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id="toc-Reaction_energetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_energetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reaction energetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_energetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterogeneous_catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterogeneous_catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Heterogeneous catalysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heterogeneous_catalysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Heterogeneous catalysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Heterogeneous_catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electrocatalysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrocatalysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Electrocatalysts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrocatalysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homogeneous_catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homogeneous_catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Homogeneous catalysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Homogeneous_catalysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Homogeneous catalysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Homogeneous_catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organocatalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organocatalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organocatalysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organocatalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photocatalysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photocatalysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Photocatalysts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photocatalysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzymes_and_biocatalysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymes_and_biocatalysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Enzymes and biocatalysts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzymes_and_biocatalysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Energy processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulk_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulk_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bulk chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fine chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Food processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibitors,_poisons,_and_promoters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibitors,_poisons,_and_promoters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inhibitors, poisons, and promoters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibitors,_poisons,_and_promoters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalysis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisator" title="Katalisator – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katalisator" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="تحفيز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحفيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis" title="Catálisis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catálisis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="অনুঘটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুঘটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiok-m%C3%BBi" title="Chhiok-mûi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiok-mûi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Каталіз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каталіз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Катализа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катализа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kataliza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0lisi" title="Catàlisi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catàlisi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%BDza" title="Katalýza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katalýza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhesvi" title="Mhesvi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhesvi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Catalysis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalyse" title="Katalyse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katalyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Katalüüs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katalüüs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κατάλυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis" title="Catálisis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catálisis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalizo" title="Katalizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katalizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisi" title="Katalisi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalisi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="فروکافت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروکافت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyse" title="Catalyse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catalyse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catal%C3%BA" title="Catalú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Catalú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lise" title="Catálise – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catálise" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%89%EB%A7%A4_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="촉매 반응 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="촉매 반응" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Catalysis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Կատալիզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատալիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="उत्प्रेरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्प्रेरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliza_(kemija)" title="Kataliza (kemija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kataliza (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalizo" title="Katalizo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katalizo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katalisis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvati" title="Hvati – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvati" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalisi" title="Catalisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catalisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="קטליזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטליזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ವೇಗವರ್ಧನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೇಗವರ್ಧನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="კატალიზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატალიზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Катализ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Катализ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichochezi" title="Kichochezi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichochezi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliz%C3%A8" title="Katalizè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Katalizè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliz" title="Kataliz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kataliz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hander" title="Hander – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hander" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Катализ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катализ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Catalysis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C4%ABze" title="Katalīze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katalīze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliz%C4%97" title="Katalizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Katalizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Катализа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катализа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഉൽപ്രേരകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉൽപ്രേരകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemangkinan" title="Pemangkinan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemangkinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Катализ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Катализ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalyse" title="Katalyse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katalyse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A6%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="触媒作用 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="触媒作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalyse" title="Katalyse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katalyse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalise" title="Katalise – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Katalise" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalisi" title="Catalisi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catalisi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliz" title="Kataliz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kataliz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਉਤਪ੍ਰੇਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਤਪ੍ਰੇਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="عمل انگیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عمل انگیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiatalisis" title="Kiatalisis – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiatalisis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kataliza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lise" title="Catálise – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catálise" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataliz%C4%83" title="Cataliză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cataliză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisachaq" title="Katalisachaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Katalisachaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Катализ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катализ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catalysis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%BDza" title="Katalýza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katalýza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kataliza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھاندان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاندان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Катализа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катализа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliza" title="Kataliza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kataliza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalis" title="Katalis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Katalis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalys" title="Katalys – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalys" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katalisis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வினைவேக மாற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வினைவேக மாற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్ప్రేరకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్ప్రేరకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="การเร่งปฏิกิริยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเร่งปฏิกิริยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataliz" title="Kataliz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kataliz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Каталіз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каталіз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="عمل انگیزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمل انگیزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c" title="Xúc tác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xúc tác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katalisis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="催化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="催化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="催化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Catalyst" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catalyst (disambiguation)">Catalyst (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Catalist" title="Catalist">Catalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cathalistis" title="Cathalistis"><i>Cathalistis</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the stage of metabolism, see <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalysts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catalysts.JPG/300px-Catalysts.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catalysts.JPG/450px-Catalysts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catalysts.JPG/600px-Catalysts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A range of industrial catalysts in pellet form</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg/220px-Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg/330px-Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg/440px-Low_Temperature_Oxidation_Catalyst.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2974" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">air filter</a> that uses a low-temperature oxidation catalyst to convert <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> to less toxic <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> at room temperature. It can also remove <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> from the air.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Catalysis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the increase in <a href="/wiki/Reaction_rate" title="Reaction rate">rate</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> due to an added substance known as a <b>catalyst</b><sup id="cite_ref-IUPACc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPACc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate. Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form <a href="/wiki/Reaction_intermediate" title="Reaction intermediate">intermediates</a> that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process of regenerating the catalyst. </p><p>The rate increase occurs because the catalyst allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism which may be much faster than the non-catalyzed mechanism. However the non-catalyzed mechanism does remain possible, so that the total rate (catalyzed plus non-catalyzed) can only increase in the presence of the catalyst and never decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catalysis may be classified as either <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous</a>, whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactant, or <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous</a>, whose components are not in the same phase. <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category. </p><p>Catalysis is ubiquitous in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of all kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture. </p><p>The term "catalyst" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:καταλύω">καταλύειν</a></span></span>, <i>kataluein</i>, meaning "loosen" or "untie". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fulhame" title="Elizabeth Fulhame">Elizabeth Fulhame</a>, based on her novel work in oxidation-reduction experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Laidler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laidler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Chemical_Society_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Chemical_Society-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_principles">General principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An illustrative example is the effect of catalysts to speed the decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> into water and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>: </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>This reaction proceeds because the reaction products are more stable than the starting compound, but this decomposition is so slow that hydrogen peroxide solutions are commercially available. In the presence of a catalyst such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> this reaction proceeds much more rapidly. This effect is readily seen by the <a href="/wiki/Effervescence_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescence (chemistry)">effervescence</a> of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The catalyst is not consumed in the reaction, and may be recovered unchanged and re-used indefinitely. Accordingly, manganese dioxide is said to <i>catalyze</i> this reaction. In living organisms, this reaction is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> (proteins that serve as catalysts) such as <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>. </p><p>Another example is the effect of catalysts on air pollution and reducing the amount of carbon monoxide. Development of active and selective catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide into desirable products is one of the most important roles of catalysts. Using catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon monoxide helps to remove this toxic gas and also attain useful materials.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units">Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">SI derived unit</a> for measuring the <b>catalytic activity</b> of a catalyst is the <a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a>, which is quantified in moles per second. The productivity of a catalyst can be described by the <a href="/wiki/Turnover_number" title="Turnover number">turnover number</a> (or TON) and the catalytic activity by the <i>turn over frequency</i> (TOF), which is the TON per time unit. The biochemical equivalent is the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_unit" title="Enzyme unit">enzyme unit</a>. For more information on the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis, see the article on <i><a href="/wiki/Enzyme#Kinetics" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalytic_reaction_mechanisms">Catalytic reaction mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Catalytic reaction mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_cycle" title="Catalytic cycle">catalytic cycle</a></div> <p>In general, chemical reactions occur faster in the presence of a catalyst because the catalyst provides an alternative <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">reaction mechanism</a> (reaction pathway) having a lower <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a> than the non-catalyzed mechanism. In catalyzed mechanisms, the catalyst is regenerated.<sup id="cite_ref-LM82_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LM82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinfeld_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a simple example occurring in the gas phase, the reaction 2 SO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> → 2 SO<sub>3</sub> can be catalyzed by adding <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>. The reaction occurs in two steps: </p> <dl><dd>2<span class="nowrap"> </span>NO + O<sub>2</sub> → 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>NO<sub>2</sub> (rate-determining)</dd> <dd>NO<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub> → NO + SO<sub>3</sub> (fast)</dd></dl> <p>The NO catalyst is regenerated. The overall rate is the rate of the slow step<sup id="cite_ref-Steinfeld_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>v = 2k<sub>1</sub>[NO]<sup>2</sup>[O<sub>2</sub>].</dd></dl> <p>An example of <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a> is the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> (TiO<sub>2</sub>, or <i>titania</i>) to produce water. <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning tunneling microscopy">Scanning tunneling microscopy</a> showed that the molecules undergo <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociation</a>. The dissociated, surface-bound O and H atoms <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuse</a> together. The intermediate reaction states are: HO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, then H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and the reaction product (<a href="/wiki/Water_dimer" title="Water dimer">water molecule dimers</a>), after which the water molecule <a href="/wiki/Desorption" title="Desorption">desorbs</a> from the catalyst surface.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_energetics">Reaction energetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reaction energetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CatalysisScheme-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CatalysisScheme-en.svg/280px-CatalysisScheme-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CatalysisScheme-en.svg/420px-CatalysisScheme-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CatalysisScheme-en.svg/560px-CatalysisScheme-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Generic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in a hypothetical exothermic chemical reaction X + Y to give Z. The presence of the catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (shown in red) with lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catalysts enable pathways that differ from the uncatalyzed reactions. These pathways have lower <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a>. Consequently, more molecular collisions have the energy needed to reach the <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition state</a>. Hence, catalysts can enable reactions that would otherwise be blocked or slowed by a kinetic barrier. The catalyst may increase the reaction rate or selectivity, or enable the reaction at lower temperatures. This effect can be illustrated with an <a href="/wiki/Energy_profile_(chemistry)" title="Energy profile (chemistry)">energy profile</a> diagram. </p><p>In the catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">elementary reaction</a>, catalysts do <b>not</b> change the extent of a reaction: they have <b>no</b> effect on the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">chemical equilibrium</a> of a reaction. The ratio of the forward and the reverse reaction rates is unaffected (see also <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a> describes why a catalyst does not change the chemical equilibrium of a reaction. Suppose there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing the catalyst to the system would result in a reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy. Production of energy is a necessary result since reactions are spontaneous only if <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> is produced, and if there is no energy barrier, there is no need for a catalyst. Then, removing the catalyst would also result in a reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would be a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual motion machine">perpetual motion machine</a>, a contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, catalysts <b>do not</b> alter the equilibrium constant. (A catalyst can however change the equilibrium concentrations by reacting in a subsequent step. It is then consumed as the reaction proceeds, and thus it is also a reactant. Illustrative is the base-catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, where the produced <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> immediately reacts with the base catalyst and thus the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards hydrolysis.) </p><p>The catalyst stabilizes the transition state more than it stabilizes the starting material. It decreases the kinetic barrier by decreasing the <i>difference</i> in energy between starting material and the transition state. It <b>does not</b> change the energy difference between starting materials and products (thermodynamic barrier), or the available energy (this is provided by the environment as heat or light). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some so-called catalysts are really <b><a href="/wiki/Precatalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Precatalyst">precatalysts</a></b>. Precatalysts convert to catalysts in the reaction. For example, <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson%27s_catalyst" title="Wilkinson's catalyst">Wilkinson's catalyst</a> RhCl(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> loses one triphenylphosphine ligand before entering the true catalytic cycle. Precatalysts are easier to store but are easily activated <a href="/wiki/In_situ#Chemistry_and_chemical_engineering" title="In situ">in situ</a>. Because of this preactivation step, many catalytic reactions involve an <a href="/wiki/Induction_period" title="Induction period">induction period</a>. </p><p>In <b>cooperative catalysis</b>, chemical species that improve catalytic activity are called <b>cocatalysts</b> or <b>promoters</b>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tandem_catalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem catalysis">tandem catalysis</a> two or more different catalysts are coupled in a one-pot reaction. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Autocatalysis" title="Autocatalysis">autocatalysis</a>, the catalyst <i>is</i> a product of the overall reaction, in contrast to all other types of catalysis considered in this article. The simplest example of autocatalysis is a reaction of type A + B → 2 B, in one or in several steps. The overall reaction is just A → B, so that B is a product. But since B is also a reactant, it may be present in the rate equation and affect the reaction rate. As the reaction proceeds, the concentration of B increases and can accelerate the reaction as a catalyst. In effect, the reaction accelerates itself or is autocatalyzed. An example is the hydrolysis of an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>. In the absence of added acid catalysts, the carboxylic acid product catalyzes the hydrolysis. </p><p><b>Switchable catalysis</b> refers to a type of catalysis where the catalyst can be toggled between different ground states possessing distinct reactivity, typically by applying an external stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ability to reversibly switch the catalyst allows for spatiotemporal control over catalytic activity and selectivity. The external stimuli used to switch the catalyst can include changes in temperature, pH, light,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> electric fields, or the addition of chemical agents. </p><p>A true catalyst can work in tandem with a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_cycle#Sacrificial_catalysts" title="Catalytic cycle">sacrificial catalyst</a>. The true catalyst is consumed in the elementary reaction and turned into a deactivated form. The sacrificial catalyst regenerates the true catalyst for another cycle. The sacrificial catalyst is consumed in the reaction, and as such, it is not really a catalyst, but a reagent. For example, <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a> (OsO<sub>4</sub>) is a good reagent for dihydroxylation, but it is highly toxic and expensive. In <a href="/wiki/Upjohn_dihydroxylation" title="Upjohn dihydroxylation">Upjohn dihydroxylation</a>, the sacrificial catalyst <a href="/wiki/N-methylmorpholine_N-oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="N-methylmorpholine N-oxide">N-methylmorpholine N-oxide</a> (NMMO) regenerates OsO<sub>4</sub>, and only catalytic quantities of OsO<sub>4</sub> are needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalysis may be classified as either <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">homogeneous or heterogeneous</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous catalysis</a> is one whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactant</a>'s molecules. A <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a> is one where the reaction components are not in the same phase. <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category. Similar mechanistic principles apply to heterogeneous, homogeneous, and biocatalysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heterogeneous_catalysis">Heterogeneous catalysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heterogeneous catalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">Heterogeneous catalysis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png/220px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png/330px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png/440px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>The microporous molecular structure of the <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a> ZSM-5 is exploited in catalysts used in refineries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceolite_nax.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ceolite_nax.JPG/220px-Ceolite_nax.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ceolite_nax.JPG/330px-Ceolite_nax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Ceolite_nax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Zeolites are extruded as pellets for easy handling in catalytic reactors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heterogeneous catalysts act in a different <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Reactants" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactants">reactants</a>. Most heterogeneous catalysts are <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solids</a> that act on substrates in a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> or gaseous <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction mixture">reaction mixture</a>. Important heterogeneous catalysts include <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> higher-order oxides, graphitic carbon, <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, metals such as <a href="/wiki/Raney_nickel" title="Raney nickel">Raney nickel</a> for hydrogenation, and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">vanadium(V) oxide</a> for oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Contact_process" title="Contact process">contact process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Housecroft_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housecroft-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diverse mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Reactions_on_surfaces" title="Reactions on surfaces">reactions on surfaces</a> are known, depending on how the adsorption takes place (<a href="/wiki/Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson">Langmuir-Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eley%E2%80%93Rideal_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eley–Rideal mechanism">Eley-Rideal</a>, and Mars-<a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willem_van_Krevelen" title="Dirk Willem van Krevelen">van Krevelen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-doi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total surface area of a solid has an important effect on the reaction rate. The smaller the catalyst particle size, the larger the surface area for a given mass of particles. </p><p>A heterogeneous catalyst has <b>active sites</b>, which are the atoms or crystal faces where the substrate actually binds. Active sites are atoms but are often described as a facet (edge, surface, step, etc.) of a solid. Most of the volume but also most of the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst may be catalytically inactive. Finding out the nature of the active site is technically challenging. </p><p>For example, the catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> for the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> is often described as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. But detailed studies and many optimizations have led to catalysts that are mixtures of iron-potassium-calcium-aluminum-oxide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reacting <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorb</a> onto active sites on the iron particles. Once physically adsorbed, the reagents partially or wholly dissociate and form new bonds. In this way the particularly strong <a href="/wiki/Triple_bond" title="Triple bond">triple bond</a> in nitrogen is broken, which would be extremely uncommon in the gas phase due to its high activation energy. Thus, the activation energy of the overall reaction is lowered, and the rate of reaction increases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another place where a heterogeneous catalyst is applied is in the oxidation of sulfur dioxide on <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">vanadium(V) oxide</a> for the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Housecroft_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housecroft-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many heterogeneous catalysts are in fact nanomaterials. </p><p>Heterogeneous catalysts are typically "<a href="/wiki/Catalyst_support" title="Catalyst support">supported</a>", which means that the catalyst is dispersed on a second material that enhances the effectiveness or minimizes its cost. Supports prevent or minimize agglomeration and sintering of small catalyst particles, exposing more surface area, thus catalysts have a higher specific activity (per gram) on support. Sometimes the support is merely a surface on which the catalyst is spread to increase the surface area. More often, the support and the catalyst interact, affecting the catalytic reaction. Supports can also be used in nanoparticle synthesis by providing sites for individual molecules of catalyst to chemically bind. Supports are porous materials with a high surface area, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeolites">zeolites</a> or various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>. Specialized supports include <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrocatalysts">Electrocatalysts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electrocatalysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrocatalyst" title="Electrocatalyst">Electrocatalyst</a></div> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> engineering, various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the <a href="/wiki/Half_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Half reaction">half reactions</a> that comprise the fuel cell. One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> that are supported on slightly larger <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> particles. When in contact with one of the <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> in a fuel cell, this platinum increases the rate of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> reduction either to water or to <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homogeneous_catalysis">Homogeneous catalysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Homogeneous catalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">Homogeneous catalysis</a></div> <p>Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants. Typically homogeneous catalysts are dissolved in a solvent with the substrates. One example of homogeneous catalysis involves the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sup>+</sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Esterification">esterification</a> of carboxylic acids, such as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">methyl acetate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-volume processes requiring a homogeneous catalyst include <a href="/wiki/Hydroformylation" title="Hydroformylation">hydroformylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosilylation" title="Hydrosilylation">hydrosilylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocyanation" title="Hydrocyanation">hydrocyanation</a>. For inorganic chemists, homogeneous catalysis is often synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic catalysts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many homogeneous catalysts are however not organometallic, illustrated by the use of cobalt salts that catalyze the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/P-xylene" class="mw-redirect" title="P-xylene">p-xylene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic acid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organocatalysis">Organocatalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organocatalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organocatalysis" title="Organocatalysis">Organocatalysis</a></div> <p>Whereas transition metals sometimes attract most of the attention in the study of catalysis, small organic molecules without metals can also exhibit catalytic properties, as is apparent from the fact that many <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> lack transition metals. Typically, organic catalysts require a higher loading (amount of catalyst per unit amount of reactant, expressed in <a href="/wiki/Mol%25" class="mw-redirect" title="Mol%">mol%</a> <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a>) than transition metal(-ion)-based catalysts, but these catalysts are usually commercially available in bulk, helping to lower costs. In the early 2000s, these organocatalysts were considered "new generation" and are competitive to traditional <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>(-ion)-containing catalysts. Organocatalysts are supposed to operate akin to metal-free enzymes utilizing, e.g., non-covalent interactions such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a>. The discipline organocatalysis is divided into the application of covalent (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-Dimethylaminopyridine" title="4-Dimethylaminopyridine">DMAP</a>) and non-covalent (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Thiourea_organocatalysis" title="Thiourea organocatalysis">thiourea organocatalysis</a>) organocatalysts referring to the preferred catalyst-<a href="/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)" title="Substrate (chemistry)">substrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Binding_(molecular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding (molecular)">binding</a> and interaction, respectively. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021 was awarded jointly to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photocatalysts">Photocatalysts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Photocatalysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photocatalysis" title="Photocatalysis">Photocatalysis</a></div> <p>Photocatalysis is the phenomenon where the catalyst can receive light to generate an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a> that effect redox reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">Singlet oxygen</a> is usually produced by photocatalysis. Photocatalysts are components of <a href="/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell" title="Dye-sensitized solar cell">dye-sensitized solar cells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enzymes_and_biocatalysts">Enzymes and biocatalysts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enzymes and biocatalysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></div> <p>In biology, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> are protein-based catalysts in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>. Most biocatalysts are enzymes, but other non-protein-based classes of biomolecules also exhibit catalytic properties including <a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">ribozymes</a>, and synthetic <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribozyme" title="Deoxyribozyme">deoxyribozymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biocatalysts can be thought of as an intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, although strictly speaking soluble enzymes are homogeneous catalysts and <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membrane</a>-bound enzymes are heterogeneous. Several factors affect the activity of enzymes (and other catalysts) including temperature, pH, the concentration of enzymes, substrate, and products. A particularly important reagent in enzymatic reactions is water, which is the product of many bond-forming reactions and a reactant in many bond-breaking processes. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biocatalysis" title="Biocatalysis">biocatalysis</a>, enzymes are employed to prepare many commodity chemicals including <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">monoclonal antibodies</a> whose binding target is a stable molecule that resembles the transition state of a chemical reaction can function as weak catalysts for that chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such catalytic antibodies are sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Abzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Abzymes">abzymes</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png/220px-Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png/330px-Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png/440px-Verbrennung_eines_Zuckerw%C3%BCrfels.png 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>Left: Partially caramelized <a href="/wiki/Cube_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cube sugar">cube sugar</a>, Right: burning cube sugar with ash as catalyst</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/TiCrPt_micropump3.webm/220px--TiCrPt_micropump3.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="TiCrPt_micropump3.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:TiCrPt_micropump3.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/TiCrPt_micropump3.webm/TiCrPt_micropump3.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/TiCrPt_micropump3.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/TiCrPt_micropump3.webm/TiCrPt_micropump3.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A Ti-Cr-Pt tube (~40 μm long) releases oxygen bubbles when immersed in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (via catalytic decomposition), forming a <a href="/wiki/Micropump" title="Micropump">micropump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture. In 2005, catalytic processes generated about $900 billion in products worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalysis is so pervasive that subareas are not readily classified. Some areas of particular concentration are surveyed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_processing">Energy processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Energy processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> refining makes intensive use of catalysis for <a href="/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_cracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic cracking">catalytic cracking</a> (breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller pieces), <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">naphtha</a> reforming and <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a> (conversion of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> into <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">synthesis gas</a>). Even the exhaust from the burning of fossil fuels is treated via catalysis: <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converters</a>, typically composed of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, break down some of the more harmful byproducts of automobile exhaust. </p> <dl><dd>2 CO + 2 NO → 2 CO<sub>2</sub> + N<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>With regard to synthetic fuels, an old but still important process is the <a href="/wiki/Fischer-Tropsch_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer-Tropsch synthesis">Fischer-Tropsch synthesis</a> of hydrocarbons from <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">synthesis gas</a>, which itself is processed via <a href="/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water gas shift reaction">water-gas shift reactions</a>, catalyzed by iron. The <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> and related biofuels require processing via both inorganic and biocatalysts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cells</a> rely on catalysts for both the anodic and cathodic reactions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_heater" title="Catalytic heater">Catalytic heaters</a> generate flameless heat from a supply of combustible fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulk_chemicals">Bulk chemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bulk chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Typical vanadium pentoxide catalyst used in sulfuric acid production for an intermediate reaction to convert sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg/220px-CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg/330px-CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg/440px-CataylstExampleSulfuricAcidPlant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Typical vanadium pentoxide catalyst used in sulfuric acid production for an intermediate reaction to convert sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the largest-scale chemicals are produced via catalytic oxidation, often using <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (from ammonia), <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Contact_process" title="Contact process">contact process</a>), <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic acid</a> from p-xylene, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_acid" title="Acrylic acid">acrylic acid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a> from propane and ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-doi_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of ammonia is one of the largest-scale and most energy-intensive processes. In the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> is combined with hydrogen over an iron oxide catalyst.<sup id="cite_ref-Smil_2004_Enriching_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smil_2004_Enriching-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> is prepared from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> or carbon dioxide but using copper-zinc catalysts. </p><p>Bulk polymers derived from <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a> are often prepared via <a href="/wiki/Ziegler-Natta_catalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegler-Natta catalysis">Ziegler-Natta catalysis</a>. Polyesters, polyamides, and <a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">isocyanates</a> are derived via <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_catalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base catalysis">acid-base catalysis</a>. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Carbonylation" title="Carbonylation">carbonylation</a> processes require metal catalysts, examples include the <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_acetic_acid_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto acetic acid process">Monsanto acetic acid process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroformylation" title="Hydroformylation">hydroformylation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_chemicals">Fine chemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fine chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Fine_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine chemicals">fine chemicals</a> are prepared via catalysis; methods include those of heavy industry as well as more specialized processes that would be prohibitively expensive on a large scale. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Heck_reaction" title="Heck reaction">Heck reaction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedel%E2%80%93Crafts_reaction" title="Friedel–Crafts reaction">Friedel–Crafts reactions</a>. Because most bioactive compounds are <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a>, many pharmaceuticals are produced by enantioselective catalysis (catalytic <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric synthesis">asymmetric synthesis</a>). (R)-1,2-Propandiol, the precursor to the antibacterial <a href="/wiki/Levofloxacin" title="Levofloxacin">levofloxacin</a>, can be synthesized efficiently from hydroxyacetone by using catalysts based on <a href="/wiki/BINAP" title="BINAP">BINAP</a>-ruthenium complexes, in <a href="/wiki/Noyori_asymmetric_hydrogenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation">Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levofloxacin3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="levofloxaxin synthesis"><img alt="levofloxaxin synthesis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Levofloxacin3.png" decoding="async" width="632" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption>levofloxaxin synthesis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_processing">Food processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Food processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most obvious applications of catalysis is the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> (reaction with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas) of fats using <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> catalyst to produce <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other foodstuffs are prepared via biocatalysis (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalysis affects the environment by increasing the efficiency of industrial processes, but catalysis also plays a direct role in the environment. A notable example is the catalytic role of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a> in the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>. These radicals are formed by the action of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs). </p> <dl><dd>Cl<sup><b>·</b></sup> + O<sub>3</sub> → ClO<sup><b>·</b></sup> + O<sub>2</sub></dd> <dd>ClO<sup><b>·</b></sup> + O<sup>·</sup> → Cl<sup><b>·</b></sup> + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "catalyst", broadly defined as anything that increases the rate of a process, is derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:καταλύω">καταλύειν</a>, meaning "to annul", or "to untie", or "to pick up". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fulhame" title="Elizabeth Fulhame">Elizabeth Fulhame</a> and described in a 1794 book, based on her novel work in oxidation–reduction reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Laidler_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laidler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Chemical_Society_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Chemical_Society-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first chemical reaction in organic chemistry that knowingly used a catalyst was studied in 1811 by <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Kirchhoff" title="Gottlieb Kirchhoff">Gottlieb Kirchhoff</a>, who discovered the acid-catalyzed conversion of starch to glucose. The term <i>catalysis</i> was later used by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> in 1835<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe reactions that are accelerated by substances that remain unchanged after the reaction. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fulhame" title="Elizabeth Fulhame">Fulhame</a>, who predated Berzelius, did work with water as opposed to metals in her reduction experiments. Other 18th century chemists who worked in catalysis were <a href="/wiki/Eilhard_Mitscherlich" title="Eilhard Mitscherlich">Eilhard Mitscherlich</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who referred to it as <i>contact</i> processes, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who spoke of <i>contact action. </i>He developed <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6bereiner%27s_lamp" title="Döbereiner's lamp">Döbereiner's lamp</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lighter_(fire_starter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighter (fire starter)">lighter</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> sponge, which became a commercial success in the 1820s that lives on today. <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> discovered the use of platinum in catalysis.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> started a systematic investigation into reactions that were catalyzed by the presence of acids and bases, and found that chemical reactions occur at finite rates and that these rates can be used to determine the strengths of acids and bases. For this work, Ostwald was awarded the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ipatieff" title="Vladimir Ipatieff">Vladimir Ipatieff</a> performed some of the earliest industrial scale reactions, including the discovery and commercialization of oligomerization and the development of catalysts for hydrogenation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhibitors,_poisons,_and_promoters"><span id="Inhibitors.2C_poisons.2C_and_promoters"></span>Inhibitors, poisons, and promoters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inhibitors, poisons, and promoters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An added substance that lowers the rate is called a <a href="/wiki/Reaction_inhibitor" title="Reaction inhibitor">reaction inhibitor</a> if reversible and <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_poisoning" title="Catalyst poisoning">catalyst poisons</a> if irreversible.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPACc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPACc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoters are substances that increase the catalytic activity, even though they are not catalysts by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inhibitors are sometimes referred to as "negative catalysts" since they decrease the reaction rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Laidler78_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laidler78-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the term inhibitor is preferred since they do not work by introducing a reaction path with higher activation energy; this would not lower the rate since the reaction would continue to occur by the non-catalyzed path. Instead, they act either by deactivating catalysts or by removing reaction intermediates such as free radicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Laidler78_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laidler78-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LM82_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LM82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> catalysis, <a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">coking</a> inhibits the catalyst, which becomes covered by <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> side products. </p><p>The inhibitor may modify selectivity in addition to rate. For instance, in the hydrogenation of <a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> (Pd) catalyst partly "poisoned" with <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_acetate" title="Lead(II) acetate">lead(II) acetate</a> (Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) can be used (<a href="/wiki/Lindlar_catalyst" title="Lindlar catalyst">Lindlar catalyst</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lindlar_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindlar-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the deactivation of the catalyst, the alkene produced would be further hydrogenated to <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhibitor can produce this effect by, e.g., selectively poisoning only certain types of active sites. Another mechanism is the modification of surface geometry. For instance, in hydrogenation operations, large planes of metal surface function as sites of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenolysis" title="Hydrogenolysis">hydrogenolysis</a> catalysis while sites catalyzing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> of unsaturates are smaller. Thus, a poison that covers the surface randomly will tend to lower the number of uncontaminated large planes but leave proportionally smaller sites free, thus changing the hydrogenation vs. hydrogenolysis selectivity. Many other mechanisms are also possible. </p><p>Promoters can cover up the surface to prevent the production of a mat of coke, or even actively remove such material (e.g., rhenium on platinum in <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">platforming</a>). They can aid the dispersion of the catalytic material or bind to reagents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)" title="Substrate (chemistry)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">Reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">Product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abzyme" title="Abzyme">Abzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_catalysis" title="Acid catalysis">Acid catalysis</a> (includes Base catalysis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocatalysis" title="Autocatalysis">Autocatalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIG-NSE" title="BIG-NSE">BIG-NSE</a> (Berlin Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Engineering)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalysis_Science_%26_Technology" title="Catalysis Science & Technology">Catalysis Science & Technology</a></i> (a chemistry journal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_resonance_theory" title="Catalytic resonance theory">Catalytic resonance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocatalyst" title="Electrocatalyst">Electrocatalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_triggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental triggers">Environmental triggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_catalysts" title="Industrial catalysts">Industrial catalysts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_probe_force_microscope" title="Kelvin probe force microscope">Kelvin probe force microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_reagent" title="Limiting reagent">Limiting reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murburn_concept" title="Murburn concept">Murburn concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutic_adjuvant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutic adjuvant">Pharmaceutic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-boundary_catalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-boundary catalysis">Phase-boundary catalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transfer_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transfer catalyst">Phase transfer catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photocatalysis" title="Photocatalysis">Photocatalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a> (RNA biocatalyst)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMO_enzymes" title="SUMO enzymes">SUMO enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature-programmed_reduction" title="Temperature-programmed reduction">Temperature-programmed reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_desorption_spectroscopy" title="Thermal desorption spectroscopy">Thermal desorption spectroscopy</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C00876.html">catalyst</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00876">10.1351/goldbook.C00876</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUPACc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPACc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPACc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html">"Catalyst"</a>. <i>IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00876">10.1351/goldbook.C00876</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7"><bdi>978-0-9678550-9-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catalyst&rft.btitle=IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00876&rft.isbn=978-0-9678550-9-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FC00876.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasel2001" class="citation book cs1">Masel, Richard I (2001). <i>Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis</i>. New York: Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24197-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24197-0"><bdi>0-471-24197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Kinetics+and+Catalysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-471-24197-0&rft.aulast=Masel&rft.aufirst=Richard+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfeldFranciscoHase1999" class="citation book cs1">Steinfeld, Jeffrey I.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Hase, William L. (1999). <i>Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics</i> (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-737123-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-737123-3"><bdi>0-13-737123-3</bdi></a>. <q>A catalyst is defined as a chemical substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Kinetics+and+Dynamics&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-13-737123-3&rft.aulast=Steinfeld&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+I.&rft.au=Francisco%2C+Joseph+S.&rft.au=Hase%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2011" class="citation web cs1">Lerner, Louise (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anl.gov/articles/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-catalysis">"7 things you may not know about catalysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+things+you+may+not+know+about+catalysis&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anl.gov%2Farticles%2F7-things-you-may-not-know-about-catalysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidlerMeiser1982" class="citation book cs1">Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982). <i>Physical Chemistry</i>. Benjamin/Cummings. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-5682-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-5682-7"><bdi>0-8053-5682-7</bdi></a>. <q>Inhibitors do not work by introducing a higher reaction path; this would not reduce the rate, since the reaction would continue to occur by the alternative mechanism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8053-5682-7&rft.aulast=Laidler&rft.aufirst=Keith+J.&rft.au=Meiser%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollKirschman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Gregory T.; Kirschman, David L. (January 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00071">"Catalytic Surgical Smoke Filtration Unit Reduces Formaldehyde Levels in a Simulated Operating Room Environment"</a>. <i>ACS Chemical Health & Safety</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 21–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chas.2c00071">10.1021/acs.chas.2c00071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-5532">1871-5532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255047115">255047115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Health+%26+Safety&rft.atitle=Catalytic+Surgical+Smoke+Filtration+Unit+Reduces+Formaldehyde+Levels+in+a+Simulated+Operating+Room+Environment&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255047115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1871-5532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chas.2c00071&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Gregory+T.&rft.au=Kirschman%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chas.2c00071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laidler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laidler_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laidler_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidlerCornish-Bowden1997" class="citation book cs1">Laidler, Keith J.; Cornish-Bowden, Athel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123224920/http://bip.cnrs-mrs.fr/bip10/newbeer/Fulhame.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Elizabeth Fulhame and the discovery of catalysis: 100 years before Buchner"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Cornish-Bowden, Athel (ed.). <i>New beer in an old bottle : Eduard Buchner and the growth of biochemical knowledge</i>. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. pp. 123–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788437033280" title="Special:BookSources/9788437033280"><bdi>9788437033280</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bip.cnrs-mrs.fr/bip10/newbeer/Fulhame.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Elizabeth+Fulhame+and+the+discovery+of+catalysis%3A+100+years+before+Buchner&rft.btitle=New+beer+in+an+old+bottle+%3A+Eduard+Buchner+and+the+growth+of+biochemical+knowledge&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Valencia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788437033280&rft.aulast=Laidler&rft.aufirst=Keith+J.&rft.au=Cornish-Bowden%2C+Athel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbip.cnrs-mrs.fr%2Fbip10%2Fnewbeer%2FFulhame.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Chemical_Society-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Chemical_Society_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Chemical_Society_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner-CanhamRayner-Canham2001" class="citation book cs1">Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey William (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninchemistry0000rayn"><i>Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. American Chemical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-3522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-3522-9"><bdi>978-0-8412-3522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Chemistry%3A+Their+Changing+Roles+from+Alchemical+Times+to+the+Mid-Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8412-3522-9&rft.aulast=Rayner-Canham&rft.aufirst=Marelene&rft.au=Rayner-Canham%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninchemistry0000rayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405195443/http://www.chem.umn.edu/services/lecturedemo/info/genie.htm">"Genie in a Bottle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. March 2, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.umn.edu/services/lecturedemo/info/genie.htm">the original</a> on April 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genie+in+a+Bottle&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2005-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.umn.edu%2Fservices%2Flecturedemo%2Finfo%2Fgenie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorkashvandSarabadani_Tafreshide_Leeuw2023" class="citation journal cs1">Torkashvand, Mostafa; Sarabadani Tafreshi, Saeedeh; de Leeuw, Nora H. (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcatal13050837">"Density Functional Theory Study of the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide over the Co (001) Surface: Implications for the Fischer–Tropsch Process"</a>. <i>Catalysts</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcatal13050837">10.3390/catal13050837</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4344">2073-4344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalysts&rft.atitle=Density+Functional+Theory+Study+of+the+Hydrogenation+of+Carbon+Monoxide+over+the+Co+%28001%29+Surface%3A+Implications+for+the+Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch+Process&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=837&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcatal13050837&rft.issn=2073-4344&rft.aulast=Torkashvand&rft.aufirst=Mostafa&rft.au=Sarabadani+Tafreshi%2C+Saeedeh&rft.au=de+Leeuw%2C+Nora+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fcatal13050837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LM82-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LM82_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LM82_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laidler, K.J. and Meiser, J.H. (1982) <i>Physical Chemistry</i>, Benjamin/Cummings, p. 425. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-12341-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-12341-5">0-618-12341-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidlerMeiser1982" class="citation book cs1">Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982). <i>Physical Chemistry</i>. 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India: S. Chand Publishing. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352830688" title="Special:BookSources/9789352830688"><bdi>9789352830688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.place=India&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789352830688&rft.au=Dhara+SS&rft.au=Umare+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfF1jDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laidler78-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laidler78_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laidler78_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laidler, K.J. (1978) <i>Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications</i>, Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 415–17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-5680-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-5680-0">0-8053-5680-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindlar-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindlar_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindlar_H.Dubuis_R.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lindlar H.; Dubuis R. (2016). "Palladium Catalyst for Partial Reduction of Acetylenes". <i><a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.046.0089">10.15227/orgsyn.046.0089</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=Palladium+Catalyst+for+Partial+Reduction+of+Acetylenes&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15227%2Forgsyn.046.0089&rft.au=Lindlar+H.&rft.au=Dubuis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Collected Volumes</i>, vol. 5, p. 880</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Volumes&rft.pages=880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalysis" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jencks, W.P. (1969) <i>Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology</i> McGraw-Hill, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-032305-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-032305-4">0-07-032305-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, Myron L; Komiyama, Makoto and Bergeron, Raymond J (1984) <i>The Bioorganic Chemistry of Enzymatic Catalysis</i> Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, U.S. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-05991-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-05991-9">0-471-05991-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalysis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catalysis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:catalysis">catalysis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catalysis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catalysis">Catalysis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Catalysis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Catalysis">Catalysis</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530162951/http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/inorganic/catalysis.html">Science Aid: Catalysts</a> Page for high school level science</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aci.anorg.chemie.tu-muenchen.de/wah/vortraege/catalysis.pdf">W.A. Herrmann Technische Universität presentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028140531/http://aci.anorg.chemie.tu-muenchen.de/wah/vortraege/catalysis.pdf">Archived</a> October 28, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~kameyama/">Alumite Catalyst, Kameyama-Sakurai Laboratory, Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inorganic-chemistry-and-catalysis.eu/">Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Utrecht University, The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biw.kuleuven.be/ifc/cok/home.htm">Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udec.cl/~carbocat">Carbons & Catalysts Group, University of Concepcion, Chile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsfcentc.org">Center for Enabling New Technologies Through Catalysis, An NSF Center for Chemical Innovation, USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/42507/title/Bubbles_turn_on_chemical_catalysts">"Bubbles turn on chemical catalysts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722092341/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/42507/title/Bubbles_turn_on_chemical_catalysts">Archived</a> July 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science News magazine online, April 6, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_reaction_mechanisms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Template:Reaction mechanisms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Template talk:Reaction mechanisms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reaction mechanisms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_reaction_mechanisms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">reaction mechanisms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">Nucleophilic substitutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SN1_reaction" title="SN1 reaction">Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN2_reaction" title="SN2 reaction">Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_aromatic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic aromatic substitution">Nucleophilic aromatic substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>Ar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNi" title="SNi">Nucleophilic internal substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_acyl_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic acyl substitution">Nucleophilic acyl substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>Acyl)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_substitution" title="Electrophilic substitution">Electrophilic substitutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution" title="Electrophilic aromatic substitution">Electrophilic aromatic substitution</a> (S<sub>E</sub>Ar)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elimination_reaction" title="Elimination reaction">Elimination reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E1_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="E1 elimination">Unimolecular elimination</a> (E1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E1cB-elimination_reaction" title="E1cB-elimination reaction">E1cB-elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="E2 elimination">Bimolecular elimination</a> (E2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ei_mechanism" title="Ei mechanism">E<sub>i</sub> elimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addition_reaction" title="Addition reaction">Addition reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_addition" title="Electrophilic addition">Electrophilic addition</a> (A<sub>E</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_addition" title="Nucleophilic addition">Nucleophilic addition</a> (A<sub>N</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-radical_addition" title="Free-radical addition">Free-radical addition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">Cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_addition" title="Oxidative addition">Oxidative addition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unimolecular reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intramolecular_reaction" title="Intramolecular reaction">Intramolecular reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">Isomerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">Photodissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Hinshelwood_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism">Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRKM_theory" title="RRKM theory">RRKM theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">Electron/Proton transfer</a> reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_reaction" title="Harpoon reaction">Harpoon reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotthuss_mechanism" title="Grotthuss mechanism">Grotthuss mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_theory" title="Marcus theory">Marcus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_sphere_electron_transfer" title="Inner sphere electron transfer">Inner sphere electron transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_sphere_electron_transfer" title="Outer sphere electron transfer">Outer sphere electron transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_effects" title="Solvent effects">Solvent effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_effect" title="Cage effect">Cage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_isolation" title="Matrix isolation">Matrix isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">Elementary reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_dynamics" title="Reaction dynamics">Reaction dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_intermediate" title="Reactive intermediate">Reactive intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">Radical (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecularity" title="Molecularity">Molecularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_theory" title="Collision theory">Collision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_pushing" title="Arrow pushing">Arrow pushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy_surface" title="Potential energy surface">Potential energy surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_O%27Ferrall%E2%80%93Jencks_plot" title="More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot">More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate_equation" title="Rate equation">Rate equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">Equilibrium constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate-determining_step" title="Rate-determining step">Rate-determining step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_coordinate" title="Reaction coordinate">Reaction coordinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_profile_(chemistry)" title="Energy profile (chemistry)">Energy profile (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_state_theory" title="Transition state theory">Transition state theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">Activation energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_complex" title="Activated complex">Activated complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_equation" title="Arrhenius equation">Arrhenius equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyring_equation" title="Eyring equation">Eyring equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-controlled_reaction" title="Diffusion-controlled reaction">Diffusion-controlled reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electrochemical_cells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galvanic_cells" title="Template:Galvanic cells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galvanic_cells" title="Template talk:Galvanic cells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galvanic_cells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galvanic cells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electrochemical_cells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">Electrochemical cells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">Galvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_cell" title="Concentration cell">Concentration cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_battery" title="Trough battery">Trough battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogalvanic_cell" title="Thermogalvanic cell">Thermogalvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galvanic_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galvanic cell"><img alt="Galvanic cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/150px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/225px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/300px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_battery" title="Primary battery">Primary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(non-rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">Alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Aluminium–air battery">Aluminium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_cell" title="Bunsen cell">Bunsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid_cell" title="Chromic acid cell">Chromic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_cell" title="Clark cell">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_cell" title="Grove cell">Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_cell" title="Leclanché cell">Leclanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_metal_battery" title="Lithium metal battery">Lithium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_battery" title="Mercury battery">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxyhydroxide_battery" title="Nickel oxyhydroxide battery">Nickel oxyhydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Silicon–air battery">Silicon–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide_battery" title="Silver oxide battery">Silver oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_cell" title="Weston cell">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboni_pile" title="Zamboni pile">Zamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">Zinc–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">Zinc–carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Secondary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VRLA_battery" title="VRLA battery">gel–VRLA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium ion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carbon_battery" title="Dual carbon battery">Dual carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium–iron–phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">Lithium–polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Lithium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-titanate_battery" title="Lithium-titanate battery">Lithium–titanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-salt_battery" title="Molten-salt battery">Molten salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopore_battery" title="Nanopore battery">Nanopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">Nanowire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">Nickel–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">Nickel–hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93lithium_battery" title="Nickel–lithium battery">Nickel–lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">Nickel–metal hydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93zinc_battery" title="Nickel–zinc battery">Nickel–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide%E2%80%93bromide_battery" title="Polysulfide–bromide battery">Polysulfide–bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium-ion_battery" title="Potassium-ion battery">Potassium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery" title="Rechargeable alkaline battery">Rechargeable alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Silver–cadmium battery">Silver–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_zinc_battery" title="Silver zinc battery">Silver–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">Sodium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">Sodium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_battery" title="Solid-state battery">Solid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">Vanadium redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">Zinc–bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery" title="Zinc–cerium battery">Zinc–cerium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other cell</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">Atomic battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">Binder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">Cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">Electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-cell" title="Half-cell">Half-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_bridge" title="Salt bridge">Salt bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">Semipermeable membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029921-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020938">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119418709">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119418709">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572118">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="katalýza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121514&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526142">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000087255&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284858305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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