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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ligand binding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ligand_binding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ligand binding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ligand_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal_transduction_pathway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal_transduction_pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Signal transduction pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<li id="toc-Stimulation_of_glycogen_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimulation_of_glycogen_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stimulation of glycogen synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimulation_of_glycogen_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradation_of_insulin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation_of_insulin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Degradation of insulin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradation_of_insulin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Insulin receptor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مستقبلة الإنسولين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبلة الإنسولين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSR" title="INSR – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="INSR" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinrezeptor" title="Insulinrezeptor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Insulinrezeptor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_insulina" title="Receptor de insulina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor de insulina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گیرنده انسولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیرنده انسولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_da_insulina" title="Receptor da insulina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Receptor da insulina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_insulin" title="Reseptor insulin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reseptor insulin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettore_dell%27insulina" title="Recettore dell'insulina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettore dell'insulina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קולטן לאינסולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולטן לאינסולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инсулински рецептор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инсулински рецептор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="インスリン受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インスリン受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_d%27insulina" title="Receptor d'insulina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Receptor d'insulina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_insuliny" title="Receptor insuliny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Receptor insuliny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_insulina" title="Receptor de insulina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptor de insulina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_pentru_insulin%C4%83" title="Receptor pentru insulină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Receptor pentru insulină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инсулиновый рецептор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инсулиновый рецептор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzulinski_receptor" title="Inzulinski receptor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inzulinski receptor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinski_receptor" title="Insulinski receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Insulinski receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinski_receptor" title="Insulinski receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Insulinski receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insuliinireseptori" title="Insuliinireseptori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Insuliinireseptori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Інсуліновий рецептор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інсуліновий рецептор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422579#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cell receptor found in humans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">INSR</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png/250px-IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png/375px-IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png/500px-IR_Ectodomain_mod3LOH.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P15208%20or%20P06213">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P15208,P06213">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1GAG">1GAG</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1I44">1I44</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1IR3">1IR3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1IRK">1IRK</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1P14">1P14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1RQQ">1RQQ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2AUH">2AUH</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2B4S">2B4S</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2HR7">2HR7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3BU3">3BU3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3BU5">3BU5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3BU6">3BU6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3EKK">3EKK</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3EKN">3EKN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3ETA">3ETA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3W11">3W11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3W12">3W12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3W13">3W13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3W14">3W14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2MFR">2MFR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2Z8C">2Z8C</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4IBM">4IBM</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4OGA">4OGA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4XLV">4XLV</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4XST">4XST</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5E1S">5E1S</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4ZXB">4ZXB</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5J3H">5J3H</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5HHW">5HHW</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6091">INSR</a></span>, CD220, HHF5, insulin receptor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/147670">147670</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:96575">96575</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=20090">20090</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=INSR">INSR</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000171105">INSR - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 19 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 19 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 19 (human)">Chromosome 19 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 19 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 19 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_19_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 30.745104010293px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for INSR"><img alt="Genomic location for INSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 36.7px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for INSR"><img alt="Genomic location for INSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">19p13.2</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">7,112,255 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">7,294,414 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 8 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 1.9892636366152px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for INSR"><img alt="Genomic location for INSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for INSR"><img alt="Genomic location for INSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">8 A1.1|8 1.82 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">3,172,061 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">3,329,617 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000171105">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">buccal mucosa cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">palpebral conjunctiva</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">visceral pleura</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">middle temporal gyrus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">kidney tubule</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">renal medulla</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tibia</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">seminal vesicula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">epithelium of nasopharynx</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">body of pancreas</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000005534">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">retinal pigment epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Paneth cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">ciliary body</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lacrimal gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lobe of liver</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">parotid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">substantia nigra</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">digastric muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">triceps brachii muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">sternocleidomastoid muscle</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000171105">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_INSR_213792_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/3643/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016301">kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031995">insulin-like growth factor II binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004714">transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005524">ATP binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004672">protein kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005159">insulin-like growth factor receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043560">insulin receptor substrate binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016740">transferase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004713">protein tyrosine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000166">nucleotide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031994">insulin-like growth factor I binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005525">GTP binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051425">PTB domain binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043548">phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043559">insulin binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005009">insulin-activated receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019904">protein domain specific binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001540">amyloid-beta binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038024">cargo receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044877">protein-containing complex binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005901">caveola</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005899">insulin receptor complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062">extracellular exosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043235">receptor complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010008">endosome membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005887">integral component of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005622">intracellular anatomical structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005635">nuclear envelope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009897">external side of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030424">axon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031981">nuclear lumen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032590">dendrite membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032809">neuronal cell body membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046326">positive regulation of glucose import</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008286">insulin receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001934">positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045995">regulation of embryonic development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048639">positive regulation of developmental growth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006468">protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000194">regulation of female gonad development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009887">animal organ morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019087">transformation of host cell by virus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045840">positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051446">positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051897">positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045725">positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355">regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007169">transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030238">male sex determination</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045893">positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008544">epidermis development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032869">cellular response to insulin stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046777">protein autophosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060267">positive regulation of respiratory burst</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043410">positive regulation of MAPK cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031017">exocrine pancreas development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008584">male gonad development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016310">phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005975">carbohydrate metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045740">positive regulation of DNA replication</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038083">peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032148">activation of protein kinase B activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030335">positive regulation of cell migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045429">positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071363">cellular response to growth factor stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003007">heart morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030325">adrenal gland development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045821">positive regulation of glycolytic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032147">activation of protein kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042593">glucose homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0018108">peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051290">protein heterotetramerization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035556">intracellular signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006898">receptor-mediated endocytosis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007612">learning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007613">memory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014068">positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043243">positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048856">anatomical structure development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097062">dendritic spine maintenance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097242">amyloid-beta clearance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1990535">neuron projection maintenance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3643&rn=1">3643</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=16337&rn=1">16337</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000171105;db=core">ENSG00000171105</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000005534;db=core">ENSMUSG00000005534</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P06213">P06213</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P15208">P15208</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000208">NM_000208</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001079817">NM_001079817</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_010568">NM_010568</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001330056">NM_001330056</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000199">NP_000199</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001073285">NP_001073285</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001316985">NP_001316985</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_034698">NP_034698</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr19:7112255-7294414">Chr 19: 7.11 – 7.29 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr8:3172061-3329617">Chr 8: 3.17 – 3.33 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14863356" class="extiw" title="d:Q14863356">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14863357" class="extiw" title="d:Q14863357">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>insulin receptor</b> (<b>IR</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane receptor">transmembrane receptor</a> that is activated by <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGF-I" class="mw-redirect" title="IGF-I">IGF-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-II</a> and belongs to the large class of <a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">receptor tyrosine kinase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19274663_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19274663-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose_homeostasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose homeostasis">glucose homeostasis</a>; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2859121_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2859121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22355074_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22355074-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin signalling controls access to blood glucose in body cells. When insulin falls, especially in those with high insulin sensitivity, body cells begin only to have access to lipids that do not require transport across the membrane. So, in this way, insulin is the key regulator of fat metabolism as well. Biochemically, the insulin receptor is encoded by a single <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=INSR">INSR</a></i>, from which <a href="/wiki/Alternative_splicing" title="Alternative splicing">alternate splicing</a> during transcription results in either IR-A or IR-B <a href="/wiki/Isoforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoforms">isoforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19752219_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19752219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downstream post-translational events of either isoform result in the formation of a proteolytically cleaved α and β subunit, which upon combination are ultimately capable of homo or hetero-dimerisation to produce the ≈320 kDa disulfide-linked transmembrane insulin receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19752219_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19752219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of alternative splice variants derived from the <i>INSR</i> gene are <a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a> to form one of two monomeric isomers; IR-A in which <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exon</a> 11 is excluded, and IR-B in which exon 11 is included. Inclusion of exon 11 results in the addition of 12 amino acids upstream of the intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Furin" title="Furin">furin</a> proteolytic cleavage site. </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png/350px-Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png/525px-Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png/700px-Colour_coded_Schematic_of_the_Insulin_Receptor.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Colour-coded schematic of the insulin receptor</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon receptor dimerisation, after <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolytic cleavage</a> into the α- and β-chains, the additional 12 amino acids remain present at the <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminus</a> of the α-chain (designated αCT) where they are predicted to influence receptor–<a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21838706_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21838706-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each isometric <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> is structurally organized into 8 distinct domains consists of; a leucine-rich repeat domain (L1, residues 1–157), a cysteine-rich region (CR, residues 158–310), an additional leucine rich repeat domain (L2, residues 311–470), three <a href="/wiki/Fibronectin_type_III_domain" title="Fibronectin type III domain">fibronectin type III domains</a>; FnIII-1 (residues 471–595), FnIII-2 (residues 596–808) and FnIII-3 (residues 809–906). Additionally, an insert domain (ID, residues 638–756) resides within FnIII-2, containing the α/β furin cleavage site, from which proteolysis results in both IDα and IDβ domains. Within the β-chain, downstream of the FnIII-3 domain lies a transmembrane helix (TH) and intracellular juxtamembrane (JM) region, just upstream of the intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) catalytic domain, responsible for subsequent intracellular signaling pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20348418_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20348418-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon cleavage of the monomer to its respective α- and β-chains, receptor hetero or homo-dimerisation is maintained covalently between chains by a single disulphide link and between monomers in the dimer by two disulphide links extending from each α-chain. The overall 3D <a href="/wiki/Ectodomain" title="Ectodomain">ectodomain</a> structure, possessing four ligand binding sites, resembles an inverted 'V', with the each monomer rotated approximately 2-fold about an axis running parallel to the inverted 'V' and L2 and FnIII-1 domains from each monomer forming the inverted 'V's apex.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20348418_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20348418-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16957736_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16957736-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligand_binding">Ligand binding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ligand binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg/220px-Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg/330px-Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg/440px-Insulin_receptor_conformation_change_upon_binding-scheme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Ligand-induced conformation changes in the full-length human insulin receptor reconstituted in nanodiscs. Left - unactivated receptor conformation; right - insulin-activated receptor conformation. The changes are visualized with the electron microscopy of an individual molecule (upper panel) and schematically depicted as a cartoon (lower panel).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29453311_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29453311-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png/220px-Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png/330px-Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png/440px-Ligand-saturated-cryoEM-IR-structure.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Left - cryo-EM structure of the ligand-saturated IR ectodomain; right - 4 binding sites and IR structure upon binding schematically depicted as a cartoon.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31727777_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31727777-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The insulin receptor's endogenous ligands include <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGF-I" class="mw-redirect" title="IGF-I">IGF-I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-II</a>. Using a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Transmission electron cryomicroscopy">cryo-EM</a>, structural insight into conformational changes upon insulin binding was provided. Binding of ligand to the α-chains of the IR dimeric ectodomain shifts it from an inverted V-shape to a T-shaped conformation, and this change is propagated structurally to the transmembrane domains, which get closer, eventually leading to autophosphorylation of various tyrosine residues within the intracellular TK domain of the β-chain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29453311_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29453311-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes facilitate the recruitment of specific <a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">adapter proteins</a> such as the insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS) in addition to <a href="/wiki/SHB_(gene)" title="SHB (gene)">SH2-B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Src_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Src (gene)">Src</a> Homology 2 - B ), <a href="/w/index.php?title=APS_(gene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APS (gene) (page does not exist)">APS</a> and protein phosphatases, such as <a href="/wiki/PTP1B" class="mw-redirect" title="PTP1B">PTP1B</a>, eventually promoting downstream processes involving blood glucose homeostasis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19225456_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19225456-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strictly speaking the relationship between IR and ligand shows complex allosteric properties. This was indicated with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Scatchard_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatchard plot">Scatchard plots</a> which identified that the measurement of the ratio of IR bound ligand to unbound ligand does not follow a linear relationship with respect to changes in the concentration of IR bound ligand, suggesting that the IR and its respective ligand share a relationship of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_binding" title="Cooperative binding">cooperative binding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4361269_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4361269-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the observation that the rate of IR-ligand dissociation is accelerated upon addition of unbound ligand implies that the nature of this cooperation is negative; said differently, that the initial binding of ligand to the IR inhibits further binding to its second active site - exhibition of allosteric inhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4361269_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4361269-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These models state that each IR monomer possesses 2 insulin binding sites; site 1, which binds to the 'classical' binding surface of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>: consisting of L1 plus αCT domains and site 2, consisting of loops at the junction of FnIII-1 and FnIII-2 predicted to bind to the 'novel' hexamer face binding site of insulin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19274663_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19274663-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As each monomer contributing to the IR ectodomain exhibits 3D 'mirrored' complementarity, N-terminal site 1 of one monomer ultimately faces C-terminal site 2 of the second monomer, where this is also true for each monomers mirrored complement (the opposite side of the ectodomain structure). Current literature distinguishes the complement binding sites by designating the second monomer's site 1 and site 2 nomenclature as either site 3 and site 4 or as site 1' and site 2' respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19274663_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19274663-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19225456_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19225456-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, these models state that each IR may bind to an insulin molecule (which has two binding surfaces) via 4 locations, being site 1, 2, (3/1') or (4/2'). As each site 1 proximally faces site 2, upon insulin binding to a specific site, <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">'crosslinking'</a> via ligand between monomers is predicted to occur (i.e. as [monomer 1 Site 1 - Insulin - monomer 2 Site (4/2')] or as [monomer 1 Site 2 - Insulin - monomer 2 site (3/1')]). In accordance with current mathematical modelling of IR-insulin kinetics, there are two important consequences to the events of insulin crosslinking; 1. that by the aforementioned observation of negative cooperation between IR and its ligand that subsequent binding of ligand to the IR is reduced and 2. that the physical action of crosslinking brings the ectodomain into such a <a href="/wiki/Conformational_change" title="Conformational change">conformation</a> that is required for intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation events to ensue (i.e. these events serve as the requirements for receptor activation and eventual maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19225456_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19225456-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applying cryo-EM and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">molecular dynamics</a> simulations of receptor reconstituted in <a href="/wiki/Nanodisc" title="Nanodisc">nanodiscs</a>, the structure of the entire dimeric insulin receptor ectodomain with four insulin molecules bound was visualized, therefore confirming and directly showing biochemically predicted 4 binding locations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31727777_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31727777-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists">Agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4548-G05" class="mw-redirect" title="4548-G05">4548-G05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">Insulin-like growth factor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecasermin" title="Mecasermin">Mecasermin</a></li></ul> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Small-molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-molecule">small-molecule</a> insulin receptor agonists have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34907529_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34907529-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signal_transduction_pathway">Signal transduction pathway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signal transduction pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The insulin receptor is a type of <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrosine kinase receptor">tyrosine kinase receptor</a>, in which the binding of an agonistic ligand triggers <a href="/wiki/Autophosphorylation" title="Autophosphorylation">autophosphorylation</a> of the tyrosine residues, with each subunit phosphorylating its partner. The addition of the phosphate groups generates a binding site for the <a href="/wiki/Insulin_receptor_substrate" title="Insulin receptor substrate">insulin receptor substrate</a> (IRS-1), which is subsequently activated via phosphorylation. The activated IRS-1 initiates the signal transduction pathway and binds to <a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase">phosphoinositide 3-kinase</a> (PI3K), in turn causing its activation. This then catalyses the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate</a> into <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(3,4,5)-trisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate">Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate</a> (PIP<sub>3</sub>). PIP<sub>3</sub> acts as a secondary messenger and induces the activation of phosphatidylinositol dependent protein kinase, which then activates several other kinases – most notably <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_B" title="Protein kinase B">protein kinase B</a>, (PKB, also known as Akt). PKB triggers the translocation of glucose transporter (<a href="/wiki/GLUT4" title="GLUT4">GLUT4</a>) containing vesicles to the cell membrane, via the activation of <a href="/wiki/SNARE_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="SNARE (protein)">SNARE</a> proteins, to facilitate the diffusion of glucose into the cell. PKB also phosphorylates and inhibits <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_synthase_kinase_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycogen synthase kinase 3">glycogen synthase kinase</a>, which is an enzyme that inhibits <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_synthase" title="Glycogen synthase">glycogen synthase</a>. Therefore, PKB acts to start the process of glycogenesis, which ultimately reduces blood-glucose concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Signal transduction of Insulin</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 735px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 730px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism. Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which, in turn, starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5), and fatty acid synthesis (6)."><img alt="Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism. Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which, in turn, starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5), and fatty acid synthesis (6)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg/394px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg" decoding="async" width="394" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg/591px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg/788px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="754" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism.</b> Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which, in turn, starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5), and fatty acid synthesis (6).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 735px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 730px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signal transduction of Insulin: At the end of the transduction process, the activated protein binds to the PIP2 phospholipids embedded in the membrane."><img alt="Signal transduction of Insulin: At the end of the transduction process, the activated protein binds to the PIP2 phospholipids embedded in the membrane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg/497px-Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="497" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg/746px-Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg/994px-Signal_Transduction_Diagram-_Insulin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Signal transduction of Insulin:</b> At the end of the transduction process, the activated protein binds to the <a href="/wiki/C" title="C"><b>PIP<sub>2</sub></b></a> phospholipids embedded in the membrane.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_of_gene_expression">Regulation of gene expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regulation of gene expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The activated IRS-1 acts as a secondary messenger within the cell to stimulate the transcription of insulin-regulated genes. First, the protein Grb2 binds the P-Tyr residue of IRS-1 in its <a href="/wiki/SH2_domain" title="SH2 domain">SH2 domain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grb2" class="mw-redirect" title="Grb2">Grb2</a> is then able to bind SOS, which in turn catalyzes the replacement of bound GDP with GTP on Ras, a <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a>. This protein then begins a phosphorylation cascade, culminating in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (<a href="/wiki/MAPK" class="mw-redirect" title="MAPK">MAPK</a>), which enters the nucleus and phosphorylates various nuclear transcription factors (such as <a href="/wiki/ELK1" title="ELK1">Elk1</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stimulation_of_glycogen_synthesis">Stimulation of glycogen synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stimulation of glycogen synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glycogen synthesis is also stimulated by the insulin receptor via IRS-1. In this case, it is the <a href="/wiki/SH2_domain" title="SH2 domain">SH2 domain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase">PI-3 kinase</a> (PI-3K) that binds the P-Tyr of IRS-1. Now activated, PI-3K can convert the membrane lipid <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(4,5)-bisphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate</a> (PIP<sub>2</sub>) to <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(3,4,5)-trisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate</a> (PIP<sub>3</sub>). This indirectly activates a protein kinase, PKB (<a href="/wiki/Akt" class="mw-redirect" title="Akt">Akt</a>), via phosphorylation. PKB then phosphorylates several target proteins, including <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_synthase_kinase_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycogen synthase kinase 3">glycogen synthase kinase 3</a> (GSK-3). GSK-3 is responsible for phosphorylating (and thus deactivating) glycogen synthase. When GSK-3 is phosphorylated, it is deactivated, and prevented from deactivating glycogen synthase. In this roundabout manner, insulin increases glycogen synthesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degradation_of_insulin">Degradation of insulin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Degradation of insulin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once an insulin molecule has docked onto the receptor and effected its action, it may be released back into the extracellular environment or it may be degraded by the cell. Degradation normally involves <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a> of the insulin-receptor complex followed by the action of <a href="/wiki/Insulin_degrading_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin degrading enzyme">insulin degrading enzyme</a>. Most insulin molecules are degraded by <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> cells. It has been estimated that a typical insulin molecule is finally degraded about 71 minutes after its initial release into circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9793760_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9793760-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_system">Immune system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Immune system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the metabolic function, insulin receptors are also expressed on immune cells, such as macrophages, B cells, and T cells. On T cells, the expression of insulin receptors is undetectable during the resting state but up-regulated upon <a href="/wiki/T-cell_receptor" title="T-cell receptor">T-cell receptor</a> (TCR) activation. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> has been shown when supplied exogenously to promote <i>in vitro</i> T cell proliferation in animal models. Insulin receptor signalling is important for maximizing the potential effect of T cells during acute infection and inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology">Pathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main activity of activation of the insulin receptor is inducing glucose uptake. For this reason "insulin insensitivity", or a decrease in insulin receptor signaling, leads to <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">diabetes mellitus type 2</a> – the cells are unable to take up glucose, and the result is <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">hyperglycemia</a> (an increase in circulating glucose), and all the sequelae that result from diabetes. </p><p>Patients with <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a> may display <a href="/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">acanthosis nigricans</a>. </p><p>A few patients with homozygous mutations in the <i>INSR</i> gene have been described, which causes <a href="/wiki/Donohue_syndrome" title="Donohue syndrome">Donohue syndrome</a> or Leprechaunism. This <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a> disorder results in a totally non-functional insulin receptor. These patients have low-set, often protuberant, ears, flared nostrils, thickened lips, and severe growth retardation. In most cases, the outlook for these patients is extremely poor, with death occurring within the first year of life. Other mutations of the same gene cause the less severe <a href="/wiki/Rabson-Mendenhall_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome">Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome</a>, in which patients have characteristically abnormal teeth, hypertrophic <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a> (gums), and enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>. Both diseases present with fluctuations of the <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> level: After a meal the glucose is initially very high, and then falls rapidly to abnormally low levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12023989_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12023989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other genetic mutations to the insulin receptor gene can cause Severe Insulin Resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insulin receptor has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction" title="Protein–protein interaction">interact</a> with </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectonucleotide_pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase_1" title="Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1">ENPP1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10615944_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10615944-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB10" title="GRB10">GRB10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10871840_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10871840-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8621530_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8621530-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7479769_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7479769-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9506989_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9506989-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9006901_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9006901-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB7" title="GRB7">GRB7</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10803466_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10803466-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS1">IRS1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11606564_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11606564-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8626379_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8626379-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD2L1" title="MAD2L1">MAD2L1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9092546_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9092546-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRKCD" title="PRKCD">PRKCD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11266508_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11266508-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12031982_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12031982-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTPN11" title="PTPN11">PTPN11</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8135823_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8135823-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7493946_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7493946-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH2B1" title="SH2B1">SH2B1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9742218_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9742218-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10594240_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10594240-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Insulin+receptor+substrate-2+binds+to+the+insulin+receptor+through+its+phosphotyrosine-binding+domain+and+through+a+newly+identified+domain+comprising+amino+acids+591-786&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=5980-3&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.271.11.5980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8626379&rft.aulast=Sawka-Verhelle&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tartare-Deckert%2C+S&rft.au=White%2C+MF&rft.au=Van+Obberghen%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.271.11.5980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9092546-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9092546_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeillZhuGustafson1997" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill TJ, Zhu Y, Gustafson TA (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.15.10035">"Interaction of MAD2 with the carboxyl terminus of the insulin receptor but not with the IGFIR. Evidence for release from the insulin receptor after activation"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>272</b> (15): 10035–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.15.10035">10.1074/jbc.272.15.10035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9092546">9092546</a>.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diabetes&rft.atitle=Differential+effects+of+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+on+protein+kinase+C+isoforms+alpha+and+delta+mediate+inhibition+of+insulin+receptor+signaling&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1921-30&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2337%2Fdiabetes.51.6.1921&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12031982&rft.aulast=Rosenzweig&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Braiman%2C+L&rft.au=Bak%2C+A&rft.au=Alt%2C+A&rft.au=Kuroki%2C+T&rft.au=Sampson%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2337%252Fdiabetes.51.6.1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8135823-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8135823_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaegawaUgiAdachiHinoda1994" class="citation journal 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+and+Biophysical+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=Insulin+receptor+kinase+phosphorylates+protein+tyrosine+phosphatase+containing+Src+homology+2+regions+and+modulates+its+PTPase+activity+in+vitro&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=780-5&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fbbrc.1994.1297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8135823&rft.aulast=Maegawa&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Ugi%2C+S&rft.au=Adachi%2C+M&rft.au=Hinoda%2C+Y&rft.au=Kikkawa%2C+R&rft.au=Yachi%2C+A&rft.au=Shigeta%2C+Y&rft.au=Kashiwagi%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7493946-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7493946_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharitonenkovSchnekenburgerChenKnyazev1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kharitonenkov A, Schnekenburger J, Chen Z, Knyazev P, Ali S, Zwick E, White M, Ullrich A (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.49.29189">"Adapter function of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D in insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 interaction"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>270</b> (49): 29189–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.49.29189">10.1074/jbc.270.49.29189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7493946">7493946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adapter+function+of+protein-tyrosine+phosphatase+1D+in+insulin+receptor%2Finsulin+receptor+substrate-1+interaction&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=29189-93&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.270.49.29189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7493946&rft.aulast=Kharitonenkov&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Schnekenburger%2C+J&rft.au=Chen%2C+Z&rft.au=Knyazev%2C+P&rft.au=Ali%2C+S&rft.au=Zwick%2C+E&rft.au=White%2C+M&rft.au=Ullrich%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.270.49.29189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9742218-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9742218_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotaniWildenPillay1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kotani K, Wilden P, Pillay TS (October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1219757">"SH2-Balpha is an insulin-receptor adapter protein and substrate that interacts with the activation loop of the insulin-receptor kinase"</a>. <i>The Biochemical Journal</i>. <b>335</b> (1): 103–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj3350103">10.1042/bj3350103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1219757">1219757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742218">9742218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=SH2-Balpha+is+an+insulin-receptor+adapter+protein+and+substrate+that+interacts+with+the+activation+loop+of+the+insulin-receptor+kinase&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-9&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1219757%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9742218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj3350103&rft.aulast=Kotani&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Wilden%2C+P&rft.au=Pillay%2C+TS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1219757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10594240-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10594240_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelmsO'NeillLiHubbard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nelms K, O'Neill TJ, Li S, Hubbard SR, Gustafson TA, Paul WE (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1232697">"Alternative splicing, gene localization, and binding of SH2-B to the insulin receptor kinase domain"</a>. <i>Mammalian Genome</i>. <b>10</b> (12): 1160–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003359901183">10.1007/s003359901183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10594240">10594240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21060861">21060861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Genome&rft.atitle=Alternative+splicing%2C+gene+localization%2C+and+binding+of+SH2-B+to+the+insulin+receptor+kinase+domain&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1160-7&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21060861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10594240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs003359901183&rft.aulast=Nelms&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+TJ&rft.au=Li%2C+S&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+SR&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+TA&rft.au=Paul%2C+WE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1232697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonKemp1991" class="citation book cs1">Pearson RB, Kemp BE (1991). "[3] Protein kinase phosphorylation site sequences and consensus specificity motifs: Tabulations". <i>Protein kinase phosphorylation site sequences and consensus specificity motifs: tabulations</i>. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 200. pp. 62–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0076-6879%2891%2900127-I">10.1016/0076-6879(91)00127-I</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780121821012" title="Special:BookSources/9780121821012"><bdi>9780121821012</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1956339">1956339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%26%2391%3B3%26%2393%3B+Protein+kinase+phosphorylation+site+sequences+and+consensus+specificity+motifs%3A+Tabulations&rft.btitle=Protein+kinase+phosphorylation+site+sequences+and+consensus+specificity+motifs%3A+tabulations&rft.series=Methods+in+Enzymology&rft.pages=62-81&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1956339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0076-6879%2891%2900127-I&rft.isbn=9780121821012&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.au=Kemp%2C+BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsulin+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoost1995" class="citation journal cs1">Joost HG (February 1995). 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Functional implications". <i>European Journal of Biochemistry</i>. <b>269</b> (15): 3619–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1033.2002.03038.x">10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03038.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F79981">10261/79981</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12153558">12153558</a>.</cite><span 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CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF AN ACTIVATION LOOP MUTANT OF THE INSULIN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PDB_1i44_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1i44_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PDB_1i44_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1i44_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PDB_1i44_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1i44_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1i44</b>: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF AN ACTIVATION LOOP MUTANT OF THE INSULIN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1ir3: PHOSPHORYLATED INSULIN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE IN COMPLEX WITH PEPTIDE SUBSTRATE AND ATP ANALOG"><img alt="1ir3: PHOSPHORYLATED INSULIN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE IN COMPLEX WITH PEPTIDE SUBSTRATE AND ATP ANALOG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1ir3_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1ir3</b>: PHOSPHORYLATED INSULIN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE IN COMPLEX WITH PEPTIDE SUBSTRATE AND ATP ANALOG</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1irk: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TYROSINE KINASE DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN INSULIN RECEPTOR"><img alt="1irk: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TYROSINE KINASE DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN INSULIN RECEPTOR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1irk_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1irk</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TYROSINE KINASE DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN INSULIN RECEPTOR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1p14: Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase"><img alt="1p14: Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1p14_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1p14</b>: Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1rqq: Crystal Structure of the Insulin Receptor Kinase in Complex with the SH2 Domain of APS"><img alt="1rqq: Crystal Structure of the Insulin Receptor Kinase in Complex with the SH2 Domain of APS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1rqq_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1rqq</b>: Crystal Structure of the Insulin Receptor Kinase in Complex with the SH2 Domain of APS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2auh: Crystal structure of the Grb14 BPS region in complex with the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase"><img alt="2auh: Crystal structure of the Grb14 BPS region in complex with the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2auh_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2auh</b>: Crystal structure of the Grb14 BPS region in complex with the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2b4s: Crystal structure of a complex between PTP1B and the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase"><img alt="2b4s: Crystal structure of a complex between PTP1B and the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2b4s_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2b4s</b>: Crystal structure of a complex between PTP1B and the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2dtg: Insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain in complex with fab's"><img alt="2dtg: Insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain in complex with fab's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2dtg_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2dtg</b>: Insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain in complex with fab's</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2hr7_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2hr7: Insulin receptor (domains 1-3)"><img alt="2hr7: Insulin receptor (domains 1-3)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PDB_2hr7_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2hr7_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PDB_2hr7_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2hr7_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PDB_2hr7_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2hr7_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2hr7</b>: Insulin receptor (domains 1-3)</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proteins:_clusters_of_differentiation_(see_also_list_of_human_clusters_of_differentiation)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clusters_of_differentiation" title="Template:Clusters of differentiation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clusters_of_differentiation" title="Template talk:Clusters of differentiation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clusters_of_differentiation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clusters of differentiation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proteins:_clusters_of_differentiation_(see_also_list_of_human_clusters_of_differentiation)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cluster_of_differentiation" title="Cluster of differentiation">clusters of differentiation</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_clusters_of_differentiation" title="List of human clusters of differentiation">list of human clusters of differentiation</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">1–50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD1" title="CD1">CD1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_CD1" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 CD1">a-c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1A" title="CD1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1b" title="CD1b">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1D" title="CD1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1E" title="CD1E">1E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD2" title="CD2">CD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3G" title="CD3G">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3D" title="CD3D">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3E" class="mw-redirect" title="CD3E">ε</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD5_(protein)" title="CD5 (protein)">CD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD6" title="CD6">CD6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD7" title="CD7">CD7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD8A" title="CD8A">a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD9" title="CD9">CD9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neprilysin" title="Neprilysin">CD10</a></li> <li><i>CD11</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD11a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin_alpha_M" title="Integrin alpha M">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD11c" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGAD" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGAD">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminopeptidase" title="Alanine aminopeptidase">CD13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD14" title="CD14">CD14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD15" class="mw-redirect" title="CD15">CD15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD16" title="CD16">CD16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCGR3A" title="FCGR3A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR3B" title="FCGR3B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD18" class="mw-redirect" title="CD18">CD18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD19" title="CD19">CD19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_2" title="Complement receptor 2">CD21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD24" title="CD24">CD24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL2RA" title="IL2RA">CD25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase-4" title="Dipeptidyl peptidase-4">CD26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD27" title="CD27">CD27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD28" title="CD28">CD28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin_beta_1" title="Integrin beta 1">CD29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD31" title="CD31">CD31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">CD32</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCGR2A" title="FCGR2A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR2B" title="FCGR2B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD33" title="CD33">CD33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD34" title="CD34">CD34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_1" title="Complement receptor 1">CD35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD36" title="CD36">CD36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD37" title="CD37">CD37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD38" title="CD38">CD38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENTPD1" title="ENTPD1">CD39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD40_(protein)" title="CD40 (protein)">CD40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGA2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGA2B">CD41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_Ib" title="Glycoprotein Ib">CD42</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_IX" title="Glycoprotein IX">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP1BA" title="GP1BA">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP1BB" title="GP1BB">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP5_(gene)" title="GP5 (gene)">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD43" title="CD43">CD43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD44" title="CD44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTPRC" title="PTPRC">CD45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD46" title="CD46">CD46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD47" title="CD47">CD47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD48" title="CD48">CD48</a></li> <li><i>CD49</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD49a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD49b" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD49c" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD49d" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGA5" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGA5">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGA6" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGA6">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM3" title="ICAM3">CD50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">51–100</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITGAV" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGAV">CD51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD52" title="CD52">CD52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD53" title="CD53">CD53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM-1" title="ICAM-1">CD54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay-accelerating_factor" title="Decay-accelerating factor">CD55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Neural cell adhesion molecule">CD56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B3GAT1" title="B3GAT1">CD57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD58" title="CD58">CD58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD59" title="CD59">CD59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD61" class="mw-redirect" title="CD61">CD61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectin" title="Selectin">CD62</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-selectin" title="E-selectin">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-selectin" title="L-selectin">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-selectin" title="P-selectin">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD63" title="CD63">CD63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD64_(biology)" title="CD64 (biology)">CD64</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCGR1A" title="FCGR1A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR1B" class="mw-redirect" title="FCGR1B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR1C" class="mw-redirect" title="FCGR1C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">CD66</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM1" title="CEACAM1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM8" title="CEACAM8">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM6" title="CEACAM6">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM3" title="CEACAM3">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM5" title="CEACAM5">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSG1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="PSG1 (gene)">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD68" title="CD68">CD68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD69" title="CD69">CD69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">CD70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFRC" class="mw-redirect" title="TFRC">CD71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD72" title="CD72">CD72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT5E" title="NT5E">CD73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD74" title="CD74">CD74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD78" title="CD78">CD78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD79" title="CD79">CD79</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD79A" title="CD79A">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD79B" title="CD79B">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD80" title="CD80">CD80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD81" title="CD81">CD81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD82_(gene)" title="CD82 (gene)">CD82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD83" title="CD83">CD83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD84" title="CD84">CD84</a></li> <li><i>CD85</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LILRB3" title="LILRB3">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB2" title="LILRB2">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA3" title="LILRA3">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA2" title="LILRA2">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB1" title="LILRB1">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB4" title="LILRB4">k</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD86" title="CD86">CD86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urokinase_receptor" title="Urokinase receptor">CD87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">CD88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCAR" title="FCAR">CD89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD90" title="CD90">CD90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LRP1" title="LRP1">CD91</a> - <a href="/wiki/SLC44A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC44A1">CD92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD93" title="CD93">CD93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRD1" title="KLRD1">CD94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_receptor" title="Fas receptor">CD95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD96" title="CD96">CD96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD98" title="CD98">CD98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD99" title="CD99">CD99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMA4D" title="SEMA4D">CD100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">101–150</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGSF2" title="IGSF2">CD101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM2" title="ICAM2">CD102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGAE" title="ITGAE">CD103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGB4" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGB4">CD104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoglin" title="Endoglin">CD105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCAM-1" title="VCAM-1">CD106</a></li> <li><i>CD107</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LAMP1" title="LAMP1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAMP2" title="LAMP2">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMA7A" title="SEMA7A">CD108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD109" title="CD109">CD109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_leukemia_virus_oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene">CD110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVRL1" class="mw-redirect" title="PVRL1">CD111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVRL2" class="mw-redirect" title="PVRL2">CD112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVRL3" class="mw-redirect" title="PVRL3">CD113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">CD114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor" title="Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor">CD115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">CD116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIT_(gene)" title="KIT (gene)">CD117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor_receptor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor">CD118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1" title="Interferon gamma receptor 1">CD119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD120" title="CD120">CD120</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF1A" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF1A">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF1B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF1B">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CD121</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor,_type_I" title="Interleukin 1 receptor, type I">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor,_type_II" title="Interleukin 1 receptor, type II">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL2RB" title="IL2RB">CD122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL3RA" title="IL3RA">CD123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4_receptor" title="Interleukin-4 receptor">CD124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5_receptor_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit">CD125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor" title="Interleukin-6 receptor">CD126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-7_receptor" title="Interleukin-7 receptor">CD127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-9_receptor" title="Interleukin-9 receptor">CD129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_130" title="Glycoprotein 130">CD130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSF2RB" title="CSF2RB">CD131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_gamma_chain" title="Common gamma chain">CD132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD133" title="CD133">CD133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD134" title="CD134">CD134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD135" title="CD135">CD135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST1R" title="MST1R">CD136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD137" title="CD137">CD137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndecan_1" title="Syndecan 1">CD138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDGFRB" title="PDGFRB">CD140b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombomodulin" title="Thrombomodulin">CD141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_factor" title="Tissue factor">CD142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">CD143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE-cadherin" title="VE-cadherin">CD144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD146" title="CD146">CD146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">CD147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTPRJ" title="PTPRJ">CD148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAMF1" title="SLAMF1">CD150</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">151–200</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD151" title="CD151">CD151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CD152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD153" title="CD153">CD153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD155" title="CD155">CD155</a></li> <li><i>CD156</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAM8" title="ADAM8">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAM17" title="ADAM17">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAM10" title="ADAM10">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BST1" title="BST1">CD157</a></li> <li><i>CD158</i> (<a href="/wiki/KIR2DL1" title="KIR2DL1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL4" title="KIR2DL4">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL1" title="KIR3DL1">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS4" title="KIR2DS4">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL2" title="KIR3DL2">k</a>)</li> <li><i>CD159</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKG2" title="NKG2">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRC2" title="KLRC2">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD160" title="CD160">CD160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRB1" title="KLRB1">CD161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-selectin_glycoprotein_ligand-1" title="P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1">CD162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD163" title="CD163">CD163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD164" title="CD164">CD164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCAM" title="ALCAM">CD166</a></li> <li><i>CD167</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DDR1" title="DDR1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoidin_domain-containing_receptor_2" title="Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaluronan-mediated_motility_receptor" title="Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor">CD168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialoadhesin" title="Sialoadhesin">CD169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC5" title="SIGLEC5">CD170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L1_(protein)" title="L1 (protein)">CD171</a></li> <li><i>CD172</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal-regulatory_protein_alpha" title="Signal-regulatory protein alpha">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRPB1" title="SIRPB1">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRPG" title="SIRPG">g</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucosyltransferase_3" title="Fucosyltransferase 3">CD174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD177" title="CD177">CD177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_ligand" title="Fas ligand">CD178</a></li> <li><i>CD179</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VPREB1" title="VPREB1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGLL1" title="IGLL1">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD180" title="CD180">CD180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_alpha" title="Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha">CD181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_beta" title="Interleukin 8 receptor, beta">CD182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR3" title="CXCR3">CD183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR4" title="CXCR4">CD184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR5" title="CXCR5">CD185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR6" title="CXCR6">CD186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR1" title="CCR1">CD191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR2" title="CCR2">CD192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR3_(gene)" title="CCR3 (gene)">CD193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR4" title="CCR4">CD194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CD195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_6" title="C-C chemokine receptor type 6">CD196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_7" title="C-C chemokine receptor type 7">CD197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR8_(gene)" title="CCR8 (gene)">CDw198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR9" title="CCR9">CDw199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD200" title="CD200">CD200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">201–250</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_protein_C_receptor" title="Endothelial protein C receptor">CD201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEK_tyrosine_kinase" title="TEK tyrosine kinase">CD202b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSR1" title="MSR1">CD204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY75" class="mw-redirect" title="LY75">CD205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">CD206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD207" class="mw-redirect" title="CD207">CD207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAMP3" title="LAMP3">CD208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-SIGN" title="DC-SIGN">CD209</a></li> <li><i>CDw210</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10_receptor,_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10_receptor,_beta_subunit" title="Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">CD212</a></li> <li><i>CD213a</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IL13RA1" class="mw-redirect" title="IL13RA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL13RA2" title="IL13RA2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL17RA" title="IL17RA">CD217</a></li> <li><i>CD218</i> (<a href="/wiki/IL18R1" title="IL18R1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL18RAP" title="IL18RAP">b</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor">CD221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor">CD222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAG3" class="mw-redirect" title="LAG3">CD223</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GGT1" class="mw-redirect" title="GGT1">CD224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFITM1" title="IFITM1">CD225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD226" title="CD226">CD226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC1" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC1">CD227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFI2" class="mw-redirect" title="MFI2">CD228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY9" title="LY9">CD229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRNP" class="mw-redirect" title="PRNP">CD230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Band 3">CD233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system" title="Duffy antigen system">CD234</a></li> <li><i>CD235</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GYPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GYPA">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYPB" title="GYPB">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">CD236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kell_antigen_system" title="Kell antigen system">CD238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Basal cell adhesion molecule">CD239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHCE_(gene)" title="RHCE (gene)">CD240CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHD_(gene)" title="RHD (gene)">CD240D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">CD241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-glycoprotein" title="P-glycoprotein">CD243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD244" title="CD244">CD244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" title="Anaplastic lymphoma kinase">CD246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD247" class="mw-redirect" title="CD247">CD247</a> - <a href="/wiki/CD248" title="CD248">CD248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamyl_aminopeptidase" title="Glutamyl aminopeptidase">CD249</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">251–300</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OX40L" class="mw-redirect" title="OX40L"> CD252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAIL" title="TRAIL">CD253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">CD254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFSF13" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFSF13">CD256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">CD257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFSF14" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFSF14">CD258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10A" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10A">CD261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10B">CD262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10C" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10C">CD263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10D" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10D">CD264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">CD265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF12A" title="TNFRSF12A">CD266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF13B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF13B">CD267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF13C" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF13C">CD268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF17" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF17">CD269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor" title="Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor">CD271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTLA" title="BTLA">CD272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDCD1LG2" title="PDCD1LG2">CD273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD274" class="mw-redirect" title="CD274">CD274</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICOSLG" title="ICOSLG">CD275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD276" title="CD276">CD276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD278" title="CD278">CD278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1" title="Programmed cell death protein 1">CD279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">CD280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR_1" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR 1">CD281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR2" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR2">CD282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR3" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR3">CD283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR4" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR4">CD284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR6" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR6">CD286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR8" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR8">CD288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR9" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR9">CD289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR10" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR10">CD290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">CD292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1B" title="BMPR1B">CDw293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD294" class="mw-redirect" title="CD294">CD294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptin_receptor" title="Leptin receptor">CD295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART4" title="ART4">CD297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1B3" title="ATP1B3">CD298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEC4M" title="CLEC4M">CD299</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">301–350</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD300A" title="CD300A">CD300A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEC10A" title="CLEC10A">CD301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD302" title="CD302">CD302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEC4C" title="CLEC4C">CD303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropilin" title="Neuropilin">CD304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAIR1" title="LAIR1">CD305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAIR2" title="LAIR2">CD306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCRL5" title="FCRL5">CD307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinase_insert_domain_receptor" title="Kinase insert domain receptor">CD309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">CD312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKG2D" title="NKG2D">CD314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTGFRN" title="PTGFRN">CD315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGSF8" title="IGSF8">CD316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetherin" title="Tetherin">CD317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDCP1" title="CDCP1">CD318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD320" title="CD320">CD320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F11_receptor" title="F11 receptor">CD321</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAM2" title="JAM2">CD322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH1 (gene)">CD324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH2">CD325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Epithelial cell adhesion molecule">CD326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC6" title="SIGLEC6">CD327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC7" title="SIGLEC7">CD328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC9" title="SIGLEC9">CD329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_1" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1">CD331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_2" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2">CD332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_3" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3">CD333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_4" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4">CD334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR1" title="NCR1">CD335</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR2" title="NCR2">CD336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR3" title="NCR3">CD337</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCG2" title="ABCG2">CD338</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAG1" title="JAG1">CD339</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">CD340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">CD344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">CD349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">CD350</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protein_kinases:_tyrosine_kinases_(EC_2.7.10)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tyrosine_kinases" title="Template:Tyrosine kinases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tyrosine_kinases" title="Template talk:Tyrosine kinases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tyrosine_kinases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tyrosine kinases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein_kinases:_tyrosine_kinases_(EC_2.7.10)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase" title="Protein kinase">Protein kinases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 2.7.10)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Receptor_tyrosine_kinases_(EC_2.7.10.1)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinases</a> (EC 2.7.10.1)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor_receptor" title="Growth factor receptor">Growth factor receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ErbB" title="ErbB">EGF receptor family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">ERBB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERBB3" title="ERBB3">ERBB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERBB4" title="ERBB4">ERBB4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insulin receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor">IGF1R</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">INSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSRR" title="INSRR">INSRR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RTK_class_III" title="RTK class III">PDGF receptor family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor" title="Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor">CSF1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD135" title="CD135">FLT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">KIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor receptor">PDGFR</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDGFRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PDGFRA">PDGFRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDGFRB" title="PDGFRB">PDGFRB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor">FGF receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_1" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1">FGFR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_2" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2">FGFR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_3" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3">FGFR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_4" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4">FGFR4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VEGF_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGF receptors">VEGF receptors</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FLT1" class="mw-redirect" title="FLT1">VEGFR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinase_insert_domain_receptor" title="Kinase insert domain receptor">VEGFR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VEGFR3" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGFR3">VEGFR3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C-Met" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Met">HGF receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Met" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Met">MET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST1R" title="MST1R">RON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trk_receptor" title="Trk receptor">Trk receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TrkA_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="TrkA receptor">NTRK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTRK2" class="mw-redirect" title="NTRK2">NTRK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTRK3" class="mw-redirect" title="NTRK3">NTRK3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ephrin_receptor" title="Ephrin receptor">EPH receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_A1" title="EPH receptor A1">EPHA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_A2" title="EPH receptor A2">EPHA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_A3" title="EPH receptor A3">EPHA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_A4" title="EPH receptor A4">EPHA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_A5" title="EPH receptor A5">EPHA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPHA6" title="EPHA6">EPHA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPHA7" title="EPHA7">EPHA7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPHA8" title="EPHA8">EPHA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_B1" title="EPH receptor B1">EPHB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_B2" title="EPH receptor B2">EPHB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPHB3" title="EPHB3">EPHB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPH_receptor_B4" title="EPH receptor B4">EPHB4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPHB5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EPHB5 (page does not exist)">EPHB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPHB6" title="EPHB6">EPHB6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPHX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EPHX (page does not exist)">EPHX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase">LTK receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase">LTK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" title="Anaplastic lymphoma kinase">ALK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angiopoietin_receptor" title="Angiopoietin receptor">TIE receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TIE1" title="TIE1">TIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEK_tyrosine_kinase" title="TEK tyrosine kinase">TEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase-like_orphan_receptor" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor">ROR receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROR1" title="ROR1">ROR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROR2" title="ROR2">ROR2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DDR1" title="DDR1">DDR receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DDR1" title="DDR1">DDR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoidin_domain-containing_receptor_2" title="Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2">DDR2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PTK7" title="PTK7">PTK7 receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTK7" title="PTK7">PTK7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Related_to_receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Related to receptor tyrosine kinase">RYK receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Related_to_receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Related to receptor tyrosine kinase">RYK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MuSK_protein" title="MuSK protein">MuSK receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MuSK_protein" title="MuSK protein">MUSK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ROS receptor family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROS1" title="ROS1">ROS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AATK" title="AATK">AATYK receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AATK" title="AATK">AATYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMTK2" title="LMTK2">AATYK2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AXL_receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="AXL receptor tyrosine kinase">AXL receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AXL_receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="AXL receptor tyrosine kinase">AXL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERTK" title="MERTK">MER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TYRO3" title="TYRO3">TYRO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene" title="RET proto-oncogene">RET receptor</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene" title="RET proto-oncogene">RET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">uncategorised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STYK1" title="STYK1">STYK1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-receptor_tyrosine_kinases_(EC_2.7.10.2)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Non-receptor tyrosine kinase">Non-receptor tyrosine kinases</a> (EC 2.7.10.2)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ABL_(gene)" title="ABL (gene)">ABL</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abl_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Abl gene">ABL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABL2" title="ABL2">ARG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TNK2" title="TNK2">ACK</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNK2" title="TNK2">ACK1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNK1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TNK1 (page does not exist)">TNK1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_CSK" title="Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK">CSK</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-src_tyrosine_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="C-src tyrosine kinase">CSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte-associated_tyrosine_kinase" title="Megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase">MATK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PTK2" title="PTK2">FAK</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTK2" title="PTK2">FAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTK2B" title="PTK2B">PYK2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feline_sarcoma_oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Feline sarcoma oncogene">FES</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feline_sarcoma_oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Feline sarcoma oncogene">FES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FER_(gene)" title="FER (gene)">FER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fyn-related_kinase" title="Fyn-related kinase">FRK</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyn-related_kinase" title="Fyn-related kinase">FRK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTK6" title="PTK6">BRK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRMS_(gene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRMS (gene) (page does not exist)">SRMS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">JAK</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_1" title="Janus kinase 1">JAK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_2" title="Janus kinase 2">JAK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_3" title="Janus kinase 3">JAK3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_2" title="Tyrosine kinase 2">TYK2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SRC-A family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src" title="Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src">SRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGR_(gene)" title="FGR (gene)">FGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FYN" title="FYN">FYN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YES1" class="mw-redirect" title="YES1">YES1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SRC-B family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_BLK" title="Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK">BLK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCK" title="HCK">HCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lck" class="mw-redirect" title="Lck">LCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYN" title="LYN">LYN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TEC_(gene)" title="TEC (gene)">TEC</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEC_(gene)" title="TEC (gene)">TEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_(gene)" title="BMX (gene)">BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruton%27s_tyrosine_kinase" title="Bruton's tyrosine kinase">BTK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITK_(gene)" title="ITK (gene)">ITK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TXK_(gene)" title="TXK (gene)">TXK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_SYK" title="Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK">SYK</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine-protein_kinase_SYK" title="Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK">SYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP-70" class="mw-redirect" title="ZAP-70">ZAP70</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a 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