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<li id="toc-Commercial_palm_oil_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_palm_oil_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Commercial palm oil cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_palm_oil_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Elaeis</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawit" title="Sawit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sawit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmera_d%27oli" title="Palmera d'oli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palmera d'oli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lpalmen" title="Ölpalmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ölpalmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نخل روغنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخل روغنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolijowa_palma" title="Wolijowa palma – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wolijowa palma" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uljana_palma" title="Uljana palma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uljana palma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa_sawit" title="Kelapa sawit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelapa sawit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klapa_sawit" title="Klapa sawit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klapa sawit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mchikichi" title="Mchikichi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mchikichi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyvpalm%C4%97" title="Alyvpalmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alyvpalmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8" title="എണ്ണപ്പന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എണ്ണപ്പന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B7" title="アブラヤシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブラヤシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6lepualmer" title="Öölepualmer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Öölepualmer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljepalmeslekta" title="Oljepalmeslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oljepalmeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olejowiec" title="Olejowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olejowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Масличная пальма (род) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масличная пальма (род)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljypalmut" title="Öljypalmut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Öljypalmut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljepalmssl%C3%A4ktet" title="Oljepalmssläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oljepalmssläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="செம்பனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்பனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆయిల్ పామ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆయిల్ పామ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ปาล์มน้ำมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาล์มน้ำมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswan" title="Tswan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tswan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_C%E1%BB%8D_d%E1%BA%A7u" title="Chi Cọ dầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Cọ dầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elaeis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%A3%95%E5%B1%9E" title="油棕属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="油棕属" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oil palm" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm" title="List of plants known as oil palm">List of plants known as oil palm</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Greek goddess of oil, see <a href="/wiki/Elais" class="mw-redirect" title="Elais">Elais</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Elaeis</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg/220px-Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg/330px-Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg/440px-Elaeis_guineensis0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">African oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Elaeis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arecoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecoideae">Arecoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Elaeis</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Joseph_von_Jacquin" title="Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin">Jacq.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Elaeis guineensis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Joseph_von_Jacquin" title="Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin">Jacq.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">Elaeis oleifera</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Sigismund_Kunth" title="Carl Sigismund Kunth">Kunth</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Cort%C3%A9s_(botanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santiago Cortés (botanist) (page does not exist)">Cortés</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Corozo</i> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Joseph_von_Jacquin" title="Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin">Jacq.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dietrich_Giseke" title="Paul Dietrich Giseke">Giseke</a></li> <li><i>Alfonsia</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sigismund_Kunth" title="Carl Sigismund Kunth">Kunth</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Elaeis</b></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> 'oil') is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a>, called <b>oil palms</b>, containing two species, native to Africa and the Americas. They are used in commercial <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> in the production of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Elaeis" title="Special:EditPage/Elaeis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mature palms are single-stemmed, and can grow well over 20 m (66 ft) tall. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a>, and reach between 3–5 m (10–16 ft) long. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are produced in dense clusters; each individual flower is small, with three sepals and three petals. </p><p>The palm fruit is reddish, about the size of a large plum, and grows in large bunches. Each fruit is made up of an oily, fleshy outer layer (the pericarp), with a single <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">palm kernel</a>), also rich in oil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two species, <i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">E. guineensis</a></i> (Africa) and <i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">E. oleifera</a></i> (Americas) can produce fertile <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of <i>E. guineensis</i> has been sequenced, which has important implications for breeding improved strains of the crop plants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead,_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E. guineensis (Africa)"><img alt="E. guineensis (Africa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead%2C_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg/214px-Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead%2C_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead%2C_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg/321px-Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead%2C_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead%2C_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg/428px-Elaeis_guineensis_-_Fruit_and_Spice_Park_-_Homestead%2C_Florida_-_DSC09011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="4565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">E. guineensis</a></i> (Africa)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oilpalmmagdalenacolombia-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E. oleifera (Central and South America)"><img alt="E. oleifera (Central and South America)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Oilpalmmagdalenacolombia-2.jpg/366px-Oilpalmmagdalenacolombia-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Oilpalmmagdalenacolombia-2.jpg/549px-Oilpalmmagdalenacolombia-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Oilpalmmagdalenacolombia-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">E. oleifera</a></i> (Central and South America)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>E. guineensis</i> is native to west and southwest <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, occurring between <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>. The American oil palm, <i>E. oleifera</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> oleifer</i> 'oil-producing'),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is native to tropical <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Honduras to northern Brazil, and is used locally for oil production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberia_oil_palm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Liberia_oil_palm.jpg/310px-Liberia_oil_palm.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Liberia_oil_palm.jpg/465px-Liberia_oil_palm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Liberia_oil_palm.jpg/620px-Liberia_oil_palm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_palm_oil_cultivation">Commercial palm oil cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial palm oil cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></div> <p>Since palm oil contains more <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a> than oils made from canola, corn, linseed, soybeans, safflower, and sunflowers, it can withstand extreme deep-frying heat and resists oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains no <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">trans fat</a>, and its use in food has increased as food-labelling laws have changed to specify trans fat content. Oil from <i>Elaeis guineensis</i> is also used as <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>. </p><p>Human use of oil palms may date back to about 5,000 years in coastal west Africa. Palm oil was also discovered in the late 19th century by archaeologists in a tomb at <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> dating back to 3000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiple_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiple-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that Arab traders brought the oil palm to Egypt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Elaeis guineensis</i> is now extensively cultivated in tropical countries outside Africa, particularly <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> which together produce most of the world supply, as well as domestically in the Americas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy">Controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palm oil is typically considered the most controversial of the cooking oils – for political, health, and environmental reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palm oil plantations are under increasing scrutiny for <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">social and environmental harm</a>, particularly because <a href="/wiki/Rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainforests">rainforests</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> are destroyed, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> output is increased, and because people are displaced by palm-oil enterprises and traditional livelihoods are negatively impacted. Especially in Indonesia, there is also growing pressure for palm oil producers to prove that they are not harming rare animals in the cultivation process.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 a <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> TV advertisement by UK supermarket chain <a href="/wiki/Iceland_(supermarket)" title="Iceland (supermarket)">Iceland Foods Ltd</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, was banned by the UK advertising watchdog <a href="/wiki/Clearcast" title="Clearcast">Clearcast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it was deemed too political. This was an animated short, starring a fictional orangutan named Rang-tan produced to raise awareness of the environmental impact of the production of palm oil, and the dangers orangutans face as a result. Iceland Foods had committed to banning palm oil from its own-brand products by the end of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all wildlife declines in both <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">diversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">abundance</a> in oil palm plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggleton-2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggleton-2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber">Fiber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Elaeis</i> was found to be a cheap source of <a href="/wiki/Nanofiber" title="Nanofiber">nanofiber</a> by Fahma et al 2010. It is especially suited to production in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> where <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulosic</a> waste is already an abundant byproduct.<sup id="cite_ref-Khalil-et-al-2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalil-et-al-2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_maripa" title="Attalea maripa">Attalea maripa</a></i>, another oil-producing palm</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Oil_Palm_Research" title="Journal of Oil Palm Research">Journal of Oil Palm Research</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_and_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy and the environment">Energy and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arecaceae_genera" title="List of Arecaceae genera">List of Arecaceae genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaeis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcsp.science.kew.org/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=B754A84A259AC3FD89D6811E7C3E7DE2.kppapp06-wcsp?checklist=selected_families%40%40337021220201538532">"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.au=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcsp.science.kew.org%2FprepareChecklist.do%3Bjsessionid%3DB754A84A259AC3FD89D6811E7C3E7DE2.kppapp06-wcsp%3Fchecklist%3Dselected_families%2540%2540337021220201538532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElaeis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_R.Ong-Abdullah,_M.Low,_E.-T.L.Manaf,_M.A.A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, R.; Ong-Abdullah, M.; Low, E.-T.L.; Manaf, M.A.A.; Rosli, R.; Nookiah, R.; Ooi, L.C.-L.; Ooi, S.-E.; Chan, K.-L.; Halim, M.A.; Azizi, N.; Nagappan, J.; Bacher, B.; Lakey, N.; Smith, S.W.; He, D.; Hogan, M.; Budiman, M.A.; Lee, E.K.; 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title="Eugeissoneae">Eugeissoneae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugeissona" title="Eugeissona">Eugeissona</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidocaryeae" title="Lepidocaryeae">Lepidocaryeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncocalamus" title="Oncocalamus">Oncocalamus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eremospatha" title="Eremospatha">Eremospatha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laccosperma" title="Laccosperma">Laccosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raphia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidocaryum" title="Lepidocaryum">Lepidocaryum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mauritia" title="Mauritia">Mauritia</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1859-Martinique.web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/100px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/150px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/200px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nypoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nypoideae">Nypoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coryphoideae" title="Coryphoideae">Coryphoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabaleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaleae">Sabaleae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabal" title="Sabal">Sabal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryosophileae" title="Cryosophileae">Cryosophileae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schippia" title="Schippia">Schippia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trithrinax" title="Trithrinax">Trithrinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zombia" title="Zombia">Zombia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccothrinax" title="Coccothrinax">Coccothrinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemithrinax" title="Hemithrinax">Hemithrinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leucothrinax" title="Leucothrinax">Leucothrinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thrinax" title="Thrinax">Thrinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chelyocarpus" title="Chelyocarpus">Chelyocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryosophila" title="Cryosophila">Cryosophila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itaya" title="Itaya">Itaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabinaria" title="Sabinaria">Sabinaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phoeniceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoeniceae">Phoeniceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)" title="Phoenix (plant)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trachycarpeae" title="Trachycarpeae">Trachycarpeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaerops" title="Chamaerops">Chamaerops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guihaia" title="Guihaia">Guihaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trachycarpus" title="Trachycarpus">Trachycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhapidophyllum" title="Rhapidophyllum">Rhapidophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxburretia" title="Maxburretia">Maxburretia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhapis" title="Rhapis">Rhapis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livistona" title="Livistona">Livistona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Licuala" title="Licuala">Licuala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johannesteijsmannia" title="Johannesteijsmannia">Johannesteijsmannia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholidocarpus" title="Pholidocarpus">Pholidocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saribus" title="Saribus">Saribus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanonia" title="Lanonia">Lanonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acoelorraphe" title="Acoelorraphe">Acoelorraphe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Serenoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahea" title="Brahea">Brahea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colpothrinax" title="Colpothrinax">Colpothrinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copernicia" title="Copernicia">Copernicia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pritchardia" title="Pritchardia">Pritchardia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonia" title="Washingtonia">Washingtonia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuniophoeniceae" title="Chuniophoeniceae">Chuniophoeniceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuniophoenix" title="Chuniophoenix">Chuniophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerriodoxa" title="Kerriodoxa">Kerriodoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nannorrhops" title="Nannorrhops">Nannorrhops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahina_spectabilis" title="Tahina spectabilis">Tahina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caryoteae" title="Caryoteae">Caryoteae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caryota" title="Caryota">Caryota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arenga" title="Arenga">Arenga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corypheae" title="Corypheae">Corypheae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corypha" title="Corypha">Corypha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borasseae" title="Borasseae">Borasseae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bismarckia" title="Bismarckia">Bismarckia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satranala" title="Satranala">Satranala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyphaene" title="Hyphaene">Hyphaene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medemia" title="Medemia">Medemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latania" title="Latania">Latania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lodoicea" title="Lodoicea">Lodoicea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borassodendron" title="Borassodendron">Borassodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceroxyloideae" title="Ceroxyloideae">Ceroxyloideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudophoenix" title="Pseudophoenix">Pseudophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceroxylon" title="Ceroxylon">Ceroxylon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juania" title="Juania">Juania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oraniopsis" title="Oraniopsis">Oraniopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ravenea" title="Ravenea">Ravenea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammandra" title="Ammandra">Ammandra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aphandra" title="Aphandra">Aphandra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phytelephas" title="Phytelephas">Phytelephas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arecoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecoideae">Arecoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Podococcus" title="Podococcus">Podococcus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orania_(plant)" title="Orania (plant)">Orania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sclerosperma" title="Sclerosperma">Sclerosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reinhardtia" title="Reinhardtia">Reinhardtia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manicaria" title="Manicaria">Manicaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyospathe" title="Hyospathe">Hyospathe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leopoldinia" title="Leopoldinia">Leopoldinia</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iriarteeae" title="Iriarteeae">Iriarteeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iriartella" title="Iriartella">Iriartella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictyocaryum" title="Dictyocaryum">Dictyocaryum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iriartea" title="Iriartea">Iriartea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socratea" title="Socratea">Socratea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wettinia" title="Wettinia">Wettinia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamaedoreeae" title="Chamaedoreeae">Chamaedoreeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyophorbe" title="Hyophorbe">Hyophorbe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wendlandiella" title="Wendlandiella">Wendlandiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synechanthus" title="Synechanthus">Synechanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaedorea" title="Chamaedorea">Chamaedorea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaussia_(plant)" title="Gaussia (plant)">Gaussia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beccariophoenix" title="Beccariophoenix">Beccariophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubaeopsis" title="Jubaeopsis">Jubaeopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voanioala" title="Voanioala">Voanioala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allagoptera" title="Allagoptera">Allagoptera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Butia" title="Butia">Butia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Cocos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubaea" title="Jubaea">Jubaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)" title="Syagrus (plant)">Syagrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parajubaea" title="Parajubaea">Parajubaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocomia" title="Acrocomia">Acrocomia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum" title="Astrocaryum">Astrocaryum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aiphanes" title="Aiphanes">Aiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactris" title="Bactris">Bactris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmoncus" title="Desmoncus">Desmoncus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barcella" title="Barcella">Barcella</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elaeis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euterpeae" title="Euterpeae">Euterpeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euterpe_(plant)" title="Euterpe (plant)">Euterpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prestoea" title="Prestoea">Prestoea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neonicholsonia" title="Neonicholsonia">Neonicholsonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oenocarpus" title="Oenocarpus">Oenocarpus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geonomateae" title="Geonomateae">Geonomateae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Welfia" title="Welfia">Welfia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholidostachys" title="Pholidostachys">Pholidostachys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calyptrogyne" title="Calyptrogyne">Calyptrogyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calyptronoma" title="Calyptronoma">Calyptronoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asterogyne" title="Asterogyne">Asterogyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geonoma" title="Geonoma">Geonoma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagodoxeae" title="Pelagodoxeae">Pelagodoxeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagodoxa" title="Pelagodoxa">Pelagodoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sommieria" title="Sommieria">Sommieria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areceae" title="Areceae">Areceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinorhytis" title="Actinorhytis">Actinorhytis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archontophoenix" title="Archontophoenix">Archontophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinokentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinokentia">Actinokentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chambeyronia" title="Chambeyronia">Chambeyronia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentiopsis" title="Kentiopsis">Kentiopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nenga" title="Nenga">Nenga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinanga" title="Pinanga">Pinanga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basselinia" title="Basselinia">Basselinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burretiokentia" title="Burretiokentia">Burretiokentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyphophoenix" title="Cyphophoenix">Cyphophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyphosperma" title="Cyphosperma">Cyphosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidorrhachis" title="Lepidorrhachis">Lepidorrhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physokentia" title="Physokentia">Physokentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpoxylon" title="Carpoxylon">Carpoxylon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satakentia" title="Satakentia">Satakentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neoveitchia" title="Neoveitchia">Neoveitchia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyphokentia" title="Cyphokentia">Cyphokentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinosperma" title="Clinosperma">Clinosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dypsis" title="Dypsis">Dypsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lemurophoenix" title="Lemurophoenix">Lemurophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marojejya" title="Marojejya">Marojejya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masoala" title="Masoala">Masoala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calyptrocalyx" title="Calyptrocalyx">Calyptrocalyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linospadix" title="Linospadix">Linospadix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Howea" title="Howea">Howea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laccospadix" title="Laccospadix">Laccospadix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncosperma" title="Oncosperma">Oncosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deckenia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deckenia (plant)">Deckenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthophoenix" title="Acanthophoenix">Acanthophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tectiphiala" title="Tectiphiala">Tectiphiala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ptychosperma" title="Ptychosperma">Ptychosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponapea" title="Ponapea">Ponapea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adonidia" title="Adonidia">Adonidia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balaka_(plant)" title="Balaka (plant)">Balaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veitchia" title="Veitchia">Veitchia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpentaria" title="Carpentaria">Carpentaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wodyetia" title="Wodyetia">Wodyetia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drymophloeus" title="Drymophloeus">Drymophloeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normanbya" title="Normanbya">Normanbya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassiophoenix" title="Brassiophoenix">Brassiophoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ptychococcus" title="Ptychococcus">Ptychococcus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jailoloa" title="Jailoloa">Jailoloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manjekia" title="Manjekia">Manjekia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallaceodoxa" title="Wallaceodoxa">Wallaceodoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhopalostylis" title="Rhopalostylis">Rhopalostylis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedyscepe" title="Hedyscepe">Hedyscepe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nephrosperma" title="Nephrosperma">Nephrosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicophorium" title="Phoenicophorium">Phoenicophorium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roscheria" title="Roscheria">Roscheria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verschaffeltia" title="Verschaffeltia">Verschaffeltia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bentinckia" title="Bentinckia">Bentinckia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinostigma" title="Clinostigma">Clinostigma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtostachys" title="Cyrtostachys">Cyrtostachys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictyosperma" title="Dictyosperma">Dictyosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dransfieldia" title="Dransfieldia">Dransfieldia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterospathe" title="Heterospathe">Heterospathe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydriastele" title="Hydriastele">Hydriastele</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanura" title="Iguanura">Iguanura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loxococcus" title="Loxococcus">Loxococcus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhopaloblaste" title="Rhopaloblaste">Rhopaloblaste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palm_oil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palm_oil" title="Template:Palm oil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palm_oil" title="Template talk:Palm oil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palm_oil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palm oil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palm_oil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm" title="List of plants known as oil palm">Oil palms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_maripa" title="Attalea maripa">A. maripa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_speciosa" title="Attalea speciosa">A. speciosa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elaeis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">E. guineesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">E. oleifera</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis#Pests" title="Elaeis guineensis">Diseases and<br />pests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Bagworm moth</a></li> <li>Basal stem rot (<i><a href="/wiki/Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">Ganoderma orbiforme</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadang-cadang" title="Cadang-cadang">Cadang-cadang disease</a></li> <li>Little leaf syndrome <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryctes_rhinoceros" title="Oryctes rhinoceros">Oryctes rhinoceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus_palmarum" title="Rhynchophorus palmarum">Rhynchophorus palmarum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Oil palm bunch moth <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirathaba_mundella" title="Tirathaba mundella">Tirathaba mundella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirathaba_rufivena" title="Tirathaba rufivena">Tirathaba rufivena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Red ring disease (<i><a href="/wiki/Bursaphelenchus_cocophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus cocophilus">Bursaphelenchus cocophilus</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_(plant_structure)#Mesocarp" title="Fruit (plant structure)">Mesocarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">Palm kernel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_stearin" title="Palm stearin">stearin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_production" title="Biodiesel production">Biodiesel production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Fat hydrogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">Fractionation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">Saponification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">Transesterification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_by_region" title="Biodiesel by region">by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neste_Renewable_Diesel" title="Neste Renewable Diesel">Neste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scout_Cookies" title="Girl Scout Cookies">Girl Scout Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleochemistry" title="Oleochemistry">Oleochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">fuel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Producers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumitama_Agri" title="Bumitama Agri">Bumitama Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Cumberbatch" title="Carson Cumberbatch">Carson Cumberbatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Palm_Oil" title="Equatorial Palm Oil">Equatorial Palm Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_Inc." title="Feronia Inc.">Feronia Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGV_Holdings" title="FGV Holdings">FGV Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOI_Group" title="IOI Group">IOI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Kepong_Berhad" title="Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad">Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sime_Darby" title="Sime Darby">Sime Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH_Plantations" title="TH Plantations">TH Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_International" title="Wilmar International">Wilmar International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Buyers / processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAK_(company)" title="AAK (company)">AAK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GreenPalm" title="GreenPalm">GreenPalm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neste" title="Neste">Neste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Governmental /<br />non-governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FELCRA_Berhad" title="FELCRA Berhad">FELCRA Berhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Land_Development_Authority" title="Federal Land Development Authority">Federal Land Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Commodity_and_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange">Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Malaysia Derivatives Exchange">Malaysia Derivatives Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Palm_Oil_Board" title="Malaysian Palm Oil Board">Malaysian Palm Oil Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies, impacts<br />and debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Biofuel policy of Malaysia">Biofuel policy of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_sustainable_palm_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified sustainable palm oil">Certified sustainable palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">Environmental impact of biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oils_as_alternative_energy" title="Vegetable oils as alternative energy">Vegetable oils as alternative energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia#Palm_oil" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia" title="Palm oil production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_palm" title="Category:Oil palm">Category</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Palm_oil_production_by_country" title="Category:Palm oil production by country">by country</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Elaeis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7609983" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7609983">Q7609983</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Elaeis">Elaeis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/190443">190443</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=285250">285250</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VX8F">8VX8F</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/52881">52881</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1EAIG">1EAIG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=111376">111376</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=111376">111376</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2731881">2731881</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=4146">4146</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/132575">132575</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/31227-1">31227-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1011559">1011559</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500805">500805</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=51952">51952</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/8c444d94-588e-4e68-9821-2781e745b6ca">8c444d94-588e-4e68-9821-2781e745b6ca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=891126">891126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ELAEI">ELAEI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A31227-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:31227-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40001704">40001704</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000013106">wfo-4000013106</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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