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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinction_between_"rotary"_and_"radial"_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_between_"rotary"_and_"radial"_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Distinction between "rotary" and "radial" engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_between_"rotary"_and_"radial"_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Arrangement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_drawbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_drawbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Advantages and drawbacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_drawbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_engine_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_engine_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rotary engine control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rotary_engine_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rotary engine control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rotary_engine_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monosoupape_rotaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monosoupape_rotaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Monosoupape rotaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monosoupape_rotaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Normal"_rotaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Normal"_rotaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Normal" rotaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Normal"_rotaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Millet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Millet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hargrave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hargrave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hargrave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hargrave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balzer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balzer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Balzer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balzer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Dion-Bouton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Dion-Bouton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>De Dion-Bouton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Dion-Bouton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adams-Farwell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adams-Farwell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Adams-Farwell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adams-Farwell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Gnome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siemens-Halske_bi-rotary_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siemens-Halske_bi-rotary_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Siemens-Halske bi-rotary designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siemens-Halske_bi-rotary_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_cars_and_motorcycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_cars_and_motorcycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in cars and motorcycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_cars_and_motorcycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rotary_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rotary_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other rotary engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rotary_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="محرك دوار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك دوار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_rotatiu" title="Motor rotatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor rotatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_motor" title="Rotační motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rotační motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaufmotor" title="Umlaufmotor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umlaufmotor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_rotativo" title="Motor rotativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor rotativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotacia_motoro" title="Rotacia motoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rotacia motoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موتور گردان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور گردان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_rotatif" title="Moteur rotatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur rotatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaasjemotor" title="Rotaasjemotor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rotaasjemotor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%84%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%97%94%EC%A7%84" title="로터리 엔진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로터리 엔진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="घूर्णी इंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घूर्णी इंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore_rotativo" title="Motore rotativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore rotativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="מנוע סיבובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע סיבובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotacinis_variklis" title="Rotacinis variklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rotacinis variklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin_putar" title="Enjin putar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin putar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotatiemotor" title="Rotatiemotor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rotatiemotor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3_(%E6%98%9F%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3)" title="ロータリーエンジン (星型エンジン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロータリーエンジン (星型エンジン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterende_motor" title="Roterende motor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roterende motor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_rotacyjny" title="Silnik rotacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik rotacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_girat%C3%B3rio" title="Motor giratório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motor giratório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ротативный двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ротативный двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_motor" title="Rotačný motor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rotačný motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kro%C5%BEni_motor" title="Krožni motor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krožni motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterande_motor" title="Roterande motor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roterande motor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotatif_motor" title="Rotatif motor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rotatif motor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ротативний двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ротативний двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internal combustion engine with cylinders rotating around a stationary crankshaft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an obsolete type of piston engine with a rotating crankcase. For the pistonless Wankel engine, see <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a>. For other engines described as "rotary", see <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rotary engine (disambiguation)">Rotary engine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Rhone_9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Le_Rhone_9C.jpg/250px-Le_Rhone_9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Le_Rhone_9C.jpg/375px-Le_Rhone_9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Le_Rhone_9C.jpg/500px-Le_Rhone_9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>An 80 horsepower (60 kW) rated <b>Le Rhône 9C</b>, a typical rotary engine of WWI. The copper pipes carry the fuel-air mixture from the crankcase to the cylinder heads acting collectively as an <a href="/wiki/Intake_manifold" class="mw-redirect" title="Intake manifold">intake manifold</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg/220px-FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg/330px-FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg/440px-FAAM_-_Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9C_Sopwith_Pup_-_141213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>This <b>Le Rhône 9C</b> installed on a <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">Sopwith Pup</a> fighter aircraft at the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum" title="Fleet Air Arm Museum">Fleet Air Arm Museum</a>.<br />Note the narrowness of the mounting pedestal to the fixed crankshaft (2013), and the size of the engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MHV_Megola_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MHV_Megola_01.jpg/220px-MHV_Megola_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MHV_Megola_01.jpg/330px-MHV_Megola_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MHV_Megola_01.jpg/440px-MHV_Megola_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megola" title="Megola">Megola</a> motorcycle with rotary engine mounted in the front wheel</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>rotary engine</b> is an early type of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, usually designed with an odd number of cylinders per row in a <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial configuration</a>. The engine's <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> remained stationary in operation, while the entire <a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">crankcase</a> and its attached cylinders rotated around it as a unit. Its main application was in aviation, although it also saw use in a few early <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>. </p><p>This type of engine was widely used as an alternative to conventional <a href="/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline engine (aviation)">inline engines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">straight</a> or <a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V</a>) during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the years immediately preceding that conflict. It has been described as "a very efficient solution to the problems of power output, weight, and reliability".<sup id="cite_ref-nahum40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahum40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1920s, the inherent limitations of this type of engine had rendered it obsolete. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_between_"rotary"_and_"radial"_engines"><span id="Distinction_between_.22rotary.22_and_.22radial.22_engines"></span>Distinction between "rotary" and "radial" engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distinction between "rotary" and "radial" engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rotary engine is essentially a standard <a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto cycle</a> engine, with cylinders arranged radially around a central crankshaft just like a conventional <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>, but instead of having a fixed <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder block">cylinder block</a> with rotating <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>, the crankshaft remains stationary and the entire cylinder block rotates around it. In the most common form, the crankshaft was fixed solidly to the airframe, and the <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a> was simply bolted to the front of the <a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">crankcase</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_engine_-_animation_slower.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rotary_engine_-_animation_slower.gif/220px-Rotary_engine_-_animation_slower.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rotary_engine_-_animation_slower.gif/330px-Rotary_engine_-_animation_slower.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Rotary_engine_-_animation_slower.gif 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Animation of a seven-cylinder rotary engine with every-other-piston firing order.</figcaption></figure> <p>This difference also has much impact on design (lubrication, ignition, fuel admission, cooling, etc.) and functioning (see below). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_et_de_l%27Espace" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace">Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace</a> in Paris has on display a special, "sectioned" working model of an engine with seven radially disposed cylinders. It alternates between rotary and radial modes to demonstrate the difference between the internal motions of the two types of engine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrangement">Arrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like "fixed" radial engines, rotaries were generally built with an odd number of cylinders (usually 5, 7 or 9), so that a consistent every-other-piston firing order could be maintained, to provide smooth running. Rotary engines with an even number of cylinders were mostly of the "two row" type. </p><p>Most rotary engines were arranged with the cylinders pointing outwards from a single crankshaft, in the same general form as a radial, but there were also rotary <a href="/wiki/Boxer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer engine">boxer engines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barry_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even <a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">one-cylinder</a> rotaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_and_drawbacks">Advantages and drawbacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages and drawbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three key factors contributed to the rotary engine's success at the time:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Smooth running: Rotaries delivered power very smoothly because (relative to the engine mounting point) there are no reciprocating parts, and the relatively large rotating mass of the crankcase/cylinders (as a unit) acted as a <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a>.</li> <li>Improved cooling: when the engine was running, the rotating crankcase/cylinder assembly created its own fast-moving cooling <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">airflow</a>, even with the aircraft at rest.</li> <li>Weight advantage: rotaries shared with other radial configuration engines the advantage of a small, flat crankcase. The superior air-cooling imparted by the moving engine also meant that cylinders could be made with thinner walls and shallower cooling fins. Their <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> was further enhanced in comparison with engines that required an added flywheel for smooth running.</li></ul> <p>Engine designers had always been aware of the many limitations of the rotary engine, so when static style engines became more reliable and gave better specific weights and fuel consumption, the days of the rotary engine were numbered. </p> <ul><li>Rotary engines had a fundamentally inefficient <a href="/wiki/Total-loss_oiling_system" title="Total-loss oiling system">total-loss oiling system</a>. In order to reach the whole engine, the lubricating medium needed to enter the crankcase through the hollow crankshaft; but the centrifugal force of the revolving crankcase was directly opposed to any re-circulation. The only practical solution was for the lubricant to be aspirated with the fuel/air mixture, as in most <a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-stroke engines">two-stroke engines</a>.</li> <li>Power increase also came with mass and size increases,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multiplying <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic_precession" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopic precession">gyroscopic precession</a> from the rotating mass of the engine. Thus aircraft with these engines had stability and control problems, especially for inexperienced pilots.</li> <li>Power output increasingly went into overcoming the air resistance of the spinning engine.</li> <li>Engine controls were tricky (see below), and resulted in fuel waste.</li></ul> <p>The late <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bentley_BR2" title="Bentley BR2">Bentley BR2</a> was the largest and most powerful rotary engine; it reached a point beyond which this type of engine could not be further developed,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the last of its kind to be adopted into RAF service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rotary_engine_control">Rotary engine control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rotary engine control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monosoupape_rotaries">Monosoupape rotaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monosoupape rotaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often asserted that rotary engines had no <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> and hence power could only be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Kill_switch#Vehicles" title="Kill switch">intermittently cutting the ignition using a "blip" switch</a>. This was only true of the <a href="/wiki/Monosoupape_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosoupape engine">"Monosoupape"</a> (single valve) type, which took most of the air into the cylinder through the exhaust valve, which remained open for a portion of the downstroke of the piston. Thus the mixture of fuel and air in the cylinder could not be controlled via the crankcase intake. The "throttle" (fuel valve) of a monosoupape provided only a limited degree of speed regulation, as opening it made the mixture too rich, while closing it made it too lean (in either case quickly stalling the engine, or damaging the cylinders). Early models featured a pioneering form of <a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">variable valve timing</a> in an attempt to give greater control, but this caused the valves to burn and therefore it was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-nahum44_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahum44-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only way of running a Monosoupape engine smoothly at reduced revs was with a switch that changed the normal firing sequence so that each cylinder fired only once per two or three engine revolutions, but the engine remained more or less in balance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with excessive use of the "blip" switch: running the engine on such a setting for too long resulted in large quantities of unburned fuel and oil in the exhaust, and gathering in the lower cowling, where it was a notorious fire hazard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Normal"_rotaries"><span id=".22Normal.22_rotaries"></span>"Normal" rotaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Normal" rotaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most rotaries had normal inlet valves, so that the fuel (and lubricating oil) was taken into the cylinders already mixed with air - as in a normal four-stroke engine. Although a conventional carburetor, with the ability to keep the fuel/air ratio constant over a range of throttle openings, was precluded by the spinning crankcase; it was possible to adjust the air supply through a separate flap valve or "bloctube". The pilot needed to set the throttle to the desired setting (usually full open) and then adjust the fuel/air mixture to suit using a separate "fine adjustment" lever that controlled the air supply valve (in the manner of a manual choke control). Due to the rotary engine's large rotational inertia, it was possible to adjust the appropriate fuel/air mixture by trial and error without stalling it, although this varied between different types of engine, and in any case it required a good deal of practice to acquire the necessary knack. After starting the engine with a known setting that allowed it to idle, the air valve was opened until maximum engine speed was obtained. </p><p>Throttling a running engine back to reduce revs was possible by closing off the fuel valve to the required position while re-adjusting the fuel/air mixture to suit. This process was also tricky, so that reducing power, especially when landing, was often accomplished instead by intermittently cutting the ignition using the blip switch. </p><p>Cutting cylinders using ignition switches had the drawback of letting fuel continue to pass through the engine, oiling up the spark plugs and making smooth restarting problematic. Also, the raw oil-fuel mix could collect in the cowling. As this could cause a serious fire when the switch was released, it became common practice for part or all of the bottom of the basically circular cowling on most rotary engines to be cut away, or fitted with drainage slots. </p><p>By 1918 a <a href="/wiki/Clerget" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerget">Clerget</a> handbook advised maintaining all necessary control by using the fuel and air controls, and starting and stopping the engine by turning the fuel on and off. The recommended landing procedure involved shutting off the fuel using the fuel lever, while leaving the blip switch on. The windmilling propeller made the engine continue to spin without delivering any power as the aircraft descended. It was important to leave the ignition on to allow the spark plugs to continue to spark and keep them from oiling up, so that the engine could (if all went well) be restarted simply by re-opening the fuel valve. Pilots were advised to not use an ignition cut out switch, as it would eventually damage the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-nahum44_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahum44-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilots of surviving or reproduction aircraft fitted with rotary engines still find that the blip switch is useful while landing, as it provides a more reliable, quicker way to initiate power if needed, rather than risk a sudden engine stall, or the failure of a windmilling engine to restart at the worst possible moment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millet">Millet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Millet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Millet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Felix_Millet.jpg/220px-Felix_Millet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Felix_Millet.jpg/330px-Felix_Millet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Felix_Millet.jpg/440px-Felix_Millet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An 1897 Félix Millet motorcycle</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Millet_(inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Millet (inventor) (page does not exist)">Félix Millet</a> showed a 5-cylinder rotary engine built into a bicycle wheel at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">Exposition Universelle</a> in Paris in 1889. Millet had patented the engine in 1888, so must be considered the pioneer of the internal combustion rotary engine. A machine powered by his engine took part in the Paris-Bordeaux-Paris race of 1895 and the system was put into production by <a href="/wiki/Darracq_and_Company_London" title="Darracq and Company London">Darracq and Company London</a> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-nahum20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahum20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hargrave">Hargrave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hargrave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hargrave" title="Lawrence Hargrave">Lawrence Hargrave</a> first developed a rotary engine in 1889 using compressed air, intending to use it in powered flight. Materials weight and lack of quality machining prevented it becoming an effective power unit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balzer">Balzer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Balzer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Balzer" title="Stephen M. Balzer">Stephen M. Balzer</a> of New York, a former watchmaker, constructed rotary engines in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interested in the rotary layout for two main reasons: </p> <ul><li>To generate 100 hp (75 kW) at the low <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a> at which the engines of the day ran, the pulse resulting from each combustion stroke was quite large. To damp out these pulses, engines needed a large <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a>, which added weight. In the rotary design the engine acted as its own flywheel, thus rotaries could be lighter than similarly sized conventional engines.</li> <li>The cylinders had good cooling airflow over them, even when the aircraft was at rest—which was important, as the low airspeed of aircraft of the time provided limited cooling airflow, and alloys of the day were less advanced. Balzer's early designs even dispensed with cooling fins, though subsequent rotaries did have this common feature of <a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">air-cooled</a> engines.</li></ul> <p>Balzer produced a 3-cylinder, rotary engined car in 1894, then later became involved in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Langley</a>'s <i>Aerodrome</i> attempts, which bankrupted him while he tried to make much larger versions of his engines. Balzer's rotary engine was later converted to static radial operation by Langley's assistant, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Manly" title="Charles M. Manly">Charles M. Manly</a>, creating the notable <a href="/wiki/Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine" title="Manly–Balzer engine">Manly–Balzer engine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: De Dion-Bouton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The famous <a href="/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a> company produced an experimental 4-cylinder rotary engine in 1899. Though intended for aviation use, it was not fitted to any aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-nahum20_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahum20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adams-Farwell">Adams-Farwell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adams-Farwell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adams-Farwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Farwell">Adams-Farwell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg/220px-Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg/330px-Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg/440px-Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>An Adams-Farwell five cylinder rotary adapted for helicopter experimentation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Adams-Farwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Farwell">Adams-Farwell</a> firm's automobiles, with the firm's first rolling prototypes using 3-cylinder rotary engines designed by Fay Oliver Farwell in 1898, led to production Adams-Farwell cars with first the 3-cylinder, then very shortly thereafter 5-cylinder rotary engines later in 1906, as another early American automaker utilizing rotary engines expressly manufactured for automotive use. <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a> sponsored its development of the 5-cylinder Adams-Farwell rotary engine design concept as a lightweight power unit for his unsuccessful helicopter experiments. Adams-Farwell engines later powered fixed-wing aircraft in the US after 1910. It has also been asserted that the Gnôme design was derived from the Adams-Farwell, since an Adams-Farwell car is reported to have been demonstrated to the French Army in 1904. In contrast to the later Gnôme engines, and much like the later <a href="/wiki/Clerget_9B" title="Clerget 9B">Clerget 9B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bentley_BR1" title="Bentley BR1">Bentley BR1</a> aviation rotaries, the Adams-Farwell rotaries had conventional exhaust and inlet valves mounted in the cylinder heads.<sup id="cite_ref-nahum20_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahum20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnome">Gnome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gnome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-GA_section.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gnome-GA_section.png/220px-Gnome-GA_section.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gnome-GA_section.png/330px-Gnome-GA_section.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gnome-GA_section.png/440px-Gnome-GA_section.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Sectional views of Gnome engine</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gnome engine was the work of the three Seguin brothers, Louis, Laurent and Augustin. They were talented engineers and the grandsons of famous French engineer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Seguin" title="Marc Seguin">Marc Seguin</a>. In 1906 the eldest brother, Louis, had formed the <a href="/wiki/Gnome_et_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Gnome et Rhône">Société des Moteurs Gnome</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to build <a href="/wiki/Stationary_engine" title="Stationary engine">stationary engines</a> for industrial use, having licensed production of the <b>Gnom</b> single-cylinder stationary engine from <a href="/wiki/Motorenfabrik_Oberursel" title="Motorenfabrik Oberursel">Motorenfabrik Oberursel</a>—who, in turn, built licensed Gnome engines for German aircraft during World War I. </p><p>Louis was joined by his brother Laurent who designed a rotary engine specifically for aircraft use, using <b>Gnom</b> engine cylinders. The brothers' first experimental engine is said to have been a 5-cylinder model that developed 34 hp (25 kW), and was a radial rather than rotary engine, but no photographs survive of the five-cylinder experimental model. The Seguin brothers then turned to rotary engines in the interests of better cooling, and the world's first production rotary engine, the 7-cylinder, air-cooled 50 hp (37 kW) "<a href="/wiki/Gnome_Omega" title="Gnome Omega">Omega</a>" was shown at the 1908 Paris automobile show. The first Gnome Omega built still exists, and is now in the collection of the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seguins used the highest strength material available - recently developed nickel steel alloy - and kept the weight down by machining components from solid metal, using the best American and German machine tools to create the engine's components; the cylinder wall of a 50 hp Gnome was only 1.5 mm (0.059 inches) thick, while the connecting rods were milled with deep central channels to reduce weight. While somewhat low powered in terms of units of power per litre, its power-to-weight ratio was an outstanding 1 hp (0.75 kW) per kg. </p><p>The following year, 1909, the inventor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Ravaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Ravaud (page does not exist)">Roger Ravaud</a> fitted one to his <i>Aéroscaphe</i>, a combination <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoil</a>/aircraft, which he entered in the motor boat and aviation contests at Monaco. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Farman" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Farman">Henry Farman</a>'s use of the Gnome at the famous Rheims aircraft meet that year brought it to prominence, when he won the Grand Prix for the greatest non-stop distance flown—180 kilometres (110 mi)—and also set a world record for endurance flight. The very first successful seaplane flight, of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fabre" title="Henri Fabre">Henri Fabre</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fabre_Hydravion" title="Fabre Hydravion">Le Canard</a></i>, was powered by a Gnome Omega on March 28, 1910, near <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>. </p><p>Production of Gnome rotaries increased rapidly, with some 4,000 being produced before World War I, and Gnome also produced a two-row version (the 100 h.p. Double Omega), the larger 80 hp <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Lambda" title="Gnome Lambda">Gnome Lambda</a> and the 160 hp two-row Double Lambda. By the standards of other engines of the period, the Gnome was considered not particularly temperamental, and was credited as the first engine able to run for ten hours between overhauls.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913 the Seguin brothers introduced the new <a href="/wiki/Monosoupape_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosoupape engine">Monosoupape</a> ("single valve") series, which replaced inlet valves in the pistons by using a single valve in each cylinder head, which doubled as inlet and exhaust valve. The engine speed was controlled by varying the opening time and extent of the exhaust valves using levers acting on the valve tappet rollers, a system later abandoned due to valves burning. The weight of the Monosoupape was slightly less than the earlier two-valve engines, and it used less lubricating oil. The 100 hp Monosoupape was built with 9 cylinders, and developed its rated power at 1,200 rpm.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later 160 hp nine-cylinder Gnome 9N rotary engine used the Monosoupape valve design while adding the safety factor of a <a href="/wiki/Dual_ignition" title="Dual ignition">dual ignition</a> system, and was the last known rotary engine design to use such a cylinder head valving format. The 9N also featured an unusual ignition setup that allowed output values of one-half, one-quarter and one-eighth power levels to be achieved through use of the coupe-switch and a special five-position rotary switch that selected which of the trio of alternate power levels would be selected when the coupe-switch was depressed, allowing it to cut out all spark voltage to all nine cylinders, at evenly spaced intervals to achieve the multiple levels of power reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airworthy reproduction Fokker D.VIII parasol monoplane fighter at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, uniquely powered with a Gnome 9N, often demonstrates the use of its Gnome 9N's four-level output capability in both ground runs<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in flight. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberursel_U.III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Oberursel_U.III.jpg/220px-Oberursel_U.III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Oberursel_U.III.jpg/330px-Oberursel_U.III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Oberursel_U.III.jpg/440px-Oberursel_U.III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>A German Oberursel U.III engine on museum display</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotary engines produced by the <a href="/wiki/Clerget" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerget">Clerget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Le Rhône">Le Rhône</a> companies used conventional pushrod-operated valves in the cylinder head, but used the same principle of drawing the fuel mixture through the crankshaft, with the Le Rhônes having prominent copper intake tubes running from the crankcase to the top of each cylinder to admit the intake charge. </p><p>The 80 hp (60 kW) seven-cylinder Gnome was the standard at the outbreak of World War I, as the Gnome Lambda, and it quickly found itself being used in a large number of aircraft designs. It was so good that it was licensed by a number of companies, including the German <a href="/wiki/Motorenfabrik_Oberursel" title="Motorenfabrik Oberursel">Motorenfabrik Oberursel</a> firm who designed the original Gnom engine. Oberursel was later purchased by <a href="/wiki/Fokker" title="Fokker">Fokker</a>, whose 80 hp Gnome Lambda copy was known as the Oberursel U.0. It was not at all uncommon for French Gnôme Lambdas, as used in the earliest examples of the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Scout" title="Bristol Scout">Bristol Scout</a> biplane, to meet German versions, powering <a href="/wiki/Fokker_E.I" title="Fokker E.I">Fokker E.I</a> Eindeckers in combat, from the latter half of 1915 on. </p><p>The only attempts to produce twin-row rotary engines in any volume were undertaken by Gnome, with their Double Lambda fourteen-cylinder 160 hp design, and with the German Oberursel firm's early World War I clone of the Double Lambda design, the U.III of the same power rating. While an example of the Double Lambda went on to power one of the Deperdussin Monocoque racing aircraft to a world-record speed of nearly 204 km/h (126 mph) in September 1913, the Oberursel U.III is only known to have been fitted into a few German production military aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_E.IV" title="Fokker E.IV">Fokker E.IV</a> fighter monoplane and <a href="/wiki/Fokker_D.III" title="Fokker D.III">Fokker D.III</a> fighter biplane, both of whose failures to become successful combat types were partially due to the poor quality of the German powerplant, which was prone to wearing out after only a few hours of combat flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemens-Halske_Sh.III_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siemens-Halske_Sh.III_07.jpg/220px-Siemens-Halske_Sh.III_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siemens-Halske_Sh.III_07.jpg/330px-Siemens-Halske_Sh.III_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Siemens-Halske_Sh.III_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Halske_Sh.III" title="Siemens-Halske Sh.III">Siemens-Halske Sh.III</a> preserved at the <i><a href="/wiki/Technisches_Museum_Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Technisches Museum Wien">Technisches Museum Wien</a></i> (Vienna Museum of Technology). This engine powered a number of German fighter aircraft types towards the end of World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>The favourable <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> of the rotaries was their greatest advantage. While larger, heavier aircraft relied almost exclusively on conventional in-line engines, many fighter aircraft designers preferred rotaries right up to the end of the war. </p><p>Rotaries had a number of disadvantages, notably very high fuel consumption, partially because the engine was typically run at full throttle, and also because the valve timing was often less than ideal. Oil consumption was also very high. Due to primitive carburetion and absence of a true <a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">sump</a>, the lubricating oil was added to the fuel/air mixture. This made engine fumes heavy with smoke from partially burnt oil. <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a> was the lubricant of choice, as its lubrication properties were unaffected by the presence of the fuel, and its gum-forming tendency was irrelevant in a total-loss lubrication system. An unfortunate side-effect was that World War I pilots inhaled and swallowed a considerable amount of the oil during flight, leading to persistent <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flying clothing worn by rotary engine pilots was routinely soaked with oil. </p><p>The rotating mass of the engine also made it, in effect, a large <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a>. During level flight the effect was not especially apparent, but when turning the <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic_precession" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopic precession">gyroscopic precession</a> became noticeable. Due to the direction of the engine's rotation, left turns required effort and happened relatively slowly, combined with a tendency to nose up, while right turns were almost instantaneous, with a tendency for the nose to drop.<sup id="cite_ref-AEHS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEHS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some aircraft, this could be advantageous in situations such as dogfights. The <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a> suffered to such an extent that it required left rudder for both left and right turns, and could be extremely hazardous if the pilot applied full power at the top of a loop at low airspeeds. Trainee Camel pilots were warned to attempt their first hard right turns only at altitudes above 1,000 ft (300 m).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Camel's most famous German foe, the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_Dr.I" title="Fokker Dr.I">Fokker Dr.I</a> <a href="/wiki/Triplane" title="Triplane">triplane</a>, also used a rotary engine, usually the Oberursel Ur.II clone of the French-built <a href="/wiki/Le_Rhone_9J" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Rhone 9J">Le Rhone 9J</a> 110 hp powerplant. </p><p>Even before the First World War, attempts were made to overcome the inertia problem of rotary engines. As early as 1906 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Benjamin_Redrup" title="Charles Benjamin Redrup">Charles Benjamin Redrup</a> had demonstrated to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hendon" title="Hendon">Hendon</a> a 'Reactionless' engine in which the <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> rotated in one direction and the cylinder block in the opposite direction, each one driving a propeller. A later development of this was the 1914 reactionless 'Hart' engine designed by Redrup in which there was only one propeller connected to the crankshaft, but it rotated in the opposite direction to the cylinder block, thereby largely cancelling out negative effects. This proved too complicated for reliable operation and Redrup changed the design to a static radial engine, which was later tried in the experimental <a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.12" title="Vickers F.B.12">Vickers F.B.12b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.16" title="Vickers F.B.16">F.B.16</a> aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unfortunately without success. </p><p>As the war progressed, aircraft designers demanded ever-increasing amounts of power. Inline engines were able to meet this demand by improving their upper rev limits, which meant more power. Improvements in valve timing, ignition systems, and lightweight materials made these higher revs possible, and by the end of the war the average engine had increased from 1,200 rpm to 2,000 rpm. The rotary was not able to do the same due to the drag of the rotating cylinders through the air. For instance, if an early-war model of 1,200 rpm increased its revs to only 1,400, the drag on the cylinders increased 36%, as air drag increases with the square of velocity. At lower rpm, drag could simply be ignored, but as the rev count rose, the rotary was putting more and more power into spinning the engine, with less remaining to provide useful thrust through the propeller. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gegenl%C3%A4ufer_Umlaufmotor.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gegenl%C3%A4ufer_Umlaufmotor.gif/220px-Gegenl%C3%A4ufer_Umlaufmotor.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gegenl%C3%A4ufer_Umlaufmotor.gif/330px-Gegenl%C3%A4ufer_Umlaufmotor.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gegenl%C3%A4ufer_Umlaufmotor.gif 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Animation of the Siemens-Halske Sh.III's internal operation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siemens-Halske_bi-rotary_designs">Siemens-Halske bi-rotary designs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Siemens-Halske bi-rotary designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One clever attempt to rescue the design, in a similar manner to Redrup's British "reactionless" engine concept, was made by <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>. The crankcase (with the propeller still fastened directly to the front of it) and cylinders spun counterclockwise at 900 rpm, as seen externally from a "nose on" viewpoint, while the crankshaft (which unlike other designs, never "emerged" from the crankcase) and other internal parts spun clockwise at the same speed, so the set was effectively running at 1800 rpm. This was achieved by the use of bevel gearing at the rear of the crankcase, resulting in the eleven-cylindered <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Halske_Sh.III" title="Siemens-Halske Sh.III">Siemens-Halske Sh.III</a>, with less drag and less net torque.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_Profile_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_Profile-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> Used on several late war types, notably the <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert_D.IV" title="Siemens-Schuckert D.IV">Siemens-Schuckert D.IV</a> fighter, the new engine's low running speed, coupled with large, coarse pitched propellers that sometimes had four blades (as the SSW D.IV used), gave types powered by it outstanding rates of climb, with some examples of the late production Sh.IIIa powerplant even said to be delivering as much as 240 hp.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_Profile_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_Profile-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>One new rotary powered aircraft, Fokker's own <a href="/wiki/Fokker_D.VIII" title="Fokker D.VIII">D.VIII</a>, was designed at least in part to provide some use for the Oberursel factory's backlog of otherwise redundant 110 hp (82 kW) <a href="/wiki/Oberursel_Ur.II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberursel Ur.II">Ur.II</a> engines, themselves clones of the <a href="/wiki/Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9J" title="Le Rhône 9J">Le Rhône 9J</a> rotary. </p><p>Because of the Allied blockade of shipping, the Germans were increasingly unable to obtain the castor oil necessary to properly lubricate their rotary engines. Substitutes were never entirely satisfactory - causing increased running temperatures and reduced engine life.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time the war ended, the rotary engine had become obsolete, and it disappeared from use quite quickly. The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> probably used rotary engines for longer than most other operators. The RAF's standard post-war fighter, the <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Snipe" title="Sopwith Snipe">Sopwith Snipe</a>, used the <a href="/wiki/Bentley_BR2" title="Bentley BR2">Bentley BR2</a> rotary as the most powerful (at some 230 hp (170 kW)) rotary engine ever built by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>. The standard RAF training aircraft of the early post-war years, the 1914-origin <a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">Avro 504</a>K, had a universal mounting to allow the use of several different types of low powered rotary, of which there was a large surplus supply. Similarly, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/FVM_%C3%961_Tummelisa" title="FVM Ö1 Tummelisa">FVM Ö1 Tummelisa</a> advanced training aircraft, fitted with a Le-Rhone-Thulin 90 hp (67 kW) rotary engine, served until the mid thirties. </p><p>Designers had to balance the cheapness of war-surplus engines against their poor <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> and the operating expense of their total-loss lubrication system, and by the mid-1920s, rotaries had been more or less completely displaced even in British service, largely by the new generation of air-cooled "stationary" radials such as the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Jaguar" title="Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar">Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Jupiter" title="Bristol Jupiter">Bristol Jupiter</a>. </p><p>Experiments with the concept of the rotary engine continued. </p><p>The first version of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Michel_engine" title="Michel engine">Michel engine</a>, an unusual opposed-piston <a href="/wiki/Cam_engine" title="Cam engine">cam engine</a>, used the principle of a rotary engine, in that its "cylinder block" rotated. This was soon replaced by a version with the same cylinders and cam, but with stationary cylinders and the cam track rotating in lieu of a crankshaft. A later version abandoned the cam altogether and used three coupled crankshafts. </p><p>By 1930 the Soviet helicopter pioneers, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, both employed by <i><a href="/wiki/TsAGI" class="mw-redirect" title="TsAGI">Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut</a></i> (TsAGI, the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute), constructed one of the first practical single-lift rotor machines with their TsAGI 1-EA single rotor helicopter, powered by two Soviet-designed and built M-2 rotary engines, themselves up-rated copies of the <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape" title="Gnome Monosoupape">Gnome Monosoupape</a> rotary engine of World War I. The TsAGI 1-EA set an unofficial altitude record of 605 meters (1,985 ft) with Cheremukhin piloting it on 14 August 1932 on the power of its twinned M-2 rotary engines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_cars_and_motorcycles">Use in cars and motorcycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use in cars and motorcycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although rotary engines were mostly used in aircraft, a few cars and motorcycles were built with rotary engines. Perhaps the first was the <a href="/wiki/Millet_motorcycle" title="Millet motorcycle">Millet motorcycle</a> of 1892. A famous motorcycle, winning many races, was the <a href="/wiki/Megola" title="Megola">Megola</a>, which had a rotary engine inside the front wheel. Another motorcycle with a rotary engine was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Benjamin_Redrup" title="Charles Benjamin Redrup">Charles Redrup</a>'s 1912 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redrup_Radial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redrup Radial (page does not exist)">Redrup Radial</a>, which was a three-cylinder 303 cc rotary engine fitted to a number of motorcycles by Redrup. </p><p>In 1904 the <a href="/wiki/Barry_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry engine">Barry engine</a>, also designed by Redrup, was built in Wales: a rotating 2-cylinder boxer engine weighing 6.5 kg<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was mounted inside a motorcycle frame. </p><p>The early-1920s German <a href="/wiki/Megola" title="Megola">Megola</a> motorcycle used a five-cylinder rotary engine within its front wheel design. </p><p>In the 1940s <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Pullin" title="Cyril Pullin">Cyril Pullin</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Powerwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerwheel">Powerwheel</a>, a wheel with a rotating <a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">one-cylinder engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">drum brake</a> inside the hub, but it never entered production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_rotary_engines">Other rotary engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other rotary engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the configuration of cylinders moving around a fixed crankshaft, several different engine designs are also called <i>rotary engines</i>. The most notable <a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">pistonless rotary engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel rotary engine</a> has been used by <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="NSU Motorenwerke AG">NSU</a> in the <a href="/wiki/NSU_Ro_80" title="NSU Ro 80">Ro80</a> car, by <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a> in a variety of cars such as the RX-series, and in some experimental aviation applications. </p><p>In the late 1970s a concept engine called the Bricklin-Turner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Vee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary Vee (page does not exist)">Rotary Vee</a> was tested.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rotary Vee is similar in configuration to the <a href="/wiki/Elbow_engine" title="Elbow engine">elbow steam engine</a>. Piston pairs connect as solid V-shaped members, with each end floating in a pair of rotating cylinders clusters. The rotating cylinder cluster pairs are set with their axes at a wide V angle. The pistons in each cylinder cluster move parallel to each other instead of a radial direction, This engine design has not gone into production. The Rotary Vee was intended to power the <a href="/wiki/Bricklin_SV-1" title="Bricklin SV-1">Bricklin SV-1</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape" title="Gnome Monosoupape">Monosoupape engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine" title="Manly–Balzer engine">Manly–Balzer engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutating_disc_engine" title="Nutating disc engine">Nutating disc engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasiturbine" title="Quasiturbine">Quasiturbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel rotary engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nahum40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nahum40_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNahum1999" class="citation book cs1">Nahum, Andrew (1999). <i>The Rotary Aero Engine</i>. NMSI Trading Ltd. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900747-12-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-900747-12-X"><bdi>1-900747-12-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rotary+Aero+Engine&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=NMSI+Trading+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-900747-12-X&rft.aulast=Nahum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/41546699">"Vimeo video of Musee de l'Air "rotary/radial" alternating aviation cross-sectional kinetic model display"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702212318/https://vimeo.com/41546699">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vimeo+video+of+Musee+de+l%27Air+%22rotary%2Fradial%22+alternating+aviation+cross-sectional+kinetic+model+display&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F41546699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairdiesel.co.uk/Redrup.html">"Charles Benjamin Redrup"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715031138/http://www.fairdiesel.co.uk/Redrup.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Benjamin+Redrup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairdiesel.co.uk%2FRedrup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Board Technical Notes</i>, RAF Air Board, 1917. Reprinted by Camden Miniature Steam Services, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for instance, compare <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape" title="Gnome Monosoupape">Gnome Monosoupape</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bentley_BR2" title="Bentley BR2">Bentley BR2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunston1986" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (1986). <i>World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines</i>. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens. pp. 22–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Aero+Engines&rft.place=Wellingborough&rft.pages=22-26&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nahum44-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nahum44_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nahum44_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahum1999" class="citation book cs1">Nahum, Andrew (1999). <i>The Rotary Aero Engine</i>. NMSI Trading Ltd. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900747-12-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-900747-12-X"><bdi>1-900747-12-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rotary+Aero+Engine&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=NMSI+Trading+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-900747-12-X&rft.aulast=Nahum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovanFrank_Robert_Donovan1962" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Frank; Frank Robert Donovan (1962). <i>The Early Eagles</i>. Dodd, Mead. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Eagles&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Frank+Robert+Donovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nahum20-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nahum20_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nahum20_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nahum20_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahum1999" class="citation book cs1">Nahum, Andrew (1999). <i>The Rotary Aero Engine</i>. NMSI Trading Ltd. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900747-12-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-900747-12-X"><bdi>1-900747-12-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rotary+Aero+Engine&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=NMSI+Trading+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-900747-12-X&rft.aulast=Nahum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090194b.htm">Hargrave, Lawrence (1850 – 1915)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524142500/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090194b.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1282.html">"Balzer automobile patents"</a>. National Museum of American History. 2016-11-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630214015/http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1282.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balzer+automobile+patents&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fonthemove%2Fcollection%2Fobject_1282.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safran-group.com/site-safran/groupe/histoire/">"SAFRAN"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228085617/http://www.safran-group.com/site-safran/groupe/histoire/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>. <q>Le 6 juin 1905, Louis et Laurent Seguin fondent la société des moteurs Gnome à Gennevilliers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAFRAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safran-group.com%2Fsite-safran%2Fgroupe%2Fhistoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19990069000">"Gnome Omega No. 1 Rotary Engine"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419071116/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19990069000">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gnome+Omega+No.+1+Rotary+Engine&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasm.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fartifact.cfm%3Fid%3DA19990069000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenchiSorge2012" class="citation cs2">Genchi, Giuseppe; Sorge, Francesco (2012), Koetsier, Teun; Ceccarelli, Marco (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-4132-4_24">"The Rotary Aero Engine from 1908 to 1918"</a>, <i>Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms</i>, vol. 15, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 349–362, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4132-4_24">10.1007/978-94-007-4132-4_24</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4131-7"><bdi>978-94-007-4131-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+the+History+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms&rft.atitle=The+Rotary+Aero+Engine+from+1908+to+1918&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=349-362&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-4132-4_24&rft.isbn=978-94-007-4131-7&rft.aulast=Genchi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Sorge%2C+Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-4132-4_24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivian2004" class="citation book cs1">Vivian, E. Charles (2004). <i>A History of Aeronautics</i>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-0156-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-0156-0"><bdi>1-4191-0156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Aeronautics&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4191-0156-0&rft.aulast=Vivian&rft.aufirst=E.+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrinPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Murrin, Fred; Phillips, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kozaero.com/look-at-the-gnocircme-9n-rotary-engine.html">"(A) Look at the Gnôme 9N Rotary Engine"</a>. <i>kozaero.com</i>. KozAero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609142716/http://www.kozaero.com/look-at-the-gnocircme-9n-rotary-engine.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2021</span>. <q>In order to keep the engine running smoothly on reduced power settings, it was necessary for the selector switch to cut out all cylinders at evenly spaced intervals. It was also beneficial to have all cylinders firing periodically to keep them warm and to prevent the spark plugs from fouling with oil. The selector switch has five positions, zero (0) for off and four running positions, one through four (1-4) (see Photo 5). The Gnôme 9N had two magnetos (and two spark plugs per cylinder) and the selector switch was wired to the right magneto only, so it was necessary for the pilot to turn off the left magneto if he wanted to change the speed of the engine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kozaero.com&rft.atitle=%28A%29+Look+at+the+Gn%C3%B4me+9N+Rotary+Engine&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kozaero.com%2Flook-at-the-gnocircme-9n-rotary-engine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzdjWP0-mnM"><i>Old Rhinebeck Fokker D.VIII Startup and Takoff</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(YouTube)</span> (YouTube). Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome: Sholom. August 4, 2019. Event occurs at 0:12 to 2:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813130952/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzdjWP0-mnM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Rhinebeck+Fokker+D.VIII+Startup+and+Takoff&rft.place=Old+Rhinebeck+Aerodrome&rft.pub=Sholom&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEzdjWP0-mnM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Gould_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Gould Lee (2012). <i>Open Cockpit: A Pilot of the Royal Flying Corps</i>. Grub Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908117-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908117-25-0"><bdi>978-1-908117-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Cockpit%3A+A+Pilot+of+the+Royal+Flying+Corps&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-908117-25-0&rft.au=Arthur+Gould+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEHS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEHS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCutcheon" class="citation web cs1">McCutcheon, Kimble D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706041104/http://www.enginehistory.org/Gnome%20Monosoupape.pdf">"Gnome Monosoupape Type N Rotary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Aircraft Engine Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enginehistory.org/Gnome%20Monosoupape.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gnome+Monosoupape+Type+N+Rotary&rft.pub=Aircraft+Engine+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=McCutcheon&rft.aufirst=Kimble+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enginehistory.org%2FGnome%2520Monosoupape.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbzugE._Eugene_Larrabee2002" class="citation book cs1">Abzug, Malcolm J.; E. Eugene Larrabee (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/airplanestabilit00abzu"><i>Airplane Stability and Control</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/airplanestabilit00abzu/page/n30">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80992-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80992-4"><bdi>0-521-80992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airplane+Stability+and+Control&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-80992-4&rft.aulast=Abzug&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.&rft.au=E.+Eugene+Larrabee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fairplanestabilit00abzu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairney2007" class="citation book cs1">Fairney, William (2007). <i>The Knife and Fork Man - The Life and Works of Charles Benjamin Redrup</i>. Diesel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554455-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554455-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9554455-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knife+and+Fork+Man+-+The+Life+and+Works+of+Charles+Benjamin+Redrup&rft.pub=Diesel+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9554455-0-7&rft.aulast=Fairney&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_Profile-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_Profile_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_Profile_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1966" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Peter L. (1966). <i>Aircraft in Profile No.86 — The Siemens Schuckert D.III & IV</i>. Leatherhead, Surrey, England: Profile Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+in+Profile+No.86+%E2%80%94+The+Siemens+Schuckert+D.III+%26+IV&rft.place=Leatherhead%2C+Surrey%2C+England&rft.pub=Profile+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilmartin1994" class="citation book cs1">Guilmartin, John F. Jr. (1994). "Technology and Strategy: What Are the Limits?". <i>Two Historians in Technology and War</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">United States Army War College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1428915222" title="Special:BookSources/1428915222"><bdi>1428915222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technology+and+Strategy%3A+What+Are+the+Limits%3F&rft.btitle=Two+Historians+in+Technology+and+War&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=United+States+Army+War+College%2C+Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1428915222&rft.aulast=Guilmartin&rft.aufirst=John+F.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1999" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Suzanne Hayes (1999). "Aircraft, production during the war". In Spencer C. Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy (eds.). <i>The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081533351X" title="Special:BookSources/081533351X"><bdi>081533351X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aircraft%2C+production+during+the+war&rft.btitle=The+European+Powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=081533351X&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Hayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_International_Trade_Commission1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" title="United States International Trade Commission">United States International Trade Commission</a> (1921). <i>Tariff Information Surveys on the Articles in Paragraphs 44 and 45 of the Tariff Act of 1913</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tariff+Information+Surveys+on+the+Articles+in+Paragraphs+44+and+45+of+the+Tariff+Act+of+1913&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1921&rft.au=United+States+International+Trade+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotary+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savine, Alexandre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/ram/1-ea.html">"TsAGI 1-EA."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202112/http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/ram/1-ea.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ctrl-c.liu.se,</i> 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular Science August 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular Science April 1976</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_engine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rotary_aircraft_engines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rotary aircraft engines">Rotary aircraft engines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-aircraft_rotary_engines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-aircraft rotary engines">Non-aircraft rotary engines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/41546699">Paris Musee de l'Air combination of "rotary" and "radial" engine-function kinetic display</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/gnome-omega-no-1-rotary-engine">Smithsonian NASM Gnôme Omega No.1 page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/le-rhone-model-j-rotary-9-cylinder-engine">Smithsonian NASM Le Rhône 9J page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animatedengines.com/gnome.html">Animation of Gnome Rotary in action</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelrotaryflyer.tripod.com/">Ray Williams' operable miniature rotary engine website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineair.com.au/">A rotary engine that runs solely on compressed air</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairdiesel.co.uk/">Charles Redrup's range of engines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaWwgQDrGMw">Video of 1909 Gnome Omega Engine - Run April 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/~Heritage/bricklin/Rotary.htm">Bricklin-Turner Rotary Vee Engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZqCdNU8MlA">Bi-rotary engine</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wix.com/devaere/radial-bi-rotary">Franky Devaere</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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engine">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotative_beam_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotative beam engine">Rotative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourke_engine" title="Bourke engine">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam_engine" title="Cam engine">Cam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camless_piston_engine" title="Camless piston engine">Camless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-acting_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-acting cylinder">Double-acting cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-piston_engine" title="Free-piston engine">Free-piston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stelzer_engine" title="Stelzer engine">Stelzer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemi_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemi engine">Hemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_cylinder_head" title="Heron cylinder head">Heron head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOE_engine" title="IOE engine">Intake over exhaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposed-piston_engine" title="Opposed-piston engine">Opposed-piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pent-roof_combustion_chamber" title="Pent-roof combustion chamber">Pentroof</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-acting_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-acting cylinder">Single-acting cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_cycle_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Split cycle engine">Split cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing-piston_engine" title="Swing-piston engine">Swing-piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_wedge_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler wedge engine">Wedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke cycles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-stroke_engine" title="Five-stroke engine">Five-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-stroke_engine" title="Six-stroke engine">Six-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-_and_four-stroke_engines" title="Two- and four-stroke engines">Two-and four-stroke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Cylinder layouts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Inline / straight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">I1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-twin_engine" title="Straight-twin engine">I2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-three_engine" title="Straight-three engine">I3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">I4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-five_engine" title="Straight-five engine">I5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">I6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-seven_engine" title="Straight-seven engine">I7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-eight_engine" title="Straight-eight engine">I8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-nine_engine" title="Straight-nine engine">I9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-twelve_engine" title="Straight-twelve engine">I12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-fourteen_engine" title="Straight-fourteen engine">I14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat / boxer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat-twin_engine" title="Flat-twin engine">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-four_engine" title="Flat-four engine">F4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-six_engine" title="Flat-six engine">F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-eight_engine" title="Flat-eight engine">F8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-ten_engine" title="Flat-ten engine">F10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-twelve_engine" title="Flat-twelve engine">F12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-sixteen_engine" title="Flat-sixteen engine">F16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V / Vee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V-twin_engine" title="V-twin engine">V2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V3_engine" title="V3 engine">V3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4_engine" title="V4 engine">V4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V5_engine" title="V5 engine">V5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VR5_engine" title="VR5 engine">VR5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V6_engine" title="V6 engine">V6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VR6_engine" title="VR6 engine">VR6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V10_engine" title="V10 engine">V10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V14_engine" title="V14 engine">V14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V16_engine" title="V16 engine">V16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V18_engine" title="V18 engine">V18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V20_engine" title="V20 engine">V20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V24_engine" title="V24 engine">V24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_engine#W3_engines" title="W engine">W3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine#W6_engines" title="W engine">W6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W8_engine" title="W8 engine">W8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W12_engine" title="W12 engine">W12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W16_engine" title="W16 engine">W16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W18_engine" title="W18 engine">W18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine#W24_engine" title="W engine">W24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine#W30_engine" title="W engine">W30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Deltic" title="Napier Deltic">Deltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">Radial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-single_engine" title="Split-single engine">Split-single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_engine" title="U engine">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_engine" title="X engine">X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heat_engines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heat_engines" title="Template:Heat engines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heat_engines" title="Template talk:Heat engines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heat_engines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heat engines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heat_engines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">Heat engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_heat_engine" title="Carnot heat engine">Carnot engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluidyne_engine" title="Fluidyne engine">Fluidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_engine" title="Hot air engine">Hot air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minto_wheel" title="Minto wheel">Minto wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo-Carnot_engine" title="Photo-Carnot engine">Photo-Carnot engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">Pistonless (Rotary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijke_tube" title="Rijke tube">Rijke tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-single_engine" title="Split-single engine">Split-single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam (reciprocating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">Aeolipile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacoustic_heat_engine" title="Thermoacoustic heat engine">Thermoacoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beale_number" title="Beale number">Beale number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_number" title="West number">West number</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology" title="Timeline of heat engine technology">Timeline of heat engine technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><div><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Thermodynamic cycle</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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