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id="toc-Omissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Omissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishnah,_Gemara,_and_Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishnah,_Gemara,_and_Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mishnah, Gemara, and Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishnah,_Gemara,_and_Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_and_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_and_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Content and purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_and_purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content and purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content_and_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oral law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mishnah_and_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mishnah_and_the_Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Mishnah and the Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mishnah_and_the_Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rejection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishnah_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishnah_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mishnah studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mishnah_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mishnah studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mishnah_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textual_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Textual variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printed_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Printed editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Oral traditions and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_historical_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_historical_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>As a historical source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_historical_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commentaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>List of commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Historical study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Recitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikimedia_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikimedia_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Wikimedia projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikimedia_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitised_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitised_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Digitised manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitised_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_electronic_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_electronic_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Other electronic texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_electronic_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishnah_study_and_the_daily_Mishnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishnah_study_and_the_daily_Mishnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Mishnah study and the daily Mishnah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishnah_study_and_the_daily_Mishnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Audio lectures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Oral traditions and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mishnah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjna" title="Misjna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Misjna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مشناه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشناه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D" title="মিশনাহ্ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশনাহ্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мишна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мишна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixn%C3%A0" title="Mixnà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mixnà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1na" title="Mišna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mišna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishna" title="Mishna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mishna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischna" title="Mischna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mischna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishn%C3%A1" title="Mishná – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mishná" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%9Dno" title="Miŝno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miŝno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishna" title="Mishna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mishna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="میشنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میشنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishna" title="Mishna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mishna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mishnah" title="An Mishnah – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%88%EB%82%98" title="미슈나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미슈나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="משנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishna" title="Mishna – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mishna" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misna" title="Misna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Misna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1na" title="Mišna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mišna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misna" title="Misna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Misna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mishnah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8" title="മിഷ്ന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിഷ്ന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87" title="الميشناه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الميشناه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnah" title="Masnah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masnah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjna" title="Misjna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Misjna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ミシュナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミシュナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjn%C3%A1" title="Misjná – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Misjná" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjn%C3%A1" title="Misjná – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Misjná" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مشناہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشناہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مشنا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مشنا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miszna" title="Miszna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miszna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishn%C3%A1" title="Mishná – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mishná" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99na" title="Mișna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мишна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мишна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1na" title="Mišna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mišna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мишна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мишна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1na" title="Mišna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mišna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1na" title="Mišna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mišna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishna" title="Mishna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mishna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%9Fnah" title="Mişnah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mişnah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мішна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мішна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مشناہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشناہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="משניות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="משניות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%9B%B8%E6%8B%BF" title="米書拿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米書拿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191825#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, a much later book of Rabbinic literature by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First major written collection of the Oral Torah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/250px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/375px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/500px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-style:italic"><i>Talmud Readers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Behrman" title="Adolf Behrman">Adolf Behrman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> Talmudic literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Minor Tractates</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Halakhic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Exodus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Leviticus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra (Torat Kohanim)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Numbers and Deuteronomy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifri_Zutta" title="Sifri Zutta">Sifrei Zutta on Numbers</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_le-Sefer_Devarim" title="Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim">Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Tannaitic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules" title="Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules">Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Thirty-two_Rules" title="Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules">Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 400–600 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Iyyob" title="Midrash Iyyob">Midrash Iyyob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 650–900 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avot_de-Rabbi_Natan" title="Avot de-Rabbi Natan">Avot de-Rabbi Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanna_Devei_Eliyahu" title="Tanna Devei Eliyahu">Tanna Devei Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a></li> <li>Devarim Zutta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rabbah" title="Ruth Rabbah">Ruth Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Samuel" title="Baraita of Samuel">Baraita of Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 900–1000 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ruth Zuta</li> <li>Eichah Zuta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 1000–1200 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tadshe" title="Midrash Tadshe">Midrash Tadshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_haMachiri" title="Yalkut haMachiri">Yalkut haMachiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Jonah" title="Midrash Jonah">Midrash Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Yaakov" title="Ein Yaakov">Ein Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaller_midrashim" title="Smaller midrashim">Smaller midrashim</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li> <li>Fragment Targum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Targum Tehillim</li> <li>Targum Mishlei</li> <li>Targum Iyyov</li> <li>Targum to the Five Megillot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther</li> <li>Targum to Chronicles</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template talk:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mishnah</b> or the <b>Mishna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִשְׁנָה</span>, "study by repetition", from the verb <i>shanah</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שנה</span>‎, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> that are known as the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>. It is also the first work of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, with the oldest surviving material dating to the 6th to 7th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineS_(2014a)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL_(2018a)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mishnah was <a href="/wiki/Literary_redaction" title="Literary redaction">redacted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> probably in <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)" title="Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)">Beit Shearim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the ending of the second century CE and the beginning of the third century<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_(2007a)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ_(2007a)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a time when the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution of Jews</a> and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. </p><p>Most of the Mishnah is written in <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a>, but some parts are in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Western Aramaic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Six_orders">Six orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Six orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Talmudic_tractates" title="List of Talmudic tractates">List of Talmudic tractates</a></div> <p>The term "<i>Mishnah</i>" originally referred to a method of teaching by presenting topics in a systematic order, as contrasted with <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></i></span></i>, which followed the order of the Bible. As a written compilation, the order of the Mishnah is by subject matter and includes a much broader selection of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> subjects and discusses individual subjects more thoroughly than the <i>Midrash</i>. </p><p>The Mishnah consists of six orders (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sedarim</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">seder</i></span></i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סדר</span></span>), each containing 7–12 tractates (<i><span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text"><i lang="tmr-Latn">masechtot</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text"><i lang="tmr-Latn">masechet</i></span></i> <span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text"><span lang="tmr" dir="rtl">מסכת</span></span>; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Each <i><span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text"><i lang="tmr-Latn">masechet</i></span></i> is divided into chapters (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">peraqim</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pereq</i></span></i>) and then paragraphs (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mishnayot</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mishnah</i></span></i>). In this last context, the word <i>mishnah</i> means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "<i>Mishnayot</i>", for the whole work. </p><p>Because of the division into six orders, the Mishnah is sometimes called <i><b>Shas</b></i> (an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for <i>Shisha Sedarim</i> – the "six orders"), although that term is more often used for the Talmud as a whole. </p><p>The six orders are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a></i> ("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moed" title="Moed">Moed</a></i> ("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Nashim</a></i> ("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a></i> ("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a></i> ("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">dietary laws</a> (11 tractates) and</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a></i> ("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, food purity, and bodily purity (12 tractates).</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> "Z'MaN NaKaT" is a popular <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> for these orders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each order (with the exception of Zeraim), tractates are arranged from biggest (in number of chapters) to smallest. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="The_Six_Orders_of_the_Mishnah_(שִׁשָּׁה_סִדְרֵי_מִשְׁנָה)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#8090EE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mishnah" title="Template:Mishnah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mishnah" title="Template talk:Mishnah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mishnah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mishnah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Six_Orders_of_the_Mishnah_(שִׁשָּׁה_סִדְרֵי_מִשְׁנָה)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The Six Orders of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mishnah</a> (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה</span>‎)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#66DD66;"><a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a> (Seeds)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">זְרָעִים</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#2299FF;"><a href="/wiki/Moed" title="Moed">Moed</a> (Festival)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מוֹעֵד</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#E9967A;"><a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Nashim</a> (Women)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נָשִׁים</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#FFA812;"><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a> (Damages)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נְזִיקִין</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#FFE303;"><a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a> (Holies)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">קָדָשִׁים</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#C8CCE8;"><a href="/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a> (Purities)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טָהֳרוֹת</span>‎)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#C0FFC0;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)" title="Berakhot (tractate)">Berakhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%27ah" title="Pe'ah">Pe'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demai_(tractate)" title="Demai (tractate)">Demai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(tractate)" title="Kil'ayim (tractate)">Kil'ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevi%27it_(tractate)" title="Shevi'it (tractate)">Shevi'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumot" title="Terumot">Terumot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27aserot" title="Ma'aserot">Ma'aserot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27aser_Sheni" title="Ma'aser Sheni">Ma'aser Sheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah_(tractate)" title="Challah (tractate)">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlah_(tractate)" title="Orlah (tractate)">Orlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(tractate)" title="Bikkurim (tractate)">Bikkurim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#C0EFEE;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">Eruvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesachim_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesachim (tractate)">Pesahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekalim_(Tractate)" title="Shekalim (Tractate)">Shekalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoma" title="Yoma">Yoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah_(Talmud)" title="Sukkah (Talmud)">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitza" title="Beitza">Beitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%27ed_Katan" title="Mo'ed Katan">Mo'ed Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagigah" title="Hagigah">Hagigah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#F5CEC3;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevamot" title="Yevamot">Yevamot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)" title="Ketubot (tractate)">Ketubot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedarim_(Talmud)" title="Nedarim (Talmud)">Nedarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazir_(Talmud)" title="Nazir (Talmud)">Nazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)" title="Sotah (Talmud)">Sotah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddushin_(Talmud)" title="Kiddushin (Talmud)">Kiddushin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#FFD199;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Kamma" title="Bava Kamma">Bava Kamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevu%27ot" title="Shevu'ot">Shevu'ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduyot_(Talmud)" title="Eduyot (Talmud)">Eduyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Avot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horayot" title="Horayot">Horayot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#EEFFA3;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zevachim" title="Zevachim">Zevachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachot" title="Menachot">Menachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekhorot" title="Bekhorot">Bekhorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhin" title="Arakhin">Arakhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Talmud)" title="Temurah (Talmud)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keritot" title="Keritot">Keritot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%27ilah" title="Me'ilah">Me'ilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">Tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)" title="Middot (Talmud)">Middot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnim" title="Kinnim">Kinnim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#E8ECF2;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keilim" title="Keilim">Keilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholot" title="Oholot">Oholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nega%27im" title="Nega'im">Nega'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parah" title="Parah">Parah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohorot_(tractate)" title="Tohorot (tractate)">Tohorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikva%27ot" title="Mikva'ot">Mikva'ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)" title="Niddah (Talmud)">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhshirin" title="Makhshirin">Makhshirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavim" title="Zavim">Zavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevul_Yom" title="Tevul Yom">Tevul Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadayim" title="Yadayim">Yadayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uktzim" title="Uktzim">Uktzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Chagigah.14a?lang=en">Hagiga 14a</a>) states that there were either six hundred or seven hundred orders of the Mishnah. The Mishnah was divided into six thematic sections by its author, Judah HaNasi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a tradition that <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> but 60 esoteric books. It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. (The current total is 63, but <a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a> was originally part of <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bava_Kamma" title="Bava Kamma">Bava Kamma</a> (literally: "First Portal"), <a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a> ("Middle Portal") and <a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> ("Final Portal") are often regarded as subdivisions of one enormous tractate, titled simply Nezikin.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omissions">Omissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Omissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of important laws are not elaborated upon in the Mishnah. These include the laws of <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a> (phylacteries), <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzot</a>, the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, and the laws of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a>. These were later discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">minor tractates</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a>'s <i>Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud</i> argued that it was unnecessary for "Judah the Prince" to discuss them as many of these laws were so well known. Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redacted</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, Judah could not have included discussion of Hanukkah, which commemorates the Jewish revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (the Romans would not have tolerated this overt nationalism). Similarly, there were then several decrees in place aimed at suppressing outward signs of national identity, including decrees against wearing tefillin and tzitzit; as <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a> was against Roman law, Judah would not have discussed this.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a> suggests that there existed ancient texts analogous to the present-day <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> that discussed the basic laws of day to day living and it was therefore not necessary to focus on these laws in the Mishnah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mishnah,_Gemara,_and_Talmud"><span id="Mishnah.2C_Gemara.2C_and_Talmud"></span>Mishnah, Gemara, and Talmud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mishnah, Gemara, and Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabbinic commentary, debate and analysis on the Mishnah from the next four centuries, done in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, were eventually redacted and compiled as well. In themselves they are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></i>. The books which set out the Mishnah in its original structure, together with the associated <i>Gemara</i>, are known as <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmuds</a>. Two Talmuds were compiled, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Babylonian_Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (to which the term "Talmud" normally refers) and the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, with the oldest surviving Talmudic manuscripts dating to the 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineS_(2014a)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL_(2018a)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Hebrew Mishnah, the <i>Gemara</i> is written primarily in Aramaic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_purpose">Content and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kac_1924-10-19_Pinsk_jews_reading_mishnah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kac_1924-10-19_Pinsk_jews_reading_mishnah.jpg/220px-Kac_1924-10-19_Pinsk_jews_reading_mishnah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Kac_1924-10-19_Pinsk_jews_reading_mishnah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Mishna study, <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a> 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mishnah teaches the oral traditions by example, presenting <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">actual cases</a> being brought to judgment, usually along with (i) the <i>debate</i> on the matter, and (ii) the judgment that was given by a notable rabbi based on <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a>, and spirit of the teaching ("Torah") that guided his decision. </p><p>In this way, the Mishnah brings to everyday reality the practice of the <a href="/wiki/613_Commandments" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Commandments">613 Commandments</a> presented in the Torah and aims to cover all aspects of human living, serve as an example for future judgments, and, most important, demonstrate pragmatic exercise of the Biblical laws, which was much needed since the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Second Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/AD_70" title="AD 70">70 CE</a>. The Mishnah is thus a collection of existing traditions rather than new law.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Mishnah" is related to the verb "to teach, repeat", and to adjectives meaning "second". It is thus named for being both the one written authority (codex) secondary (only) to the Tanakh as a basis for the passing of judgment, a source and a tool for creating laws, and the first of many books to complement the Tanakh in certain aspects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_law">Oral law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oral law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></div> <p>Before the publication of the Mishnah, Jewish scholarship and judgement were predominantly oral, as according to the Talmud, it was not permitted to write them down.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashic</a> form, in which <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> discussion is structured as <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, with the oldest surviving material dating to the 6th to 7th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineS_(2014a)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL_(2018a)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis expounded on and debated the Tanakh without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מגילות סתרים</span></span>) for example of court decisions. The oral traditions were far from monolithic, and varied among various schools, the most famous of which were the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Shammai" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Shammai">House of Shammai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hillel" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hillel">House of Hillel</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 70 CE, with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> Jewish center in Jerusalem, Jewish social and legal norms were in upheaval. The Rabbis were faced with the new reality of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility was felt that the details of the oral traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (530s BCE / 3230s AM – 70 CE/ 3830 AM) would be forgotten, so the justification was found to have these oral laws transcribed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, raising problems of interpretation. According to the <i>Mevo Hatalmud</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many rulings were given in a specific context but would be taken out of it, or a ruling was revisited, but the second ruling would not become popularly known. To correct this, Judah the Prince took up the redaction of the Mishnah. If a point was of no conflict, he kept its language; where there was conflict, he reordered the opinions and ruled, and he clarified where context was not given. The idea was not to use his discretion, but rather to examine the tradition as far back as he could, and only supplement as required.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mishnah_and_the_Hebrew_Bible">The Mishnah and the Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Mishnah and the Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, the Oral Torah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תורה שבעל-פה</span>) was given to Moses with the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a> as an exposition to the latter. The accumulated traditions of the Oral Law, expounded by scholars in each generation from Moses onward, is considered as the necessary basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, of the Written Law. Jews sometimes refer to this as the Masorah (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מסורה</span></span>), roughly translated as tradition, though that word is often used in a narrower sense to mean traditions concerning the editing and reading of the Biblical text (see <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>). The resulting Jewish law and custom is called <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>. </p><p>While most discussions in the Mishnah concern the correct way to carry out laws recorded in the Torah, it usually presents its conclusions without explicitly linking them to any scriptural passage, though scriptural quotations do occur. For this reason it is arranged in order of topics rather than in the form of a Biblical commentary. (In a very few cases, there is no scriptural source at all and the law is described as <i>Halakha leMoshe miSinai</i>, "law to Moses from Sinai".) The <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Midrash halakha</a></i>, by contrast, while presenting similar laws, does so in the form of a Biblical commentary and explicitly links its conclusions to details in the Biblical text. These Midrashim often predate the Mishnah. </p><p>The Mishnah also quotes the Torah for principles not associated with <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, but just as practical advice, even at times for humor or as guidance for understanding historical debates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection">Rejection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rejection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Jews do not accept the codification of the oral law at all. <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, for example, recognises only the Tanakh as <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">authoritative</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></i> (Jewish <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. It rejects the codification of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> in the Mishnah and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and subsequent works of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> which maintain that the Talmud is an authoritative interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. Karaites maintain that all of the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">divine commandments</a> handed down to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation. As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or Talmud. The Karaites comprised a significant portion of the world Jewish population in the 10th and 11th centuries CE, and remain extant, although they currently number in the thousands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></div> <p>The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the <i>Tannaim</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 130 years, or five generations, in the first and second centuries CE. <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> is credited with the final redaction and publication of the Mishnah,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there have been a few additions since his time:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those passages that cite him or his grandson (<a href="/wiki/Judah_II" title="Judah II">Judah II</a>), and the end of <a href="/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)" title="Sotah (Talmud)">tractate Sotah</a> (which refers to the period after Judah's death). In addition to redacting the Mishnah, Judah and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, although the rulings do not always appear in the text. </p><p>Most of the Mishnah is related without <a href="/wiki/Attribution_(copyright)" title="Attribution (copyright)">attribution</a> (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">stam</i></span></i>). This usually indicates that many sages taught so, or that Judah the Prince ruled so. The halakhic ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חכמים</span>, <i>hachamim</i>) is given separately. </p><p>As Judah the Prince went through the tractates, the Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, and therefore a second version of certain laws were released. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refers to these differing versions as <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah Rishonah</i></span></i> ("First Mishnah") and <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah Acharonah</i></span></i> ("Last Mishnah"). <a href="/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a> suggests that <i>Mishnah Rishonah</i> actually refers to texts from earlier Sages upon which Rebbi based his Mishnah. </p><p>The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> (Sanhedrin 86a), which supports the theory (recorded by <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> in his famous <i>Iggeret</i>) that he was the author of an earlier collection. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where the author intended to present Rabbi Meir's view as a "minority opinion" not representing the accepted law. </p><p>There are also references to the "Mishnah of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>", suggesting a still earlier collection;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the other hand, these references may simply mean his teachings in general. Another possibility is that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in the Mishnah, making them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book. </p><p>Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi Judah the Prince recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the <i>Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon</i> (Epistle of Rabbi Sherira Gaon) is ambiguous on the point, although the Spanish recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written. However, the Talmud records that, in every study session, there was a person called the <i>tanna</i> appointed to recite the Mishnah passage under discussion. This may indicate that, even if the Mishnah was reduced to writing, it was not available on general distribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mishnah_studies">Mishnah studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mishnah studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mishnah" title="Special:EditPage/Mishnah">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_variants">Textual variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Textual variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very roughly, there are two traditions of Mishnah text. One is found in manuscripts and printed editions of the Mishnah on its own, or as part of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>. The other is found in manuscripts and editions of the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>; though there is sometimes a difference between the text of a whole paragraph printed at the beginning of a discussion (which may be edited to conform with the text of the Mishnah-only editions) and the line-by-line citations in the course of the discussion. </p><p>Robert Brody, in his <i>Mishna and Tosefta Studies</i> (Jerusalem 2014), warns against over-simplifying the picture by assuming that the Mishnah-only tradition is always the more authentic, or that it represents a "Palestinian" as against a "Babylonian" tradition. Manuscripts from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>, or citations in other works, may support either type of reading or other readings altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complete manuscripts (mss.) <b>bolded</b>. The earliest extant material witness to rabbinic literature of any kind is dating to the 6th–7th centuries CE, see <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_of_Rehob" title="Mosaic of Rehob">Mosaic of Rehob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineS_(2014a)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL_(2018a)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Usual name</th> <th>Formal designation</th> <th>Place written</th> <th>Period written</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kaufmann</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a> Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaufmann.mtak.hu/en/ms50/ms50-coll1.htm">Kaufmann ms. A50</a></td> <td>Prob. Palestine</td> <td>10th, possibly 11th C.</td> <td>It is considered the best manuscript and forms the base text of all critical editions. Vocalization is by a different, later hand. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Parma</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Palatina" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Palatina">Biblioteca Palatina</a> ms. Parm. 3173</td> <td>Palestine or Southern Italy, which in any case it reached soon after being written down</td> <td>Script shows strong similarities to <i>Codex Hebr. Vaticanus 31</i>, securely dated to 1073</td> <td>The Parma ms. is close to the Kaufmann ms. palaeographically but not textually. Text is closest to the Mishnah quotations given in the <a href="/wiki/Jehiel_b._Jekuthiel_Anav#LeidenJerusalemTalmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehiel b. Jekuthiel Anav">Leiden Palestinian Talmud</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Cambridge / Lowe</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a> ms. Add. 470 (II)</td> <td>Sepharadic</td> <td>14–15th C.</td> <td>A very careless copy, it is nonetheless useful where the Kaufmann text is corrupt. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parma B</td> <td></td> <td>North Africa</td> <td>12–13th C.</td> <td><i>Toharot</i> only. Unlike all of the above mss., the vocalization and consonant text are probably by the same hand, which makes it the oldest vocalization of part of the Mishnah known. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yemenite ms.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> quarto 1336</td> <td>Yemen</td> <td>17–18th C.</td> <td><i>Nezikin</i> to <i>Toharot</i>. The consonant text is dependent on early printed editions. The value of this ms. lies exclusively in the vocalization. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, Volume 3 The Literature of the Sages: First Part: Oral Tora, Halakha, Mishna, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates. <i>Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum</i>, Ed. Shmuel Safrai, Brill, 1987, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004275134" title="Special:BookSources/9004275134">9004275134</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_editions">Printed editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Printed editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first printed edition of the Mishnah was published in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. There have been many subsequent editions, including the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilna</a> edition, which is the basis of the editions now used by the religious public. </p><p>Vocalized editions were published in Italy, culminating in the edition of <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_Altaras" title="David ben Solomon Altaras">David ben Solomon Altaras</a>, publ. Venice 1737. The Altaras edition was republished in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> in 1777, in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> in 1797 and 1810 and in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> in many editions from 1823 until 1936: reprints of the vocalized Livorno editions were published in Israel in 1913, 1962, 1968 and 1976. These editions show some textual variants by bracketing doubtful words and passages, though they do not attempt detailed textual criticism. The Livorno editions are the basis of the Sephardic tradition for recitation. </p><p>As well as being printed on its own, the Mishnah is included in all editions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Each paragraph is printed on its own, and followed by the relevant Gemara discussion. However, that discussion itself often cites the Mishnah line by line. While the text printed in paragraph form has generally been standardized to follow the Vilna edition, the text cited line by line in the Gemara often preserves important variants, which sometimes reflect the readings of older manuscripts. </p><p>The nearest approach to a critical edition is that of <a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Albeck" title="Hanoch Albeck">Hanoch Albeck</a>. There is also an edition by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafi%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Qafiḥ">Yosef Qafiḥ</a> of the Mishnah together with the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, which compares the base text used by Maimonides with the Napoli and <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> editions and other sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation">Oral traditions and pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oral traditions and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Rabbi_Elozor.ogg" title="File:Omar Rabbi Elozor.ogg">Amar Rabbi Elazar</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="234" data-mwtitle="Omar_Rabbi_Elozor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Omar_Rabbi_Elozor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Omar_Rabbi_Elozor.ogg/Omar_Rabbi_Elozor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A traditional setting of the last passage of the first tractate, <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berakhot</a>, which describes how scholars of the Talmud create peace in the world. Performed by <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Cantor</a> Meyer Kanewsky in 1919 for <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a> (out loud). Jewish communities around the world preserved local melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways of pronouncing its words. </p><p>Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these, especially some fragments found in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Genizah</a>, are partially annotated with <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> marks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, many communities have a special tune for the Mishnaic passage "Bammeh madliqin" in the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalat_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalat Shabbat">Friday night service</a>; there may also be tunes for Mishnaic passages in other parts of the liturgy, such as the passages in the daily prayers relating to sacrifices and incense and the paragraphs recited at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Musaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaf">Musaf</a> service on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">mawwal</a>, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. (In some traditions this intonation is the same as or similar to that used for the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a>.) Recordings have been made for Israeli national archives, and Frank Alvarez-Pereyre has published a book-length study of the Syrian tradition of Mishnah reading on the basis of these recordings. </p><p>Most vowelized editions of the Mishnah today reflect standard <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> vowelization, and often contain mistakes. The Albeck edition of the Mishnah was vocalized by <a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Yelon" title="Hanoch Yelon">Hanoch Yelon</a>, who made careful eclectic use of both medieval manuscripts and current oral traditions of pronunciation from Jewish communities all over the world. The Albeck edition includes an introduction by Yelon detailing his eclectic method. </p><p>Two institutes at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These institutes are the Jewish Oral Traditions Research Center and the National Voice Archives (the <i>Phonoteca</i> at the Jewish National and University Library). See below for external links. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_historical_source">As a historical source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As a historical source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishnaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> sources. </p><p>According to the Encyclopaedia Judaica (Second Edition), it is accepted that Judah the Prince added, deleted, and rewrote his source material during the process of redacting the Mishnah between the ending of the second century and the beginning of the 3rd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_(2007a)_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ_(2007a)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern authors who have provided examples of these changes include J.N. Epstein and S. Friedman.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ327_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Judah the Prince's redaction there remained a number of different versions of the Mishnah in circulation. The Mishnah used in the Babylonian rabbinic community differing markedly from that used in the Palestinian one. Indeed within these rabbinic communities themselves there are indications of different versions being used for study. These differences are shown in divergent citations of individual Mishnah passages in the Talmud Yerushalmi and the Talmud Bavli, and in variances of medieval manuscripts and early editions of the Mishnah. The best known examples of these differences is found in J.N.Epstein's Introduction to the Text of the Mishnah (1948).<sup id="cite_ref-EJ327_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Epstein has also concluded that the period of the Amoraim was one of further deliberate changes to the text of the Mishnah, which he views as attempts to return the text to what was regarded as its original form. These lessened over time, as the text of the Mishnah became more and more regarded as authoritative.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ327_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation of the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is composed of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it composed of earlier, or later sources. Are Mishnaic disputes distinguishable along theological or communal lines, and in what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism? Can these early sources be identified, and if so, how? In response to these questions, modern scholars have adopted a number of different approaches. </p> <ul><li>Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we cannot confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws, and that we can say little for certain about their authorship. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. See, for example, the works of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Louis Jacobs</a>, Baruch M. Bokser, <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, Steven D. Fraade.</li> <li>Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud have been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction, but that it contains sources which we can identify and describe with some level of reliability. In this view, sources can be identified to some extent because each era of history and each distinct geographical region has its own unique feature, which one can trace and analyze. Thus, the questions above may be analyzed. See, for example, the works of Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.</li> <li>Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more or less as described, and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study. In this view, historians do attempt to tease out later editorial additions leaving behind a possible historical text. See, for example, the works of <a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Weiss_Halivni" title="David Weiss Halivni">David Weiss Halivni</a>, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf/page1-220px-Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf/page1-330px-Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf/page1-440px-Mishnah_Commentary_in_Judeo-Arabic_WDL3967.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Rambam's Mishnah Commentary in Judeo-Arabic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf/page1-220px-Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf/page1-330px-Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf/page1-440px-Mishnah-Bartenura-Venice-1548-F-HB42445.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption><i>Bartenura</i> Mishna commentary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png/220px-%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png/330px-%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png/440px-%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_-_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the Mishna with the <i>Tosefet Yom Tov</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/220px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/440px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i>Gemara</i> students using the <i>Mishnah Sdura</i> to note their summary of each <i><a href="/wiki/Sugya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugya">sugya</a></i> alongside its Mishnah</figcaption></figure> <p>The main work discussing the Mishnah is the Talmud, <a href="#Mishnah,_Gemara,_and_Talmud">as outlined</a>. However, the Talmud is not usually viewed as a commentary on the Mishnah <i>per se</i>, because:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Talmud also has many other goals; its analysis — "<i><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></i>" — often entails long, tangential discussions; and neither version of the Talmud covers the entire Mishnah (each covers about 50–70% of the text).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, numerous <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(philology)" title="Commentary (philology)">commentaries-proper</a> on the Mishna have been written, typically intended to allow for the study of the work without requiring direct reference to (and facility for) the <i>Gemara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mishnah study, independent of the Talmud, was a marginal phenomenon before the late 15th century. The few commentaries that had been published tended to be limited to the tractates not covered by the Talmud, while Maimonides' commentary was written in Judeo-Arabic and thus inaccessible to many Jewish communities. Dedicated Mishnah study grew vastly in popularity beginning in the late 16th century, due to the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">kabbalistic</a> emphasis on Mishnah study and as a reaction against the methods of <a href="/wiki/Pilpul" title="Pilpul">pilpul</a>; it was aided by the spread of Bertinoro's accessible Hebrew Mishnah commentary around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-marvin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marvin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_commentaries">List of commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentaries by <a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a>: </p> <ul><li>In 1168, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (Rambam) published <i>Kitab as-Siraj</i> (The Book of the Lantern, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب السراج</span>) a comprehensive commentary on the Mishnah. It was written in Arabic using Hebrew letters (what is termed <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a>) and was one of the first commentaries of its kind. In it, Rambam condensed the associated <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Talmudical debates</a>, and offered his <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">conclusions</a> in a number of undecided issues. Of particular significance are the various introductory sections – as well as the introduction to the work itself<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – these are widely quoted in other works on the Mishnah, and on the <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">Oral law</a> in general. Perhaps the most famous is his introduction to the tenth chapter of tractate Sanhedrin<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he enumerates the <a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Thirteen_principles_of_faith" title="Maimonides">thirteen fundamental beliefs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson of Sens">Samson of Sens</a> ("the Rash") was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary on some tractates. It is printed in many editions of the Mishnah. It is interwoven with his commentary on major parts of the Tosefta.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (Rosh)'s commentary on some tractates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a>'s commentary on most of the Mishnah, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri#Beit_HaBechirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri"><i>Beit HaBechirah</i></a>, providing a digest of the Talmudic-discussion and Rishonim there</li> <li>An 11th-century CE commentary of the Mishnah, composed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham</a>, President of the Academy in <i>Eretz Israel</i>. This relatively unknown commentary was first printed in Israel in 1955.</li> <li>A 12th-century Italian commentary of the Mishnah, made by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Melchizedek" title="Isaac ben Melchizedek">Isaac ben Melchizedek</a> (only <i><a href="/wiki/Seder_Zera%27im" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder Zera'im">Seder Zera'im</a></i> is known to have survived)</li></ul> <p>Prominent commentaries by early <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a>: </p> <ul><li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah ben Abraham">Obadiah ben Abraham</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bertinoro" title="Bertinoro">Bertinoro</a> (15th century) wrote one of the most popular Mishnah commentaries. He draws on Maimonides' work but also offers Talmudical material (in effect a summary of the <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Talmudic discussion</a>) largely following the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marvin_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marvin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its role as a Mishnah commentary, this work is often used by students of Talmud as a review-text and is often referred to as "the <i>Bartenura</i>" or "the <i>Ra'V</i>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomtov_Lipman_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomtov Lipman Heller">Yomtov Lipman Heller</a> wrote a commentary called <i>Tosefet Yom Tov.</i> In the introduction Heller says that his aim is to add a supplement (<i>tosefet</i>) to Bertinoro's commentary in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a>. The glosses are sometimes quite detailed and analytic. In many compact Mishnah printings, a condensed version of his commentary, titled <i>Ikar Tosefot Yom Tov</i>, is featured.</li></ul> <p>Other commentaries by early Acharonim: </p> <ul><li><i>Melechet Shlomo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon_Adeni" title="Solomon Adeni">Solomon Adeni</a>; early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94)" class="extiw" title="he:קב ונקי (פירוש למשנה)"><i>Kav veNaki</i></a> (Amsterdam 1697) by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5684-elisha-ben-abraham-ben-judah">R. Elisha en Avraham</a>, a brief commentary on the entire Mishnah drawing from "the <i>Bartenura</i>", reprinted 20 times since its publication</li> <li><i>Hon Ashir</i> by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Hai_Ricchi" title="Immanuel Hai Ricchi">Immanuel Hai Ricchi</a> (Amsterdam 1731)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> (<i>Shenot Eliyahu</i> on parts of the Mishnah, and glosses <i>Eliyaho Rabba</i>, <i>Chidushei HaGra</i>, <i>Meoros HaGra</i>)</li></ul> <p>19th century: </p> <ul><li>A (the) prominent commentary here is <i>Tiferet Yisrael</i> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Israel_Lipschitz" title="Israel Lipschitz">Israel Lipschitz</a>. It is subdivided into two parts, one more general and the other more analytical, titled <i>Yachin</i> and <i>Boaz</i> respectively (after two large pillars in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>). Although Rabbi Lipschutz has faced some controversy in certain Hasidic circles, he was greatly respected by such sages as Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Akiva_Eiger" title="Akiva Eiger">Akiva Eiger</a>, whom he frequently cites, and is widely accepted in the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> world. The <i>Tiferet Yaakov</i> is an important gloss on the <i>Tiferet Yisrael</i>.</li> <li>Others from this time include: <ul><li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Akiva_Eiger" title="Akiva Eiger">Akiva Eiger</a> (glosses, rather than a commentary)</li> <li><i>Mishnah Rishonah</i> on <i>Zeraim</i> and the <i>Mishnah Acharonah</i> on <i>Tohorot</i> (Rav Efrayim Yitzchok from Premishla)</li> <li><i>Sidrei Tohorot</i> on <i>Kelim</i> and <i>Oholot</i> (the commentary on the rest of <i>Tohorot</i> and on <i>Eduyot</i> is lost) by <a href="/wiki/Gershon_Henoch_Leiner" title="Gershon Henoch Leiner">Gershon Henoch Leiner</a>, the Radziner Rebbe</li> <li><i>Gulot Iliyot</i> on <i>Mikvaot</i>, by Rav Dov Ber Lifshitz</li> <li><i>Ahavat Eitan</i> by Rav Avrohom Abba Krenitz (the great grandfather of Rav <a href="/wiki/Malkiel_Kotler" title="Malkiel Kotler">Malkiel Kotler</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chazon_Ish" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazon Ish">Chazon Ish</a></i> on <i>Zeraim</i> and <i>Tohorot</i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>20th century: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Hayim Nahman Bialik</a>'s commentary to Seder <a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a> with vocalization (partially available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/33831">here</a>) in 1930 was one of the first attempts to create a modern commentary on Mishnah.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His decision to use the Vilna text (as opposed to a modern scholarly edition), and to write an introduction to every tractate describing its content and the relevant biblical material, influenced <a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Albeck" title="Hanoch Albeck">Hanoch Albeck</a>, whose project was considered a continuation and expansion of Bialik's. <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Albeck" title="Hanoch Albeck">Hanoch Albeck</a>'s edition (1952–59) (vocalized by <a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Yelon" title="Hanoch Yelon">Hanoch Yelon</a>), includes Albeck's extensive commentary on each Mishnah, as well as introductions to each tractate (Masekhet) and order (Seder). This commentary tends to focus on the meaning of the mishnayot themselves, with less reliance on the Gemara's interpretation and is, therefore, considered valuable as a tool for the study of Mishnah as an independent work. Especially important are the scholarly notes in the back of the commentary.</li> <li>Symcha Petrushka's commentary was written in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> in 1945 (published in Montreal).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its vocalization is supposed to be of high quality.</li> <li>The commentary by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Pinhas_Kehati" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinhas Kehati">Pinhas Kehati</a>, which uses the Albeck text of the Mishnah, is written in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Israeli Hebrew</a> and based on classical and contemporary works, has become popular in the late 20th century. The commentary is designed to make the Mishnah accessible to a wide readership. Each tractate is introduced with an overview of its contents, including historical and legal background material, and each Mishnah is prefaced by a thematic introduction. The current version of this edition is printed with the Bartenura commentary as well as Kehati's.</li> <li>The encyclopedic editions put out by <i>Mishnat Rav Aharon</i> (<i>Beis Medrosho Govoah</i>, Lakewood) on <i>Peah</i>, <i>Sheviit</i>, <i>Challah</i>, and <i>Yadayim</i>.</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Leib_Ginsburg" title="Yehuda Leib Ginsburg">Yehuda Leib Ginsburg</a> wrote a commentary on ethical issues, <i>Musar HaMishnah</i>. The commentary appears for the entire text except for <a href="/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Safrai" title="Shmuel Safrai">Shmuel Safrai</a>, Chana Safrai and <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Safrai" title="Ze'ev Safrai">Ze'ev Safrai</a> have half completed a 45 volume socio-historic commentary "Mishnat Eretz Yisrael".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D)" class="extiw" title="he:משנה סדורה (הוצאת ספרים)"><i>Mishnah Sdura</i></a>, a format specially designed so as to facilitate recital and memorization, published by Rabbi E. Dordek in 1992. The layout is such that an entire chapter and its structure is readily visible, with each Mishnah, in turn, displayed in its component parts using line breaks (click on above image to view); includes tables summarizing each tractate, and the <i>Kav veNaki</i> commentary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a>'s "Elucidated Mishnah", a phrase-by-phrase translation and elucidation based on the Bertinoro - following the format of the <a href="/wiki/Schottenstein_Edition_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud" title="Schottenstein Edition of the Babylonian Talmud">Schottenstein Edition Talmud</a>. Its "Yad Avraham" commentary comprises supplementary explanations and notes, drawing on the Gemara and the other Mishnah commentaries and cross referencing the <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> as applicable. The work also includes a general introduction to each tractate. The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> (<i>Ryzman</i>) edition includes all these features.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable literary work on the composition of the Mishnah is <a href="/wiki/Milton_Steinberg" title="Milton Steinberg">Milton Steinberg</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/As_a_Driven_Leaf" title="As a Driven Leaf">As a Driven Leaf</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraita" title="Baraita">Baraita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries on the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Talmudic_tractates" title="List of Talmudic tractates">List of tractates, chapters, mishnahs and pages in the Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Yomis" title="Mishnah Yomis">Mishnah Yomis</a> – daily cycle of Mishna studying</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same meaning is suggested by the term <i>Deuterosis</i> ("doubling" or "repetition" in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However, it is not always clear from the context if the reference is to the Mishnah or the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>, which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FineS_(2014a)-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FineS_(2014a)_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineKoller2014" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Steven; Koller, Aaron J. (2014). <i>Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: archaeology and the rabbis in late antique Palestine</i>. Studia Judaica. Center for Israel studies. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 231–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-485-5"><bdi>978-1-61451-485-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talmuda+de-Eretz+Israel%3A+archaeology+and+the+rabbis+in+late+antique+Palestine&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Studia+Judaica&rft.pages=231-237&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-485-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Koller%2C+Aaron+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL_(2018a)-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_(2018a)_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides" class="citation web cs1">Maimonides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3964/">"Commentary on Tractate Avot with an Introduction (Shemona perakim)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Tractate+Avot+with+an+Introduction+%28Shemona+perakim%29&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft.au=Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/Mishnah.html">"Mishnah"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mishnah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~elsegal%2FTalmudMap%2FMishnah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ_(2007a)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EJ_(2007a)_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EJ_(2007a)_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnikBerenbaum2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "Mishnah". <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865942-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865942-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865942-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mishnah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=319&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865942-8&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a>, dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Graetz, <i>History of the Jews</i>, vol. 6, Philadelphia 1898, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021930634;view=1up;seq=131">105</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102104350/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021930634;view=1up;seq=131">Archived</a> 2022-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), and which date follows that penned by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> in his "Sefer HaKabbalah le-Ravad", or what was then <i>anno</i> 500 of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Trachtenberg" title="Joshua Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Joshua</a> (13 February 2004) [Originally published 1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/jms43.htm">"Glossary of Hebrew Terms"</a>. <i>Jewish Magic and Superstition</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a> (published 2004). p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218626" title="Special:BookSources/9780812218626"><bdi>9780812218626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 14,</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Mishna</i>—the "Oral Law" forming basis of the Talmud; edited c. 220 C.E. by R. Judah HaNassi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Hebrew+Terms&rft.btitle=Jewish+Magic+and+Superstition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.isbn=9780812218626&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Fjms%2Fjms43.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2004). "Rabbinic Literature". <i>The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions</i>. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 499–500.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rabbinic+Literature&rft.btitle=The+JPS+Guide+to+Jewish+Traditions&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=499-500&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Rabbinics/Talmud/Mishnah/Maimonides_on_the_Orders.shtml">"Maimonides on the Six Orders of the Mishnah"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Maimonides+on+the+Six+Orders+of+the+Mishnah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Ftexts%2FRabbinics%2FTalmud%2FMishnah%2FMaimonides_on_the_Orders.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformjudaism.org/learning/sacred-texts/mishnah">"The Mishnah | Reform Judaism"</a>. <i>www.reformjudaism.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reformjudaism.org&rft.atitle=The+Mishnah+%7C+Reform+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org%2Flearning%2Fsacred-texts%2Fmishnah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=20976&pgnum=24">"יסוד המשנה ועריכתה"</a> [Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah] (in Hebrew). pp. 25–28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%94&rft.pages=25-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D20976%26pgnum%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchermanZlotowitz2016" class="citation book cs1">Scherman, Nosson; Zlotowitz, Meir, eds. (2016). <i>Shishah Sidre Mishnah = The Mishnah Elucidated: A phrase-by-phrase interpretive translation with basic commentary</i>. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. pp. 3–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1422614624" title="Special:BookSources/978-1422614624"><bdi>978-1422614624</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872378784">872378784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shishah+Sidre+Mishnah+%3D+The+Mishnah+Elucidated%3A+A+phrase-by-phrase+interpretive+translation+with+basic+commentary.&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=3-16&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872378784&rft.isbn=978-1422614624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i>Temurah</i> 14b; <i>Gittin</i> 60a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Shayna_Sheinfeld" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Shayna Sheinfeld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetorah.com/yelamdeinu-rabbeinu-the-exclusivity-of-the-oral-law/">"The Exclusivity of the Oral Law"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Exclusivity+of+the+Oral+Law&rft.au=Dr.+Shayna+Sheinfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetorah.com%2Fyelamdeinu-rabbeinu-the-exclusivity-of-the-oral-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrack1945" class="citation book cs1">Strack, Hermann Leberecht (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUPRMgEACAAJ"><i>Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 11–12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>[The Oral Law] was handed down by word of mouth during a long period. ... The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Talmud+and+Midrash&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Strack&rft.aufirst=Hermann+Leberecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUPRMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span> Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the Rabbis to record the oral law in writing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel, <i>A History of the Jews</i>, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowich1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nosson_Dovid_Rabinowich" title="Nosson Dovid Rabinowich">Rabinowich, Nosson Dovid</a>, ed. (1988). <i>The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon</i>. Jerusalem. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20044324">20044324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iggeres+of+Rav+Sherira+Gaon&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20044324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105022916/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/index.php/Iggeret_Rav_Sherira_Gaon_1-2:_The_First_Generation_of_the_Tannaim">html</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though as shown below, there is some disagreement about whether the Mishnah was originally put in writing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloss2002" class="citation book cs1">Schloss, Chaim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OV9jKGJzg3QC"><i>2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Philipp Feldheim. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583302149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583302149"><bdi>978-1583302149</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Despite the many secular demands on his time, Rabbeinu Shmuel authored a number of books. The most famous is the Mevo HaTalmud, an introduction to the study of the Talmud which clarifies the language and structure which can be so confusing to beginners. In addition, the Mevo HaTalmud describes the development of the Mishnah and the Gemara and lists the Tannaim and Amoraim who were instrumental in preparing the Talmud.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000+Years+of+Jewish+History%3A+From+the+Destruction+of+the+Second+Bais+Hamikdash+Until+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Philipp+Feldheim&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1583302149&rft.aulast=Schloss&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOV9jKGJzg3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLex_Robeberg" class="citation web cs1">Lex Robeberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/why-the-mishnah-is-the-best-jewish-book-youve-never-read/">"Why The Mishnah Is the Best Jewish Book You've Never Read"</a>. myjewishlearning.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+The+Mishnah+Is+the+Best+Jewish+Book+You%27ve+Never+Read&rft.pub=myjewishlearning.com&rft.au=Lex+Robeberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fwhy-the-mishnah-is-the-best-jewish-book-youve-never-read%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuthwaite" class="citation web cs1">Outhwaite, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-00470-00001/1">"Mishnah"</a>. Cambridge Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mishnah&rft.pub=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft.aulast=Outhwaite&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-ADD-00470-00001%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plural term (singular <b>tanna</b>) for the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbinic</a> sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah; from the Aramaic root <i>tanna</i> (תנא) equivalent for the Hebrew root <i>shanah</i> (שנה), as in <i>Mishnah</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> calculated the date 189 CE. <i>Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad</i>, Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the Epistle (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Iggeret</i></span></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffman, and is repeated in the introduction to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Herbert Danby</a>'s Mishnah translation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeivin1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yeivin, Israel (1960). <i>Cantillation of the Oral Law</i> (in Hebrew). Leshonenu 24. pp. 47–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantillation+of+the+Oral+Law&rft.pages=47-231&rft.pub=Leshonenu+24&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Yeivin&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Morag" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelomo Morag">Shelomo Morag</a>, <i>The Samaritan and Yemenite Tradition of Hebrew</i> (published in: <i>The Traditions of Hebrew and Aramaic of the Jews of Yemen</i>; ed. Yosef Tobi), Tel Aviv 2001, p. 183 (note 12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ327-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EJ327_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EJ327_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EJ327_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnikBerenbaum2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "The Traditional Interpretation of the Mishnah". <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865942-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865942-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865942-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Traditional+Interpretation+of+the+Mishnah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865942-8&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example § "Both Broad and Deep" under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/gemara-the-essence-of-the-talmud/">Gemara: The Essence of the Talmud</a>, myjewishlearning.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See summary of per-tractate coverage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum1975" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Philip (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/373">"Tractates"</a></span>. <i>A Book of Jewish Concepts</i>. New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/373">373-374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/088482876X" title="Special:BookSources/088482876X"><bdi>088482876X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tractates&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Jewish+Concepts&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=373-374&rft.pub=Hebrew+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=088482876X&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofjewishconc00birn%2Fpage%2F373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See this discussion on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hsc.one/post/moses-commentary1/">Moses Maimonides commentary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marvin-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marvin_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marvin_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trmarvin.substack.com/p/coffee-with-the-bartenura">Coffee with the Bartenura</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/mahshevt/hakdama/tohen-m-2.htm">"הקדמה לפירוש המשנה"</a> [Introduction to the Mishnah Commentary]. <i>Daat.ac.il</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daat.ac.il&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daat.ac.il%2Fdaat%2Fmahshevt%2Fhakdama%2Ftohen-m-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/mahshevt/rambam/hakdamat-2.htm">"הקדמת רמב"ם לפרק "חלק"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Rambam's introduction to the chapter "Chelek"]. <i>Daat.ac.il</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daat.ac.il&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%AA+%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7+%22%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daat.ac.il%2Fdaat%2Fmahshevt%2Frambam%2Fhakdamat-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mordechai Meir, “Shisha Sidrei Ha-Mishna Menukadim U-mefurashim al Yedei Chaim Nachman Bialik: Kavim Le-mifalo Ha-nishkach shel Bialik,” Netuim 16 (5770), pp.191-208, available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/netuim16_meir.pdf">http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/netuim16_meir.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627003600/http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/netuim16_meir.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanoch Albeck, 'Introduction', <i>Shisha Sidre Mishnah</i> (Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik,)1:9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Margolis, Rebecca (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ttr/2009-v22-n2-ttr3944/044829ar.pdf">"Translating Jewish Poland into Canadian Yiddish: Symcha Petrushka's <i>Mishnayes</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/TTR:_traduction,_terminologie,_r%C3%A9daction" class="mw-redirect" title="TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction">TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2): 183–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F044829ar">10.7202/044829ar</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TTR%3A+traduction%2C+terminologie%2C+r%C3%A9daction&rft.atitle=Translating+Jewish+Poland+into+Canadian+Yiddish%3A+Symcha+Petrushka%27s+Mishnayes&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-209&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F044829ar&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fttr%2F2009-v22-n2-ttr3944%2F044829ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnat_Eretz_Yisrael_on_Mishnah_Berakhot?tab=contents">Mishnat Eretz Yisrael on Berakhot</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shaye J. D. Cohen, Robert Goldenberg, Hayim Lapin (eds.), <i>The Oxford Annotated Mishnah: A New Translation of the Mishnah With Introductions and Notes</i>, New York, Oxford University Press, 2022.</li> <li>Philip Blackman. <i>Mishnayoth</i>. The Judaica Press, Ltd., reprinted 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910818-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910818-00-1">978-0-910818-00-1</a>). Online <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> at <a href="/wiki/HebrewBooks" class="mw-redirect" title="HebrewBooks">HebrewBooks</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/9675">Zeraim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/9670">Moed</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/9674">Nashim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/9671">Nezikin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/9672">Kodashim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/9673">Tehorot</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Herbert Danby</a>. <i>The Mishnah</i>. Oxford, 1933 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X">0-19-815402-X</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>. <i>The Mishnah: A New Translation</i>. New Haven, reprint 1991 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05022-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05022-4">0-300-05022-4</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Epstein" title="Isidore Epstein">Isidore Epstein</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Soncino_Press#Soncino_Talmud" title="Soncino Press">Soncino Talmud</a>. London, 1935-1952. Includes Mishnah-translations for those tractates without Gemara.</li> <li>Various editors. <i>The Mishnah, a new translation with commentary Yad Avraham</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications, Ltd.">Mesorah Publications</a>, since the 1990s. (<a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a> mentioned <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Commentaries">above</a>)</li> <li>Yoseph Milstein, <i>et al</i>. <i>The Mishnah, a new integrated translation and commentary based on Rabbeinu Ovadiah M'Bartenurah</i>, Machon Yisrael Trust, available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005215235/https://www.emishnah.com/">eMishnah.com</a> (archived).</li> <li>Various editors. <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/texts/Mishnah">full text of the Mishnah with various open-source English translations</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_study">Historical study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shalom Carmy (Ed.) <i>Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations</i> Jason Aronson, Inc.</li> <li>Shaye J.D. Cohen, "Patriarchs and Scholarchs", Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 48 (1981), pp. 57–87</li> <li>Steven D. Fraade, "The Early Rabbinic Sage," in <i>The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East</i>, ed. John G. Gammie and Leo G. Perdue (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 417–23</li> <li>Robert Goldenberg <i>The Sabbath-Law of Rabbi Meir</i> (Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1978)</li> <li>John W McGinley <i> 'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-40488-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-40488-X">0-595-40488-X</a></li> <li>Jacob Neusner <i>Making the Classics in Judaism</i> (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 1–13 and 19–44</li> <li>Jacob Neusner <i>Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 14–22.</li> <li>Gary Porton, <i>The Traditions of Rabbi Ishmael</i> (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 212–25</li> <li>Dov Zlotnick, <i>The Iron Pillar Mishnah</i> (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1988), pp. 8–9</li> <li>Reuvain Margolies, <i>Yesod Ha-Mishnah V'Arichatah</i> (Heb.)</li> <li>David Tzvi Hoffman, <i>Mishnah Rishonah U'flugta D'tanna'e</i> (Heb)</li> <li>Hanokh Yalon, <i>Mavo le-nikud ha-Mishnah</i> [Introduction to the vocalization of the Mishnah] (Jerusalem 1964) (Heb)</li> <li>Robert Brody, <i>Mishna and Tosefta Studies</i> (Jerusalem 2014)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recitation">Recitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Recitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, <i>La Transmission Orale de la Mishna. Une methode d'analyse appliquee a la tradition d'Alep</i>: Jerusalem 1990</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikimedia_projects">Wikimedia projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wikimedia projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mishnah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mishnah">Mishnah</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Mishnah">Mishnah</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" class="extiw" title="s:he:משנה">משנה</a></li> <li>Wikisource's <b>Open Mishna Project</b> is developing Mishnah texts, commentaries, and translations. The project is currently available in four languages: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" class="extiw" title="s:he:משנה">Hebrew</a> (the largest collection), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Mishnah">English</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Mishna" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Mishna">French</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pt:Mishn%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="s:pt:Mishná">Portuguese</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digitised_manuscripts">Digitised manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Digitised manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-00470-00001/1">Complete Mishnah manuscript (15th century CE), Cambridge Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_electronic_texts">Other electronic texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other electronic texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mishnah.org/">Mishnah.org</a> Learn the entire Mishnah online in Hebrew with English translation, and create Smart Mishnah Charts for Shloshim and Yahrzeit learning.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shloshim.org/">Learn Mishna in Someone's Memory</a> – Create a Shloshim Mishnah list online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/h/h0.htm">Mechon Mamre</a> (Hebrew) – Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides' version (based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaver.com/Mishnah/TheMishnah.htm">The Structured Mishnah</a> – Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition (without vowels) with special formatting.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212182252/http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/talmud/">Online Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library</a> in Hebrew.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaufmann.mtak.hu/en/ms50/ms50-coll1.htm">Codex Kaufmann of the Mishnah</a> – High resolution images of this important textual witness.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emishnah.com/">eMishnah</a> – English Translation & Commentary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/texts/Mishnah/">Mishnah (Hebrew & English)</a> – English text as translated in The William Davidson edition of the Koren Noé Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mishnah_study_and_the_daily_Mishnah">Mishnah study and the daily Mishnah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mishnah study and the daily Mishnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrend2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahrend, Aaron (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewish-faculty.biu.ac.il/files/jewish-faculty/shared/JSIJ3/ahrend.pdf">"לימוד משנה וחברות משנה בעת החדשה"</a> [Mishna Study and Study Groups in Modern Times] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JSIJ – Jewish Studies, an Internet Journal</i> (in Hebrew). <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSIJ+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Studies%2C+an+Internet+Journal&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ahrend&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewish-faculty.biu.ac.il%2Ffiles%2Fjewish-faculty%2Fshared%2FJSIJ3%2Fahrend.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishnah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010104544/http://www.uscj.org/LearningandTeaching/DailyStudyMaterials/MishnahYomit/default.aspx">Mishna Yomit</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 10 October 2011) – One Mishnah per day. (Note: this study-cycle follows a different schedule than the regular one; contains extensive archives in English).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mishnahyomit.com/">Mishnah Yomit</a> – MishnahYomit.com hosts a weekly publication complementing the learning of people studying the regular program. It include articles, review questions and learning aids.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030625151147/http://www.moreshet.net/oldsite/mishna/index.htm">Kehati Mishna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 25, 2003) – A program of two Mishnayot per day. Currently inactive, but archives contain the complete text of Kehati in English for Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, and about half of Kodashim.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829023810/http://www.dafyomireview.com/index.php?seriesid=4">Daf Yomi Review</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 29 August 2018) – Custom learning and review programs for Mishnah.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mishnasdura.org.il/">MishnaSdura</a> – Popular edition of Hebrew text (with vowels), used in many schools, formatted to encourage review and aid memory. Tables summarizing content. Mishna songs and recordings. Wiki article in Hebrew <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D)" class="extiw" title="he:משנה סדורה (הוצאת ספרים)">Mishna Sdura</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mishna.org.il">Perek HaYomi</a> (Hebrew) – Host to Shiurim, and learning and review according to the Perek HaYomi in Mishna instituted by the Maharal.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2mishnasaday.com">2 Mishnas A Day</a> – A program of learning two mishnayos every day. Site include Hebrew and English together with a link for audio for each day.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_lectures">Audio lectures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Audio lectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501085431/http://www.masterdaf.com/">Rav Avraham Kosman – Slabodka</a> on the Mishnah and Talmud in English – Produced in Israel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemayisrael.com/mishna/">Mishna Audio</a> – given by Rabbi Chaim Brown in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafyomi.org/mishnayos.php">Rav Grossman on the Mishna</a> in English produced in Los Angeles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torahdownloads.com/c-266-mishnah.html">Download all 6 tractates of Mishnah for Free on TorahDownloads.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastertorah.com/newsite/general/home.php">The "Master Torah" Mishnah Ba'al Peh Program</a> by Rabbi Meir Pogrow</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation_2">Oral traditions and pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oral traditions and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/at-your-service/who-we-are/collections/music-collection">The National Sound Archives</a> at the Hebrew University (catalogue not currently online).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traditionandrelevance.blogspot.com/2012/12/mishna-recordings.html">Tradition and Relevance</a> – Recordings of Seder Zera'im in Syrian tradition</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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