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vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polaron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 20 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بولارون — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولارون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%C3%B3" title="Polaró — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polaró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%C3%B3n" title="Polarón — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polarón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="پولارون — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولارون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarone" title="Polarone — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polarone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ポーラロン — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーラロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Полярон — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полярон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="폴라론 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴라론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Полярон — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полярон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Полярон — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полярон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polaron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Полярон — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полярон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaron" title="Polyaron — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polyaron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%AD%90" title="極子 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="極子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1074844#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discuss%C3%A3o:Polaron&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página (página não existe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polaron"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polaron"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=history"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Polaron" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Polaron" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&oldid=56177449" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Polaron&id=56177449&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolaron"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolaron"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Polaron"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polaron&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1074844" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><p>Um <b>polaron</b> é uma <a href="/wiki/Quasipart%C3%ADcula" title="Quasipartícula">quase partícula</a> usada na <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a> da <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_da_mat%C3%A9ria_condensada" title="Física da matéria condensada">matéria condensada</a> para entender as interações entre <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron">elétrons</a> e <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo">átomos</a> em um <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido">material sólido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> O conceito de polaron foi proposto pela primeira vez por <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> em 1933 para descrever um elétron em movimento em um <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristal</a> <a href="/wiki/Diel%C3%A9trico" title="Dielétrico">dielétrico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> onde os átomos se movem de suas posições de equilíbrio para efetivamente rastrear a carga de um elétron, conhecido como <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B4non" title="Fônon">nuvem de fônons</a>. Isso diminui a mobilidade do elétron e aumenta a massa efetiva do elétron.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O polaron, uma quase partícula <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9rmion" title="Férmion">fermiônica</a>, não deve ser confundido com o <a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">polariton</a>, uma quase partícula <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son" title="Bóson">bosônica</a> análoga a um estado hibridizado entre um <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%A3o" title="Fotão">fóton</a> e um fônon óptico.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trião_polarônico"><span id="Tri.C3.A3o_polar.C3.B4nico"></span>Trião polarônico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Trião polarônico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Trião polarônico"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O trião polarônico é uma quase-partícula descoberta no <a href="/wiki/Dissulfeto_de_molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Dissulfeto de molibdênio">dissulfeto de molibdênio</a> (MoS2) por uma equipe da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Nacional_de_Singapura" title="Universidade Nacional de Singapura">Universidade Nacional de Cingapura</a> (NUS). Ele pode ser usado para projetar um <a href="/wiki/Modulador_%C3%B3ptico" title="Modulador óptico">modulador óptico</a> para a <a href="/wiki/Espectro_vis%C3%ADvel" title="Espectro visível">luz visível</a> que é controlada pelos <a href="/wiki/Campo_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Campo (física)">campos de temperatura e elétrico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> O trion polarônico pode ser visualizado como uma boneca de chá russa ou <a href="/wiki/Matriosca" title="Matriosca">matryoshka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Walle, Chris G. Van de (19 de junho de 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v12/68">«Viewpoint: Polarons Get the Full Treatment»</a>. <i>Physics</i> (em inglês). <b>12</b></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APolaron&rft.atitle=Viewpoint%3A+Polarons+Get+the+Full+Treatment&rft.aufirst=Chris+G.+Van+de&rft.aulast=Walle&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics&rft.volume=12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.aps.org%2Farticles%2Fv12%2F68&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Devreese, Jozef T. (30 de setembro de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/PT.3.2553">«Polarons»</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>67</b> (10): 54–54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2553">10.1063/PT.3.2553</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APolaron&rft.atitle=Polarons&rft.aufirst=Jozef+T.&rft.aulast=Devreese&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=54-54&rft.volume=67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicstoday.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2553&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Muhammad, El-Saba (31 de março de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4uKaDgAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Transport of Information-Carriers in Semiconductors and Nanodevices</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: IGI Global. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781522523130" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781522523130">9781522523130</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APolaron&rft.aufirst=El-Saba&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.btitle=Transport+of+Information-Carriers+in+Semiconductors+and+Nanodevices&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781522523130&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4uKaDgAAQBAJ%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dykman, Mark I.; Rashba, Emmanuel I. (31 de março de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/PT.3.2735">«The roots of polaron theory»</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 10–11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2735">10.1063/PT.3.2735</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APolaron&rft.atitle=The+roots+of+polaron+theory&rft.au=Rashba%2C+Emmanuel+I.&rft.aufirst=Mark+I.&rft.aulast=Dykman&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=10-11&rft.volume=68&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicstoday.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2735&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techexplorist.com/nus-researchers-discover-unusual-quasiparticle-common-2d-material/25923/">«NUS researchers discover unusual quasiparticle in common 2D material»</a>. <i>Tech Explorist</i> (em inglês). 27 de agosto de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de setembro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APolaron&rft.atitle=NUS+researchers+discover+unusual+quasiparticle+in+common+2D+material&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Explorist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techexplorist.com%2Fnus-researchers-discover-unusual-quasiparticle-common-2d-material%2F25923%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azoquantum.com/News.aspx?newsID=6656">«NUS Researchers Discover Polaronic Trion, a New Quasiparticle, in MoS2»</a>. <i>AZoQuantum.com</i> (em inglês). 28 de agosto de 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de setembro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3APolaron&rft.atitle=NUS+Researchers+Discover+Polaronic+Trion%2C+a+New+Quasiparticle%2C+in+MoS2&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AZoQuantum.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azoquantum.com%2FNews.aspx%3FnewsID%3D6656&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:U%2B269B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/U%2B269B.svg/35px-U%2B269B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/U%2B269B.svg/53px-U%2B269B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/U%2B269B.svg/70px-U%2B269B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. 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s">s</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_t" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark t">t</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark b">b</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_u" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark u"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">u</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_d" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark d"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">d</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark c"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">c</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_s" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark s"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">s</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_t" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark t"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">t</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark b"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">b</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pton" title="Lépton">Léptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3sitron" title="Pósitron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%A3o" title="Muão"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>μ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antim%C3%BAon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimúon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>μ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>τ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitau" title="Antitau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>τ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_do_el%C3%A9tron" title="Neutrino do elétron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_do_el%C3%A9tron" title="Antineutrino do elétron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_do_m%C3%BAon" title="Neutrino do múon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />μ</span></span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_de_m%C3%BAon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino de múon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />μ</span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_do_tau" title="Neutrino do tau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />τ</span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_do_tau" title="Antineutrino do tau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />τ</span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son" title="Bóson">Bósons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_de_calibre" title="Bóson de calibre">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fóton"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>γ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BAon" title="Glúon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>g<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_W_e_Z" title="Bósons W e Z"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>W<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">±<br /></span></span> <b>·</b>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Z<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_escalar" title="Bóson escalar">Escalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_de_Higgs" title="Bóson de Higgs"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>H<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">0<br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasma_de_Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasma de Faddeev–Popov">Fantasma de Faddeev–Popov</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADculas_hipot%C3%A9ticas" class="mw-redirect" title="Partículas hipotéticas">Hipotéticas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/S-part%C3%ADcula" title="S-partícula">S-partículas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A9rmion" title="Sférmion">Sférmion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81xion" title="Áxion">A<sup>0</sup></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1viton" title="Gráviton">G</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>J<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magn%C3%A9tico" title="Monopolo magnético">m</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1quion" title="Táquion">Táquion</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_X_e_Y" title="Bósons X e Y"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>X<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span> <b>·</b>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Y<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bósons W' e Z'">W' <b>·</b>  Z'</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_est%C3%A9ril" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino estéril">Neutrino estéril</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_composta" title="Partícula composta">Composta</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1dron" title="Hádron">Hádrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion" title="Bárion">Bárions</a> / <a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADperon" title="Híperon">Híperons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleon" title="Núcleon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>N<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>p<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>n<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_Delta" title="Bárion Delta">Δ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_Lambda" title="Bárion Lambda">Λ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_sigma" title="Bárion sigma"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Σ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_Xi" title="Bárion Xi">Ξ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_omega" title="Bárion omega"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Ω<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson">Mésons</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quark%C3%B3nio" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarkónio">Quarkónio</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADon" title="Píon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>π<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_rho" title="Méson rho"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ρ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>η<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eta_prime_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta prime meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>η′<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_phi" class="mw-redirect" title="Méson phi"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>φ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_omega" title="Méson omega"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ω<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_J/%CF%88" title="Méson J/ψ"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>J/ψ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Upsilon meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ϒ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Theta meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>θ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1on" title="Káon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>K<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_B" title="Méson B"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>B<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_D" title="Méson D"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>D<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_T" title="Méson T"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>T<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outros</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_at%C3%B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico">Núcleo atómico</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo">Átomos</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquarks</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo_ex%C3%B3tico" title="Átomo exótico">Átomos exóticos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3nio" class="mw-redirect" title="Positrónio">Positrónio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tau%C3%B4nio" title="Tauônio">Tauônio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3nio" title="Muónio">Muónio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%93nio" title="Ónio">Ónio</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Super%C3%A1tomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Superátomo">Superátomos</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula">Moléculas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Part%C3%ADculas_compostas_hipot%C3%A9ticas" title="Categoria:Partículas compostas hipotéticas">Hipotéticas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1dron_ex%C3%B3tico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hádron exótico (página não existe)">Hádrons exóticos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_ex%C3%B3tico" title="Bárion exótico">Bárions exóticos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%A1rion" title="Dibárion">Dibárion</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9son_ex%C3%B3tico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Méson exótico (página não existe)">Mésons exóticos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula_mes%C3%B4nica" title="Molécula mesônica">Molécula mesônica</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quase-part%C3%ADcula" class="mw-redirect" title="Quase-partícula">Quase-partículas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Collexon" title="Collexon">Collexon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B3liton_de_Davydov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sóliton de Davydov (página não existe)">Sóliton de Davydov</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Exc%C3%ADton" title="Excíton">Excíton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%A3o-buraco" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrão-buraco">Elétron-buraco</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B4non" title="Fônon">Fônon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pi-ton" title="Pi-ton">Pi-ton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a> <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polaron</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Trion_(quasipart%C3%ADcula)" title="Trion (quasipartícula)">Trion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Listas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_part%C3%ADculas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de partículas">Lista de partículas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_quasipart%C3%ADculas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de quasipartículas (página não existe)">Lista de quasipartículas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_b%C3%A1rions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de bárions (página não existe)">Lista de bárions</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_m%C3%A9sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de mésons (página não existe)">Lista de mésons</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_descoberta_de_part%C3%ADculas" title="Cronologia da descoberta de partículas">Cronologia da descoberta de partículas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polaron&oldid=56177449">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polaron&oldid=56177449</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a 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