young_man/2005/04/how_to_solve_chinas_piracy_problem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Solve+China%27s+Piracy+Problem&rft.pub=Slate.com&rft.date=2005-04-12&rft.aulast=Blodget&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fgo_east_young_man%2F2005%2F04%2Fhow_to_solve_chinas_piracy_problem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostikyan1994" class="citation web cs1">Costikyan, Greg (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812015347/http://www.costik.com/nowords.html">"I Have No Words & I Must Design"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.costik.com/nowords.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Have+No+Words+%26+I+Must+Design&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Costikyan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.costik.com%2Fnowords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_Chris1982" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Chris (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204947/http://library.vancouver.wsu.edu/art-computer-game-design"><i>The Art of Computer Game Design</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.vancouver.wsu.edu/art-computer-game-design">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Computer+Game+Design&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.vancouver.wsu.edu%2Fart-computer-game-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu,_Tina1997" class="citation web cs1">Lieu, Tina (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980112155115/http://www.cjmag.co.jp/magazine/issues/1997/aug97/0897pcgames.html">"Where have all the PC games gone?"</a>. Computing Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjmag.co.jp/magazine/issues/1997/aug97/0897pcgames.html">the original</a> on 12 January 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+have+all+the+PC+games+gone%3F&rft.pub=Computing+Japan&rft.date=1997-08&rft.au=Lieu%2C+Tina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjmag.co.jp%2Fmagazine%2Fissues%2F1997%2Faug97%2F0897pcgames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPursell,_Carroll2015" class="citation book cs1">Pursell, Carroll (2015). <i>From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Playgrounds+to+PlayStation%3A+The+Interaction+of+Technology+and+Play&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Pursell%2C+Carroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalenEric_Zimmerman2005" class="citation book cs1">Salen, Katie; Eric Zimmerman (2005). <i>The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19536-2"><bdi>978-0-262-19536-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+Design+Reader%3A+A+Rules+of+Play+Anthology&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19536-2&rft.aulast=Salen&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Eric+Zimmerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmuts,_Aaron2005" class="citation web cs1">Smuts, Aaron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299">"Are Video Games Art?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214025334/http://contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+Video+Games+Art%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Smuts%2C+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contempaesthetics.org%2Fnewvolume%2Fpages%2Farticle.php%3FarticleID%3D299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinegarner,_Beth2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Winegarner, Beth (28 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/news/game-sales-hit-record-highs-6117438">"Game sales hit record highs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a></i>. Gamespot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106224517/http://www.gamespot.com/news/game-sales-hit-record-highs-6117438">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Game+sales+hit+record+highs&rft.date=2005-01-28&rft.au=Winegarner%2C+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fnews%2Fgame-sales-hit-record-highs-6117438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wills2002" class="citation journal cs1">John Wills (1 October 2002). "Digital Dinosaurs and Artificial Life: Exploring the Culture of Nature in Computer and Video Games". <i>Cultural Values (Journal for Cultural Research)</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 395–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1362517022000047334">10.1080/1362517022000047334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144132612">144132612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Values+%28Journal+for+Cultural+Research%29&rft.atitle=Digital+Dinosaurs+and+Artificial+Life%3A+Exploring+the+Culture+of+Nature+in+Computer+and+Video+Games&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-417&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1362517022000047334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144132612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=John+Wills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_J.P.Smith,_J.H.2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J.P.; Smith, J.H., eds. (2007). <i>The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+players%27+realm%3A+studies+on+the+culture+of+video+games+and+gaming&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Ultimate History of Video Games, Volume 2: Nintendo, Sony, Microsoft, and the Billion-Dollar Battle to Shape Modern Gaming</i> by Steven L. Kent, Crown, 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1984825437" title="Special:BookSources/1984825437">1984825437</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Video game</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Video+games">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Video+games&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ludoscience.com/EN/ressources/bibliographie/index.html?sort=files%20ASC">Video games bibliography</a> by the French video game research association <i>Ludoscience</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010105238/http://archives.icom.museum/vlmp/computing.html">The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC)</a> (archived 10 October 2014)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Video_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Video games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_gameplay" title="Template:Video game gameplay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_gameplay" title="Template talk:Video game gameplay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_gameplay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game gameplay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video game</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms" title="Glossary of video game terms">Glossary of video game terms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)" title="Health (game terminology)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(video_games)" title="Life (video games)">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_point" title="Experience point">Experience point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(game_terminology)" title="Magic (game terminology)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_hit" title="Critical hit">Critical hit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_games)" title="Boss (video games)">Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_bot" title="Video game bot">Bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">Cutscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_tree" title="Dialogue tree">Dialogue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_of_war#In_video_games" title="Fog of war">Fog of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_over" title="Game over">Game over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUD_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="HUD (video gaming)">HUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_wall" title="Invisible wall">Invisible wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Item_(game_terminology)" title="Item (game terminology)">Item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_sight_(video_games)" title="Line of sight (video games)">Line of sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loading_screen" title="Loading screen">Loading screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_doll_(video_games)" title="Paper doll (video games)">Paper doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Password_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Password (video games)">Password</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permadeath" title="Permadeath">Permadeath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">Power-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_games)" title="Quest (video games)">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_time_event" title="Quick time event">Quick time event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_encounter" title="Random encounter">Random encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replay_value" title="Replay value">Replay value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saved_game" title="Saved game">Saved game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripted_sequence" title="Scripted sequence">Scripted sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_(video_games)" title="Spawning (video games)">Spawning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)" title="Statistic (role-playing games)">Stats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_effect" title="Status effect">Status effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_controls" title="Tank controls">Tank controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turns,_rounds_and_time-keeping_systems_in_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games">Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_(video_games)" title="Warp (video games)">Warp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_travel" title="Fast travel">Fast travel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scenery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destructible_environment" title="Destructible environment">Destructible environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instance_dungeon" title="Instance dungeon">Instance dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_stage" title="Bonus stage">Bonus stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-map" title="Mini-map">Mini-map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_generation" title="Procedural generation">Procedural generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Map_seed" title="Map seed">Map seed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overworld" title="Overworld">Overworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skybox_(video_games)" title="Skybox (video games)">Skybox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movement techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_jumping" title="Rocket jumping">Rocket jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafing_(video_games)" title="Strafing (video games)">Strafing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">Competitive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedrunning" title="Speedrunning">Speedrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_and_secure" title="Advance and secure">Advance and secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_(gaming)" title="Campaign (gaming)">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_the_flag" title="Capture the flag">Capture the flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathmatch_(video_games)" title="Deathmatch (video games)">Deathmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_man_standing_(video_games)" title="Last man standing (video games)">Last man standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Game_Plus" title="New Game Plus">New Game Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_mode" title="Survival mode">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_hill_(game)" title="King of the hill (game)">King of the hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_genre" title="Template talk:Video game genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones"><i>Pac-Man</i> clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/90px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone"><i>Grand Theft Auto</i> clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban"><i>Sokoban</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game"><i>Bishōjo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game"><i>Otome</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game"><i>Gacha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo"><i>Kaizo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_video_games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="History_of_video_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology_of_video_games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_video_games" title="Template:Chronology of video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_video_games" title="Template talk:Chronology of video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology_of_video_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">Chronology of video games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">1947–1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_video_games" title="1970s in video games">1970s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_video_games" title="1970 in video games">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_video_games" title="1971 in video games">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_video_games" title="1972 in video games">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_video_games" title="1973 in video games">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_video_games" title="1974 in video games">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_video_games" title="1975 in video games">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_video_games" title="1976 in video games">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_video_games" title="1977 in video games">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_video_games" title="1978 in video games">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_video_games" title="1979 in video games">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_video_games" title="1980s in video games">1980s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_video_games" title="1980 in video games">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_video_games" title="1981 in video games">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_video_games" title="1982 in video games">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_video_games" title="1983 in video games">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_video_games" title="1984 in video games">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_video_games" title="1985 in video games">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_video_games" title="1986 in video games">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_video_games" title="1987 in video games">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_video_games" title="1988 in video games">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_video_games" title="1989 in video games">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_video_games" title="1990s in video games">1990s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_video_games" title="1990 in video games">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_video_games" title="1991 in video games">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_video_games" title="1992 in video games">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_video_games" title="1993 in video games">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_video_games" title="1994 in video games">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_video_games" title="1995 in video games">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_video_games" title="1996 in video games">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_video_games" title="1997 in video games">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_video_games" title="1998 in video games">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_video_games" title="1999 in video games">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_video_games" title="2000s in video games">2000s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_video_games" title="2000 in video games">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_video_games" title="2001 in video games">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_video_games" title="2002 in video games">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_video_games" title="2003 in video games">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_video_games" title="2004 in video games">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_video_games" title="2005 in video games">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_video_games" title="2006 in video games">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_video_games" title="2007 in video games">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_video_games" title="2008 in video games">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_video_games" title="2009 in video games">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_video_games" title="2010s in video games">2010s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_video_games" title="2010 in video games">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_video_games" title="2011 in video games">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_video_games" title="2012 in video games">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_video_games" title="2013 in video games">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_video_games" title="2014 in video games">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_video_games" title="2015 in video games">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_video_games" title="2016 in video games">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_video_games" title="2017 in video games">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_video_games" title="2018 in video games">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_video_games" title="2019 in video games">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_video_games" title="2020s in video games">2020s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_video_games" title="2020 in video games">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_video_games" title="2021 in video games">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_video_games" title="2022 in video games">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_video_games" title="2023 in video games">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_video_games" title="2024 in video games">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_video_games" title="2025 in video games">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_in_development" title="List of video games in development">Near future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_history_by_platform" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_history_by_platform" title="Template:Video game history by platform"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_history_by_platform" title="Template talk:Video game history by platform"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_history_by_platform" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game history by platform"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_history_by_platform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">Video game history by platform</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arcade_video_games" title="History of arcade video games">History of arcade video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_arcade_video_game_history" title="Timeline of arcade video game history">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles" title="History of video game consoles">History of video game consoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">Crash of 1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_war" title="Console war">Console war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_games" title="History of mobile games">History of mobile games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By console generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First (1972–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second (1976–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third (1983–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth (1987–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth (1993–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth (1998–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh (2005–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth (2012–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth (2020–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_genre" title="Template talk:Video game genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones"><i>Pac-Man</i> clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/90px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone"><i>Grand Theft Auto</i> clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban"><i>Sokoban</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game"><i>Bishōjo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game"><i>Otome</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game"><i>Gacha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo"><i>Kaizo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_games_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_games_by_country" title="Template:Video games by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_games_by_country" title="Template talk:Video games by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_games_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video games by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_games_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Video games by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ghana" title="Video games in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Kenya" title="Video games in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Nigeria" title="Video games in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Africa" title="Video games in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Latin_America" title="Video games in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Brazil" title="Video games in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Colombia" title="Video games in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Canada" title="Video games in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Bangladesh" title="Video games in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_India" title="Video games in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Iran" title="Video games in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Malaysia" title="Video games in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Video games in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Russia" title="Video games in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Belgium" title="Video games in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Video games in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Finland" title="Video games in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_France" title="Video games in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Germany" title="Video games in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Greece" title="Video games in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ireland" title="Video games in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Italy" title="Video games in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Lithuania" title="Video games in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Netherlands" title="Video games in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Norway" title="Video games in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Poland" title="Video games in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Russia" title="Video games in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Spain" title="Video games in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Sweden" title="Video games in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Switzerland" title="Video games in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ukraine" title="Video games in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Australia" title="Video games in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_New_Zealand" title="Video games in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Game_genres" title="Template:Game genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Game_genres" title="Template talk:Game genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Game_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Game genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Game</a> genres</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_games" title="List of children's games">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_chance" title="Game of chance">Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guessing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Guessing game">Guessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_game" title="Party game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_game" title="Redemption game">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">Role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_skill" title="Game of skill">Skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_game" title="Street game">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_sports_and_games" title="Traditional sports and games">Traditional</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_game_genres" title="List of game genres">List of game genres</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/19px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/29px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/38px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_games" title="Portal:Video games">Video games</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/19px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/30px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/21px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/42px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/19px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/29px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Video game</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/video_game" class="extiw" title="wikt:video game">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Video_games" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Video games">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Video_game" class="extiw" title="q:Video game">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Electronic_games" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Electronic games">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889" class="extiw" title="d:Q7889">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010457-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85143202">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="videohry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=fd1096891&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="videohry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137442&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="비디오 게임"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2001010817">Korea</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="컴퓨터 게임"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998043749">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538909705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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