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Gemara: The Essence of the Talmud | My Jewish Learning
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src="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/10/talmud-shtender-bookshelf-library.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="talmud texts" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/10/talmud-shtender-bookshelf-library.jpg 1600w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/10/talmud-shtender-bookshelf-library-1120x630.jpg 1120w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/10/talmud-shtender-bookshelf-library-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/10/talmud-shtender-bookshelf-library-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/10/talmud-shtender-bookshelf-library-1024x576.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /> </figure> </div><!--/.m-hero__media--> </div><!--/.m-hero--> <article class="m-content"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-content__header"> <div class="m-content__categories"><a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/category/study/jewish-texts/talmud/" class="m-content__label">Talmud</a> </div><!--/.m-content__categories--> <h1 class="m-content__title" itemprop="headline">Gemara: The Essence of the Talmud</h1> <p class="m-content__subtitle">Together with the Mishnah, these texts make up what is known as Rabbinic Judaism.</p> <p class="m-content__meta"> <span class="lighten m-content__meta-by">By</span> <span class="m-content__meta--item m-content__meta-author-name " itemprop="author"><a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/author/mjl-staff/" title="Posts by My Jewish Learning" class="author url fn" rel="author">My Jewish Learning</a></span> </p><!--/.m-content__meta--> </header><!--/.m-content__header--> <div class="m-ad__full"> <div class="mjl-ad-title mjl-ad-title_dfp-ad-leaderboard">Advertisement</div> <div id="dfp-ad-leaderboard" class="mjl-advert"></div> <script> window.tude = window.tude || { cmd: [] }; 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height="95" src="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Talmud_Set-95x95.png" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Talmud set" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Talmud_Set-95x95.png 95w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Talmud_Set-200x200.png 200w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Talmud_Set-88x88.png 88w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Talmud_Set-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 95px) 100vw, 95px" /> </a> </div><!--/.m-card__header--> </div><!--/.gutter--> </div><!--/.col--> <div class="col w-sm-66"> <div class="gutter"> <div class="m-card__content"> <h3 class="m-card__heading"> <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/talmud-101/">What Is the Talmud?</a> </h3> <p class="m-content__label--small"><a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/category/study/jewish-texts/talmud/">Talmud</a></p><!--/.m-content__label--> </div><!--/.m-card__copy--> </div><!--/.gutter--> </div><!--/.col--> </div><!--/.layout--> </div><!--/.m-card--secondary--> <div class="m-card__secondary"> <div class="layout"> <div class="col w-sm-33"> <div class="gutter"> <div class="m-card__header"> <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/why-the-mishnah-is-the-best-jewish-book-youve-never-read/"> <img width="95" height="95" src="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-95x95.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-95x95.jpg 95w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-200x200.jpg 200w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-96x96.jpg 96w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babylonian_Talmud_Seder_Zeraim-1-128x128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 95px) 100vw, 95px" /> </a> </div><!--/.m-card__header--> </div><!--/.gutter--> </div><!--/.col--> <div class="col w-sm-66"> <div class="gutter"> <div class="m-card__content"> <h3 class="m-card__heading"> <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/why-the-mishnah-is-the-best-jewish-book-youve-never-read/">Why the Mishnah Is the Best Jewish Book You’ve Never Read</a> </h3> <p class="m-content__label--small"><a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/category/study/jewish-texts/">Jewish Texts</a></p><!--/.m-content__label--> </div><!--/.m-card__copy--> </div><!--/.gutter--> </div><!--/.col--> </div><!--/.layout--> </div><!--/.m-card--secondary--> </div><!--/.m-recommendation--> <div class="m-sidebar__section"> <div class ="m-sidebar__copy enlarge text-middle"> <p>My Jewish Learning is a not-for-profit and relies on your help</p> <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/support" class="btn">Donate</a> </div><!--/m-sidebar__copy --> </div><!--/.m-sidebar__section--> </aside><!--/.m-sidebar--> <p>The teachings transmitted by the rabbis in the centuries following the destruction of the <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Ancient_and_Medieval_History/539_BCE-632_CE/Palestine_Under_Persian_Rule_I/Palestine_Under_Persian_Rule_II/Second_Temple.shtml">Second Temple</a> formed the core of what has come to be known as rabbinic Judaism, which still provides the framework for the various types of Judaism practiced today. The most widely studied of these rabbinic teachings are known collectively as the Talmud, which has two parts: <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Rabbinics/Talmud/Mishnah.shtml">Mishnah</a> and Gemara.</p><p><em><strong><a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/get-your-daily-dose-of-talmud/">Want to learn Talmud with us? Daf Yomi is a program of reading the entire Talmud one day at a time, and My Jewish Learning is offering a daf yomi email for the first tractate of the next cycle, starting on January 5, 2020. Sign up for it here!</a></strong></em></p><p>The <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/why-the-mishnah-is-the-best-jewish-book-youve-never-read/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mishnah</a> is the earlier work, compiled from the teachings of sages living at the end of the Second Temple period and in the century following the destruction of the Temple.</p><p>A study book of laws and value statements that express the classical <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Rabbinics.shtml">rabbis’ vision of Judaism</a>, the Mishnah’s preoccupation is promotion of a religious and legal tradition both continuous with the past and practical for life in the post-destruction Diaspora. The Mishnah contains multiple opinions on many laws and does not often suggest which is the most authoritative. The plurality of Jewish practice is preserved in the text.</p><html><div class="m-donate-cta"> <div class="m-donate-cta__column-1"> <div class="m-donate-cta__title"> Support My Jewish Learning </div> <div class="m-donate-cta__media"> <img src="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mjl-donate.jpg" alt=""> </div> </div> <div class="m-donate-cta__column-2"> <div class="m-donate-cta__content"> <p><strong>Help us keep Jewish knowledge accessible</strong> to millions of people around the world.</p> <p>Your donation to My Jewish Learning fuels endless journeys of Jewish discovery. With your help, My Jewish Learning can continue to provide nonstop opportunities for learning, connection and growth.</p> </div> <div class="m-donate-cta__link"> <a href="https://support.70facesmedia.org/give/494686/#!/donation/checkout?c_src=MJL_AG_web_donatemodule"> <span>Donate</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </html> <div id="mjl-teads-ad" class="mjl-teads-ad"></div> <h2>Gemara</h2><p>Sages in both <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Ancient_and_Medieval_History/539_BCE-632_CE/The_Diaspora/Babylon.shtml">Babylonia</a> (modern-day Iraq) and the <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/History/Before_the_State.shtml">Land of Israel</a> continued to study traditional teachings, including the Mishnah, describing the teachings as having been passed down from <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Bible/Torah/Exodus/Moses.shtml?TSBI">Moses </a>at Sinai (either literally or figuratively). The oral discussions were preserved, either by memorization or notation, and later edited together in a manner that places generations of sages in conversation with one another. These teachers were interested in bringing greater harmonization between biblical and rabbinic traditions, largely by providing proof-texts for known laws and explaining differences between the biblical and rabbinic versions of laws. This is the origin of the Gemara.</p><h2>Babylonian vs. Palestinian</h2><p>There are actually <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Rabbinics/Talmud/Gemara/Babylonian_and_Jerusalem_Talmuds.shtml">two works known as “Gemara”</a> — the Babylonian Gemara (referred to as “<i>Bavli</i>” in Hebrew) and the Palestinian (or Jerusalem) Gemara (referred to as “<i>Yerushalmi</i>“). The term “Gemara” itself comes from the <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-languages-from-aramaic-to-yiddish/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aramaic</a> root <i>g.m.r</i> (equivalent to <i>l.m.d</i>, in Hebrew), giving it the meaning “teaching.”</p><p>Although the Yerushalmi was <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Modern_History/1700-1914/life-in-palestine.shtml">completed earlier</a> (with material spanning roughly 200-500 C.E.), it was eclipsed by the much longer Bavli (200-600 C.E.). The Bavli’s popularity may be due to the work of the Gaonim of Babylonia, who cited that work in the legal judgements (responsa) that they sent to communities throughout the Diaspora. Both Gemaras were written in a combination of <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/2/Languages/Hebrew.shtml?CLAA">Hebrew</a> and <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/2/Languages/Other_Jewish_Languages/Aramaic.shtml">Aramaic </a>dialects and share the teachings of sages known by the term <i>Amoraim</i> (in the singular, <i>Amora</i>).</p><p> <figure id="attachment_107664" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-107664" style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-107664" src="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/09/hevruta-at-pardes.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="427" srcset="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/09/hevruta-at-pardes.jpg 640w, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/09/hevruta-at-pardes-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-107664" class="wp-caption-text">Hevruta study at Pardes, a nondenominational yeshiva in Jerusalem. (Courtesy of Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies, www.pardes.org.il)</figcaption></figure> </p><h2>Both Broad and Deep</h2><p>Gemara encompasses several literary genres, and subject matter ranges from the sacred to the profane. While it is often misrepresented as merely a commentary on the laws of the Mishnah, the Gemara has an intricate relationship with the Mishnah and a far greater scope. Although it is organized in accordance with the structure of the six orders of the Mishnah, mishnaic teachings are, for the Gemara, the launch pad for diverse topics: <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/practices/Ritual/Prayer.shtml">prayer</a>, holy days, agriculture, <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/life/Sex_and_Sexuality/Jewish_Approaches.shtml">sexual habits</a>, contemporary medical knowledge, <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Issues/Magic_and_the_Supernatural.shtml?BFIS">superstitions</a>, criminal and civil law.</p><p>The Gemara contains both <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Rabbinics/Halakhah.shtml"><i>halakhah</i></a> (legal material) and <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Rabbinics/Midrash/Midrash_Aggadah.shtml"><i>aggadah</i></a> (narrative material). Aggadah includes historical material, biblical commentaries, philosophy, theology, and wisdom literature. Stories reveal information about life in ancient times, among Jews and between Jews and their neighbors, and folk customs. All of these genres are blended together with the halakhic material, in what is sometimes described as a stream-of-consciousness fashion filled with meaningful tangents and digressions.</p><h2>The Relationship of Gemara to Mishnah</h2><p>In dealing with the teachings of the Mishnah, the Gemara has multiple functions. It explains unclear words or phrasing. It also provides precedents or examples to assist in application of the law and offers alternative opinions from sages of the Mishnah and their contemporaries (known as <i>Tannaim</i>). Whereas the Mishnah barely cites biblical verses, the Gemara for nearly every law discussed introduces these connections between the biblical text and the practices and legal opinions of its time. It also extends and restricts applications of various laws, and even adds laws on issues left out of the Mishnah entirely (for example, the key observances of <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Hanukkah.shtml">Hanukkah</a>). Multiple opinions of sages are weighed against one another, often without presenting a conclusion.</p><h2>How the Gemara is Studied</h2><p>Talmudic teachings have been most often studied in groups or pairs– among masters and students and/or between two partners in learning. A pair of study partners is called a <a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/havruta-learning-in-pairs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i>havruta</i></a>. The havruta-style provides a challenging, lively, and intimate environment in which to explore the rich spiritual and intellectual depths of the Talmud.</p> <div class="container--content mjl-ad-container--content"> <div class="mjl-ad-title mjl-ad-title_dfp-ad-text">Advertisement</div> <div id="dfp-ad-text" class="dfp-ad-text"></div> <script> window.tude = window.tude || { cmd: [] }; tude.cmd.push(function() { tude.refreshAdsViaDivMappings([ { divId: 'dfp-ad-text', baseDivId: 'pb-slot-text-ad', } ], true); }); </script> </div> <span class="m-tooltip__container"> <div class="m-tooltip" id="tt_110029" role="tooltip" data-term="Gemara"> <div class="m-tooltip__header"> <button type="button" class="btn--clean close" aria-label="Close this tool tip"> <svg role="img" height="22" width="22" class="icon-close icon" aria-label="close"><use xlink:href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/themes/myjewishlearning/assets/icons/_defs/svg-defs.svg#icon-close"/></svg> </button> <p class="m-tooltip__heading"> Gemara <button type="button" class="btn--clean" aria-label="Listen" data-play="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/gemara.mp3"> <svg role="img" height="24" width="24" class="icon-play icon" aria-label="play"><use xlink:href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/themes/myjewishlearning/assets/icons/_defs/svg-defs.svg#icon-play"/></svg> </button> </p><!--/.m-tooltip__heading--> </div><!--/.m-tooltip__header--> <noscript> <audio src="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/gemara.mp3" controls> Your browser does not support the <code>audio</code> element. </audio> </noscript> <div class="m-tooltip__content"> <p>Pronounced: guh-MAHR-uh, Origin: Aramaic, a compendium of rabbinic writings and discussions from the first few centuries of the Common Era. 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