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id="toc-Digraphs_and_letter_combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digraphs_and_letter_combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Digraphs and letter combinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digraphs_and_letter_combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Romanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Archaic variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Letter names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Letter shapes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Derived alphabets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Other uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_for_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Use for other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Early modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mathematics_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mathematics_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In mathematics and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mathematics_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Phonetic_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 International Phonetic Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Use as numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_student_fraternities_and_sororities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_student_fraternities_and_sororities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Use by student fraternities and sororities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_student_fraternities_and_sororities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glyph_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyph_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Glyph variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyph_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Computer encodings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_encodings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Computer encodings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISO/IEC_8859-7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO/IEC_8859-7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 ISO/IEC 8859-7 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO/IEC_8859-7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_in_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_in_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Greek in Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_in_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combining_and_letter-free_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combining_and_letter-free_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Combining and letter-free diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combining_and_letter-free_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encodings_with_a_subset_of_the_Greek_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encodings_with_a_subset_of_the_Greek_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encodings_with_a_subset_of_the_Greek_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greek alphabet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_alfabet" title="Griekse alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griekse alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechisches_Alphabet" title="Griechisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Griechisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5" title="የግሪክ አልፋቤት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የግሪክ አልፋቤት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألفبائية يونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفبائية يونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_griego" title="Alfabeto griego – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabeto griego" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="গ্ৰীক বৰ্ণমালা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰীক বৰ্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_griegu" title="Alfabetu griegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu griegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyresia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD_achegety" title="Gyresiañe'ẽ achegety – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gyresiañe'ẽ achegety" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Yunan əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunan əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="یونان الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونان الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="গ্রিক লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিক লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%CC%8Dp-j%C4%AB" title="Hi-lia̍p-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Грек алфавиты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грек алфавиты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Грэчаскі алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэчаскі алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Грэцкі альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грэцкі альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гръцка азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръцка азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griachischs_Oiphabet" title="Griachischs Oiphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Griachischs Oiphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཀེ་རི་སིའི་དབྱངས་གསལ་རེའུ་མིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀེ་རི་སིའི་དབྱངས་གསལ་རེའུ་མིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Grčko pismo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grčko pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_c%27hresianek" title="Lizherenneg c'hresianek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg c'hresianek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Грек үзэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Грек үзэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grec" title="Alfabet grec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet grec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eck%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Řecké písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecké písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Roeg" title="Yr wyddor Roeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Roeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_gr%C3%A6ske_alfabet" title="Det græske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det græske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greikkala%C5%A1_alfabehta" title="Greikkalaš alfabehta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Greikkalaš alfabehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechisches_Alphabet" title="Griechisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka_t%C3%A4hestik" title="Kreeka tähestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeka tähestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ελληνικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_griego" title="Alfabeto griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_alfabeto" title="Greka alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_greko" title="Alfabeto greko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto greko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="الفبای یونانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای یونانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Akchhar" title="Greek Akchhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Greek Akchhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikska_alfabeti%C3%B0" title="Grikska alfabetið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Grikska alfabetið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryksk_alfabet" title="Gryksk alfabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gryksk alfabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_gr%C3%AAc" title="Alfabet grêc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alfabet grêc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir_Ghr%C3%A9agach" title="Aibítir Ghréagach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítir Ghréagach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Greagagh" title="Abbyrlhit Greagagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Greagagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum_alfaviti" title="Urum alfaviti – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Urum alfaviti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil_Ghreugach" title="Aibidil Ghreugach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil Ghreugach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_grego" title="Alfabeto grego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto grego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="ગ્રીક મૂળાક્ષરો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રીક મૂળાક્ષરો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="그리스 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հունարենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունարենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="यूनानी वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनानी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_alfabet" title="Grčki alfabet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčki alfabet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_alfabeto" title="Greka alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Greka alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto_a_Griego" title="Alpabeto a Griego – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpabeto a Griego" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Yunani" title="Alfabet Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_grec" title="Alphabeto grec – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto grec" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADskt_stafr%C3%B3f" title="Grískt stafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grískt stafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_greco" title="Alfabeto greco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto greco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית יווני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית יווני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8t_Yunani" title="Alfabèt Yunani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alfabèt Yunani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಗ್ರೀಕ್‌ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೀಕ್‌ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Грек алфавит – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Грек алфавит" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბერძნული დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერძნული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%96" title="Грек әліпбиі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грек әліпбиі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytherennek_grek" title="Lytherennek grek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lytherennek grek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_ya_Kigiriki" title="Alfabeti ya Kigiriki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfabeti ya Kigiriki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8_gr%C3%A8k" title="Alfabè grèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alfabè grèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalfab%C3%A9_grek" title="Lalfabé grek – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalfabé grek" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_yewnan%C3%AE" title="Alfabeya yewnanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya yewnanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Грек алфавити – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грек алфавити" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grech" title="Alfabet grech – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alfabet grech" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ໂຕໜັງສືເກຣັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຕໜັງສືເກຣັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Graecum" title="Alphabetum Graecum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetum Graecum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie%C4%B7u_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Grieķu alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grieķu alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griichescht_Alphabet" title="Griichescht Alphabet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Griichescht Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Грекрин алфавит – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Грекрин алфавит" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graik%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Graikų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_elinica" title="Alfabeta elinica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta elinica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grech" title="Alfabet grech – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alfabet grech" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Görög ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грчка азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грчка азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_grika" title="Abidy grika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy grika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ഗ്രീക്ക് അക്ഷരമാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീക്ക് അക്ഷരമാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्रीक वर्णमाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रीक वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ბერძენული ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერძენული ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحروف اليونانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحروف اليونانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Yunani" title="Abjad Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Yunani" title="Abjad Yunani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abjad Yunani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-l%C3%A9-n%C3%A0%CC%A4_c%C3%AA-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Hĭ-lé-nà̤ cê-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-lé-nà̤ cê-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဂရိအက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရိအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greciamachiyotlahtoltecpantiliztli" title="Greciamachiyotlahtoltecpantiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Greciamachiyotlahtoltecpantiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieks_alfabet" title="Grieks alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grieks alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_alfabet" title="Griekse alfabet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Griekse alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ギリシア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Желтойн абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Желтойн абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greks_alfabeet" title="Greks alfabeet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Greks alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_greske_alfabetet" title="Det greske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det greske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_greske_alfabetet" title="Det greske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det greske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_gr%C3%A9geis" title="Alphabet grégeis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Alphabet grégeis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_gr%C3%A8c" title="Alfabet grèc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet grèc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunon_yozuvi" title="Yunon yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yunon yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="یونانی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونانی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lfab%C3%A8t_griego" title="Álfabèt griego – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Álfabèt griego" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%85%DB%90" title="يوناني ابېڅې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوناني ابېڅې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="អក្សរក្រិច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរក្រិច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grec" title="Alfabet grec – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alfabet grec" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grech" title="Alfabet grech – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabet grech" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeksch_Alphabeet" title="Greeksch Alphabeet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Greeksch Alphabeet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grecki" title="Alfabet grecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet grecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_grego" title="Alfabeto grego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto grego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_elifbesi" title="Yunan elifbesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yunan elifbesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_grec" title="Alfabetul grec – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul grec" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigu_siq%27i_llumpa" title="Grigu siq'i llumpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Grigu siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Ґрецькый алфавіт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрецькый алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Греческий алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греческий алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Гириэк суруга-бичигэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гириэк суруга-бичигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF" title="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_grek" title="Alfabeti grek – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti grek" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greek alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cke_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Grécke písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécke písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ka_abeceda" title="Grška abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grška abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA%EA%99%91" title="Грьчьска аꙁъбоукꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Грьчьска аꙁъбоукꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giriiga_Alifbeetada" title="Giriiga Alifbeetada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Giriiga Alifbeetada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئەلفوبێی یۆنانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی یۆنانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Грчки алфабет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчки алфабет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_alfabet" title="Grčki alfabet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčki alfabet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikkalainen_kirjaimisto" title="Kreikkalainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikkalainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekiska_alfabetet" title="Grekiska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grekiska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Griyego" title="Alpabetong Griyego – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabetong Griyego" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரேக்க எழுத்துக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேக்க எழுத்துக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%CA%B7mmay_Agrik" title="Agʷmmay Agrik – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agʷmmay Agrik" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay_agrigi" title="Agemmay agrigi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay agrigi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Грек әлифбасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грек әлифбасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="గ్రీకు వర్ణమాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీకు వర్ణమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="ชุดตัวอักษรกรีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรกรีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D" title="ግሪክኛ ፊደል – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ግሪክኛ ፊደል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Алифбои юнонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои юнонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_alfabesi" title="Yunan alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunan alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грецька абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грецька абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="یونانی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونانی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekan_kirjami%C5%A1t" title="Grekan kirjamišt – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Grekan kirjamišt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Bảng chữ cái Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_grek" title="Alfabet grek – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet grek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griyego_nga_abakadahan" title="Griyego nga abakadahan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Griyego nga abakadahan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希腊字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98" title="גריכישער אלפאבעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גריכישער אלפאבעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希臘字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希臘字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey%C3%AA_Yunanki" title="Alfabeyê Yunanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabeyê Yunanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graiku_ra%C5%A1ts" title="Graiku rašts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Graiku rašts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Yunani" title="Surat Yunani – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Surat Yunani" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Yunani" title="Alfabet Yunani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Alfabet Yunani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8216#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Greek_alphabet" 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style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Greek alphabet <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekalphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greekalphabet.svg/250px-Greekalphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greekalphabet.svg/375px-Greekalphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greekalphabet.svg/500px-Greekalphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="55" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Ellinikó alfávito "Greek alphabet" in the modern Greek language</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 BC – present<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerSteele20212-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003263–276-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8216?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Greek alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.35em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian alphabets">Anatolian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a>) and thus <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Grek <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(200), Greek</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Greek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">U+0370–U+03FF</a> Greek and Coptic</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F00.pdf">U+1F00–U+1FFF</a> Greek Extended</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238568095">.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar{width:auto}.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar .sidebar-top-image{padding:1.0em 0}.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar .sidebar-title{background:#ccf;font-size:150%;padding:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#ddddff}.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar .sidebar-content{padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.6em;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/100px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/150px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg/200px-Greek_alphabet_alpha-omega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="118" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic local variants</a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">ϛ</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ (6)</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ (90)</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ (900)</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Greek alphabet has been used to write the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It was derived from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and is the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetic script">alphabetic script</a> to have developed distinct letters for <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> times, the Greek alphabet existed in <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">many local variants</a>, but, by the end of the 4th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionic</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclidean alphabet">Euclidean alphabet</a>, with 24 letters, ordered from <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>, had become standard throughout the Greek-speaking world<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and is the version that is still used for Greek writing today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014xviii-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase and lowercase forms</a> of the 24 letters are: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a> α, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">Β</a> β, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">Γ</a> γ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">Δ</a> δ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a> ε, <a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">Ζ</a> ζ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a> η, <a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a> θ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ι</a> ι, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">Κ</a> κ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">Λ</a> λ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">Μ</a> μ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a> ν, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">Ξ</a> ξ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a> ο, <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a> π, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">Ρ</a> ρ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">Σ</a> σ/ς, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a> τ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">Υ</a> υ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">Φ</a> φ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ">Χ</a> χ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ψ">Ψ</a> ψ, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a> ω.</dd></dl> The Greek alphabet is the ancestor of several scripts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> scripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-9">[9]</a> Throughout antiquity, Greek had only a single <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase</a> form of each letter. It was written without <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> and with little <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte1996272-10">[10]</a> By the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine scribes</a> had begun to employ the lowercase form, which they derived from the <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> styles of the uppercase letters.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> usage because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the 5th century BC and today. Additionally, Modern and Ancient Greek now use <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">different diacritics</a>, with ancient Greek using the <a href="/wiki/Polytonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic">polytonic</a> orthography and modern Greek keeping only the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> accent (<a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>. Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of international <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">technical symbols and labels</a> in many domains of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and other fields. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_values">Sound values</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Manners_of_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Manners of articulation">Manners of articulation</a></div> In both Ancient and Modern Greek, the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol-to-sound mappings, making pronunciation of words largely predictable. Ancient Greek spelling was generally near-<a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a>. For a number of letters, sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek, because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages.<a href="#cite_note-horrocks_231-12">[12]</a> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter</th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Ancient pronunciation </th> <th colspan="2">Modern pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA<a href="#cite_note-woodard_2008_15-13">[13]</a> </th> <th>Approximate western European equivalent </th> <th>IPA<a href="#cite_note-holton_1998_31-14">[14]</a> </th> <th>Approximate western European equivalent<a href="#cite_note-Adams1987pp67-15">[15]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Α α</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:άλφα">άλφα</a></td> <td>Short: [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] Long: [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</td> <td>Short: similar to a as in English hat<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> Long: a as in English father<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a>]</td> <td>a as in American English father, but short </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Β β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:βήτα">βήτα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p10-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a></td> <td>b as in English better<a href="#cite_note-Groton2013p10-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p10-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</td> <td>v as in English vote </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Γ γ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γάμμα">γάμμα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and possibly μ</td> <td>g as in English get<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p10-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a>, ng as in English sing when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and possibly μ<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p10-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[ex 1]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] before [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]; [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>] before [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]; [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-20">[ex 2]</a> ~ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-21">[ex 3]</a> </td> <td>g as in Spanish lago; Similar to y as in English yellow; ng as in English long; ñ as in Spanish año </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Δ δ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δέλτα">δέλτα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</td> <td>d as in English delete<a href="#cite_note-Groton2013p10-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p10-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</td> <td>th as in English then </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ε ε</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%AD%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:έψιλον">έψιλον</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</td> <td colspan="3">ea as in Scottish English great<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> é as in French été Similar to ay as in English overlay, but without pronouncing y. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ζ ζ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zeta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ζήτα">ζήτα</a></td> <td>[zd], or possibly [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]</td> <td>sd as in English wisdom, or possibly dz as in English adze<a href="#cite_note-hinge-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-zetashift-26">[note 1]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</td> <td>z as in English zoo </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Η η</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ήτα">ήτα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</td> <td>e as in English net, but long <a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> ai as in English fairy ê as in French tête<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p11-25">[22]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</td> <td>i as in English machine, but short </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Θ θ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:θήτα">θήτα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</td> <td>t as in English top<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p11-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-thetaphichi-29">[note 2]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</td> <td>th as in English thin </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ι ι</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ιώτα">ιώτα</a></td> <td>Short: [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] Long: [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</td> <td>Short: i as in French vite,<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p11-25">[22]</a> Long: i as in English machine<a href="#cite_note-Adams1987pp67-15">[15]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>],<a href="#cite_note-30">[ex 4]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>],<a href="#cite_note-31">[ex 5]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-32">[ex 6]</a></td> <td>i as in English machine, but short </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Κ κ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κάππα">κάππα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</td> <td>k as in English,<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p11-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> but completely <a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p11-25">[22]</a> as in asking</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] before [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]; [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>] before [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td>k as in English make; q as in French qui </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Λ λ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda, lamda, labda</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λάμβδα"> λάμβδα, λάμδα, λάβδα</a><a href="#cite_note-lambdaorlabda-33">[note 3]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</td> <td colspan="3">l as in English lantern<a href="#cite_note-Groton2013p10-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Μ μ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%85#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μυ">μυ</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</td> <td colspan="3">m as in English music<a href="#cite_note-Groton2013p10-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ν ν</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%85#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:νυ">νυ</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</td> <td colspan="3">n as in English net<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ξ ξ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BE%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ξι">ξι</a></td> <td>[ks]</td> <td colspan="3">x as in English fox<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ο ο</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:όμικρον">όμικρον</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</td> <td colspan="3">o as in German ohne, similar to British English call ô as in French tôt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Π π</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πι">πι</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> p as in English spot<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ρ ρ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%81%CE%BF#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ρο">ρο</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] ~ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</td> <td colspan="3">rr as in Spanish carro; r as in Spanish caro<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Groton2013p10-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Σ σ/ς<a href="#cite_note-nicholas_finalsigma-36">[note 4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σίγμα">σίγμα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] before β, γ, or μ</td> <td colspan="3">s as in English soft<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> s as in English muse when used before β, γ, or μ<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Τ τ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ταυ">ταυ</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> t as in English stoke<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Υ υ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8D%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ύψιλον">ύψιλον</a></td> <td>Short: [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>] Long: [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>]</td> <td>Short: u as in French lune, ü as in German Brüder Long: u as in French ruse<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</td> <td>i as in English machine, but short </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Φ φ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:φι">φι</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</td> <td>p as in English pot<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p13-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-thetaphichi-29">[note 2]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</td> <td>f as in English five </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Χ χ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:χι">χι</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</td> <td>c as in English cat<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-thetaphichi-29">[note 2]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] before [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]; [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] before [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td>ch as in Scottish loch; h as in English hue </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ψ ψ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψι">ψι</a></td> <td>[ps]</td> <td colspan="3">ps as in English lapse<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p13-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;">Ω ω</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ωμέγα">ωμέγα</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</td> <td>aw as in English saw<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-omegapronunciation-38">[note 5]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</td> <td>o as in German ohne, similar to British English call </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Examples</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> For example, ἀγκών. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> For example, εγγραφή. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> For example, εγγεγραμμένος. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> For example, πάπια. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> For example, βια. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> For example, μια. </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zetashift-26"><a href="#cite_ref-zetashift_26-0">^</a> By around 350 BC, zeta in the Attic dialect had shifted to become a single fricative, [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>], as in modern Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p11-25">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-thetaphichi-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thetaphichi_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thetaphichi_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thetaphichi_29-2">c</a> The letters <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a> ⟨θ⟩, <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a> ⟨φ⟩, and <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> ⟨χ⟩ are normally taught to English speakers with their modern Greek pronunciations of [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>], and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] ~ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] respectively, because these sounds are easier for English speakers to distinguish from the sounds made by the letters <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a> ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]), <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a> ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]), and <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a> ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013pp1113-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a> These are not the sounds they made in classical Attic Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013pp1113-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a> In classical Attic Greek, these three letters were always <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirated consonants">aspirated consonants</a>, pronounced exactly like tau, pi, and kappa respectively, only with a blast of air following the actual consonant sound.<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013pp1113-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lambdaorlabda-33"><a href="#cite_ref-lambdaorlabda_33-0">^</a> The letter Λ is almost universally known today as lambda (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λάμβδα">λάμβδα</a>) except in Modern Greek and in <a href="/wiki/Lambda#Character_encodings" title="Lambda">Unicode</a>, where it is lamda (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B4%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λάμδα">λάμδα</a>), and the most common name for it during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greek Classical Period</a> (510–323 BC) appears to have been labda (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λάβδα">λάβδα</a>), without the μ.<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholas_finalsigma-36"><a href="#cite_ref-nicholas_finalsigma_36-0">^</a> The letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> ⟨Σ⟩ has two different lowercase forms in its standard variant, with ⟨ς⟩ being used in word-final position and ⟨σ⟩ elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick2004-35">[26]</a> In some 19th-century typesetting, ⟨ς⟩ was also used word-medially at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> morpheme, e.g. "δυςκατανοήτων", marking the morpheme boundary between "δυς-κατανοήτων" ("difficult to understand"); modern standard practice is to spell "δυσκατανοήτων" with a non-final sigma.<a href="#cite_note-Nick2004-35">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-omegapronunciation-38"><a href="#cite_ref-omegapronunciation_38-0">^</a> The letter <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> ⟨ω⟩ is normally taught to English speakers as [oʊ], the long o as in English go, in order to more clearly distinguish it from omicron ⟨ο⟩.<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p13-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a> This is not the sound it actually made in classical Attic Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde2013p13-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012pp56-24">[21]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Among consonant letters, all letters that denoted voiced plosive consonants (/b, d, g/) and aspirated plosives (/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/) in Ancient Greek stand for corresponding <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative sounds</a> in Modern Greek. The correspondences are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="3">Former <a href="/wiki/Plosive#Voice" title="Plosive">voiced plosives</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Former <a href="/wiki/Plosive#Aspiration" title="Plosive">aspirates</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Letter </th> <th>Ancient </th> <th>Modern </th> <th>Letter </th> <th>Ancient </th> <th>Modern </th></tr> <tr> <td>Labial </td> <td>Β β </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td> <td>Φ φ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dental </td> <td>Δ δ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/ </td> <td>Θ θ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dorsal </td> <td>Γ γ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] ~ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>] </td> <td>Χ χ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] ~ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> Among the vowel symbols, Modern Greek sound values reflect the radical simplification of the vowel system of post-classical Greek, merging multiple formerly distinct vowel phonemes into a much smaller number. This leads to several groups of vowel letters denoting identical sounds today. Modern Greek orthography remains true to the historical spellings in most of these cases. As a consequence, the spellings of words in Modern Greek are often not predictable from the pronunciation alone, while the reverse mapping, from spelling to pronunciation, is usually regular and predictable. The following vowel letters and digraphs are involved in the mergers: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Ancient</th> <th>Modern </th></tr> <tr> <td>Η η</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></td> <td rowspan="6">> <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ι ι</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>(ː) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΕΙ ει</td> <td>eː </td></tr> <tr> <td>Υ υ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>(ː) > <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΟΙ οι</td> <td>oi > <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΥΙ υι</td> <td>yː > <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ω ω </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">> <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ο ο </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ε ε </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">> <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΑΙ αι </td> <td>ai </td></tr></tbody></table> Modern Greek speakers typically use the same, modern symbol–sound mappings in reading Greek of all historical stages. In other countries, students of Ancient Greek may use a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">conventional approximations</a> of the historical sound system in pronouncing Ancient Greek. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digraphs_and_letter_combinations">Digraphs and letter combinations</h3></div> Several letter combinations have special conventional sound values different from those of their single components. Among them are several <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> of vowel letters that formerly represented <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> but are now monophthongized. In addition to the four mentioned above (⟨ει, οι, υι⟩, pronounced /i/ and ⟨αι⟩, pronounced /e/), there is also ⟨ηι, ωι⟩, and ⟨ου⟩, pronounced /u/. The Ancient Greek diphthongs ⟨αυ⟩, ⟨ευ⟩ and ⟨ηυ⟩ are pronounced [av], [ev] and [iv] in Modern Greek. In some environments, they are devoiced to [af], [ef] and [if].<a href="#cite_note-39">[28]</a> The Modern Greek consonant combinations ⟨μπ⟩ and ⟨ντ⟩ stand for [b] and [d] (or [mb] and [nd]); ⟨τζ⟩ stands for [d͡z] and ⟨τσ⟩ stands for [t͡s]. In addition, both in Ancient and Modern Greek, the letter ⟨γ⟩, before another <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a>, stands for the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> [ŋ]; thus ⟨γγ⟩ and ⟨γκ⟩ are pronounced like English ⟨ng⟩ like in the word finger (not like in the word thing). In analogy to ⟨μπ⟩ and ⟨ντ⟩, ⟨γκ⟩ is also used to stand for [g] before vowels [a], [o] and [u], and [ɟ] before [e] and [i]. There are also the combinations ⟨γχ⟩ and ⟨γξ⟩. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Combination </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Devoiced pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>⟨ου⟩ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨αυ⟩ </td> <td>[av] </td> <td>[af] </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨ευ⟩ </td> <td>[ev] </td> <td>[ef] </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨ηυ⟩ </td> <td>[iv] </td> <td>[if] </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨μπ⟩ </td> <td>[b] or [mb] </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨ντ⟩ </td> <td>[d] or [nd] </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨γκ⟩ and ⟨γγ⟩ </td> <td>[ɡ], [ɟ] or [ŋɡ] </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨τζ⟩ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨τσ⟩ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨γ⟩ in ⟨γχ⟩ and ⟨γξ⟩ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:56px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg/127px-Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg/191px-Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg/254px-Greek_diacritic_dipthong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="56" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:56px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg/127px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg/191px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg/254px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="56" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The acute accent in aulós <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[avˈlos]</a> ('flute') distinguishes the word from its <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homograph</a> áulos <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈailos]</a> ('immaterial'). The smooth breathing marks the absence of an initial /h/.</div></div></div></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic orthography</a> traditionally used for ancient Greek and <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">katharevousa</a>, the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks: either the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (ά), the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (ὰ), or the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> (α̃ or α̑). These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> in Ancient Greek. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch accent was evolving into a single <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a>, and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. In addition to the accent marks, every word-initial vowel must carry either of two so-called "breathing marks": the <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus asper">rough breathing</a> (ἁ), marking an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word, or the <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus lenis">smooth breathing</a> (ἀ), marking its absence. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries rough breathing in a word-initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first ρ always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing (ῤῥ) leading to the transliteration rrh. The vowel letters ⟨α, η, ω⟩ carry an additional diacritic in certain words, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a>, which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature ⟨ι⟩ below the letter. This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs, ⟨ᾱι, ηι, ωι⟩ (i.e. /aːi, ɛːi, ɔːi/), which became monophthongized during antiquity. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg/175px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg/263px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg/350px-Greek_diacritic_non-diphthong_capitals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="56" /></a><figcaption>Use of diaeresis in the word áulos indicating a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">vowel hiatus</a>. The acute accent is absent in the upper case.</figcaption></figure> Another diacritic used in Greek is the <a href="/wiki/Double_dot_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double dot (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (¨), indicating a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>. This system of diacritics was first developed by the scholar <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 257 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 185/180 BC), who worked at the <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a> in Alexandria during the third century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey200792–93-40">[29]</a> Aristophanes of Byzantium also was the first to divide poems into lines, rather than writing them like prose, and also introduced a series of signs for <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey200793-41">[30]</a> In 1982, a new, simplified orthography, known as "monotonic", was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state. It uses only a single accent mark, the acute (also known in this context as tonos, i.e. simply "accent"), marking the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words, and occasionally the diaeresis to distinguish diphthongal from digraph readings in pairs of vowel letters, making this monotonic system very similar to the accent mark system used in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. The polytonic system is still conventionally used for writing Ancient Greek, while in some book printing and generally in the usage of conservative writers it can still also be found in use for Modern Greek. Although it is not a diacritic, the <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> has a similar function as a <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letter</a> in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C,%CF%84%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ό,τι">ό,τι</a> (ó,ti, "whatever") from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ότι">ότι</a> (óti, "that").<a href="#cite_note-nicky-42">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization of Greek</a></div> There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–511-43">[32]</a> The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502-44">[33]</a> In this system, ⟨κ⟩ is replaced with ⟨c⟩, the diphthongs ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ are rendered as ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ (or ⟨æ,œ⟩); and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ are simplified to ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502,_510–511-45">[34]</a> Smooth breathing marks are usually ignored and rough breathing marks are usually rendered as the letter ⟨h⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502,_509-46">[35]</a> In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek, ⟨κ⟩ will usually be rendered as ⟨k⟩, and the vowel combinations ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–511-43">[32]</a> The letters ⟨θ⟩ and ⟨φ⟩ are generally rendered as ⟨th⟩ and ⟨ph⟩; ⟨χ⟩ as either ⟨ch⟩ or ⟨kh⟩; and word-initial ⟨ρ⟩ as ⟨rh⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999510–511-47">[36]</a> Transcription conventions for Modern Greek<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511-48">[37]</a> differ widely, depending on their purpose, on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek-based transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> or rather a phonetically based transcription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511-48">[37]</a> Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (as <a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511-48">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISO843-49">[38]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[39]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">Library of Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a> and others. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Letter </th> <th scope="col">Traditional Latin transliteration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999510–511-47">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Α α </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">A a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Β β </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">B b </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γ γ </td> <td>G g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Δ δ </td> <td>D d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ε ε </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">E e </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ζ ζ </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">Z z </td></tr> <tr> <td>Η η </td> <td style="background: #ffe6e6;">Ē ē </td></tr> <tr> <td>Θ θ </td> <td>Th th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ι ι </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">I i </td></tr> <tr> <td>Κ κ </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">C c, K k </td></tr> <tr> <td>Λ λ </td> <td>L l </td></tr> <tr> <td>Μ μ </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">M m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ν ν </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">N n </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ξ ξ </td> <td>X x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ο ο </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">O o </td></tr> <tr> <td>Π π </td> <td>P p </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ρ ρ </td> <td style="background: #ffe6e6;">R r, Rh rh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Σ σ/ς </td> <td>S s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Τ τ </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">T t </td></tr> <tr> <td>Υ υ </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">Y y, U u </td></tr> <tr> <td>Φ φ </td> <td>Ph ph </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χ χ </td> <td style="background: #ffe6e6;">Ch ch, Kh kh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ψ ψ </td> <td>Ps ps </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ω ω </td> <td>Ō ō </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipylon_Inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscription.JPG/220px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscription.JPG/330px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscription.JPG/440px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dipylon_inscription" title="Dipylon inscription">Dipylon inscription</a>, one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 740 BC</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a>, from around the sixteenth century to the twelfth century BC, a script called <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> was used to write the earliest attested form of the Greek language, known as <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>. This writing system, unrelated to the Greek alphabet, last appeared in the thirteenth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014xviii-8">[8]</a> Inscription written in the Greek alphabet begin to emerge from the eighth century BC onward. While early evidence of Greek letters may date no later than 770 BC,<a href="#cite_note-52">[41]</a> the oldest known substantial and legible Greek alphabet texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dipylon_inscription" title="Dipylon inscription">Dipylon inscription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(Pithekoussai)" title="Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai)">Nestor's cup</a>, date from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 740/30 BC.<a href="#cite_note-53">[42]</a> It is accepted that the introduction of the alphabet occurred some time prior to these inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a> While earlier dates have been proposed, the Greek alphabet is commonly held to have originated some time in the late ninth<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> or early eighth century BC,<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a> conventionally around the year 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg/220px-Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg/330px-Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg/440px-Nestor_Cup_Pithekoussai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(Pithekoussai)" title="Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai)">Nestor's cup</a> inscription (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 730 BC) with the proposed restoration</figcaption></figure> The period between the use of the two writing systems, Linear B and the Greek alphabet, during which no Greek texts are attested, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin201453-58">[47]</a> The Greeks adopted the alphabet from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, one of the closely related scripts used for the <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic languages</a>, calling it <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Φοινικήια γράμματα 'Phoenician letters'.<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> However, the Phoenician alphabet was limited to consonants. When it was adopted for writing Greek, certain consonants were adapted in order to express vowels. The use of both vowels and consonants makes Greek the first <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> in the narrow sense,<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> as distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, which have letters only for consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels19964-61">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> Greek initially took over all of the 22 letters of Phoenician. Five were reassigned to denote vowel sounds: the glide consonants /j/ (<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>) and /w/ (<a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a>) were used for [i] (Ι, <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a>) and [u] (Υ, <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> consonant /ʔ/ (<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>) was used for [a] (Α, <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> /ʕ/ (<a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿayin</a>) was turned into [o] (Ο, <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a>); and the letter for /h/ (<a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a>) was turned into [e] (Ε, <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a>). A doublet of waw was also borrowed as a consonant for [w] (Ϝ, <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a>). In addition, the Phoenician letter for the emphatic glottal /ħ/ (<a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">heth</a>) was borrowed in two different functions by different dialects of Greek: as a letter for /h/ (Η, <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">heta</a>) by those dialects that had such a sound, and as an additional vowel letter for the long /ɛː/ (Η, <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>) by those dialects that lacked the consonant. Eventually, a seventh vowel letter for the long /ɔː/ (Ω, <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>) was introduced. Greek also introduced three new consonant letters for its aspirated plosive sounds and consonant clusters: Φ (<a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi (letter)">phi</a>) for /pʰ/, Χ (<a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a>) for /kʰ/ and Ψ (<a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a>) for /ps/. In western Greek variants, Χ was instead used for /ks/ and Ψ for /kʰ/. The origin of these letters is a matter of some debate. <div style="float:none;"> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Phoenician </th> <th colspan="4">Greek </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/12px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/18px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/24px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (letter)">aleph</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Α </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/12px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/18px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/24px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">beth</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Β </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/12px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/18px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/24px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimel (letter)">gimel</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Γ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/12px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/18px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/24px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daleth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daleth (letter)">daleth</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Δ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/12px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/18px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/24px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ε </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/<a href="#cite_note-longepsilon-62">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ϝ </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a>) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayin (letter)">zayin</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ζ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (letter)">zeta</a> </td> <td>[zd](?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/12px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/18px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/24px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">heth</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Η </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta (letter)">eta</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/12px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/18px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/24px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teth (letter)">teth</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Θ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/12px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/18px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/24px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodh (letter)">yodh</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ι </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/12px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/18px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/24px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaph_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaph (letter)">kaph</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Κ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/12px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/18px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/24px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamedh (letter)">lamedh</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Λ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/12px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/18px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/24px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mem (letter)">mem</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Μ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/12px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/18px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/24px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ν </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Phoenician </th> <th colspan="4">Greek </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/12px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/18px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/24px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">samekh</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ξ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a> </td> <td>/ks/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayin (letter)">ʿayin</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ο </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/<a href="#cite_note-longepsilon-62">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/12px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/18px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/24px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Π </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/12px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/18px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/24px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsade_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsade (letter)">ṣade</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_San_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/13px-Greek_San_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/19px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/26px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ϻ </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a>) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/12px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/18px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/24px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qoph</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ϙ </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a>) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/12px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/18px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/24px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">reš</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ρ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/12px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/18px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/24px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">šin</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Σ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/12px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/18px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/24px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">taw</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Τ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau (letter)">tau</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a>) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Υ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Φ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Χ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ψ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a> </td> <td>/ps/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>Ω </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> </div> Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape: the letter Ϻ (<a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a>), which had been in competition with Σ (<a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a>) denoting the same phoneme /s/; the letter Ϙ (<a href="/wiki/Qoppa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qoppa">qoppa</a>), which was redundant with Κ (<a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a>) for /k/, and Ϝ (<a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a>), whose sound value /w/ dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period. Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left, just like Phoenician, but scribes could freely alternate between directions. For a time, a writing style with alternating right-to-left and left-to-right lines (called <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>, literally "ox-turning", after the manner of an ox ploughing a field) was common, until in the classical period the left-to-right writing direction became the norm. Individual letter shapes were mirrored depending on the writing direction of the current line. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_variants">Archaic variants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg/400px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg/600px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg/800px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of "green", "red" and "blue" alphabet types, after Kirchhoff.</figcaption></figure> There were initially numerous <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">local (epichoric) variants</a> of the Greek alphabet, which differed in the use and non-use of the additional vowel and consonant symbols and several other features. Epichoric alphabets are commonly divided into four major types according to their different treatments of additional consonant letters for the aspirated consonants (/pʰ, kʰ/) and consonant clusters (/ks, ps/) of Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoutiras2007270-63">[51]</a> These four types are often conventionally labelled as "green", "red", "light blue" and "dark blue" types, based on a colour-coded map in a seminal 19th-century work on the topic, Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kirchhoff" title="Adolf Kirchhoff">Adolf Kirchhoff</a> (1867).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoutiras2007270-63">[51]</a> The "green" (or southern) type is the most archaic and closest to the Phoenician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46-64">[52]</a> The "red" (or western) type is the one that was later transmitted to the West and became the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, and bears some crucial features characteristic of that later development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46-64">[52]</a> The "blue" (or eastern) type is the one from which the later standard Greek alphabet emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46-64">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> used a local form of the "light blue" alphabet type until the end of the fifth century BC, which lacked the letters Ξ and Ψ as well as the vowel symbols Η and Ω.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46-64">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166-65">[53]</a> In the Old Attic alphabet, ΧΣ stood for /ks/ and ΦΣ for /ps/. Ε was used for all three sounds /e, eː, ɛː/ (correspondinɡ to classical Ε, ΕΙ, Η), and Ο was used for all of /o, oː, ɔː/ (corresponding to classical Ο, ΟΥ, Ω).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166-65">[53]</a> The letter Η (heta) was used for the consonant /h/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166-65">[53]</a> Some variant local letter forms were also characteristic of Athenian writing, some of which were shared with the neighboring (but otherwise "red") alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Euboia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboia">Euboia</a>: a form of Λ that resembled a Latin L (<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>) and a form of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Σ">Σ</a> that resembled a Latin S (<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166-65">[53]</a> <table class="noresize wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Phoenician model </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/12px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/18px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/24px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/12px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/18px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/24px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/12px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/18px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/24px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/12px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/18px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/24px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/12px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/18px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/24px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/12px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/18px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/24px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/12px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/18px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/24px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/12px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/18px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/24px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/12px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/18px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/24px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/12px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/18px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/24px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/12px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/18px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/24px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/12px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/18px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/24px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/12px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/18px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/24px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/12px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/18px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/24px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/12px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/18px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/24px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/12px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/18px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/24px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/12px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/18px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/24px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/12px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/18px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/24px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/12px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/18px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/24px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#9afa95;">Southern </th> <th style="background-color:#9afa95;">"green" </th> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_San_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/13px-Greek_San_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/19px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/26px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="background-color:#9afa95;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>* </td> <td rowspan="1" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="1" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="1" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top">— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="background-color:#f9d7b3;">Western </th> <th style="background-color:#f9d7b3;">"red" </th> <td rowspan="1" valign="top" style="background-color:#f9d7b3;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="background-color:#f9d7b3;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="1" valign="top" style="background-color:#f9d7b3;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#d1cfff;">Eastern </th> <th style="background-color:#d1cfff;">"light blue" </th> <td rowspan="3" valign="top">— </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="top" style="background-color:#d1cfff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#a39efe;">"dark blue" </th> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="background-color:#a39efe;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="background-color:#a39efe;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#a39efe;">Classic Ionian </th> <td valign="top">— </td> <td valign="top">— </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#a39efe;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td valign="top">— </td> <td valign="top">— </td> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#a39efe;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Modern alphabet </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">Β</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">Γ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">Δ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a></td> <td>—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">Ζ</a></td> <td>—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ι</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">Κ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">Λ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">Μ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">Ξ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">Ρ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">Σ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">Υ</a></td> <td>—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">Φ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ">Χ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ψ">Ψ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Sound in Ancient Greek </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>w</td> <td>zd</td> <td>h</td> <td>ē</td> <td>tʰ</td> <td>i</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ks</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>s</td> <td>k</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ks</td> <td>pʰ</td> <td>kʰ</td> <td>ps</td> <td>ō </td></tr> </tbody></table> *Upsilon is also derived from <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a>). The classical twenty-four-letter alphabet that is now used to represent the Greek language was originally the local alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026-66">[54]</a> By the late fifth century BC, it was commonly used by many Athenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026-66">[54]</a> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 403 BC, at the suggestion of the <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">archon</a> <a href="/wiki/Eucleides" title="Eucleides">Eucleides</a>, the Athenian Assembly formally abandoned the Old Attic alphabet and adopted the Ionian alphabet as part of the democratic reforms after the <a href="/wiki/Phyle_Campaign" title="Phyle Campaign">overthrow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026-66">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2010xiix-67">[55]</a> Because of Eucleides's role in suggesting the idea to adopt the Ionian alphabet, the standard twenty-four-letter Greek alphabet is sometimes known as the "Eucleidean alphabet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026-66">[54]</a> Roughly thirty years later, the Eucleidean alphabet was adopted in Boeotia and it may have been adopted a few years previously in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayotou2007407-68">[56]</a> By the end of the fourth century BC, it had displaced local alphabets across the Greek-speaking world to become the standard form of the Greek alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayotou2007407-68">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_names">Letter names</h3></div> When the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values but also the names by which the sequence of the alphabet could be recited and memorized. In Phoenician, each letter name was a word that began with the sound represented by that letter; thus <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾaleph</a>, the word for "ox", was used as the name for the glottal stop /ʔ/, <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a>, or "house", for the /b/ sound, and so on. When the letters were adopted by the Greeks, most of the Phoenician names were maintained or modified slightly to fit Greek phonology; thus, ʾaleph, bet, gimel became alpha, beta, gamma. The Greek names of the following letters are more or less straightforward continuations of their Phoenician antecedents. Between Ancient and Modern Greek, they have remained largely unchanged, except that their pronunciation has followed regular sound changes along with other words (for instance, in the name of beta, ancient /b/ regularly changed to modern /v/, and ancient /ɛː/ to modern /i/, resulting in the modern pronunciation vita). The name of lambda is attested in early sources as λάβδα besides λάμβδα;<a href="#cite_note-69">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> in Modern Greek the spelling is often λάμδα, reflecting pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> Similarly, iota is sometimes spelled γιώτα in Modern Greek ([ʝ] is conventionally transcribed ⟨γ{ι,η,υ,ει,οι}⟩ word-initially and <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervocalic">intervocalically</a> before <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a> and /a/). In the tables below, the Greek names of all letters are given in their traditional polytonic spelling; in modern practice, like with all other words, they are usually spelled in the simplified monotonic system. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg" title="File:Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg">Greek alphabet</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg/Ell-AlphabitosUpload.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">The names of the letters in spoken Standard Modern Greek</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="3">Name </th> <th colspan="3">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Greek </th> <th>Phoenician original </th> <th>English </th> <th>Greek (Ancient) </th> <th>Greek (Modern) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Α </td> <td>ἄλφα</td> <td>aleph</td> <td>alpha </td> <td>[alpʰa]</td> <td>[ˈalfa]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈælfə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/En-us-alpha.ogg\/En-us-alpha.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-alpha.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/En-us-alpha.ogg/En-us-alpha.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-alpha.ogg" title="File:En-us-alpha.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Β </td> <td>βῆτα</td> <td>beth</td> <td>beta </td> <td>[bɛːta]</td> <td>[ˈvita]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbiːtə/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbeɪtə/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Γ </td> <td>γάμμα</td> <td>gimel</td> <td>gamma </td> <td>[ɡamma]</td> <td>[ˈɣama]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡæmə/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Δ </td> <td>δέλτα</td> <td>daleth</td> <td>delta </td> <td>[delta]</td> <td>[ˈðelta]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɛltə/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Η </td> <td>ἦτα</td> <td>heth</td> <td>eta </td> <td>[hɛːta], [ɛːta]</td> <td>[ˈita]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːtə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈeɪtə/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Θ </td> <td>θῆτα</td> <td>teth</td> <td>theta </td> <td>[tʰɛːta]</td> <td>[ˈθita]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈθiːtə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈθeɪtə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/En-us-theta.ogg\/En-us-theta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-theta.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/En-us-theta.ogg/En-us-theta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-theta.ogg" title="File:En-us-theta.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ι </td> <td>ἰῶτα</td> <td>yodh</td> <td>iota </td> <td>[iɔːta]</td> <td>[ˈʝota]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪˈoʊtə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/En-us-iota.ogg\/En-us-iota.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-iota.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-iota.ogg/En-us-iota.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-iota.ogg" title="File:En-us-iota.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Κ </td> <td>κάππα</td> <td>kaph</td> <td>kappa </td> <td>[kappa]</td> <td>[ˈkapa]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkæpə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8f\/En-us-kappa.ogg\/En-us-kappa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-kappa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/En-us-kappa.ogg/En-us-kappa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-kappa.ogg" title="File:En-us-kappa.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Λ </td> <td>λάμβδα</td> <td>lamedh</td> <td>lambda </td> <td>[lambda]</td> <td>[ˈlamða]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlæmdə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/En-us-lambda.ogg\/En-us-lambda.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-lambda.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/En-us-lambda.ogg/En-us-lambda.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-lambda.ogg" title="File:En-us-lambda.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Μ </td> <td>μῦ</td> <td>mem</td> <td>mu </td> <td>[myː]</td> <td>[mi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mjuː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/84\/En-us-mu.ogg\/En-us-mu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-mu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/En-us-mu.ogg/En-us-mu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-mu.ogg" title="File:En-us-mu.ogg">ⓘ</a>; occasionally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/muː/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ν </td> <td>νῦ</td> <td>nun</td> <td>nu </td> <td>[nyː]</td> <td>[ni]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/njuː/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ρ </td> <td>ῥῶ</td> <td>reš</td> <td>rho </td> <td>[rɔː]</td> <td>[ro]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/roʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/En-us-rho.ogg\/En-us-rho.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-rho.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/En-us-rho.ogg/En-us-rho.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-rho.ogg" title="File:En-us-rho.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Τ </td> <td>ταῦ</td> <td>taw</td> <td>tau </td> <td>[tau]</td> <td>[taf]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/taʊ, tɔː/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In the cases of the three historical sibilant letters below, the correspondence between Phoenician and Ancient Greek is less clear, with apparent mismatches both in letter names and sound values. The early history of these letters (and the fourth sibilant letter, obsolete <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a>) has been a matter of some debate. Here too, the changes in the pronunciation of the letter names between Ancient and Modern Greek are regular. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="3">Name </th> <th colspan="3">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Greek </th> <th>Phoenician original </th> <th>English </th> <th>Greek (Ancient) </th> <th>Greek (Modern) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ζ </td> <td>ζῆτα</td> <td>zayin</td> <td>zeta </td> <td>[zdɛːta]</td> <td>[ˈzita]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈziːtə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈzeɪtə/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ξ </td> <td>ξεῖ, ξῖ</td> <td>samekh</td> <td>xi </td> <td>[kseː]</td> <td>[ksi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zaɪ, ksaɪ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Σ </td> <td>σίγμα</td> <td>šin</td> <td>siɡma </td> <td>[siɡma]</td> <td>[ˈsiɣma]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɪɡmə/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In the following group of consonant letters, the older forms of the names in Ancient Greek were spelled with -εῖ, indicating an original pronunciation with -ē. In Modern Greek these names are spelled with -ι. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="3">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Greek </th> <th>English </th> <th>Greek (Ancient) </th> <th>Greek (Modern) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ξ </td> <td>ξεῖ, ξῖ</td> <td>xi </td> <td>[kseː]</td> <td>[ksi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zaɪ, ksaɪ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Π </td> <td>πεῖ, πῖ</td> <td>pi </td> <td>[peː]</td> <td>[pi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/paɪ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Φ </td> <td>φεῖ, φῖ</td> <td>phi </td> <td>[pʰeː]</td> <td>[fi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/faɪ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Χ </td> <td>χεῖ, χῖ</td> <td>chi </td> <td>[kʰeː]</td> <td>[çi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kaɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/En-us-chi.ogg\/En-us-chi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-chi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-us-chi.ogg/En-us-chi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-chi.ogg" title="File:En-us-chi.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ψ </td> <td>ψεῖ, ψῖ</td> <td>psi </td> <td>[pseː]</td> <td>[psi]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/saɪ/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/psaɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/En-us-psi.ogg\/En-us-psi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-psi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/En-us-psi.ogg/En-us-psi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-psi.ogg" title="File:En-us-psi.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The following group of vowel letters were originally called simply by their sound values as long vowels: ē, ō, ū, and ɔ. Their modern names contain adjectival qualifiers that were added during the Byzantine period, to distinguish between letters that had become confusable.<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> Thus, the letters ⟨ο⟩ and ⟨ω⟩, pronounced identically by this time, were called o mikron ("small o") and o mega ("big o").<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> The letter ⟨ε⟩ was called e psilon ("plain e") to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ⟨αι⟩, while, similarly, ⟨υ⟩, which at this time was pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>], was called y psilon ("plain y") to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ⟨οι⟩.<a href="#cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">[16]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="4">Name </th> <th colspan="3">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Greek (Ancient) </th> <th>Greek (Medieval) </th> <th>Greek (Modern) </th> <th>English </th> <th>Greek (Ancient) </th> <th>Greek (Modern) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ε </td> <td>εἶ</td> <td>ἐ ψιλόν</td> <td>ἔψιλον</td> <td>epsilon </td> <td>[eː]</td> <td>[ˈepsilon]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛpsɪlɒn/</a>, some <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛpˈsaɪlən/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ο </td> <td>οὖ</td> <td>ὀ μικρόν</td> <td>ὄμικρον</td> <td>omicron </td> <td>[oː]</td> <td>[ˈomikron]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒmɪkrɒn/</a>, traditional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊˈmaɪkrɒn/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Υ </td> <td>ὖ</td> <td>ὐ ψιλόν</td> <td>ὔψιλον</td> <td>upsilon </td> <td>[uː], [yː]</td> <td>[ˈipsilon]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/juːpˈsaɪlən, ˈʊpsɪlɒn/</a>, also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʌpˈsaɪlən/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʌpsɪlɒn/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Ω </td> <td>ὦ</td> <td>ὠ μέγα</td> <td>ὠμέγα</td> <td>omega </td> <td>[ɔː]</td> <td>[oˈmeɣa]</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊˈmeɪɡə/</a>, traditional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈoʊmɪɡə/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Some dialects of the Aegean and <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a> have retained <a href="/wiki/Long_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Long consonant">long consonants</a> and pronounce [ˈɣamːa] and [ˈkapʰa]; also, ήτα has come to be pronounced [ˈitʰa] in Cypriot.<a href="#cite_note-70">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_shapes">Letter shapes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/250px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/375px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/500px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century edition of the New Testament (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>), printed in a renaissance typeface by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg/300px-Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg/450px-Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg/600px-Theocritus-Syracusanus-et-al-Lodewijk-Caspar-Valckenaer_MG_0683_-_detail_-_Greek_text_-_Theocritus_-_Idyll_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2642" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Theocritus Idyll 1, lines 12–14, in script with abbreviations and ligatures from a caption in an illustrated edition of Theocritus. Lodewijk Caspar Valckenaer: Carmina bucolica, Leiden 1779.</figcaption></figure> Like Latin and other alphabetic scripts, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter, without a distinction between uppercase and lowercase. This distinction is an innovation of the modern era, drawing on different lines of development of the letter shapes in earlier handwriting. The oldest forms of the letters in antiquity are <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> forms. Besides the upright, straight inscriptional forms (capitals) found in stone carvings or incised pottery, more fluent writing styles adapted for handwriting on soft materials were also developed during antiquity. Such handwriting has been preserved especially from <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> manuscripts in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. Ancient handwriting developed two distinct styles: <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> writing, with carefully drawn, rounded block letters of about equal size, used as a <a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">book hand</a> for carefully produced literary and religious manuscripts, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cursive">cursive</a> writing, used for everyday purposes.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-71">[59]</a> The cursive forms approached the style of lowercase letter forms, with <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascenders</a> and descenders, as well as many connecting lines and ligatures between letters. In the ninth and tenth century, uncial book hands were replaced with a new, more compact writing style, with letter forms partly adapted from the earlier cursive.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-71">[59]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">minuscule</a> style remained the dominant form of handwritten Greek into the modern era. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, western printers adopted the minuscule letter forms as lowercase printed typefaces, while modeling uppercase letters on the ancient inscriptional forms. The orthographic practice of using the letter case distinction for marking proper names, titles, etc. developed in parallel to the practice in Latin and other western languages. <table class="wikitable skin-invert-image"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Inscription </th> <th colspan="2">Manuscript </th> <th colspan="2">Modern print </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Archaic</th> <th>Classical</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">Uncial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Minuscule</a></th> <th>Lowercase</th> <th>Uppercase </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Alpha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Alpha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">α </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Α </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Beta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Beta_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Beta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Beta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Beta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Beta_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Beta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_uncial_Beta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Beta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_uncial_Beta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Beta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greek_uncial_Beta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Beta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Beta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">β </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Β </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Gamma_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Gamma_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Gamma_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Gamma_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Gamma_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Gamma_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Gamma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Gamma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">γ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Γ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_Delta_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Delta_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_Delta_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Delta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_Delta_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Delta_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Delta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Greek_uncial_Delta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Delta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Greek_uncial_Delta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Delta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Greek_uncial_Delta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Delta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Delta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">δ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Δ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Epsilon_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ε </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Zeta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Zeta_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Zeta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Zeta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greek_Zeta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Zeta_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Zeta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Zeta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ζ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ζ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greek_Eta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Eta_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greek_Eta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Eta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Greek_Eta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Eta_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Eta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_uncial_Eta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Eta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_uncial_Eta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Eta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_uncial_Eta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Eta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Eta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">η </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Η </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_Theta_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Theta_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_Theta_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Theta_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Greek_Theta_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Theta_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Theta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Theta.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Theta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Theta.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Theta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Theta.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Theta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Theta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">θ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Θ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greek_Iota_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Iota_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greek_Iota_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Iota_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greek_Iota_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Iota_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Iota.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_uncial_Iota.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Iota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_uncial_Iota.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Iota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_uncial_Iota.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Iota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Iota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ι </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ι </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greek_Kappa_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Kappa_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greek_Kappa_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Kappa_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Greek_Kappa_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Kappa_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Kappa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Kappa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">κ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Κ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_Lambda_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Lambda_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_Lambda_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Lambda_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Greek_Lambda_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Lambda_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Lambda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Lambda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">λ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Λ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Mu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_uncial_Mu.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Mu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_uncial_Mu.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Mu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_uncial_Mu.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Mu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Mu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">μ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Μ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_Nu_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Nu_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_Nu_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Nu_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Greek_Nu_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Nu_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Nu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greek_uncial_Nu.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Nu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greek_uncial_Nu.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Nu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greek_uncial_Nu.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Nu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Nu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ν </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ν </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Greek_Xi_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Xi_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Greek_Xi_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Xi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Greek_Xi_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Xi_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Xi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_uncial_Xi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Xi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_uncial_Xi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Xi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greek_uncial_Xi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Xi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Xi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ξ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ξ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_Omicron_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Omicron_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_Omicron_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Omicron_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_Omicron_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Omicron_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Omicron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Omicron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ο </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ο </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_Pi_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Pi_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_Pi_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Pi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greek_Pi_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Pi_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Pi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greek_uncial_Pi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Pi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greek_uncial_Pi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Pi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greek_uncial_Pi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Pi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Pi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">π </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Π </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Greek_Rho_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Rho_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Greek_Rho_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Rho_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Greek_Rho_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Rho_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Rho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Rho.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Rho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Rho.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Rho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greek_uncial_Rho.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Rho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Rho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ρ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ρ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greek_Sigma_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greek_Sigma_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Greek_Sigma_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Sigma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Sigma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">σς </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Σ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Tau_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Tau_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Tau_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Tau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_uncial_Tau.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Tau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_uncial_Tau.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Tau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_uncial_Tau.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Tau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Tau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">τ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Τ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg/12px-Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg/18px-Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg/24px-Greek_Upsilon_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Upsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Upsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">υ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Υ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Phi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Greek_uncial_Phi.svg/16px-Greek_uncial_Phi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Greek_uncial_Phi.svg/24px-Greek_uncial_Phi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Greek_uncial_Phi.svg/32px-Greek_uncial_Phi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Phi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">φ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Φ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Chi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_uncial_Chi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Chi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_uncial_Chi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Chi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_uncial_Chi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Chi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Chi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">χ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Χ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Psi_classical.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Psi_classical.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Psi_classical.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Psi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_uncial_Psi.svg/19px-Greek_uncial_Psi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_uncial_Psi.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Psi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Greek_uncial_Psi.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Psi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Psi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ψ </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ψ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Omega_classical.svg/15px-Greek_Omega_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Omega_classical.svg/22px-Greek_Omega_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Omega_classical.svg/30px-Greek_Omega_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Omega.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_uncial_Omega.svg/26px-Greek_uncial_Omega.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_uncial_Omega.svg/38px-Greek_uncial_Omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greek_uncial_Omega.svg/51px-Greek_uncial_Omega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg/85px-Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg/127px-Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Omega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">ω </td> <td style="font-family:serif;font-size:larger;">Ω </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_alphabets">Derived alphabets</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsiliana_tablet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/300px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/450px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/600px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="20" /></a><figcaption>The earliest Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">abecedarium</a>, from Marsiliana d'Albegna, still almost identical with contemporaneous archaic Greek alphabets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wulfila_bibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wulfila_bibel.jpg/220px-Wulfila_bibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wulfila_bibel.jpg/330px-Wulfila_bibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wulfila_bibel.jpg/440px-Wulfila_bibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Argenteus" title="Codex Argenteus">Codex Argenteus</a>, a 6th-century Bible manuscript in Gothic</figcaption></figure> The Greek alphabet was the model for various others:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-9">[9]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, together with various other <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">ancient scripts in Italy</a>, adopted from an archaic form of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Greek colonists in the late 8th century BC, via <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a>, devised in the 4th century AD to write the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>, based on a combination of Greek and Latin uncial models;<a href="#cite_note-72">[60]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, devised in the 9th century AD for writing <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, which replaced the Glagolitic alphabet shortly afterwards.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Alphabet">Coptic Alphabet</a> used for writing the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a> alphabets are almost certainly modeled on the Greek alphabet, but their graphic forms are quite different.<a href="#cite_note-73">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_for_other_languages">Use for other languages</h3></div> Apart from the daughter alphabets listed above, which were adapted from Greek but developed into separate writing systems, the Greek alphabet has also been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrakis1996-74">[62]</a> For some of them, additional letters were introduced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h4></div> <ul><li>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">alphabets of Asia Minor</a> were also adopted around the same time, as the early Greek alphabet was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Alphabet">Phoenician Alphabet</a>. The Lydian and Carian alphabets are generally believed to derive from the Greek alphabet, although it is not clear which variant is the direct ancestor. While some of these alphabets such as <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> had slight differences from the Greek counterpart, some like <a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Carian alphabet">Carian alphabet</a> had mostly different values and several other characters inherited from pre-Greek local scripts. They were in use <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–300 BC until all the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> were extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[67]</a></li> <li>The original <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic alphabets</a> was the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications.</li> <li>It was used in some <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>. For other neighboring languages or dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a>, isolated words are preserved in Greek texts, but no continuous texts are preserved.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a> was used for writing the ancient <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian language</a> in parts of modern Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> inscriptions (in modern France) used the Greek alphabet until the Roman conquest</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a> spoken in what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, was written in the Greek alphabet during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (65–250 AD). It adds an extra letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">þ</a>⟩ for the sh sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997-80">[68]</a></li> <li>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> coinage, the coins of <a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chastana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chastana">Chastana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> featured an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> legend written in Greek or pseudo-Greek letters. The subsequent rulers' coins had the Greek script degrade to a mere ornament that no longer represented any legible legend.<a href="#cite_note-81">[69]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a> adds eight letters derived from <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a>. It is still used today, mostly in Egypt, to write <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians. Letters usually retain an <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial form</a> different from the forms used for Greek today. The alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian">Old Nubian</a> is an adaptation of Coptic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4></div> <ul><li>Coins from the 4th-8th centuries known as <a href="/wiki/Mordovka" title="Mordovka">mordovkas</a> were used as currency in Eastern Europe by <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic peoples</a> and were written in <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> using Greek uncial script.<a href="#cite_note-82">[70]</a></li> <li>An 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet,<a href="#cite_note-83">[71]</a> as does a 9th or 10th century psalm translation fragment.<a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Old Ossetic</a> inscription of the 10th–12th centuries found in <a href="/wiki/Arxyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Arxyz">Arxyz</a>, the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a> (modern Sudan) adds three Coptic letters, two letters derived from <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic script</a>, and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> sound.</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> dialects, similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian languages</a>, have been written in Greek script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920-85">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938-86">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411-87">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989-88">[76]</a> The modern South Slavic languages now use modified <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabets</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG/220px-Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG/330px-Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG/440px-Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>18th-century title page of a book printed in Karamanli Turkish</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a>) was often written in Greek script, and called <a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanlidika</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk language">Tosk</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> was often written using the Greek alphabet, starting in about 1500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie1991-89">[77]</a> The printing press at <a href="/wiki/Moschopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Moschopolis">Moschopolis</a> published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Monastir</a> conference standardized a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Latin orthography</a> for both Tosk and <a href="/wiki/Gheg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg language">Gheg</a>. Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>) in Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> of the northeast Balkans spoken by Orthodox Christians, was apparently written in Greek characters in the late 19th century. In 1957, it was standardized on Cyrillic, and in 1996, a <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz alphabet</a> based on Latin characters was adopted (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surguch" class="mw-redirect" title="Surguch">Surguch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a>, was spoken by a small group of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> in northern Greece. It is now written in Latin or Cyrillic characters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a> or Greek Tatar, spoken by Orthodox Christians, used the Greek alphabet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Spanish language">Judaeo-Spanish</a> or Ladino, a Jewish dialect of Spanish, has occasionally been published in Greek characters in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a></li> <li>The Italian humanist <a href="/wiki/Giovan_Giorgio_Trissino" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovan Giorgio Trissino">Giovan Giorgio Trissino</a> tried to add some Greek letters (Ɛ ε, Ꞷ ω) to <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian orthography</a> in 1524.<a href="#cite_note-Trissino-91">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mathematics_and_science">In mathematics and science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering</a></div> Greek symbols are used as symbols in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>. Many symbols have traditional uses, such as lower case epsilon (ε) for <a href="/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)" title="Limit (mathematics)">an arbitrarily small positive number</a>, lower case pi (π) for the <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter</a>, capital sigma (Σ) for <a href="/wiki/Summation" title="Summation">summation</a>, and lower case sigma (σ) for <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a>. For many years the Greek alphabet was used by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming#North_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Tropical cyclone naming">naming North Atlantic hurricanes</a> if a season was so active that it exhausted the regular list of storm names. This happened during the <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005 season</a> (when Alpha through Zeta were used), and the <a href="/wiki/2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2020 Atlantic hurricane season">2020 season</a> (when Alpha through Iota were used), after which the practice was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> In May 2021 the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">variants of SARS-CoV-2</a> of the virus would be named using letters of the Greek alphabet to avoid stigma and simplify communications for non-scientific audiences.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a></div> Greek letters are used to denote the brighter stars within each of the eighty-eight <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>. In most constellations, the brightest star is designated Alpha and the next brightest Beta etc. For example, the brightest star in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a>. For historical reasons, the Greek designations of some constellations begin with a lower ranked letter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</h3></div> Several Greek letters are used as phonetic symbols in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA).<a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a> Several of them denote fricative consonants; the rest stand for variants of vowel sounds. The glyph shapes used for these letters in specialized phonetic fonts is sometimes slightly different from the conventional shapes in Greek typography proper, with glyphs typically being more upright and using <a href="/wiki/Serifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serifs">serifs</a>, to make them conform more with the typographical character of other, Latin-based letters in the phonetic alphabet. Nevertheless, in the Unicode encoding standard, the following three phonetic symbols are considered the same characters as the corresponding Greek letters proper:<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>β</td> <td>beta</td> <td>U+03B2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>θ</td> <td>theta</td> <td>U+03B8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>χ</td> <td>chi</td> <td>U+03C7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> On the other hand, the following phonetic letters have Unicode representations separate from their Greek alphabetic use, either because their conventional typographic shape is too different from the original, or because they also have secondary uses as regular alphabetic characters in some Latin-based alphabets, including separate Latin uppercase letters distinct from the Greek ones. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Greek letter </th> <th colspan="3">Phonetic letter </th> <th>Uppercase </th></tr> <tr> <td>φ</td> <td>phi</td> <td>U+03C6</td> <td>ɸ</td> <td>U+0278</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">Voiceless bilabial fricative</a></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>γ</td> <td>gamma</td> <td>U+03B3</td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>U+0263</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">Voiced velar fricative</a></td> <td>Ɣ U+0194 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ε</td> <td>epsilon</td> <td>U+03B5</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>U+025B</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">Open-mid front unrounded vowel</a></td> <td>Ɛ U+0190 </td></tr> <tr> <td>α</td> <td>alpha</td> <td>U+03B1</td> <td>ɑ</td> <td>U+0251</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">Open back unrounded vowel</a></td> <td>Ɑ U+2C6D </td></tr> <tr> <td>υ</td> <td>upsilon</td> <td>U+03C5</td> <td>ʊ</td> <td>U+028A</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a></td> <td>Ʊ U+01B1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ι</td> <td>iota</td> <td>U+03B9</td> <td>ɩ</td> <td>U+0269</td> <td>Obsolete for <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> now <a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%AE" title="Ɪ">ɪ</a></td> <td>Ɩ U+0196 </td></tr></tbody></table> The symbol in <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist phonetic notation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> is the Greek letter lambda ⟨λ⟩, but ⟨ɬ⟩ in the IPA. The IPA symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral approximant</a> is ⟨ʎ⟩, which looks similar to lambda, but is actually an inverted lowercase y. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_as_numerals">Use as numerals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></div> Greek letters were also used to write numbers. In the classical Ionian system, the first nine letters of the alphabet stood for the numbers from 1 to 9, the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 10, from 10 to 90, and the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 100, from 100 to 900. For this purpose, in addition to the 24 letters which by that time made up the standard alphabet, three otherwise obsolete letters were retained or revived: <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> ⟨Ϝ⟩ for 6, <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a> ⟨Ϙ⟩ for 90, and a rare Ionian letter for [ss], today called <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">sampi</a> ⟨Ͳ⟩, for 900. This system has remained in use in Greek up to the present day, although today it is only employed for limited purposes such as enumerating chapters in a book, similar to the way Roman numerals are used in English. The three extra symbols are today written as ⟨ϛ⟩, ⟨ϟ⟩ and ⟨ϡ⟩. To mark a letter as a numeral sign, a small stroke called <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals#keraia" title="Greek numerals">keraia</a> is added to the right of it. <div style="float:none;"> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Αʹ αʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Βʹ βʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γʹ γʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Δʹ δʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Εʹ εʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ϛʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigma (letter)">stigma</a>)</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ζʹ ζʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (letter)">zeta</a></td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ηʹ ηʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a></td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Θʹ θʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Ιʹ ιʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Κʹ κʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a></td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Λʹ λʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a></td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Μʹ μʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a></td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Νʹ νʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a></td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ξʹ ξʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a></td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Οʹ οʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a></td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Πʹ πʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a></td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ϟʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a></td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Ρʹ ρʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a></td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Σʹ σʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a></td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Τʹ τʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau (letter)">tau</a></td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Υʹ υʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a></td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Φʹ φʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi (letter)">phi</a></td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χʹ χʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a></td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ψʹ ψʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a></td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ωʹ ωʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a></td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ϡʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">sampi</a></td> <td>900 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_student_fraternities_and_sororities">Use by student fraternities and sororities</h3></div> In North America, many college <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and sororities in North America">fraternities and sororities</a> are named with combinations of Greek letters, and are hence also known as "Greek letter organizations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377-98">[86]</a> This naming tradition was initiated by the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa Society</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377-98">[86]</a> The name of this fraternal organization is an acronym for the ancient Greek phrase Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης (Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs), which means "Love of wisdom, the guide of life" and serves as the organization's motto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377-98">[86]</a> Sometimes early fraternal organizations were known by their Greek letter names because the mottos that these names stood for were secret and revealed only to members of the fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377-98">[86]</a> Different chapters within the same fraternity are almost always (with a handful of exceptions) designated using Greek letters as serial numbers. The founding chapter of each organization is its A chapter. As an organization expands, it establishes a B chapter, a Γ chapter, and so on and so forth. In an organization that expands to more than 24 chapters, the chapter after Ω chapter is AA chapter, followed by AB chapter, etc. Each of these is still a "chapter Letter", albeit a double-digit letter just as 10 through 99 are double-digit numbers. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> has a similar extended form with such double-digit letters when necessary, but it is used for <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet#Column_numbering" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">columns in a table or chart</a> rather than chapters of an organization.<a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glyph_variants">Glyph variants</h2></div> Some letters can occur in variant shapes, mostly inherited from medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet#Later_developments" title="History of the Greek alphabet">minuscule</a> handwriting. While their use in normal typography of Greek is purely a matter of font styles, some such variants have been given separate encodings in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. <ul><li>The symbol ϐ ("curled beta") is a cursive variant form of <a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">beta</a> (β). In the French tradition of Ancient Greek typography, β is used word-initially, and ϐ is used word-internally.</li> <li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> has a form resembling a cursive capital letter D; while not encoded as its own form, this form is included as part of the symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">drachma</a> (a Δρ digraph) in the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Currency Symbols (Unicode block)">Currency Symbols</a> block, at U+20AF (₯).</li> <li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants, either shaped <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0908a81825c617639f3401ee1f29c4aae45b5c78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.331ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \,\!}"> ('lunate epsilon', like a semicircle with a stroke) or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b55ebcc38150a773c67f7a525004ed964e3efb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.471ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon \,\!}"> (similar to a reversed number 3). The symbol ϵ (U+03F5) is designated specifically for the lunate form, used as a technical symbol.</li> <li>The symbol ϑ ("script theta") is a cursive form of <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a> (θ), frequent in handwriting, and used with a specialized meaning as a technical symbol.</li> <li>The symbol ϰ ("kappa symbol") is a cursive form of <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a> (κ), used as a technical symbol.</li> <li>The symbol <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varpi \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϖ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varpi \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/603032437006e2b386a0422d82779043853d3086" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:2.311ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varpi \,\!}"> ("variant pi") is an archaic script form of <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">pi</a> (π), also used as a technical symbol.</li> <li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">rho</a> (ρ) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right. The symbol ϱ (U+03F1) is designated specifically for the curled form, used as a technical symbol.</li> <li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a>, in standard orthography, has two variants: ς, used only at the ends of words, and σ, used elsewhere. The form ϲ ("<a href="/wiki/Lunate_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunate sigma">lunate sigma</a>", resembling a Latin <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>) is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final/non-final distinction.</li> <li>The capital letter <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a> (Υ) can occur in different stylistic variants, with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin Y, or slightly curled. The symbol ϒ (U+03D2) is designated specifically for the curled form (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Upsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Υ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Upsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96e8c0694e5270ebf60de3a794a27f94a063020a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Upsilon }">), used as a technical symbol, e.g. in physics.</li> <li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi (letter)">phi</a> can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants, either shaped as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \phi \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \phi \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfa509d51e0009b72b664622e0fca67d9fb84ad2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \phi \,\!}"> (a circle with a vertical stroke through it) or as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \varphi \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \varphi \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d41fb456a56c324671203adee6b5238fed8782a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.907ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \varphi \,\!}"> (a curled shape open at the top). The symbol ϕ (U+03D5) is designated specifically for the closed form, used as a technical symbol.</li> <li>The letter <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> has at least three stylistic variants of its capital form. The standard is the "open omega" (Ω), resembling an open partial circle with the opening downward and the ends curled outward. The two other stylistic variants are seen more often in modern typography, resembling a raised and underscored circle (roughly o̲), where the underscore may or may not be touching the circle on a tangent (in the former case it resembles a superscript omicron similar to that found in the <a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a> or masculine <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a>; in the latter, it closely resembles some forms of the Latin letter Q). The open omega is always used in symbolic settings and is encoded in <a href="/wiki/Letterlike_Symbols" title="Letterlike Symbols">Letterlike Symbols</a> (U+2126) as a separate code point for backward compatibility.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encodings">Computer encodings</h2></div> For computer usage, a variety of encodings have been used for Greek online, many of them documented in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1947">1947</a>. The two principal ones still used today are <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">ISO/IEC 8859-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. ISO 8859-7 supports only the monotonic orthography; Unicode supports both the monotonic and polytonic orthographies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO/IEC_8859-7">ISO/IEC 8859-7</h3></div> For the range A0–FF (hex), it follows the Unicode range 370–3CF (see below) except that some symbols, like ©, ½, § etc. are used where Unicode has unused locations. Like all ISO-8859 encodings, it is equal to ASCII for 00–7F (hex). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_in_Unicode">Greek in Unicode</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek script in Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_and_Coptic" title="Greek and Coptic">Greek and Coptic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Extended" title="Greek Extended">Greek Extended</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> supports <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic orthography</a> well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek, and even many archaic forms for <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>. With the use of <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining characters</a>, Unicode also supports Greek <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectology</a> and various other specialized requirements. Most current text rendering engines do not render diacritics well, so, though alpha with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> can be represented as U+03B1 U+0304 U+0301, this rarely renders well: ᾱ́.<a href="#cite_note-100">[88]</a> There are two main blocks of Greek characters in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. The first is "Greek and Coptic" (U+0370 to U+03FF). This block is based on <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-7" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-7">ISO 8859-7</a> and is sufficient to write Modern Greek. There are also some archaic letters and Greek-based technical symbols. This block also supports the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a>. Formerly, most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar-looking Greek letters; but in many scholarly works, both scripts occur, with quite different letter shapes, so as of Unicode 4.1, Coptic and Greek were disunified. Those Coptic letters with no Greek equivalents still remain in this block (U+03E2 to U+03EF). To write polytonic Greek, one may use <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining diacritical mark">combining diacritical marks</a> or the precomposed characters in the "Greek Extended" block (U+1F00 to U+1FFF). <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Greek_and_Coptic" title="Greek and Coptic">Greek and Coptic</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_U0370_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U0370_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+037x </td> <td title="U+0370: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER HETA"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͱ">Ͱ</a> </td> <td title="U+0371: GREEK SMALL LETTER HETA"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͱ">ͱ</a> </td> <td title="U+0372: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ARCHAIC SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͳ">Ͳ</a> </td> <td title="U+0373: GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͳ">ͳ</a> </td> <td title="U+0374: GREEK NUMERAL SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ʹ">ʹ</a> </td> <td title="U+0375: GREEK LOWER NUMERAL SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="͵">͵</a> </td> <td title="U+0376: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͷ">Ͷ</a> </td> <td title="U+0377: GREEK SMALL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CD%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͷ">ͷ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+037A: GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CD%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ͺ">ͺ</a> </td> <td title="U+037B: GREEK SMALL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunate sigma">ͻ</a> </td> <td title="U+037C: GREEK SMALL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunate sigma">ͼ</a> </td> <td title="U+037D: GREEK SMALL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunate sigma">ͽ</a> </td> <td title="U+037E: GREEK QUESTION MARK"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark#Greek_question_mark" title="Question mark">;</a> </td> <td title="U+037F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER YOT"><a href="/wiki/%CD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϳ">Ϳ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+038x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0384: GREEK TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%84" class="mw-redirect" title="΄">΄</a> </td> <td title="U+0385: GREEK DIALYTIKA TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="΅">΅</a> </td> <td title="U+0386: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ά">Ά</a> </td> <td title="U+0387: GREEK ANO TELEIA"><a href="/wiki/%C2%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="·">·</a> </td> <td title="U+0388: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Έ">Έ</a> </td> <td title="U+0389: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ή">Ή</a> </td> <td title="U+038A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ί">Ί</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+038C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ό">Ό</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+038E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ύ">Ύ</a> </td> <td title="U+038F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώ">Ώ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+039x </td> <td title="U+0390: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ́ (page does not exist)">ΐ</a> </td> <td title="U+0391: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a> </td> <td title="U+0392: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">Β</a> </td> <td title="U+0393: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">Γ</a> </td> <td title="U+0394: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">Δ</a> </td> <td title="U+0395: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a> </td> <td title="U+0396: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">Ζ</a> </td> <td title="U+0397: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a> </td> <td title="U+0398: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a> </td> <td title="U+0399: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ι</a> </td> <td title="U+039A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">Κ</a> </td> <td title="U+039B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">Λ</a> </td> <td title="U+039C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">Μ</a> </td> <td title="U+039D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a> </td> <td title="U+039E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">Ξ</a> </td> <td title="U+039F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+03Ax </td> <td title="U+03A0: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a> </td> <td title="U+03A1: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">Ρ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+03A3: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">Σ</a> </td> <td title="U+03A4: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a> </td> <td title="U+03A5: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">Υ</a> </td> <td title="U+03A6: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">Φ</a> </td> <td title="U+03A7: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ">Χ</a> </td> <td title="U+03A8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ψ">Ψ</a> </td> <td title="U+03A9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a> </td> <td title="U+03AA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϊ">Ϊ</a> </td> <td title="U+03AB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϋ">Ϋ</a> </td> <td title="U+03AC: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ά">ά</a> </td> <td title="U+03AD: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Έ">έ</a> </td> <td title="U+03AE: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ή">ή</a> </td> <td title="U+03AF: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ί">ί</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+03Bx </td> <td title="U+03B0: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ́ (page does not exist)">ΰ</a> </td> <td title="U+03B1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">α</a> </td> <td title="U+03B2: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">β</a> </td> <td title="U+03B3: GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">γ</a> </td> <td title="U+03B4: GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">δ</a> </td> <td title="U+03B5: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">ε</a> </td> <td title="U+03B6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">ζ</a> </td> <td title="U+03B7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">η</a> </td> <td title="U+03B8: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">θ</a> </td> <td title="U+03B9: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">ι</a> </td> <td title="U+03BA: GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">κ</a> </td> <td title="U+03BB: GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">λ</a> </td> <td title="U+03BC: GREEK SMALL LETTER MU"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">μ</a> </td> <td title="U+03BD: GREEK SMALL LETTER NU"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">ν</a> </td> <td title="U+03BE: GREEK SMALL LETTER XI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">ξ</a> </td> <td title="U+03BF: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">ο</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+03Cx </td> <td title="U+03C0: GREEK SMALL LETTER PI"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a> </td> <td title="U+03C1: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">ρ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C2: GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">ς</a> </td> <td title="U+03C3: GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">σ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C4: GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">τ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C5: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">υ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C6: GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">φ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C7: GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ">χ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C8: GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ψ">ψ</a> </td> <td title="U+03C9: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">ω</a> </td> <td title="U+03CA: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϊ">ϊ</a> </td> <td title="U+03CB: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϋ">ϋ</a> </td> <td title="U+03CC: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ό">ό</a> </td> <td title="U+03CD: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ύ">ύ</a> </td> <td title="U+03CE: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώ">ώ</a> </td> <td title="U+03CF: GREEK CAPITAL KAI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϗ">Ϗ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+03Dx </td> <td title="U+03D0: GREEK BETA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">ϐ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D1: GREEK THETA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">ϑ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D2: GREEK UPSILON WITH HOOK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ϒ">ϒ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D3: GREEK UPSILON WITH ACUTE AND HOOK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ϓ">ϓ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D4: GREEK UPSILON WITH DIAERESIS AND HOOK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ϔ">ϔ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D5: GREEK PHI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">ϕ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D6: GREEK PI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">ϖ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D7: GREEK KAI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D8: GREEK LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a> </td> <td title="U+03D9: GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">ϙ</a> </td> <td title="U+03DA: GREEK LETTER STIGMA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϛ">Ϛ</a> </td> <td title="U+03DB: GREEK SMALL LETTER STIGMA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϛ">ϛ</a> </td> <td title="U+03DC: GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϝ">Ϝ</a> </td> <td title="U+03DD: GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϝ">ϝ</a> </td> <td title="U+03DE: GREEK LETTER KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϟ">Ϟ</a> </td> <td title="U+03DF: GREEK SMALL LETTER KOPPA"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϟ">ϟ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+03Ex </td> <td title="U+03E0: GREEK LETTER SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϡ">Ϡ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E1: GREEK SMALL LETTER SAMPI"><a href="/wiki/%CF%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϡ">ϡ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E2: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SHEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϣ">Ϣ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E3: COPTIC SMALL LETTER SHEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϣ">ϣ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E4: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER FEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϥ">Ϥ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E5: COPTIC SMALL LETTER FEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϥ">ϥ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E6: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KHEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϧ">Ϧ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E7: COPTIC SMALL LETTER KHEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϧ">ϧ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E8: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER HORI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϩ">Ϩ</a> </td> <td title="U+03E9: COPTIC SMALL LETTER HORI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϩ">ϩ</a> </td> <td title="U+03EA: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GANGIA" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϫ">Ϫ</a> </td> <td title="U+03EB: COPTIC SMALL LETTER GANGIA" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϫ">ϫ</a> </td> <td title="U+03EC: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SHIMA" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϭ">Ϭ</a> </td> <td title="U+03ED: COPTIC SMALL LETTER SHIMA" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϭ">ϭ</a> </td> <td title="U+03EE: COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϯ">Ϯ</a> </td> <td title="U+03EF: COPTIC SMALL LETTER DEI" style=""><a href="/wiki/%CF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϯ">ϯ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+03Fx </td> <td title="U+03F0: GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">ϰ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F1: GREEK RHO SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">ϱ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F2: GREEK LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϲ">ϲ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F3: GREEK LETTER YOT"><a href="/wiki/%CD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϳ">ϳ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F4: GREEK CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ϴ">ϴ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F5: GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">ϵ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F6: GREEK REVERSED LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="϶">϶</a> </td> <td title="U+03F7: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SHO"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϸ">Ϸ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F8: GREEK SMALL LETTER SHO"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϸ">ϸ</a> </td> <td title="U+03F9: GREEK CAPITAL LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϲ">Ϲ</a> </td> <td title="U+03FA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SAN"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϻ">Ϻ</a> </td> <td title="U+03FB: GREEK SMALL LETTER SAN"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϻ">ϻ</a> </td> <td title="U+03FC: GREEK RHO WITH STROKE SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ϼ">ϼ</a> </td> <td title="U+03FD: GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͻ">Ͻ</a> </td> <td title="U+03FE: GREEK CAPITAL DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͼ">Ͼ</a> </td> <td title="U+03FF: GREEK CAPITAL REVERSED DOTTED LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ͽ">Ͽ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U0370_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U0370_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Extended" title="Greek Extended">Greek Extended</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U1F00_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F0x </td> <td title="U+1F00: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἀ">ἀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F01: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἁ">ἁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F02: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἂ">ἂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F03: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἃ">ἃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F04: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἄ">ἄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F05: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἅ">ἅ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F06: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἆ">ἆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F07: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἇ">ἇ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F08: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἀ">Ἀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F09: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἁ">Ἁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἂ">Ἂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἃ">Ἃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἄ">Ἄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἅ">Ἅ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἆ">Ἆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F0F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἇ">Ἇ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F1x </td> <td title="U+1F10: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἐ">ἐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F11: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἑ">ἑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F12: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἒ">ἒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F13: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἓ">ἓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F14: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἔ">ἔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F15: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἕ">ἕ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F18: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἐ">Ἐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F19: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἑ">Ἑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἒ">Ἒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἓ">Ἓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἔ">Ἔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F1D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἕ">Ἕ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F2x </td> <td title="U+1F20: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἠ">ἠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F21: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἡ">ἡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F22: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἢ">ἢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F23: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἣ">ἣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F24: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἤ">ἤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F25: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἥ">ἥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F26: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἦ">ἦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F27: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἧ">ἧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F28: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἠ">Ἠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F29: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἡ">Ἡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἢ">Ἢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἣ">Ἣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἤ">Ἤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἥ">Ἥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἦ">Ἦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F2F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἧ">Ἧ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F3x </td> <td title="U+1F30: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἰ">ἰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F31: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἱ">ἱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F32: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἲ">ἲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F33: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἳ">ἳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F34: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἴ">ἴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F35: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἵ">ἵ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F36: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἶ">ἶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F37: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἷ">ἷ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F38: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἰ">Ἰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F39: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἱ">Ἱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἲ">Ἲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἳ">Ἳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἴ">Ἴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἵ">Ἵ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἶ">Ἶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F3F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἷ">Ἷ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F4x </td> <td title="U+1F40: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὀ">ὀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F41: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὁ">ὁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F42: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὂ">ὂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F43: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὃ">ὃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F44: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὄ">ὄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F45: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὅ">ὅ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F48: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὀ">Ὀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F49: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὁ">Ὁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὂ">Ὂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὃ">Ὃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὄ">Ὄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F4D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὅ">Ὅ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F5x </td> <td title="U+1F50: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓">ὐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F51: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὑ">ὑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F52: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93%CC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓̀">ὒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F53: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὓ">ὓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F54: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓́">ὔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F55: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὕ">ὕ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F56: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CC%93%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ̓͂">ὖ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F57: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὗ">ὗ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F59: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὑ">Ὑ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F5B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὓ">Ὓ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F5D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὕ">Ὕ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1F5F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὗ">Ὗ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F6x </td> <td title="U+1F60: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὠ">ὠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὡ">ὡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὢ">ὢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὣ">ὣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὤ">ὤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F65: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὥ">ὥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F66: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὦ">ὦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F67: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὧ">ὧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F68: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὠ">Ὠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F69: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὡ">Ὡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὢ">Ὢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὣ">Ὣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὤ">Ὤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὥ">Ὥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὦ">Ὦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F6F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὧ">Ὧ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F7x </td> <td title="U+1F70: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὰ">ὰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F71: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ά">ά</a> </td> <td title="U+1F72: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὲ">ὲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F73: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Έ">έ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F74: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὴ">ὴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F75: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ή">ή</a> </td> <td title="U+1F76: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὶ">ὶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F77: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ί">ί</a> </td> <td title="U+1F78: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὸ">ὸ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F79: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ό">ό</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7A: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὺ">ὺ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7B: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ύ">ύ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7C: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὼ">ὼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F7D: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώ">ώ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F8x </td> <td title="U+1F80: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾈ">ᾀ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F81: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾉ">ᾁ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F82: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾊ">ᾂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F83: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾋ">ᾃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F84: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾌ">ᾄ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F85: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾍ">ᾅ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F86: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾎ">ᾆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F87: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾏ">ᾇ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F88: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾈ">ᾈ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F89: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾉ">ᾉ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾊ">ᾊ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾋ">ᾋ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾌ">ᾌ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾍ">ᾍ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾎ">ᾎ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F8F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾏ">ᾏ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9x </td> <td title="U+1F90: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾘ">ᾐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F91: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾙ">ᾑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F92: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾚ">ᾒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F93: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾛ">ᾓ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F94: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾜ">ᾔ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F95: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾝ">ᾕ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F96: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾞ">ᾖ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F97: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾟ">ᾗ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F98: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾘ">ᾘ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F99: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾙ">ᾙ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9A: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾚ">ᾚ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9B: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾛ">ᾛ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9C: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾜ">ᾜ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9D: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾝ">ᾝ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9E: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾞ">ᾞ</a> </td> <td title="U+1F9F: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾟ">ᾟ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FAx </td> <td title="U+1FA0: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾨ">ᾠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA1: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾩ">ᾡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA2: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾪ">ᾢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA3: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾫ">ᾣ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA4: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾬ">ᾤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA5: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾭ">ᾥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA6: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾮ">ᾦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA7: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾯ">ᾧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾨ">ᾨ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FA9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾩ">ᾩ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾪ">ᾪ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾫ">ᾫ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾬ">ᾬ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAD: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾭ">ᾭ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAE: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾮ">ᾮ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FAF: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾯ">ᾯ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FBx </td> <td title="U+1FB0: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾰ">ᾰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾱ">ᾱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB2: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὰͅ">ᾲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB3: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾼ">ᾳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB4: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Άͅ">ᾴ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FB6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Α͂">ᾶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CD%82%CD%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᾼ͂ (page does not exist)">ᾷ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾰ">Ᾰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FB9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ᾱ">Ᾱ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὰ">Ὰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ά">Ά</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᾼ">ᾼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBD: GREEK KORONIS"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="᾽">᾽</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBE: GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">ι</a> </td> <td title="U+1FBF: GREEK PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="᾿">᾿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FCx </td> <td title="U+1FC0: GREEK PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="῀">῀</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC1: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="῁">῁</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC2: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὴͅ">ῂ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC3: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ῌ">ῃ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC4: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ήͅ">ῄ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FC6: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%97%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Η͂">ῆ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC7: GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%97%CD%82%CD%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ῌ͂ (page does not exist)">ῇ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὲ">Ὲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FC9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Έ">Έ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὴ">Ὴ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ή">Ή</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ῌ">ῌ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCD: GREEK PSILI AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="῍">῍</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCE: GREEK PSILI AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="῎">῎</a> </td> <td title="U+1FCF: GREEK PSILI AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="῏">῏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FDx </td> <td title="U+1FD0: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῐ">ῐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD1: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῑ">ῑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD2: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ̀ (page does not exist)">ῒ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD3: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ́ (page does not exist)">ΐ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FD6: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%99%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι͂">ῖ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD7: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%99%CC%88%CD%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϊ͂ (page does not exist)">ῗ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῐ">Ῐ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FD9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῑ">Ῑ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὶ">Ὶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ί">Ί</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FDD: GREEK DASIA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="῝">῝</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDE: GREEK DASIA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="῞">῞</a> </td> <td title="U+1FDF: GREEK DASIA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="῟">῟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FEx </td> <td title="U+1FE0: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῠ">ῠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE1: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῡ">ῡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE2: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ̀ (page does not exist)">ῢ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE3: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CC%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ́ (page does not exist)">ΰ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE4: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%CC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ̓">ῤ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE5: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῥ">ῥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE6: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ͂">ῦ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE7: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A5%CC%88%CD%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ϋ͂ (page does not exist)">ῧ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῠ">Ῠ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FE9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῡ">Ῡ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὺ">Ὺ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ύ">Ύ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ῥ">Ῥ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FED: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="῭">῭</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEE: GREEK DIALYTIKA AND OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="΅">΅</a> </td> <td title="U+1FEF: GREEK VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%60" class="mw-redirect" title="`">`</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1FFx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FF2: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὼͅ">ῲ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF3: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ῼ">ῳ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF4: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F%CD%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώͅ">ῴ</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1FF6: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%CD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω͂">ῶ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF7: GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9%CD%82%CD%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ῼ͂ (page does not exist)">ῷ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF8: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὸ">Ὸ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FF9: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ό">Ό</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFA: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ὼ">Ὼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFB: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%CE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ώ">Ώ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFC: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ῼ">ῼ</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFD: GREEK OXIA"><a href="/wiki/%C2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="´">´</a> </td> <td title="U+1FFE: GREEK DASIA"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BF%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="῾">῾</a> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1F00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1F00_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combining_and_letter-free_diacritics">Combining and letter-free diacritics</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining diacritical mark">Combining</a> and spacing (letter-free) <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical marks</a> pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Combining</th> <th>Spacing</th> <th>Sample</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>U+0300</td> <td>U+0060</td> <td>(  ̀ )</td> <td>"varia / <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0301</td> <td>U+00B4, U+0384</td> <td>(  ́ )</td> <td>"oxia / tonos / <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0304</td> <td>U+00AF</td> <td>( ̄ )</td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0306</td> <td>U+02D8</td> <td>( ̆ )</td> <td>"vrachy / <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0308</td> <td>U+00A8</td> <td>( ̈ )</td> <td>"dialytika / <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0313</td> <td>U+02BC</td> <td>( ̓ )</td> <td>"psili / comma above" (<a href="/wiki/Spiritus_lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus lenis">spiritus lenis</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0314</td> <td>U+02BD</td> <td>( ̔ )</td> <td>"dasia / reversed comma above" (<a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus asper">spiritus asper</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0342</td> <td></td> <td>( ͂ )</td> <td>"perispomeni" (<a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0343</td> <td></td> <td>( ̓ )</td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Coronis_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronis (diacritic)">koronis</a>" (= U+0313) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0344</td> <td>U+0385</td> <td>( ̈́ )</td> <td>"dialytika tonos" (deprecated, = U+0308 U+0301) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0345</td> <td>U+037A</td> <td>( ͅ )</td> <td>"ypogegrammeni / <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a>". </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encodings_with_a_subset_of_the_Greek_alphabet">Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> code pages <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_860" title="Code page 860">860</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a> contain the letters ΓΘΣΦΩαδεπστφ (plus β as an alternative interpretation for <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Font_Society" title="Greek Font Society">Greek Font Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Greek ligatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization of Greek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-longepsilon-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longepsilon_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-longepsilon_62-1">b</a> Epsilon ⟨ε⟩ and omicron ⟨ο⟩ originally could denote both short and long vowels in pre-classical archaic Greek spelling, just like other vowel letters. They were restricted to the function of short vowel signs in classical Greek, as the long vowels /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ came to be spelled instead with the digraphs ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩, having phonologically merged with a corresponding pair of former diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ respectively. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerSteele20212-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerSteele20212_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkerSteele2021">Parker & Steele 2021</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003263–276-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2003263–276_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2003">Johnston 2003</a>, pp. 263–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The date of the earliest inscribed objects; <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2003">Johnston 2003</a>, pp. 263–76 summarizes the scholarship on the dating. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> See also: <a href="#CITEREFParkerSteele2021">Parker & Steele 2021</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFWoodardScott2014">Woodard & Scott 2014</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFHowatson2013">Howatson 2013</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFSwiggers1996">Swiggers 1996</a>, p. 268; <a href="#CITEREFCook1987">Cook 1987</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcalog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Near-Eastern-Chronology-and-the-development-of-the-Greek-Alphabet.pdf">The Development of the Greek Alphabet within the Chronology of the ANE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412180954/http://www.arcalog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Near-Eastern-Chronology-and-the-development-of-the-Greek-Alphabet.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2009), Quote: "Naveh gives four major reasons why it is universally agreed that the Greek alphabet was developed from an early Phoenician alphabet. 1 According to Herodutous "the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus... brought into Hellas the alphabet, which had hitherto been unknown, as I think, to the Greeks." 2 The Greek Letters, alpha, beta, gimmel have no meaning in Greek but the meaning of most of their Semitic equivalents is known. For example, 'aleph' means 'ox', 'bet' means 'house' and 'gimmel' means 'throw stick'. 3 Early Greek letters are very similar and sometimes identical to the West Semitic letters. 4 The letter sequence between the Semitic and Greek alphabets is identical. (Naveh 1982)" </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. xviii: "By redeploying letters that that denoted consonant sounds irrelevant to Greek, the vowels could now be written systematically, thus producing the first 'true' alphabet"; <a href="#CITEREFHowatson2013">Howatson 2013</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFSwiggers1996">Swiggers 1996</a>, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowatson2013">Howatson 2013</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFThreatte1996">Threatte 1996</a>, p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014xviii-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014xviii_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014xviii_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulmas1996">Coulmas 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte1996272-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThreatte1996272_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThreatte1996">Threatte 1996</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColvin2014">Colvin 2014</a>, pp. 87–88; <a href="#CITEREFThreatte1996">Threatte 1996</a>, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-horrocks_231-12"><a href="#cite_ref-horrocks_231_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2006">Horrocks 2006</a>, pp. 231–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-woodard_2008_15-13"><a href="#cite_ref-woodard_2008_15_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodard2008">Woodard 2008</a>, pp. 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-holton_1998_31-14"><a href="#cite_ref-holton_1998_31_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoltonMackridgePhilippaki-Warburton1998">Holton, Mackridge & Philippaki-Warburton 1998</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1987pp67-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1987pp67_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1987pp67_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1987">Adams 1987</a>, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-KellerRussell2012p5-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KellerRussell2012p5_16-24">y</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellerRussell2012">Keller & Russell 2012</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastronarde2013p10-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p10_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p10_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p10_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p10_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p10_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMastronarde2013">Mastronarde 2013</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Groton2013p10-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groton2013p10_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groton2013p10_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groton2013p10_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groton2013p10_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groton2013p10_18-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroton2013">Groton 2013</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2006" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Ben (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277877087">"Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: An Overview"</a>. 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Britannica Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108211326/https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/net">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Net+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastronarde2013pp1113-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013pp1113_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013pp1113_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013pp1113_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMastronarde2013">Mastronarde 2013</a>, pp. 11–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastronarde2013p12-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p12_34-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFMastronarde2013">Mastronarde 2013</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nick2004-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nick2004_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick2004_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2004" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas, Nick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/letters.html">"Sigma: final versus non-final"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094340/http://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/letters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sigma%3A+final+versus+non-final&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opoudjis.net%2Funicode%2Fletters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastronarde2013p13-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p13_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p13_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p13_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde2013p13_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMastronarde2013">Mastronarde 2013</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Additionally, the more ancient combination ⟨ωυ⟩ or ⟨ωϋ⟩ can occur in ancient especially in <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> texts or in personal names. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey200792–93-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickey200792–93_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickey2007">Dickey 2007</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey200793-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickey200793_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickey2007">Dickey 2007</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-nicky-42"><a href="#cite_ref-nicky_42-0">^</a> Nicolas, Nick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-06 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–511-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–511_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–511_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbrugghe1999">Verbrugghe 1999</a>, pp. 499–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbrugghe1999">Verbrugghe 1999</a>, pp. 499–502. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502,_510–511-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502,_510–511_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbrugghe1999">Verbrugghe 1999</a>, pp. 499–502, 510–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502,_509-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999499–502,_509_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbrugghe1999">Verbrugghe 1999</a>, pp. 499–502, 509. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999510–511-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999510–511_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999510–511_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbrugghe1999">Verbrugghe 1999</a>, pp. 510–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbrugghe1999505–507,_510–511_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbrugghe1999">Verbrugghe 1999</a>, pp. 505–507, 510–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO843-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ISO843_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/5215.html">ISO 843:1997 (Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007004912/https://www.iso.org/standard/5215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-07. Retrieved 2019-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO+843%3A1997+%28Conversion+of+Greek+characters+into+Latin+characters%29&rft.date=2010&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F5215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNGEGN_Working_Group_on_Romanization_Systems2003" class="citation web cs1">UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm">"Greek"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018235656/http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2012-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek&rft.date=2003&rft.au=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Romanization+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_el.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf">"Greek (ALA-LC Romanization Tables)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329103453/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2019-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Greek+%28ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fgreek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontariniMontana2022">Montarini & Montana 2022</a>, pp. 18–19; <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFNiesiolowski-Spano2007">Niesiolowski-Spano 2007</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColvin2014">Colvin 2014</a>, pp. 83–84; <a href="#CITEREFRose2012">Rose 2012</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1987">Cook 1987</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodardScott2014">Woodard & Scott 2014</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFHowatson2013">Howatson 2013</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwiggers1996">Swiggers 1996</a>, p. 268; <a href="#CITEREFCook1987">Cook 1987</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFHowatson2013">Howatson 2013</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkerSteele2021">Parker & Steele 2021</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin201453-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColvin201453_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColvin2014">Colvin 2014</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language", article by Roger D. Woodward (ed. Egbert J. Bakker, 2010, Wiley-Blackwell). </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFCoulmas1996">Coulmas 1996</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels19964-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels19964_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels1996">Daniels 1996</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoutiras2007270-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoutiras2007270_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoutiras2007270_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoutiras2007">Voutiras 2007</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard201026–46_64-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodard2010">Woodard 2010</a>, pp. 26–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery196166_65-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffery1961">Jeffery 1961</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThreatte198026_66-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThreatte1980">Threatte 1980</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2010xiix-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2010xiix_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2010">Horrocks 2010</a>, p. xiix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayotou2007407-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayotou2007407_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayotou2007407_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanayotou2007">Panayotou 2007</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1940">Liddell & Scott 1940</a>, s.v. "λάβδα" </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1968" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, B. E. (1968). "Spontaneous gemination in Cypriot Greek". Lingua. 20: 15–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2868%2990130-7">10.1016/0024-3841(68)90130-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+gemination+in+Cypriot+Greek&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=15-57&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2868%2990130-7&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1912">Thompson 1912</a>, pp. 102–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdoch2004">Murdoch 2004</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> George L. Campbell, Christopher Moseley, The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets, pp. 51ff, 96ff </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrakis1996-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrakis1996_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrakis1996">Macrakis 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/305290/Understanding%20Relations%20Between%20Scripts%20II_PrintPDF_1.pdf">Understanding Relations Between Scripts II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522040127/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/305290/Understanding%20Relations%20Between%20Scripts%20II_PrintPDF_1.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Philip J Boyes & Philippa M Steele. Published in the UK in 2020 by Oxbow Books: "The Carian alphabet resembles the Greek alphabet, though, as in the case of Phrygian, no single Greek variant can be identified as its ancestor", "It is generally assumed that the Lydian alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet, but the exact relationship remains unclear (Melchert 2004)" </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lycian-alphabet">Britannica – Lycian Alphabet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710054253/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lycian-alphabet">Archived</a> 2024-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The Lycian alphabet is clearly related to the Greek, but the exact nature of the relationship is uncertain. Several letters appear to be related to symbols of the Cretan and Cyprian writing systems." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Cari">Scriptsource.org – Carian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029203034/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Cari">Archived</a> 2023-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"Visually, the letters bear a close resemblance to Greek letters. Decipherment was initially attempted on the assumption that those letters which looked like Greek represented the same sounds as their closest visual Greek equivalents. However it has since been established that the phonetic values of the two scripts are very different. For example the theta θ symbol represents 'th' in Greek but 'q' in Carian. Carian was generally written from left to right, although Egyptian writers wrote primarily from right to left. It was written without spaces between words." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/carian.php">Omniglot.com – Carian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240827211256/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/carian.php">Archived</a> 2024-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The Carian alphabet appears in about 100 pieces of graffiti inscriptions left by Carian mercenaries who served in Egypt. A number of clay tablets, coins and monumental inscriptions have also been found. It was possibly derived from the Phoenician alphabet." </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/jlr-2019-163-405/pdf">Ancient Anatolian languages and cultures in contact: some methodological observations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903211013/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/jlr-2019-163-405/pdf">Archived</a> 2023-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Paola Cotticelli-Kurras & Federico Giusfredi (University of Verona, Italy) "During the Iron ages, with a brand new political balance and cultural scenario, the cultures and languages of Anatolia maintained their position of a bridge between the Aegean and the Syro-Mesopotamian worlds, while the North-West Semitic cultures of the Phoenicians and of the Aramaeans also entered the scene. Assuming the 4th century and the hellenization of Anatolia as the terminus ante quem, the correct perspective of a contact-oriented study of the Ancient Anatolian world needs to take as an object a large net of cultures that evolved and changed over almost 16 centuries of documentary history." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1997_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims-Williams1997">Sims-Williams 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapson1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._J._Rapson" title="E. J. Rapson">Rapson, E. J.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit">Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Kṣatrapas, the Traikūṭaka Dynasty, and the 'Bodhi' Dynasty</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman & Co</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/n193/mode/2up">cxci</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/n197/mode/2up">cxciv</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/64/mode/2up">65</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/66/mode/2up">67</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/72/mode/2up">72</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/74/mode/2up">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-332-41465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-332-41465-9"><bdi>978-1-332-41465-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Coins+of+the+Andhra+Dynasty%2C+the+Western+K%E1%B9%A3atrapas%2C+the+Traik%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADaka+Dynasty%2C+and+the+%27Bodhi%27+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pages=cxci-cxciv%2C+65-67%2C+72-75&rft.pub=Longman+%26+Co&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-1-332-41465-9&rft.aulast=Rapson&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatalogueofcoins00brit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaikovsky1929">Zaikovsky 1929</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> J. Blau, "Middle and Old Arabic material for the history of stress in Arabic", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 35:3:476–84 (October 1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38210328/Joshua_Blau_Middle_and_Old_Arabic_Material_for_the_History_of_Stress_in_Arabic_Bulletin_of_the_School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies_vol_35_no_3_1972_476_484">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007004910/https://www.academia.edu/38210328/Joshua_Blau_Middle_and_Old_Arabic_Material_for_the_History_of_Stress_in_Arabic_Bulletin_of_the_School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies_vol_35_no_3_1972_476_484">Archived</a> 2024-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Ahmad Al-Jallad, The Damascus Psalm Fragment: Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī, in series Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East (LAMINE) 2, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2020; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/lamine/lamine2">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711143541/https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/lamine/lamine2">Archived</a> 2021-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Arabic" title="Bible translations into Arabic">Bible translations into Arabic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiletich1920_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiletich1920">Miletich 1920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazonVaillant1938_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazonVaillant1938">Mazon & Vaillant 1938</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristophson197411_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristophson1974">Kristophson 1974</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyfuss1989_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyfuss1989">Peyfuss 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie1991-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie1991_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie1991">Elsie 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Katja Šmid, "Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí", Verba Hispanica 10:1:113–24 (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/VerbaHispanica/article/download/6006/5734">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007004916/https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/VerbaHispanica/article/download/6006/5734">Archived</a> 2024-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego." </li> <li id="cite_note-Trissino-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Trissino_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrissino1524" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gian_Giorgio_Trissino" title="Gian Giorgio Trissino">Trissino, Gian Giorgio</a> (1524). <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/De_le_lettere_nu%CF%89vamente_aggiunte_ne_la_lingua_Italiana">De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903211013/https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/De_le_lettere_nu%CF%89vamente_aggiunte_ne_la_lingua_Italiana">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2022 – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+le+lettere+nu%CF%89vamente+aggiunte+ne+la+lingua+Italiana&rft.date=1524&rft.aulast=Trissino&rft.aufirst=Gian+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDe_le_lettere_nu%25CF%2589vamente_aggiunte_ne_la_lingua_Italiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.int/media/news/2020-hurricane-season-exhausts-regular-list-of-names">"2020 hurricane season exhausts regular list of names"</a>. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. September 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125184508/https://wmo.int/media/news/2020-hurricane-season-exhausts-regular-list-of-names">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+hurricane+season+exhausts+regular+list+of+names&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmo.int%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2F2020-hurricane-season-exhausts-regular-list-of-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171017/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-hurricane-committee-retires-tropical-cyclone-names-and-ends-use-of-greek">"WMO Hurricane Committee retires tropical cyclone names and ends the use of Greek alphabet"</a>. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. March 17, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-hurricane-committee-retires-tropical-cyclone-names-and-ends-use-of-greek">the original</a> on December 18, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Hurricane+Committee+retires+tropical+cyclone+names+and+ends+the+use+of+Greek+alphabet&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic-old.wmo.int%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fpress-release%2Fwmo-hurricane-committee-retires-tropical-cyclone-names-and-ends-use-of-greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news/item/31-05-2021-who-announces-simple-easy-to-say-labels-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-interest-and-concern">"WHO announces simple, easy-to-say labels for SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern"</a>. WHO. 31 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206130854/https://www.who.int/news/item/31-05-2021-who-announces-simple-easy-to-say-labels-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-interest-and-concern">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-06. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=WHO+announces+simple%2C+easy-to-say+labels+for+SARS-CoV-2+Variants+of+Interest+and+Concern&rft.date=2021-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F31-05-2021-who-announces-simple-easy-to-say-labels-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-interest-and-concern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2021" class="citation web cs1">Mohamed, Edna (2021-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/01/covid-19-variants-to-be-given-greek-alphabet-names-to-avoid-stigma">"Covid-19 variants to be given Greek alphabet names to avoid stigma"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007004910/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/01/covid-19-variants-to-be-given-greek-alphabet-names-to-avoid-stigma">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-07. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Covid-19+variants+to+be+given+Greek+alphabet+names+to+avoid+stigma&rft.date=2021-05-31&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F01%2Fcovid-19-variants-to-be-given-greek-alphabet-names-to-avoid-stigma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: University Press. 1999. pp. 176–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=176-181&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> For chi and beta, separate codepoints for use in a Latin-script environment were added in Unicode versions 7.0 (2014) and 8.0 (2015) respectively: U+AB53 "Latin small letter chi" (ꭓ) and U+A7B5 "Latin small letter beta" (ꞵ). As of 2017, the International Phonetic Association still lists the original Greek codepoints as the standard representations of the IPA symbols in question <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014223507/https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart">Archived</a> 2019-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinterer2010377_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinterer2010">Winterer 2010</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/numbers-for-columns-in-excel">"How To Switch From Letters to Numbers for Columns in Excel"</a>. Indeed. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indeed&rft.atitle=How+To+Switch+From+Letters+to+Numbers+for+Columns+in+Excel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indeed.com%2Fcareer-advice%2Fcareer-development%2Fnumbers-for-columns-in-excel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classics-at.chs.harvard.edu/classics2-deborah-anderson-preliminary-guidelines-to-using-unicode-for-greek/#article_5">"Preliminary Guidelines to Using Unicode for Greek"</a>. Classics@ Journal. Harvard University. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classics%40+Journal&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Guidelines+to+Using+Unicode+for+Greek&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassics-at.chs.harvard.edu%2Fclassics2-deborah-anderson-preliminary-guidelines-to-using-unicode-for-greek%2F%23article_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZMrAQAAQBAJ&q=modern+Greek+alphabet+pronunciation">Essential Modern Greek Grammar</a>. New York City: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25133-2"><bdi>978-0-486-25133-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007004910/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZMrAQAAQBAJ&q=modern+Greek+alphabet+pronunciation#v=snippet&q=modern%20Greek%20alphabet%20pronunciation&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-07. Retrieved 2020-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Modern+Greek+Grammar&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25133-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZMrAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmodern%2BGreek%2Balphabet%2Bpronunciation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin2014" class="citation book cs1">Colvin, Stephen (2014). A Brief History of Ancient Greek. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405149259" title="Special:BookSources/9781405149259"><bdi>9781405149259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Ancient+Greek&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781405149259&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1987" class="citation book cs1">Cook, B. F. (1987). Greek inscriptions. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520061132" title="Special:BookSources/9780520061132"><bdi>9780520061132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+inscriptions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780520061132&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=B.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21481-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21481-6&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. 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In <a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels & Bright (1996)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Threatte, Leslie. "The Greek Alphabet". In <a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels & Bright (1996)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2007" class="citation book cs1">Dickey, Eleanor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405690920">Ancient Greek Scholarship: A Guide to Finding, Reading, and Understanding Scholia, Commentaries, Lexica, and Grammatical Treatises, from Their Beginnings to the Byzantine Period</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405690920/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531293-5"><bdi>978-0-19-531293-5</bdi></a>. <q>Aristophanes of Byzantium Greek diacritics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Scholarship%3A+A+Guide+to+Finding%2C+Reading%2C+and+Understanding+Scholia%2C+Commentaries%2C+Lexica%2C+and+Grammatical+Treatises%2C+from+Their+Beginnings+to+the+Byzantine+Period&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531293-5&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116405690920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie1991" class="citation journal cs1">Elsie, Robert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428032127/http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf">"Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing"</a> (PDF). Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 15 (20): 20–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fbyz.1991.15.1.20">10.1179/byz.1991.15.1.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161805678">161805678</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-04-28. 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De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110426328" title="Special:BookSources/9783110426328"><bdi>9783110426328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Greek+Literature&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783110426328&rft.aulast=Montarini&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft.au=Montana%2C+Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch2004" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Brian (2004). "Gothic". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlygermaniclit00murd">Early Germanic literature and culture</a>. 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"Attic Greek". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_845">The ancient languages of Europe</a>. Cambridge: University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_845/page/n35">14</a>–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521684958" title="Special:BookSources/9780521684958"><bdi>9780521684958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attic+Greek&rft.btitle=The+ancient+languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=14-49&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521684958&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00wood_845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodardScott2014" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D.; Scott, David A. (2014). The Textualization of the Greek Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107028111" title="Special:BookSources/9781107028111"><bdi>9781107028111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Textualization+of+the+Greek+Alphabet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107028111&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft.au=Scott%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaikovsky1929" class="citation journal cs1">Zaikovsky, Bogdan (1929). "Mordovkas Problem". Nizhne-Volzhskaya Oblast Ethnological Scientific Society Review (36–2). Saratov: 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nizhne-Volzhskaya+Oblast+Ethnological+Scientific+Society+Review&rft.atitle=Mordovkas+Problem&rft.issue=36%E2%80%932&rft.pages=30-32&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Zaikovsky&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Greek alphabet at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_script" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Greek script">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Greek_Language/Alphabet" class="extiw" title="v:Greek Language/Alphabet">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8216" class="extiw" title="d:Q8216">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf">Greek and Coptic</a> character list in Unicode</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/">Unicode collation charts</a> – including Greek and Coptic letters, sorted by shape</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.dartmouth.edu/ellinikasimera/?page_id=29">Examples of Greek handwriting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805221509/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode.html">Greek Unicode Issues (Nick Nicholas)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived August 5, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/faq/greek.html">Unicode FAQ – Greek Language and Script</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/greek.html">alphabetic test for Greek Unicode range</a> (Alan Wood)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ancient-greek-numbers.html">numeric test for Greek Unicode range</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kalvesmaki.com/keyboards/grc.html">Classical Greek keyboard</a>, a browser-based tool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greekfontsociety-gfs.gr/typefaces">GFS Typefaces</a>, a collection of free fonts by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Font_Society" title="Greek Font Society">Greek Font Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this 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languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 330–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li>Danish</li> <li>Finnish</li> <li>Greenlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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