CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Karen Boren - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="ayt8EJLjxKmKxS0kR/E0KFfxJgR5b2C5sUHnPkImOfP3UgLwurQ8ZEOFiET6WVXjll3oX9SWfyb5AmCBYkQjoA==" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-77f7b87cb1583fc59aa8f94756ebfe913345937eb932042b4077563bebb5fb4b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-1c712297ae3ac71207193b1bae0ecf1aae125886850f62c9c0139dd867630797.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-b2b823dd904da60a48fd1bfa1defd840610c2ff414d3f39ed3af46277ab8df3b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="author" content="karen boren" /> <meta name="description" content="Karen Boren: 2 Followers, 28 Following, 3 Research papers. Research interest: Hebrew Bible." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113468711,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277155955,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732427698000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732427698000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-8d53a22151f33ab413d88fa1c02f979c3f8706d470fc1bced09852c72a9f3454.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f8fe82512740391f81c9e8cc48220144024b425b359b08194e316f4de070b9e8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-9601d1cc3d68aa07c0a9901d03d3611aec04cc07d2a2039718ebef4ad4d148ca.js" defer="defer"></script><script>Aedu.rankings = { showPaperRankingsLink: false } $viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png","has_photo":false,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren","location":"/KBoren","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/KBoren","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-69722221-b79b-4f1f-93e4-c3d51bf5df7f"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-69722221-b79b-4f1f-93e4-c3d51bf5df7f"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Karen Boren</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Karen" data-follow-user-id="1003017" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="1003017"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">28</p></div></a><a href="/KBoren/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1003017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren","location":"/KBoren","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/KBoren","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Hebrew Bible"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8e70d30a-2e90-4d25-b8c5-997eda978d05"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8e70d30a-2e90-4d25-b8c5-997eda978d05"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Karen Boren</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50733475"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733475/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605870/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733475/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review">Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Natural Product Communications</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c9d4fb7aae25d5e4c5e5027679405433" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68605870,"asset_id":50733475,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605870/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50733475"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50733475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733475]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50733475']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50733475, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c9d4fb7aae25d5e4c5e5027679405433" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50733475]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50733475,"title":"Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_name":"Natural Product Communications"},"translated_abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50733475/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-08-04T13:37:35.496-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1003017,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68605870,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605870/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605870/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605870/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116191=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=R7ZqkofcLEXKqlmEJc~GvI6Zmqa7dI1ry5DVF5ZtXOKE4T7e0pZLQacbpd1swtUSm~Gyi76mLhCbWcC1ADk805~JJDMIRbqouwHj9-bghw30uVQ04pZHLOCHc1hrqa3oJKCB-44Mtrz-GdNDA3WpnsXbNeeYx6HNN4Z9g3fapzoXPl1iqgjjjldLV0nMLGePhXDhsjZa3aDZDnKYQ9cmo2D~fHUtvetUCDY58v16379BGL9OkntDB6eY20XB3xP0wuurf~vhetCI99ko1jYaXti9CtmyjU04qKwFib~2DIOnRmmi1mekTw5hB8aat8dMbcwtvWn3M9nF9lKCfHum4Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren"},"attachments":[{"id":68605870,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605870/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605870/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605870/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116191=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=R7ZqkofcLEXKqlmEJc~GvI6Zmqa7dI1ry5DVF5ZtXOKE4T7e0pZLQacbpd1swtUSm~Gyi76mLhCbWcC1ADk805~JJDMIRbqouwHj9-bghw30uVQ04pZHLOCHc1hrqa3oJKCB-44Mtrz-GdNDA3WpnsXbNeeYx6HNN4Z9g3fapzoXPl1iqgjjjldLV0nMLGePhXDhsjZa3aDZDnKYQ9cmo2D~fHUtvetUCDY58v16379BGL9OkntDB6eY20XB3xP0wuurf~vhetCI99ko1jYaXti9CtmyjU04qKwFib~2DIOnRmmi1mekTw5hB8aat8dMbcwtvWn3M9nF9lKCfHum4Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry"},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology"}],"urls":[{"id":10688327,"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X20962595"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50733474"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733474/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605869/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733474/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review">Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Natural Product Communications</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c291241a4d02b11bb65969cde61517a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68605869,"asset_id":50733474,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605869/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50733474"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50733474"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733474; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733474]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733474]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733474; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50733474']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50733474, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c291241a4d02b11bb65969cde61517a9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50733474]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50733474,"title":"Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_name":"Natural Product Communications"},"translated_abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50733474/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-08-04T13:37:35.040-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1003017,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68605869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605869/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605869/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116189=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=WpeOuc4jSkTH7Osp3dqek2WM~q1pUlW7BLzccRXDcLiKQA58FzfdiEcoYlVip8NYXDWDhutUBwr7G8UIB7ad-M25C2w7v9tQQ1h1UJCE4VlSfzNUhCX1NJ0SMoehmhnQ2s4SoHUn7xckDBSptC25HWsMXnozbkdZfZ2mD1Cj7xUSKYOEnj5yx~3fpaC-CcUm7vLIjoP02FQbMoal3UmufXoL6Yyv1a2TO4376xl3ztYAP5PqotzvOVld7co2HKXZPZPN3ibdwsFwqFSlbB3WQz7TJq1ibnA5MpH-j4BVSidG0A7M0rqzHoL8e~sjSU5Oz2sHEu8fx1qNheZACflk1w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren"},"attachments":[{"id":68605869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605869/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605869/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116189=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=WpeOuc4jSkTH7Osp3dqek2WM~q1pUlW7BLzccRXDcLiKQA58FzfdiEcoYlVip8NYXDWDhutUBwr7G8UIB7ad-M25C2w7v9tQQ1h1UJCE4VlSfzNUhCX1NJ0SMoehmhnQ2s4SoHUn7xckDBSptC25HWsMXnozbkdZfZ2mD1Cj7xUSKYOEnj5yx~3fpaC-CcUm7vLIjoP02FQbMoal3UmufXoL6Yyv1a2TO4376xl3ztYAP5PqotzvOVld7co2HKXZPZPN3ibdwsFwqFSlbB3WQz7TJq1ibnA5MpH-j4BVSidG0A7M0rqzHoL8e~sjSU5Oz2sHEu8fx1qNheZACflk1w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry"},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology"}],"urls":[{"id":10688326,"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X20962595"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50476145"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50476145/Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography鈥搈ass spectrometry" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50476145/Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry">Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography鈥搈ass spectrometry</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Chromatography A</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswell...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are 伪-thujene (0.6%), 伪-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), 尾-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are 伪-thujene (7.9%), 伪-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), 尾-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1掳) and B. carterii (-13.3掳), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of 伪-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50476145"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50476145"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50476145; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50476145]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50476145]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50476145; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50476145']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50476145, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50476145]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50476145,"title":"Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography鈥搈ass spectrometry","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are 伪-thujene (0.6%), 伪-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), 尾-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are 伪-thujene (7.9%), 伪-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), 尾-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1掳) and B. carterii (-13.3掳), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of 伪-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Chromatography A"},"translated_abstract":"Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are 伪-thujene (0.6%), 伪-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), 尾-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are 伪-thujene (7.9%), 伪-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), 尾-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1掳) and B. carterii (-13.3掳), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of 伪-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50476145/Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-31T19:33:54.368-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1003017,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology"},{"id":21360,"name":"Somalia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somalia"},{"id":57633,"name":"Oman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oman"},{"id":59375,"name":"Chirality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chirality"},{"id":67648,"name":"GC-MS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GC-MS"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":529560,"name":"Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography_mass_Spectrometry"},{"id":703428,"name":"Enantiomers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enantiomers"},{"id":1372105,"name":"Optical Rotation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Rotation"},{"id":3889175,"name":"stereoisomerism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/stereoisomerism"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11506029" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50733475"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733475/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605870/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733475/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review">Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Natural Product Communications</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c9d4fb7aae25d5e4c5e5027679405433" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68605870,"asset_id":50733475,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605870/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50733475"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50733475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733475]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50733475']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50733475, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c9d4fb7aae25d5e4c5e5027679405433" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50733475]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50733475,"title":"Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_name":"Natural Product Communications"},"translated_abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50733475/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-08-04T13:37:35.496-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1003017,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68605870,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605870/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605870/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605870/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116191=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=R7ZqkofcLEXKqlmEJc~GvI6Zmqa7dI1ry5DVF5ZtXOKE4T7e0pZLQacbpd1swtUSm~Gyi76mLhCbWcC1ADk805~JJDMIRbqouwHj9-bghw30uVQ04pZHLOCHc1hrqa3oJKCB-44Mtrz-GdNDA3WpnsXbNeeYx6HNN4Z9g3fapzoXPl1iqgjjjldLV0nMLGePhXDhsjZa3aDZDnKYQ9cmo2D~fHUtvetUCDY58v16379BGL9OkntDB6eY20XB3xP0wuurf~vhetCI99ko1jYaXti9CtmyjU04qKwFib~2DIOnRmmi1mekTw5hB8aat8dMbcwtvWn3M9nF9lKCfHum4Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren"},"attachments":[{"id":68605870,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605870/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605870/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605870/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116191=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=R7ZqkofcLEXKqlmEJc~GvI6Zmqa7dI1ry5DVF5ZtXOKE4T7e0pZLQacbpd1swtUSm~Gyi76mLhCbWcC1ADk805~JJDMIRbqouwHj9-bghw30uVQ04pZHLOCHc1hrqa3oJKCB-44Mtrz-GdNDA3WpnsXbNeeYx6HNN4Z9g3fapzoXPl1iqgjjjldLV0nMLGePhXDhsjZa3aDZDnKYQ9cmo2D~fHUtvetUCDY58v16379BGL9OkntDB6eY20XB3xP0wuurf~vhetCI99ko1jYaXti9CtmyjU04qKwFib~2DIOnRmmi1mekTw5hB8aat8dMbcwtvWn3M9nF9lKCfHum4Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry"},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology"}],"urls":[{"id":10688327,"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X20962595"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50733474"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733474/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605869/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50733474/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review">Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Natural Product Communications</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c291241a4d02b11bb65969cde61517a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68605869,"asset_id":50733474,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605869/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50733474"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50733474"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733474; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733474]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50733474]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50733474; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50733474']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50733474, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c291241a4d02b11bb65969cde61517a9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50733474]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50733474,"title":"Multidrug and Pan-Antibiotic Resistance鈥擳he Role of Antimicrobial and Synergistic Essential Oils: A Review","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_name":"Natural Product Communications"},"translated_abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn鈥檛 wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50733474/Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-08-04T13:37:35.040-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1003017,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68605869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605869/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605869/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116189=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=WpeOuc4jSkTH7Osp3dqek2WM~q1pUlW7BLzccRXDcLiKQA58FzfdiEcoYlVip8NYXDWDhutUBwr7G8UIB7ad-M25C2w7v9tQQ1h1UJCE4VlSfzNUhCX1NJ0SMoehmhnQ2s4SoHUn7xckDBSptC25HWsMXnozbkdZfZ2mD1Cj7xUSKYOEnj5yx~3fpaC-CcUm7vLIjoP02FQbMoal3UmufXoL6Yyv1a2TO4376xl3ztYAP5PqotzvOVld7co2HKXZPZPN3ibdwsFwqFSlbB3WQz7TJq1ibnA5MpH-j4BVSidG0A7M0rqzHoL8e~sjSU5Oz2sHEu8fx1qNheZACflk1w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance_The_Role_of_Antimicrobial_and_Synergistic_Essential_Oils_A_Review","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren"},"attachments":[{"id":68605869,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68605869/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1934578X20962595.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68605869/download_file?st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQyNzY5OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Multidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68605869/1934578X20962595-libre.pdf?1628116189=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultidrug_and_Pan_Antibiotic_Resistance.pdf\u0026Expires=1732431298\u0026Signature=WpeOuc4jSkTH7Osp3dqek2WM~q1pUlW7BLzccRXDcLiKQA58FzfdiEcoYlVip8NYXDWDhutUBwr7G8UIB7ad-M25C2w7v9tQQ1h1UJCE4VlSfzNUhCX1NJ0SMoehmhnQ2s4SoHUn7xckDBSptC25HWsMXnozbkdZfZ2mD1Cj7xUSKYOEnj5yx~3fpaC-CcUm7vLIjoP02FQbMoal3UmufXoL6Yyv1a2TO4376xl3ztYAP5PqotzvOVld7co2HKXZPZPN3ibdwsFwqFSlbB3WQz7TJq1ibnA5MpH-j4BVSidG0A7M0rqzHoL8e~sjSU5Oz2sHEu8fx1qNheZACflk1w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry"},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology"}],"urls":[{"id":10688326,"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X20962595"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50476145"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50476145/Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography鈥搈ass spectrometry" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50476145/Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry">Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography鈥搈ass spectrometry</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Chromatography A</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswell...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are 伪-thujene (0.6%), 伪-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), 尾-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are 伪-thujene (7.9%), 伪-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), 尾-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1掳) and B. carterii (-13.3掳), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of 伪-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50476145"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50476145"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50476145; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50476145]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50476145]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50476145; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50476145']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50476145, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50476145]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50476145,"title":"Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography鈥搈ass spectrometry","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are 伪-thujene (0.6%), 伪-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), 尾-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are 伪-thujene (7.9%), 伪-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), 尾-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1掳) and B. carterii (-13.3掳), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of 伪-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Chromatography A"},"translated_abstract":"Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are 伪-thujene (0.6%), 伪-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), 尾-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are 伪-thujene (7.9%), 伪-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), 尾-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+尾-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1掳) and B. carterii (-13.3掳), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of 伪-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50476145/Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-31T19:33:54.368-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1003017,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Chemical_differentiation_of_Boswellia_sacra_and_Boswellia_carterii_essential_oils_by_gas_chromatography_and_chiral_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1003017,"first_name":"Karen","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Boren","page_name":"KBoren","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-12-01T02:32:59.417-08:00","display_name":"Karen Boren","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology"},{"id":21360,"name":"Somalia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somalia"},{"id":57633,"name":"Oman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oman"},{"id":59375,"name":"Chirality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chirality"},{"id":67648,"name":"GC-MS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GC-MS"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":529560,"name":"Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography_mass_Spectrometry"},{"id":703428,"name":"Enantiomers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enantiomers"},{"id":1372105,"name":"Optical Rotation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Rotation"},{"id":3889175,"name":"stereoisomerism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/stereoisomerism"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "b5fd168f5b3286f9bc8e6b38304e43808ec2c821d2d02fec1bbaa316af79415b", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="E4ylH8quuMpcTKq0USElEC8qwsde5rnJr45Yg2oEWEqP9dv/4vlAB5UMD9TsiUTb7oYMnPMfplbnzd88SmZCGQ==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://independent.academia.edu/KBoren" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="dVYhBjPrf1NN41/NXyPB+V+HAlIzqjHeG7xz2N0syGrpL1/mG7yHnoSj+q3ii6AynivMCZ5TLkFT//Rn/U7SOQ==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>