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<li id="toc-Topography_and_natural_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography_and_natural_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Topography and natural regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topography_and_natural_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topography and natural regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topography_and_natural_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_plain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_plain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coastal plain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_plain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_plain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_plain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Interior plain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_plain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Central belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukhan_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukhan_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dukhan region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dukhan_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Southern desert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sakbhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakbhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sakbhas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakbhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Depressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valleys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valleys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Valleys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valleys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wildlife subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_mineral_deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_mineral_deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geology and mineral deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_mineral_deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources_and_land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources_and_land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Resources and land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources_and_land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_human_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_human_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political and human geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_human_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="جغرافيا قطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا قطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Qatar" title="Xeografía de Qatar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía de Qatar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99t%C9%99r_co%C4%9Frafiyas%C4%B1" title="Qətər coğrafiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qətər coğrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="কাতারের ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাতারের ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_Kataru" title="Geografie Kataru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geografie Kataru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie_Katars" title="Geographie Katars – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographie Katars" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Catar" title="Geografía de Catar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Catar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="جغرافیای قطر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای قطر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_du_Qatar" title="Géographie du Qatar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie du Qatar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Qatar" title="Geografi Qatar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi Qatar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_del_Qatar" title="Geografia del Qatar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia del Qatar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8" title="גאוגרפיה של קטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה של קטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataro_geografija" title="Kataro geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kataro geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Qatar" title="Geografi Qatar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geografi Qatar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="カタールの地理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタールの地理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarsk_geografi" title="Qatarsk geografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qatarsk geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Kataru" title="Geografia Kataru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Kataru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_do_Catar" title="Geografia do Catar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia do Catar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="География Катара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Катара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جوگرافیای قەتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوگرافیای قەتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarin_maantiede" title="Qatarin maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qatarin maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Географія Катару – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Катару" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="卡塔尔地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡塔尔地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Qatar</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QatarOMCmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/QatarOMCmap.png/250px-QatarOMCmap.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/QatarOMCmap.png/375px-QatarOMCmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/QatarOMCmap.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Qatar&params=25.30_N_51.15_E_source:enwiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°18′N</span> <span class="longitude">51°09′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.30°N 51.15°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.30; 51.15</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Ranked 164th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">11,571 km<sup>2</sup> (4,468 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">100%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">563 km (350 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>: 60 km (37 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qurayn_Abu_al_Bawl" title="Qurayn Abu al Bawl">Qurayn Abu al Bawl</a>,<br /> 103 m (338 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Sabkha" title="Dukhan Sabkha">Dukhan Sabkha</a>,<br /> −7 m (−23 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data">arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terrain</th><td class="infobox-data">mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural resources</th><td class="infobox-data">petroleum, natural gas, fish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">haze, dust storms, sandstorms common</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Environmental issues</th><td class="infobox-data">limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exclusive economic zone</th><td class="infobox-data">31,590 km<sup>2</sup> (12,197 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg/220px-Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg/330px-Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg/440px-Qatar_31_January_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of Qatar in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Qatar</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> in the east of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in a strategic location near major <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> deposits. The <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">State of Qatar</a> occupies 11,571 km<sup>2</sup> (4,468 sq mi) on a peninsula that extends about 160 km (99 mi) north into the Persian Gulf from the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varying in width between 55 and 90 km (34 and 56 mi), the land is mainly flat (the highest point is 103 m (338 ft)) and rocky.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable features include coastal salt pans, elevated limestone formations (the Dukhan anticline) along the west coast under which lies the <a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Field" title="Dukhan Field">Dukhan oil field</a>, and massive sand dunes surrounding <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a>, an inlet of the Persian Gulf in the southeast known to local English speakers as the Inland Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area_and_boundaries">Area and boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Area and boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qatar has one <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia border">land border</a>. The country borders <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the south. The boundary with Saudi Arabia was settled in 1965 but never demarcated.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This terrestrial sector extends from the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Salwah" title="Gulf of Salwah">Gulf of Salwah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Samra" title="Abu Samra">Abu Samra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spanning a linear distance of approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qatar presents as a peninsula encompassed by the tepid waters of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> on its eastern and northern flanks. The western margin is delineated by the Gulf of Salwah, a concave formation which effectively severs Qatar's terrestrial connection with the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa</a> coast and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qatar's northwest coast is fewer than 30 km (19 mi) from the main islands of Bahrain,<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the small <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a> of Bahrain are only 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) off the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest islet of the Hawar Islands is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) off Qatari mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peninsula's northernmost point is <a href="/wiki/Ras_Rakan" title="Ras Rakan">Ras Rakan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_claims">Maritime claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maritime claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qatar's maritime boundaries include a contiguous zone of 24 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (44.4 km; 27.6 mi), an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> of 31,590 km<sup>2</sup> (12,197 sq mi) as determined by bilateral agreements, and 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) of territorial sea. Maritime boundaries were ratified in April 1992 with Decree No. 40.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclusive economic zone was declared in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Situated on the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the Qatari promontory extends longitudinally into the waters, affording it a strategic position for the interception of rain-bearing winds and the regulation of maritime currents in the south-western basin of the Persian Gulf. The extended coastline facilitates the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> banks and piscatorial resources while also providing access to subaqueous <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">petroleum deposits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from hosting large numbers of pearl beds yielding high quality pearls,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qatari waters also host 48% of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qatari coast is further distinguished by its manifold indentations, comprising both convex protrusions of land into the sea, such as <a href="/wiki/Ras_Laffan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Laffan">Ras Laffan</a>, and concave incursions of water into the terrestrial mass. Moreover, the littoral serves as a natural harbour and transit point for numerous vessels plying the waters of the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Qatar" title="List of islands of Qatar">List of islands of Qatar</a></div> <p>Of the islands belonging to Qatar, <a href="/wiki/Halul_Island" title="Halul Island">Halul</a> is the most important.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lying about 90 km (56 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, it serves as a storage area and loading terminal for oil from the surrounding offshore fields.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar and the adjacent islands</a> immediately off the west coast are the subject of a territorial dispute between Qatar and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long summer (June through September) is characterized by intense heat and alternating dryness and humidity, with temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures are moderate from November to March,<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranging from as high as 39 °C (102 °F) in April to as low as 7 °C (45 °F) in January.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall averages 100 mm (3.9 in) per year, confined to the winter months, and falling in brief storms which are occasionally heavy enough to flood the small ravines and the usually dry wadis.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sudden, violent dust storms occasionally descend on the peninsula, blotting out the sun, causing wind damage, and temporarily disrupting transport and other services.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scarcity of rainfall and the limited underground water, most of which has such a high mineral content that it is unsuitable for drinking or irrigation, severely restricted the population and the extent of agricultural and industrial development the country could support until desalination projects began.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although water continues to be provided from underground sources, most is obtained by desalination of seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Doha (1962–2013, extremes 1962–2013) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(114.8) </td> <td style="background: #A90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.7<br />(117.9) </td> <td style="background: #960000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.1<br />(120.4) </td> <td style="background: #840000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.4<br />(122.7) </td> <td style="background: #9D0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.6<br />(119.5) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.2<br />(115.2) </td> <td style="background: #E40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.4<br />(110.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #840000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.4<br />(122.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(106.9) </td> <td style="background: #F90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(107.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(0.52) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(0.67) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(0.63) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(0.34) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(0.14) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(0.13) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(0.48) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.2<br />(2.95) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.5 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">342.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.5 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">328.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,432.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Qatar Meteorological Department (Climate Normals 1962–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"> <caption>Sea Climate Data For Doha </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">27.8<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #1B0000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">32.8<br />(91) </td> <td style="background: #0B0000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">26.9<br />(80.5) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topography_and_natural_regions">Topography and natural regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Topography and natural regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Qatar_Topography.png/220px-Qatar_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Qatar_Topography.png/330px-Qatar_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Qatar_Topography.png/440px-Qatar_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2759" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Qatar</figcaption></figure> <p>The peninsula of Qatar is low-lying. Its shape is the surface expression of the <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlinal</a> Qatar Arch,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed during the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> Amar Collision about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=640–620">640 to 620</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is enveloped by loose sand and pebbles broken off the outcropping <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Smooth plains covered by fine-grained dust are found in the east, while the south and south-west portions of the peninsula mainly comprise <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">sand dunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flats</a> (locally known as <a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkhas</a>), particularly near <a href="/wiki/Mesaieed" title="Mesaieed">Mesaieed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nayeem1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nayeem1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sakbahs can also be found in western Qatar, near <a href="/wiki/Dukhan" title="Dukhan">Dukhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawda_Natheel" title="Sawda Natheel">Sawda Natheel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abulali_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abulali-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill ranges (jebels) can be found in western Qatar near Dukhan and at <a href="/wiki/Fuwayrit#Jebel_Fuwayrit" title="Fuwayrit">Jebel Fuwayrit</a> on the northeast coast.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For purposes of categorization, the country is divided into five principal regions: coastal plain, interior plain, central belt, Dukhan region, and southern desert.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_plain">Coastal plain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coastal plain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The littoral of Qatar, extending some 650 kilometres (400 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Samra" title="Abu Samra">Abu Samra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ar_Ru%27ays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Ru'ays">Ar Ru'ays</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">emergent</a> and characterized by recent geological formations. The western coast from Abu Samra to Ras Dukhan is relatively straight, while northward to Ar Ru'ays is indented with circular and oblong water incursions. The eastern coast is broader, with elevations increasing eastward from Dohah Al Husain.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many flat, low-lying offshore islands are located near the coast and are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a>. As a result of salt water coming into contact with the low-lying land, many <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flats</a> (known locally as <a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkhas</a>) have formed near the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-nayeem1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nayeem1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_plain">Interior plain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interior plain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar,_Simaisma_(12),_desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%2812%29%2C_desert.jpg/220px-Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%2812%29%2C_desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%2812%29%2C_desert.jpg/330px-Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%2812%29%2C_desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%2812%29%2C_desert.jpg/440px-Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%2812%29%2C_desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Desert of <a href="/wiki/Simaisma" title="Simaisma">Simaisma</a>, located in the southern section of the interior plain region</figcaption></figure> <p>Commencing at the inland margins of the coastal strip, this region is demarcated in the north by the <a href="/wiki/Al_Mafjar" title="Al Mafjar">Al Mafjar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhalouf" title="Abu Dhalouf">Abu Dhalouf</a> line. It broadens considerably southward, with its northern sector spanning 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) between <a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BDAdhbah" title="Al-ʽAdhbah">Al-ʽAdhbah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ar_Rakiyat" title="Ar Rakiyat">Ar Rakiyat</a>, while its southern base between <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Qahab" title="Umm Al Qahab">Umm Al Qahab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Suwaihliya" title="Al Suwaihliya">Al Suwaihliya</a> measures 46.5 kilometres (28.9 mi). The surface is studded with eleven <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">closed basins</a>. The northern sector is relatively flat, while the central sector, between <a href="/wiki/Fuwayrit" title="Fuwayrit">Fuwayrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rawdat_Al_Faras" title="Rawdat Al Faras">Rawdat Al Faras</a>, exhibits more complex topography with elevations ranging from 11 metres (36 ft) to 21 metres (69 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_belt">Central belt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Central belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This zone aligns with Qatar's primary north-south oriented dome. It is distinguished by its topographical diversity, with elevations ranging from 31 metres (102 ft) to 49 metres (161 ft) above sea level. The surface is uneven, with circular or rectangular hills along the western borders reaching heights of 41 metres (135 ft) to 49 metres (161 ft). Fourteen closed basins are scattered throughout, smaller in the east within the Rus Formation and larger in the west within the Dammam Formation. The highest points are found in the hills southeast of <a href="/wiki/Al_Jemailiya" title="Al Jemailiya">Al Jemailiya</a> and to the west of the Al Jemailiya-Ash-Shahaniyah road.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dukhan_region">Dukhan region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dukhan region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg/220px-Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg/330px-Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg/440px-Rawdat_Jarrah_separating_Dukhan_Sabkha_from_Bay_of_Zekreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Landscape near the <a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Sabkha" title="Dukhan Sabkha">Dukhan Sabkha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Occupying the greater part of Qatar's western flank, this area extends 87 kilometres (54 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Ras_Abrouq" title="Ras Abrouq">Ras Abrouq</a> in the north to An Nakhsh in the south. It is characterized by complex structural units, with elevations reaching 92 metres (302 ft) at Khashm An-Nakhsh and depressions as low as −5 metres (−16 ft) below sea level in the <a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Sabkha" title="Dukhan Sabkha">Dukhan Sabkha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sabkha, the largest inland salt flat in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, runs for approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi), occupies an area of 73 km<sup>2</sup> (28 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accommodates the lowest point of Qatar at −6 metres (−20 ft) below sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-abulali_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abulali-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Nakhsh" title="Jebel Nakhsh">Jebel Nakhsh</a>, a notable <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">mountain ridge</a> south of Dukhan, contains substantial deposits of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_desert">Southern desert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunes_at_Khawr_al_Udayd_in_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dunes_at_Khawr_al_Udayd_in_2004.jpg/220px-Dunes_at_Khawr_al_Udayd_in_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dunes_at_Khawr_al_Udayd_in_2004.jpg/330px-Dunes_at_Khawr_al_Udayd_in_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Dunes_at_Khawr_al_Udayd_in_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Sand dunes at <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This region occupies 34.7% of Qatar's total area, south of Doha's latitude. It bears topographical similitude to the desert areas of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, with undulating sand dunes interspersed with rocky <a href="/wiki/Hamada" title="Hamada">hamada</a> surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divided into four sub-regions: </p> <ol><li>Al Urayq: A triangular area in the extreme west, with its apex at Abu Samra. Its northern side aligns with the southern extremity of the Doha-Abu Samra road, and its southern side follows the border line from Abu Samra towards the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Miocene-Tiwar: Characterized by isolated hills amidst a rocky plain. The hills reach a maximum of 103 metres (338 ft) and include Qatar's highest point, <a href="/wiki/Qurayn_Abu_al_Bawl" title="Qurayn Abu al Bawl">Qurayn Abu al Bawl</a>. This sub-region is concentrated in the southwestern part of the Qatar Peninsula, including areas like <a href="/wiki/Mukaynis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukaynis">Mukaynis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Kharrara" title="Al Kharrara">Al Kharrara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Jallal" title="Wadi Jallal">Wadi Jallal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rocky surfaces: Consisting of expanses of exposed bedrock, often weathered into flat, stony plains known as desert pavements. The surface may be covered by a mosaic of closely packed pebbles and rock fragments, or in some places by a thin layer of indurated mineral deposits forming a hard crust. This sub-region is divided into two units: one shaped like a trapezoid bounded by the water pipeline passing through <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nakhla" title="Abu Nakhla">Abu Nakhla</a> to Mesaieed, and another extending from Umm Jawlaq southeastward through Al Khubayb, Al Fulayhah, and Umm Al Hayran to Khor Al Adaid.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sand dunes: Occupying 1.6% of Qatar's area, with dunes reaching heights of 38 metres (125 ft) to 67 metres (220 ft). Interspersed among the dunes are numerous closed basins with floors varying in elevation from 19 metres (62 ft) to 34 metres (112 ft) metres above sea level, resulting in an undulating topography. The northern boundary of this sub-region aligns with the latitude of Umm Owaina.<sup id="cite_ref-qencyclopedia_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qencyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landforms">Landforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Landforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg/220px-Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg/330px-Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg/440px-Fossilized_dugong_bones_in_sabkha_in_southwest_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Coastal <a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkha</a> in southwest Qatar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sakbhas">Sakbhas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sakbhas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peninsula is notable for its <a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkhas</a>, or salt flats, of which the two distinct varieties are coastal and inland. The coastal sabkhas, more prevalent on the eastern seaboard, encompass an area of approximately 75 km<sup>2</sup> (29 sq mi). These coastal formations rarely exceed an elevation of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) metres above sea level, with some portions lying below the waterline. Consequently, during exceptionally high tides, often exacerbated by strong easterly winds, seawater may inundate these low-lying areas.<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb29_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb29-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inland sabkhas, while less common, are of significant geological interest. A prominent example, <a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Sabkha" title="Dukhan Sabkha">Dukhan Sabkha</a>, lies 3 kilometres east of Jebel Dukhan and south of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Zekreet" title="Bay of Zekreet">Bay of Zekreet</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depression</a>, covering 73 km<sup>2</sup> (28 sq mi), is largely situated below sea level and contains the lowest point in Qatar at −6 metres (−20 ft) below the sea's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stretches 24 kilometres from north to south and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from east to west.<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb29_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb29-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second notable inland sabkha complex straddles the borders of Qatar, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. This formation comprises three discrete areas: <a href="/wiki/Sawda_Natheel" title="Sawda Natheel">Sawda Natheel</a> to the south, Jawa Salama to the west, and Al Khufus to the east. These sabkhas, mostly subsea in elevation, collectively span an area of 25 km<sup>2</sup> (9.7 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb29_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb29-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depressions">Depressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Depressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_depression_(rawda)_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_depression_%28rawda%29_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg/220px-A_depression_%28rawda%29_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_depression_%28rawda%29_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg/330px-A_depression_%28rawda%29_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_depression_%28rawda%29_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg/440px-A_depression_%28rawda%29_near_Jebel_Jassasiya_in_northern_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">rawda</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Jassasiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Jassasiya">Jebel Jassasiya</a> in northern Qatar</figcaption></figure> <p>The surface of the Qatar Peninsula is punctuated by numerous small <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depressions</a>, referred to as <i>rawda</i> or the plural <i>riyadh</i>. These formations present as enclosed basins, save for those in the south-central region which may be open on one or more sides. The morphology of these depressions is diverse, ranging from circular to elongated forms, with some exhibiting irregular platforms. The scale of these depressions also varies widely. The most extensive, such as the Almajdah Depression, stretch for several kilometres, while the smallest span mere tens of metres. Their formation is primarily attributed to the dissolution of surface limestone by <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">rainwater runoff</a>, a process that has been active across much of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb30_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb30-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valleys">Valleys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Valleys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry valleys, known as <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a>, are featured most prominently in Qatar's northern region and the vicinity of Jebel Dukhan. They are characterised by their internal drainage systems, which terminate in shallow depressions rarely exceeding 2 to 3 metres in depth. While they may extend for several kilometres in length, they maintain a remarkably narrow profile, with a width invariably less than 100 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb30_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb30-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hills">Hills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar,_Zekreet_(Bir_Zekrit)(8),_desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Qatar%2C_Zekreet_%28Bir_Zekrit%29%288%29%2C_desert.jpg/220px-Qatar%2C_Zekreet_%28Bir_Zekrit%29%288%29%2C_desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Qatar%2C_Zekreet_%28Bir_Zekrit%29%288%29%2C_desert.jpg/330px-Qatar%2C_Zekreet_%28Bir_Zekrit%29%288%29%2C_desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Qatar%2C_Zekreet_%28Bir_Zekrit%29%288%29%2C_desert.jpg/440px-Qatar%2C_Zekreet_%28Bir_Zekrit%29%288%29%2C_desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Flat-topped hills in the <a href="/wiki/Zekreet_Peninsula" title="Zekreet Peninsula">Zekreet Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The peninsula features several low hills scattered throughout its western and southern regions. Notable among these is Jebel Dukhan, a series of convex hillocks extending 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-south along the west coast. The peninsula's terrain also features distinctive flat-topped hills, formed by horizontal strata capped with relatively hard rock. These formations exhibit steep, often concave or stepped slopes, shaped by varying degrees of rock resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb32_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb32-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Topographical features range from small, conical hills—where the resistant rock cap has eroded—to more extensive mesa-like formations. Elevation varies considerably; in the <a href="/wiki/Zekreet_Peninsula" title="Zekreet Peninsula">Zekreet Peninsula</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Al_Khor_(city)" title="Al Khor (city)">Al Khor</a>, the hills are 10 metres (33 ft) to 15 metres (49 ft) above sea level. The southern hills are much taller, with Qatar's highest point, <a href="/wiki/Qurayn_Abu_al_Bawl" title="Qurayn Abu al Bawl">Qurayn Abu al Bawl</a> (also known as Tuwayyir Al Hamir) being over 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-sheeb32_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheeb32-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Qatar" title="Wildlife of Qatar">Wildlife of Qatar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg/220px-Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg/330px-Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg/440px-Palm_tree_cluster_near_Umm_Bab_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Wild <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a> growing near <a href="/wiki/Umm_Bab" title="Umm Bab">Umm Bab</a> in western Qatar</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Qatar" title="Flora of Qatar">Flora of Qatar</a></div> <p>Although most of the country consists of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, a small part of the country houses different <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> zones, where trees, reeds and shrubs like <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">phragmites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a> can grow. These regions are mostly to the east, near the coast. The inherent limiting factor for vegetation growth is water availability. Certain geographical features partially alleviate this <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">rawdas</a>, which are large depressions found on the soil surface and which help recharge the aquifers.<sup id="cite_ref-macumber223_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macumber223-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these sites constitute the most easily obtainable sources of shallow groundwater, they are also among the areas most abundant in wild vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-macumber226_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macumber226-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south, where groundwater is exceedingly scarce, vegetation can found growing in <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> (dry river valleys) fed by run-off from nearby hills and in rawdas.<sup id="cite_ref-macumber227_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macumber227-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg/260px-A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg/390px-A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg/520px-A_mountain_goat_at_Haloul_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>A mountain goat at <a href="/wiki/Halul_Island" title="Halul Island">Halul Island</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Qatar" title="Fauna of Qatar">Fauna of Qatar</a></div> <p>There are 21 species of mammals that have been recorded in Qatar.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger terrestrial mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_gazelle" title="Arabian gazelle">Arabian gazelle</a> are protected animals and are held in nature reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabian gazelle is the only native gazelle species to Qatar and is locally referred to as 'rheem'.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qatar's territorial waters in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> are rich in marine life. <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtles</a> nest en masse on the coastline from <a href="/wiki/Fuwayrit" title="Fuwayrit">Fuwayrit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ras_Laffan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Laffan">Ras Laffan</a>. The Ministry of Environment (MME) carries out routine patrols of nesting areas to ensure their conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugongs</a> are known to congregate off the country's coasts. In the course of a study being carried out in 1986 and 1999 on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the largest-ever group sightings were made of more than 600 individuals to the west of Qatar.<sup id="cite_ref-sillitoe_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sillitoe-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_mineral_deposits">Geology and mineral deposits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geology and mineral deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg/220px-Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg/330px-Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg/440px-Nakhsh_mountain_in_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Fenced-off area of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Nakhsh" title="Jebel Nakhsh">Jebel Nakhsh</a> (Nakhsh Mountain)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg/220px-Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg/330px-Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg/440px-Hillock_at_northern_end_of_Al_Khor_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Limestone hillock on northern end of <a href="/wiki/Al_Khor_Island" title="Al Khor Island">Al Khor Island</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Period </th> <th>Formation </th> <th>Member </th> <th>Mineral deposits and resources </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a></td> <td>Hormuz Formation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a></td> <td>Khuff Formation</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a></td> <td>Uwainat Limestone Formation, Arab Formation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a></td> <td>Shuaiba Formation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marlstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a></td> <td>Umm Er Radhuma Formation</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Lower Eocene</a></td> <td>Rus Formation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celestine_(mineral)" title="Celestine (mineral)">Celestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lower Dammam Formation</td> <td>Dukhan limestone, Midra shale, Rudjm Aid limestone</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">Palygorskite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Middle Eocene</a></td> <td>Upper Dammam Formation</td> <td>Umm Bab chalk, Simaisma dolomites</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a></td> <td>Upper and Lower Dam Formation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestine_(mineral)" title="Celestine (mineral)">celestine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></td> <td>Hofuf Formation</td> <td>Sandy clay, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/miliolite" class="extiw" title="wikt:miliolite">Miliolite</a> limestone</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of Qatar's surface lies on <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>. These strata have an abundance of mineral resources, most of which have not yet been exploited, such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upper Dammam Formation in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Middle Eocene</a> period is the most predominant surface layer. It is constituted by <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern zone of Qatar, which comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the peninsula, primarily draws its water from the Umm Err Radhuma Formation and Rus Formation dating to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Lower Eocene</a> periods, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> strata are the most important layers as they contain <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. The first substantial deposit of crude oil was discovered in 1940 in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period Arab Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources_and_land_use">Resources and land use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Resources and land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Qatar" title="Agriculture in Qatar">Agriculture in Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Qatar is the fifth most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on 2011 estimates, 5.6% of the land is agricultural. Arable land comprises 1.1%, permanent crops 0.2% and permanent pasture 4.6%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Doesn't add to 5.6%.</span></a></i>]</sup> 94.4% of the land was used for other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, 129.4 km<sup>2</sup> (50.0 sq mi) of land was irrigated.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orthent" title="Orthent">Orthents</a>, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha, are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness.<sup id="cite_ref-kubaisi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubaisi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limited <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saltwater</a> is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_human_geography">Political and human geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political and human geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_sandstorm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qatar_sandstorm.JPG/240px-Qatar_sandstorm.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qatar_sandstorm.JPG/360px-Qatar_sandstorm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qatar_sandstorm.JPG/480px-Qatar_sandstorm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>A massive sandstorm sweeping over the Persian Gulf state of Qatar as it races southward toward southeastern Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates on February 15, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>The capital, <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, is located on the central east coast on a sweeping (if shallow) harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ports include <a href="/wiki/Umm_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Said">Umm Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Khor" title="Al Khor">Al Khawr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Wakrah" title="Al Wakrah">Al Wakrah</a>. Only Doha and Umm Said are capable of handling commercial shipping, although a large port and a terminal for loading natural gas are planned at <a href="/wiki/Ras_Laffan_Industrial_City" title="Ras Laffan Industrial City">Ras Laffan Industrial City</a>, north of Al Khawr.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coral reefs and shallow coastal waters make navigation difficult in areas where channels have not been dredged.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doha is the capital of the country and the major administrative, commercial, and population center.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993 it was linked to other towns and development sites by a system of about 1,000 km (620 mi) of paved roads.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doha_International_Airport" title="Doha International Airport">Doha's international airport</a> has an approximately 4,500 m (14,800 ft) main runway, capable of receiving all kinds of aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, settlement distribution in Qatar has mainly been dictated by the presence of obtainable fresh groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-macumber223_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macumber223-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">Rawdas</a>, which are depressions with shallow groundwater, have typically been the most popular sites of settlement throughout the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-macumber226_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macumber226-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Qatar's south, where groundwater is exceedingly difficult to obtain, settlement formation was mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> (dry river valleys) fed by run-off from nearby hills and rawdas.<sup id="cite_ref-macumber223_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macumber223-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_agreements">Environmental agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qatar is currently party to the following international environmental agreements:<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Wastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous Wastes">Hazardous Wastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_Layer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone Layer Protection">Ozone Layer Protection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToth1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Toth, Anthony (1994). "Qatar: Geography". In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93046476/"><i>Persian Gulf states: country studies</i></a> (3rd ed.). 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Durham E-Theses, Durham University. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+development+in+Qatar%3A+a+geographical+assessment&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Durham+E-Theses%2C+Durham+University&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Al-Kubaisi&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Ali+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F7144%2F1%2F7144_4326.PDF%3FUkUDh%3ACyT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Qatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Casey_&_Vine" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Paula; Vine, Peter (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heritageofqatar00vinerich"><i>The heritage of Qatar</i></a></span> (print ed.). Immel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907151-50-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907151-50-0"><bdi>978-0-907151-50-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Qatar&rft.edition=print&rft.pub=Immel+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-907151-50-0&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Vine%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofqatar00vinerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Qatar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Qatar" title="Agriculture in Qatar">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar" title="Natural gas in Qatar">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Riyal <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a 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Qatar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_clothing" title="Qatari clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Qatar" title="Emblem of Qatar">Emblem of Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar" title="Flag of Qatar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_folklore" title="Qatari folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Qatar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Qatar" title="Public holidays in Qatar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Qatar" title="Sport in Qatar">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Qatar" title="Television in Qatar">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Qatar" title="Theatre of Qatar">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Qatar" title="Outline of Qatar">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics" title="List of Qatar-related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qatar" title="Category:Qatar">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Asia413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Asia" title="Geography of Asia">Geography of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Geography of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Timor-Leste" title="Geography of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Asia411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Asia411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Asia" title="Climate of Asia">Climate of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_China" title="Climate of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Japan" title="Climate of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&oldid=1276895922">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Qatar&oldid=1276895922</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Qatar" title="Category:Geography of Qatar">Geography of Qatar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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