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<span>Oceanography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extreme points</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extreme_points-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extreme points subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extreme_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Antigua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Barbuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Antigua and Barbuda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_d%27Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Xeografía d'Antigua y Barbuda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía d'Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Геаграфія Антыгуа і Барбуды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія Антыгуа і Барбуды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Geografía de Antigua y Barbuda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A2_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جغرافیای آنتیگوآ و باربودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای آنتیگوآ و باربودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_d%27Antigua-et-Barbuda" title="Géographie d'Antigua-et-Barbuda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie d'Antigua-et-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Geografi Antigua dan Barbuda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi Antigua dan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_di_Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Geografia di Antigua e Barbuda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia di Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigvos_ir_Barbudos_geografija" title="Antigvos ir Barbudos geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antigvos ir Barbudos geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Antigui_i_Barbudy" title="Geografia Antigui i Barbudy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Antigui i Barbudy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_de_Ant%C3%ADgua_e_Barbuda" title="Geografia de Antígua e Barbuda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia de Antígua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="География Антигуа и Барбуды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Антигуа и Барбуды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_e_Antiguas_dhe_Barbud%C3%ABs" title="Gjeografia e Antiguas dhe Barbudës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia e Antiguas dhe Barbudës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Географія Антигуа і Барбуди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Антигуа і Барбуди" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Antigua and Barbuda</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ac-map.png/260px-Ac-map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Ac-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_03_N_61_48_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.050°N 61.800°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.050; -61.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Ranked 181st</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">442.6 km<sup>2</sup> (170.9 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">95.33%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">4.67%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">153 km (95 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data">No land borders</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boggy_Peak" title="Boggy Peak">Boggy Peak</a> <br /> 402 meters (1,319 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <br /> 0 metres (0 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data">Potsworks Reservoir <br /> 2.430 ha (6.00 acres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terrain</th><td class="infobox-data">low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural resources</th><td class="infobox-data">marine resources, cotton</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Environmental issues</th><td class="infobox-data">water management, deforestation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exclusive economic zone</th><td class="infobox-data">110,089 km<sup>2</sup> (42,506 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Antigua_And_Barbuda_in_September_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Satellite_image_of_Antigua_And_Barbuda_in_September_2002.jpg/260px-Satellite_image_of_Antigua_And_Barbuda_in_September_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Satellite_image_of_Antigua_And_Barbuda_in_September_2002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Antigua and Barbuda.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> lie in the eastern arc of the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> is 650 km (400 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> lies 48 km (30 mi) due north of Antigua, and the uninhabited island of <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a> is 56 km (35 mi) southwest of Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest island of Antigua, is 21 km (about a dozen miles) across and 281 km<sup>2</sup> (about a hundred square miles) in area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbuda covers 161 km<sup>2</sup> (62 sq mi) while Redonda encompasses 2.6 km<sup>2</sup> (1.0 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a>, located at St. John's Harbour on the northwest coast of Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal city of Barbuda is <a href="/wiki/Codrington,_Barbuda" title="Codrington, Barbuda">Codrington</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Codrington_Lagoon" title="Codrington Lagoon">Codrington Lagoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Antigua and Barbuda <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 18% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,120 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 10,110 hectares (ha) in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geology of Antigua and Barbuda">Geology of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <p>Antigua and Barbuda both are generally low-lying islands whose terrain has been influenced more by <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> formations than <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest point on Antigua is <a href="/wiki/Boggy_Peak" title="Boggy Peak">Boggy Peak</a>, the remnant of a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> crater rising 402 meters (1,319 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mountain is located amid a bulge of <a href="/wiki/Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Hills">hills</a> of volcanic origin in the southwestern part of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake Estate is the third tallest recorded point on Antigua.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The limestone formations in the northeast and northwest are separated from the southwestern volcanic area by a central plain of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> formations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The map of northeastern Antigua features several small and tiny islands, some inhabited. Barbuda's highest elevation is 44.5 metres (146 ft), part of the highland plateau east of Codrington.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 435">: 435 </span></sup> The shorelines of both islands are greatly indented with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands are rimmed by reefs and shoals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are few streams as rainfall is slight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both islands lack adequate amounts of fresh groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiny <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a> rises to 246 metres (807 ft) and has very little level ground, while Barbuda is very flat with few if any hills.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oceanography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the spread out islands it has an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> of 110,089 km<sup>2</sup> (42,506 sq mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islands">Islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_5_0_N_61_48_0_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°5′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.08333°N 61.80000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.08333; -61.80000</span></span></span></a></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prickly_Pear_Island" title="Prickly Pear Island">Prickly Pear Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_10_33_N_61_47_53_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°10′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°47′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.17583°N 61.79806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.17583; -61.79806</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bird_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Great Bird Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Great Bird Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_46_N_61_43_31_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′31″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.14611°N 61.72528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.14611; -61.72528</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galley_Islands_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galley Islands (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Galley Island Major</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_08_35.5_N_61_43_37.5_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°08′35.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′37.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.143194°N 61.727083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.143194; -61.727083</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galley_Islands_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galley Islands (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Galley Island Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exchange_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exchange Island (page does not exist)">Exchange Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_08_11_N_61_43_23_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°08′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.13639°N 61.72306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.13639; -61.72306</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbit_Island_(Antigua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbit Island (Antigua) (page does not exist)">Rabbit Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_10_N_61_43_52_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.13611°N 61.73111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.13611; -61.73111</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobster_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobster Island (page does not exist)">Lobster Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_1_N_61_43_47_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.13361°N 61.72972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.13361; -61.72972</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Long Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Long Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_9_19_N_61_45_14_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°9′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°45′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.15528°N 61.75389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.15528; -61.75389</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiden_Island_(Northwest_Antigua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiden Island (Northwest Antigua) (page does not exist)">Maiden Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_44_N_61_45_48_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°45′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.14556°N 61.76333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.14556; -61.76333</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rat_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rat Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Rat Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_7_44_N_61_46_11_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°7′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°46′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.12889°N 61.76972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.12889; -61.76972</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Bird_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Bird Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Little Bird Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_09_27_N_61_44_17_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°09′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°44′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.15750°N 61.73806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.15750; -61.73806</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hells_Gate_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hells Gate Island (page does not exist)">Hells Gate Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_26_N_61_43_18_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′18″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.14056°N 61.72167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.14056; -61.72167</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocle_Point_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monocle Point Island (page does not exist)">Monocle Point Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Head_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Head Island (page does not exist)">Red Head Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_16_N_61_43_41_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.13778°N 61.72806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.13778; -61.72806</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Island" title="Guiana Island">Guiana Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_7_26_N_61_43_57_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°7′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.12389°N 61.73250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.12389; -61.73250</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crump_Island" title="Crump Island">Crump Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_6_32_N_61_43_8_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°6′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′8″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.10889°N 61.71889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.10889; -61.71889</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanny_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanny Island (page does not exist)">Nanny Island</a> (Henry Island) <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_04_05_N_61_41_26_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°04′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°41′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.06806°N 61.69056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.06806; -61.69056</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laviscounts_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laviscounts Island (page does not exist)">Laviscounts Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_5_57_N_61_43_24_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°5′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′24″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.09917°N 61.72333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.09917; -61.72333</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bird Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Bird Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_4_45_N_61_40_20_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°4′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°40′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.07917°N 61.67222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.07917; -61.67222</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Round_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Round Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Round Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawes_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawes Island (page does not exist)">Hawes Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_6_46_N_61_43_40_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°6′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°43′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.11278°N 61.72778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.11278; -61.72778</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Little Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Green Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Green Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_4_11_N_61_39_58_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°4′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°39′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.06972°N 61.66611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.06972; -61.66611</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Pelican Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Pelican Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_06_21_N_61_42_17_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°06′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°42′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.10583°N 61.70472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.10583; -61.70472</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="York Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">York Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_3_11_N_61_40_9_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°3′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°40′9″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.05306°N 61.66917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.05306; -61.66917</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codrington_Island" title="Codrington Island">Codrington Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_6_9_N_61_42_21_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°6′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°42′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.10250°N 61.70583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.10250; -61.70583</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blake_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blake Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Blake Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_0_52_N_61_46_58_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°0′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°46′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.01444°N 61.78278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.01444; -61.78278</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon Island (page does not exist)">Cinnamon Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_7_21_N_61_47_9_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°7′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°47′9″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.12250°N 61.78583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.12250; -61.78583</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawksbill_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawksbill Rock (page does not exist)">Hawksbill Rock</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_6_43_N_61_54_8_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°6′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°54′8″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.11194°N 61.90222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.11194; -61.90222</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Johnson Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_01_31_N_61_53_28_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°01′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°53′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.02528°N 61.89111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.02528; -61.89111</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiden_Island_(Five_Islands_Harbour)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiden Island (Five Islands Harbour) (page does not exist)">Maiden Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_5_44_N_61_53_14_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°5′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°53′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.09556°N 61.88722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.09556; -61.88722</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moor_Rock_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moor Rock (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Moor Rock</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_09_49_N_61_45_27.0_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°09′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°45′27.0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.16361°N 61.757500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.16361; -61.757500</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouse_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mouse Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Mouse Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_07_42.0_N_61_46_13_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°07′42.0″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°46′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.128333°N 61.77028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.128333; -61.77028</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neck_of_Land_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neck of Land (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Neck of Land</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_03_40_N_61_40_29_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°03′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°40′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.06111°N 61.67472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.06111; -61.67472</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandy Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Sandy Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_8_4_N_61_55_36_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°8′4″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°55′36″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.13444°N 61.92667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.13444; -61.92667</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Smith Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_2_27_N_61_40_48_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°2′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°40′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.04083°N 61.68000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.04083; -61.68000</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sisters_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sisters (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">The Sisters</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_9_39_N_61_52_6_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°9′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°52′6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.16083°N 61.86833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.16083; -61.86833</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernon%27s_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernon's Island (page does not exist)">Vernon's Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_6_51_N_61_46_8_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°6′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°46′8″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.11417°N 61.76889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.11417; -61.76889</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Will_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicked Will Island (page does not exist)">Wicked Will Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_02_53.5_N_61_40_19.5_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°02′53.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°40′19.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.048194°N 61.672083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.048194; -61.672083</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_37_0_N_61_48_0_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°37′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.61667°N 61.80000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.61667; -61.80000</span></span></span></a></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goat_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goat Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Goat Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_42_20_N_61_50_49_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°42′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°50′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.70556°N 61.84694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.70556; -61.84694</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kid_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kid Island (page does not exist)">Kid Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_41_47_N_61_48_52_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°41′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.69639°N 61.81444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.69639; -61.81444</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_of_War_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man of War Island (Antigua and Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Man of War Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_40_5_N_61_51_5_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°40′5″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°51′5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.66806°N 61.85139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.66806; -61.85139</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbit_Island_(Barbuda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbit Island (Barbuda) (page does not exist)">Rabbit Island</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_42_23_N_61_49_36_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°42′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°49′36″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.70639°N 61.82667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.70639; -61.82667</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=16_56_20_N_62_20_30_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°56′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°20′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.93889°N 62.34167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.93889; -62.34167</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The islands' climate is classified as Tropical Maritime<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is moderated by fairly constant northeast tradewinds, with velocities ranging between 30 and 48 km/h (19 and 30 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little precipitation because of the islands' low elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pleasant climate fosters <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. </p><p>Rainfall averages 990 mm (39 in) per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general the wettest period is between September and November.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">Hurricanes</a> strike on an average of once a year<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between July and October.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Temperatures average 27 °C (80.6 °F), with a range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) in the winter to 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer and autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 August 1995, a temperature of 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) was recorded at St. John's. This is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Antigua and Barbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-Antiguaclimate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiguaclimate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antiguaclimatedata_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiguaclimatedata-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coolest period is between December and February.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda (<a href="/wiki/V._C._Bird_International_Airport" title="V. C. Bird International Airport">V. C. Bird International Airport</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6<br />(2.23) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.9<br />(1.77) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(1.81) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(2.83) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6<br />(3.53) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0<br />(2.44) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #6AFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.4<br />(3.91) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.6<br />(5.18) </td> <td style="background: #2BFF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.2<br />(5.60) </td> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.1<br />(5.32) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.4<br />(3.28) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,049.2<br />(41.31) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">124.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Antigua/Barbuda Meteorological Services<sup id="cite_ref-climate1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-climate2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_Rd,_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Valley_Rd%2C_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/260px-Valley_Rd%2C_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Valley_Rd%2C_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/390px-Valley_Rd%2C_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Valley_Rd%2C_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/520px-Valley_Rd%2C_Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Outcroppings on Valley road in Antigua and Barbuda</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG/260px-Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG/390px-Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG/520px-Antigua_Southern_Shore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Antigua southern shore</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_beach_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Antigua_beach_view.jpg/260px-Antigua_beach_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Antigua_beach_view.jpg/390px-Antigua_beach_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Antigua_beach_view.jpg/520px-Antigua_beach_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Antigua beach view</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Environmental issues in Antigua and Barbuda">Environmental issues in Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> faces unique environmental issues created by its proximity to the ocean, and small size. These include pressures on drinking water resources, natural ecosystems, and deforestation more generally. </p><p>Existing issues on the island are further made worse by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, where, not unlike other <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_island_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on island nations">island nations affected by climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and increased weather variability, create increased pressures on the communities on the islands and the land, through processes like <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Not only do these issues threaten the residents of the island, but also interfere with the economy – where tourism is 80% of the GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2017 hurricane season was particularly destructive, with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>, repeatedly damaging vulnerable infrastructure on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Location</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> are <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands between the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, east-southeast of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.</dd> <dt>Geographic coordinates</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_03_N_61_48_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.050°N 61.800°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.050; -61.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></dd> <dt>Area</dt> <dd> <ul><li>Total: 442.6 km<sup>2</sup> (170.9 sq mi) (Antigua 280 km<sup>2</sup> (110 sq mi); Barbuda 161 km<sup>2</sup> (62 sq mi))</li> <li><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 205</li> <li>Land: 442.6 km<sup>2</sup> (170.9 sq mi)</li> <li>Note: Includes Redonda, 1.6 km<sup>2</sup> (0.62 sq mi):</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Maritime claims</dt> <dd> <ul><li>Territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)</li> <li>Contiguous zone: 24 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)</li> <li>Exclusive economic zone: 110,089 km<sup>2</sup> (42,506 sq mi) and 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)</li> <li>Continental shelf: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the edge of the continental margin</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Terrain</dt> <dd>Mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas</dd> <dt>Land use</dt> <dd> <ul><li>Arable land: 20.5%</li> <li>Permanent crops: 2.3%</li> <li>Permanent pasture: 9.1%</li> <li>Forest: 22.3%</li> <li>Other: 57.2% (2011)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Irrigated land</dt> <dd>1.3 km<sup>2</sup> (0.50 sq mi) (2012)</dd> <dt>Total renewable water resources</dt> <dd>0.05 km<sup>3</sup> (0.012 cu mi) (2011)</dd> <dt>Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)</dt> <dd> <ul><li>Total: 0.01 km<sup>3</sup> (0.0024 cu mi)/yr (63%/21%/15%)</li> <li>Per capita: 97.67 m<sup>3</sup> (128 cu yd)/yr (2005)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Environment - current issues</dt> <dd>Water management, a major concern because of limited natural fresh water resources, is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly</dd> <dt>Environment</dt> <dd>international agreements <ul><li>Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Geography - note</dt> <dd>Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors and beaches. Antigua's southernmost point is <a href="/wiki/Cape_Shirley" title="Cape Shirley">Cape Shirley</a>.</dd> <dd>Barbuda has a large western harbor.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extreme points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antigua">Antigua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antigua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Northernmost point – <a href="/wiki/Boon_Point" title="Boon Point">Boon Point</a></li> <li>Easternmost point - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_of_War_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man of War Point (page does not exist)">Man of War Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Green Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Green Island</a></li> <li>Easternmost point (mainland only) - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neck_of_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neck of Land (page does not exist)">Neck of Land</a></li> <li>Southernmost point - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanton_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanton Point (page does not exist)">Nanton Point</a></li> <li>Southernmost point (including Redonda) - headland on southern coast of Redonda (<i>also the southernmost point in Antigua and Barbuda</i>)</li> <li>Westernmost point - Five Islands</li> <li>Westernmost point (including Redonda) - headland on Western coast of Redonda (<i>also the westernmost point in Antigua and Barbuda</i>)</li> <li>Westernmost point (mainland only) - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearns_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearns Point (page does not exist)">Pearns Point</a></li> <li>Lowest point: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>: 0 m</li> <li>Highest point: <a href="/wiki/Boggy_Peak" title="Boggy Peak">Boggy Peak</a>: 402 m (1,319 ft)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbuda">Barbuda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Barbuda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Northernmost point – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goat_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goat Point (page does not exist)">Goat Point</a> (<i>also the northernmost point in Antigua and Barbuda</i>)</li> <li>Easternmost point – unnamed headland on eastern coast (<i>also the easternmost point in Antigua and Barbuda</i>)</li> <li>Southernmost point – <a href="/wiki/Coco_Point" title="Coco Point">Coco Point</a></li> <li>Westernmost point – Cedar Tree Point</li> <li>Highest point – the northern edge of the eastern plateau (44.5m)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RainForests+Mongabay&rft.atitle=Deforestation+statistics+for+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frainforests.mongabay.com%2Fdeforestation%2Farchive%2FAntigua_and_Barbuda.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/world/vulnerability-eastern-caribbean-countries">"Vulnerability of Eastern Caribbean Countries - World"</a>. <i>ReliefWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Vulnerability+of+Eastern+Caribbean+Countries+-+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fworld%2Fvulnerability-eastern-caribbean-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_North_America" title="Template:Geography of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Geography of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_America" title="Geography of North America">Geography of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Bahamas" title="Geography of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados" title="Geography of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belize" title="Geography of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Costa_Rica" title="Geography of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Dominica" title="Geography of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador" title="Geography of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Grenada" title="Geography of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Honduras" title="Geography of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Geography of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_North_America.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/100px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/200px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Anguilla" title="Geography of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Aruba" title="Geography of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Geography of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Geography of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guadeloupe" title="Geography of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Martinique" title="Geography of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montserrat" title="Geography of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of North America">Climate of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_States" title="Climate of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greenland" title="Climate of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Climate of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> 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