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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iron Age culture in Xinjiang, China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Subeshi culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Subeshi culture is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Subeshi culture is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sakas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_the_Sakas.png/300px-Map_of_the_Sakas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_the_Sakas.png/450px-Map_of_the_Sakas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_the_Sakas.png/600px-Map_of_the_Sakas.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.347%;left:61.025%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Subeshi culture"><img alt="Subeshi culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/20px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/30px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png 1.5x, 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left:130px; top:45px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Korgantas_culture" title="Korgantas culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Korgantas</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_183x72" style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:72px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YUEZHI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sargat</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_97x30" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gorokhovo_culture" title="Gorokhovo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Goro-<br />khovo</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sha-<br />jing</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x63" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:63px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Subeshi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x42" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Slab-grave<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DONGHU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; 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style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:29px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tagar</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_180x47" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:47px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Chandman</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x37" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:37px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sagly-Bazhy_culture" title="Sagly-Bazhy culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sagly</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_285x80" style="position:absolute; left:285px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">JIN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x110" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Dian<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_38x90" style="position:absolute; left:38px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MACEDONIAN EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_152x110" style="position:absolute; left:152px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">NANDA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ZHOU<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MEROË</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x45" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Scythians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_55x40" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sauromatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sauro-<br />matians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_103x60" style="position:absolute; left:103px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Massagetae</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_82x67" style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:67px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Dahae</b></i></span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">General location of the Subeshi culture, next to the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Saka</a> realm (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Rgba(255, 140, 0, 0.5)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:rgba(255, 140, 0, 0.5);color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), and contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 325</span> BCE</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1100–100 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Subeshi culture</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">苏贝希文化</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蘇貝希文化</span>; 1100–100 BCE), also rendered as <b>Subeishi culture</b> or <b>Subeixi culture</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> culture from the area of <a href="/wiki/Shanshan_County" title="Shanshan County">Shanshan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, at the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subeshi culture contributes some of the later period <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim Mummies">Tarim Mummies</a>. It might be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> known from Chinese historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZK_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture includes three closely related cemeteries: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subeshi_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Subeshi cemetery">Subeshi cemetery</a></li> <li>the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shengjindian_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shengjindian cemetery">Shengjindian cemetery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZK_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yanghai_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yanghai cemetery">Yanghai cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>After 200 BCE, the Subeshi culture may have evolved into the later walled city-state culture of the Jushi Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the Subeshi culture were influenced by the cultures of West Asia and Central Asia as far back as the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze Age, when <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">bronze technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and ornamation styles were introduced from the west, before spreading further east to the early cultures of China, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba culture</a> (about 2000–1600 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a> (2500–1500 BCE) or Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800–100 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-ZK_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Subeshi culture is known for its Iron Age graveyards of the 1st millennium BCE, which resemble those of the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. In particular, weaponry, horse gear and garments are similar to those of the Pazyryk culture.<sup id="cite_ref-LX_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LX-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg/220px-Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg/330px-Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg/440px-Ancient_wooden_bucket_-_Turpan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="3195" /></a><figcaption>A wooden bucket of the Subeshi culture, with the <a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_art" title="Scytho-Siberian art">Scytho-Siberian art</a> motif of an elk with horns. <a href="/wiki/Yanghai_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai cemetery">Yanghai cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Museum" title="Turpan Museum">Turpan Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The "Witches of Subeshi" (4th or 3rd century BCE) wore 2-foot-long (0.61 m) black felt conical hats with a flat brim.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though modern Westerners tend to identify this type of hat as the headgear of a witch, there is evidence that these pointed hats were widely worn by both women and men in some Central Asian tribes. For instance, the Persian king Darius recorded a victory over the "<a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%81_tigraxaud%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakā tigraxaudā">Sakas of the pointed hats</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subeshi headgear is likely an ethnic badge or a symbol of position in the society. Also found at Subeshi was a man with traces of a surgical operation on his abdomen; the incision is sewn up with sutures made of horsehair.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Subeshi culture is a candidate for the Iron Age predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material culture of the Subeshi culture is very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> sites such as <a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tasmola" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmola">Tasmola</a>, but is also known to have spread across the northern Chinese steppes from <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, particularly through bronze weapons, horse harnesses, and ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subeshi site of Yanghai yielded what maybe the world's oldest known horse saddle, already displaying many characteristics of today's modern saddles, for which a radiocarbon date of 727–396 BCE (95.4% probability range) has been obtained: this is contemporaneous of possibly older than the previous "oldest saddle" from the Scythian <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> site of Tuekta barrow no. 1 (430–420 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knotted carpet with colorful wave-like motifs were dated to 700 BCE, and are now the oldest known knotted carpet in the world, before the 4th century BCE Pazyryk carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-ZH_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scythian-style bows were also discovered in Subeshi.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technical sophistication of these bows suggests intense technological transfer between the Saka areas and the Subeishi culture areas. No other Tarim Basin area benefited from this technological transfer, which was supplemented by some adaptation by the Subeishi people: the bows were slightly bigger, and used lacquer as an original compounds, suggesting technological contact with China as well.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of genetics, <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasievo">Afanasievo</a> ancestry has been identified among Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungarian</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_language">Origin and language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language of the Subeshi mummies is unknown at this point. Looking at the linguistic history of the region, the Subeshi mummies may have spoken the <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khotanese_Saka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese Saka">Khotanese Saka</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian language">Tocharian language</a>, or an unknown language if they were derived from a local <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the cultural traits of the Subeshi people, such as the tall pointed hats, may seriously suggest a <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> origin, but they could also be derived from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau,_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb at Yanghai cemetery"><img alt="Tomb at Yanghai cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau%2C_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg/150px-Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau%2C_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau%2C_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg/225px-Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau%2C_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau%2C_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg/300px-Perspective_drawing_of_M90_in_No.1_Plateau%2C_Yanghai_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb at Yanghai cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat,_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cone-shaped high-peaked hat, Subeshi cemetery.[19][20]"><img alt="Cone-shaped high-peaked hat, Subeshi cemetery.[19][20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/108px-Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/162px-Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/216px-Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cone-shaped high-peaked hat, Subeshi cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subeixi horse saddle.[21]"><img alt="Subeixi horse saddle.[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg/176px-Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg/263px-Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg/351px-Subeixi_saddle_-_Wertmann_et_al_2023.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subeixi horse saddle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subeixi_or_Saka_armour,_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subeixi or Saka armour, 8th–3rd century BCE.[22]"><img alt="Subeixi or Saka armour, 8th–3rd century BCE.[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Subeixi_or_Saka_armour%2C_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg/106px-Subeixi_or_Saka_armour%2C_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Subeixi_or_Saka_armour%2C_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg/160px-Subeixi_or_Saka_armour%2C_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Subeixi_or_Saka_armour%2C_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg/213px-Subeixi_or_Saka_armour%2C_8th-3rd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subeixi or Saka armour, 8th–3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_objects,_Yanghai_cemetery,_Subeshi_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden objects, Yanghai cemetery, Subeshi culture"><img alt="Wooden objects, Yanghai cemetery, Subeshi culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wooden_objects%2C_Yanghai_cemetery%2C_Subeshi_culture.jpg/155px-Wooden_objects%2C_Yanghai_cemetery%2C_Subeshi_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wooden_objects%2C_Yanghai_cemetery%2C_Subeshi_culture.jpg/232px-Wooden_objects%2C_Yanghai_cemetery%2C_Subeshi_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wooden_objects%2C_Yanghai_cemetery%2C_Subeshi_culture.jpg/310px-Wooden_objects%2C_Yanghai_cemetery%2C_Subeshi_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden objects, Yanghai cemetery, Subeshi culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subeshi culture earthenware. Turpan Museum.[23]"><img alt="Subeshi culture earthenware. Turpan Museum.[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg/166px-Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg/249px-Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg/332px-Subeshi_culture_earthenware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subeshi culture earthenware. <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Museum" title="Turpan Museum">Turpan Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat,_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helmet-shaped earflap hat, Subeshi cemetery.[24]"><img alt="Helmet-shaped earflap hat, Subeshi cemetery.[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/200px-Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/300px-Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/400px-Helmet-shaped_earflap_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Helmet-shaped earflap hat, Subeshi cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subeshi_bow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Subeshi culture bow, c. 800 BCE, Xinjiang Museum"><img alt="A Subeshi culture bow, c. 800 BCE, Xinjiang Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Subeshi_bow.jpg/200px-Subeshi_bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Subeshi_bow.jpg/300px-Subeshi_bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Subeshi_bow.jpg/400px-Subeshi_bow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Subeshi culture bow, c. 800 BCE, Xinjiang Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grapevine from Yanghai, said to be the ancestor of Chinese wine.[25]"><img alt="Grapevine from Yanghai, said to be the ancestor of Chinese wine.[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg/200px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg/300px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg/400px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grapevine from Yanghai, said to be the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Chinese wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg,_300-200_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wooden prosthetic leg from Shengjindian cemetery, c. 300 BCE, Turpan Museum. This is "the oldest functional leg prosthesis known to date".[26]"><img alt="A wooden prosthetic leg from Shengjindian cemetery, c. 300 BCE, Turpan Museum. This is "the oldest functional leg prosthesis known to date".[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg%2C_300-200_BCE.jpg/200px-Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg%2C_300-200_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg%2C_300-200_BCE.jpg/300px-Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg%2C_300-200_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg%2C_300-200_BCE.jpg/400px-Shengjindian_prosthetic_leg%2C_300-200_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wooden prosthetic leg from Shengjindian cemetery, c. 300 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Museum" title="Turpan Museum">Turpan Museum</a>. This is "the oldest functional leg prosthesis known to date".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yanghai_carpet,_7th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.[13]"><img alt="Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE.jpg/200px-Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE.jpg/300px-Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE.jpg/400px-Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-ZH_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yanghai_carpet,_7th_century_BCE_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.[13]"><img alt="Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE_%282%29.jpg/200px-Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE_%282%29.jpg/300px-Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE_%282%29.jpg/400px-Yanghai_carpet%2C_7th_century_BCE_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-ZH_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subeshi_culture_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Subeshi_culture_map.jpg/300px-Subeshi_culture_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Subeshi_culture_map.jpg/450px-Subeshi_culture_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Subeshi_culture_map.jpg/600px-Subeshi_culture_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Subeshi culture sites (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_red_dot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/7px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/11px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/14px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span>) in the context of Iron Age continental Asia, with main sites of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subeshi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Subeshi">Subeixi</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shengjindian_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shengjindian cemetery">Shengjindian</a> and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yanghai_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yanghai cemetery">Yanghai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_(Tarim_detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png/300px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png/450px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png/600px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>The Subeshi cemetery (at the top) within the general area of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim Mummies">Tarim Mummies</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astana_Cemetery" title="Astana Cemetery">Astana Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchen_Man" title="Cherchen Man">Cherchen Man</a>, an early contemporary from the southern area of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Kai (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"</a>. <i>Region – Educational Research and Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234007445">234007445</a>. <q>In the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a> (2500–1500 BC), <a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba culture</a> (about 2000–1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800–100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 BC–100 BC) and other cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Region+%E2%80%93+Educational+Research+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Spread+and+Integration+of+Painted+pottery+Art+along+the+Silk+Road&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234007445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32629%252FRERR.V3I1.242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckWagnerLiDurkin-Meisterernst2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056">"The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>348</b>: 225–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QuInt.348..224B">2014QuInt.348..224B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056">10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. <q>The Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+invention+of+trousers+and+its+likely+affiliation+with+horseback+riding+and+mobility%3A+A+case+study+of+late+2nd+millennium+BC+finds+from+Turfan+in+eastern+Central+Asia&rft.volume=348&rft.pages=225-226&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QuInt.348..224B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Durkin-Meisterernst%2C+Desmond&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangLiCaoShading2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Hongen; Li, Cheng-Sen; Cao, Hongyong; Shading, Palidanmu; Cheng, Ye-Ming (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211046950">"Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 215824402110469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211046950">10.1177/21582440211046950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Wood+Utilization+During+the+Late+Bronze+to+Early+Iron+Age+in+the+Turpan+Basin+of+Xinjiang%2C+China%2C+With+Special+Emphasis+on+Betula+%28Betulaceae%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215824402110469&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F21582440211046950&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Hongen&rft.au=Li%2C+Cheng-Sen&rft.au=Cao%2C+Hongyong&rft.au=Shading%2C+Palidanmu&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Ye-Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F21582440211046950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan-Hai_WeiLiXu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lan-Hai Wei, Ryan; Li, Hui; Xu, Wenkan (26–28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318897882_The_separate_origins_of_the_Tocharians_and_the_Yuezhi_Results_from_recent_advances_in_archaeology_and_genetics">"The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics"</a>. <i>Conference: International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road Culture At: University of Vienna, Vienna</i>: 285. <q>In the Turpan Basin area after 200 B.C., the Subeishi culture developed into the local walled nation-state called the Gushi Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conference%3A+International+Conference+on+Tocharian+Manuscripts+and+Silk+Road+Culture+At%3A+University+of+Vienna%2C+Vienna&rft.atitle=The+separate+origins+of+the+Tocharians+and+the+Yuezhi%3A+Results+from+recent+advances+in+archaeology+and+genetics&rft.pages=285&rft.date=2013-06-26%2F2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Lan-Hai+Wei&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rft.au=Xu%2C+Wenkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F318897882_The_separate_origins_of_the_Tocharians_and_the_Yuezhi_Results_from_recent_advances_in_archaeology_and_genetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LX-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LX_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWagnerWuTarasov2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Li, Xiao; Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xiaohong; Tarasov, Pavel; Zhang, Yongbin; Schmidt, Arno; Goslar, Tomasz; Gresky, Julia (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010">"Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. 290–291: 335–343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.290..335L">2013QuInt.290..335L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010">10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002814/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618212003370?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>The whole graveyard including tomb M2 belongs to the Subeixi culture, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cheshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheshi">Cheshi</a> (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990). Archaeological and historical data attest it as society with a developed agro-pastoral economy, that existed in and north of the Turfan Basin (Fig. 1) during the first millennium BC. The Subeixi weaponry, horse gear and garments (Mallory and Mair, 2000; Lü, 2001) resemble those of the Pazyryk culture (Molodin and Polos'mak, 2007), suggesting contacts between Subeixi and the Scythians living in the Altai Mountains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Archaeological+and+palaeopathological+study+on+the+third%2Fsecond+century+BC+grave+from+Turfan%2C+China%3A+Individual+health+history+and+regional+implications&rft.volume=290%E2%80%93291&rft.pages=335-343&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuInt.290..335L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yongbin&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Arno&rft.au=Goslar%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Gresky%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2022" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Guo (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IedEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Archaeological Research on the Societies of Late Prehistoric Xinjiang, Vol 2</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-6889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-6889-1"><bdi>978-981-19-6889-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114195411/https://books.google.com/books?id=4IedEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>The animal style decorations of the Subeixi culture-Yanghai type barrel have direct or indirect relations with the <i><a href="/wiki/Deer_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer stone">Lu-shi</a></i> – tall vertical slab (鹿石) from Tuva <a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzan</a> No.1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Research+on+the+Societies+of+Late+Prehistoric+Xinjiang%2C+Vol+2&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.isbn=978-981-19-6889-1&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IedEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/ancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin/">"Expedition Magazine Ancient Mummies of the Tarim Basin"</a>. <i>Expedition Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053850/https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/ancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition+Magazine&rft.atitle=Expedition+Magazine+Ancient+Mummies+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaujard2019" class="citation book cs1">Beaujard, Philippe (2019). "China: From Kingdoms to Unification". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.017"><i>The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History: Volume 1: From the Fourth Millennium BCE to the Sixth Century CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108341004.017">10.1017/9781108341004.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42456-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42456-1"><bdi>978-1-108-42456-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241614518">241614518</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302003012/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/worlds-of-the-indian-ocean/china-from-kingdoms-to-unification/E8FBFD964FB5F839094640E01015F545">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Hats either of the "Phrygian" type (Cherchen) or high and pointed (Subeshi, east of Turfan, c. Fifth Century BCE) have been discovered in the tombs; both are reminiscent of Iranian culture (Mallory and Mair Reference Mallory and Mair2000: figs. 111 and 125; Barber Reference Barber and Ten Grotenhuis2002: 64).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%3A+From+Kingdoms+to+Unification&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+A+Global+History%3A+Volume+1%3A+From+the+Fourth+Millennium+BCE+to+the+Sixth+Century+CE&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241614518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108341004.017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42456-1&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781108341004.017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/themummiesofxinj359">"The Mummies of Xinjiang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i>. 1 April 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820185530/http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/themummiesofxinj359">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=The+Mummies+of+Xinjiang&rft.date=1994-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1994%2Fapr%2Fthemummiesofxinj359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, J. P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp259_tocharian_origins.pdf">"The Problem of Tocharian Origins: An Archaeological Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>: 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020140958/https://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp259_tocharian_origins.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Tocharian+Origins%3A+An+Archaeological+Perspective&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp259_tocharian_origins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerWuTarasovAisha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xinhua; Tarasov, Pavel; Aisha, Ailijiang; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Schultz, Michael; Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede; Gresky, Julia (20 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179056">"Radiocarbon-dated archaeological record of early first millennium B.C. mounted pastoralists in the Kunlun Mountains, China"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>108</b> (38): 15733–15738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10815733W">2011PNAS..10815733W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105273108">10.1073/pnas.1105273108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179056">3179056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21911387">21911387</a>. <q>The Liushui bronze weaponry, particularly the very distinctive rhombic arrowheads with one side spur, and horse harnesses (Fig. 2) show great similarity to finds from <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> (e.g., Arzhan 1 and Berlik in Fig. 1), with the inventories representing different steppe and forest-steppe cultures, such as Bol'shaya Rechka, Krasnoozero, and late Irmen' in Siberia (4); <a href="/wiki/Tasmola" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmola">Tasmola</a> and Zebakino-Dongal in Kazakhstan (4); and Subeshi in Xinjiang (31). Except for the rhombic socketed arrowheads, all other bronze weapons, horse harnesses, and ornaments have been found across the northern Chinese steppes from Xinjiang to the Korean Peninsula (32, 33).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon-dated+archaeological+record+of+early+first+millennium+B.C.+mounted+pastoralists+in+the+Kunlun+Mountains%2C+China&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=15733-15738&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10815733W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21911387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105273108&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Mayke&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Aisha%2C+Ailijiang&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Christopher+Bronk&rft.au=Schultz%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schmidt-Schultz%2C+Tyede&rft.au=Gresky%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertmannYibulayinmuWagner2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wertmann, Patrick; Yibulayinmu, Maria; Wagner, Mayke (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451">"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"</a>. <i>Archaeological Research in Asia</i>. <b>35</b>: 100451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451">10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-2267">2352-2267</a>. <q>Compared with the oldest known saddle from the Scythian Pazyryk culture site Tuekta barrow no. 1 (430–420 BCE) in north-western Altai, the Yanghai specimen radiocarbon dated to 727–396 BCE (95.4% probability range) is contemporaneous or possibly older.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=The+earliest+directly+dated+saddle+for+horse-riding+from+a+mid-1st+millennium+BCE+female+burial+in+Northwest+China&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=100451&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451&rft.issn=2352-2267&rft.aulast=Wertmann&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Yibulayinmu%2C+Maria&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ara.2023.100451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZH-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZH_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZH_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZH_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe2019" class="citation journal cs1">He, Zhang (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edspace.american.edu/silkroadjournal/wp-content/uploads/sites/984/2020/02/5-Zhang-Knotted-Carpets-from-the-Taklamakan.pdf">"Knotted Carpets from the Taklamakan: A Medium of Ideological and Aesthetic Exchange on the Silk Road, 700 BCE–700 CE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>17</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113002221/https://edspace.american.edu/silkroadjournal/wp-content/uploads/sites/984/2020/02/5-Zhang-Knotted-Carpets-from-the-Taklamakan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Dated to as early as 700 BCE (Jia et al. 2009), the Yanghai carpet pieces are approximately three centuries older than the Pazyryk carpets (Rudenko 1970), making them the earliest knotted carpets found anywhere in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Knotted+Carpets+from+the+Taklamakan%3A+A+Medium+of+Ideological+and+Aesthetic+Exchange+on+the+Silk+Road%2C+700+BCE%E2%80%93700+CE&rft.volume=17&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedspace.american.edu%2Fsilkroadjournal%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F984%2F2020%2F02%2F5-Zhang-Knotted-Carpets-from-the-Taklamakan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dwyer, Bede (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11997831">"Scythian-Style Bows Discovered in Xinjiang"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002851/https://www.academia.edu/11997831">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Archer-Antiquaries&rft.atitle=Scythian-Style+Bows+Discovered+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Bede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11997831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFesta" class="citation journal cs1">Festa, Marcella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/12881/823403-1197579.pdf?sequence=2">"Bronze Age communities and bronze metallurgy in Xinjiang"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Studi sull'Africa e sull'Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725182214/http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/12881/823403-1197579.pdf?sequence=2">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Other than in the Scythian regions in the north and west, similar bows were discovered in the Turfan Basin, at the sites of Subeixi, Yanghai and Shengjindian (all dating to the first millennium BC by carbon dating and typological analysis), while there is little evidence in other areas of Xinjiang1199. Given that the complex shape of these bows was unlikely to have been accidental, it can be suggested that the knowhow for producing these objects came from the northern Scythian region, in South-western Siberia, and reached Southern Xinjiang across the Turfan Basin....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corso+di+Dottorato+di+ricerca+in+Studi+sull%27Africa+e+sull%27Asia&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+communities+and+bronze+metallurgy+in+Xinjiang&rft.aulast=Festa&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.unive.it%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10579%2F12881%2F823403-1197579.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangNingScott2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.599..256Z">2021Natur.599..256Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7">10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">8580821</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34707286">34707286</a>. <q>However, although Afanasievo-related ancestry has been confirmed among Iron Age Dzungarian populations (around 200–400 BC)7, and Tocharian is recorded in Buddhist texts from the Tarim Basin dating to ad 500–1000 (ref. 13), little is known about earlier Xinjiang populations and their possible genetic relationships with the Afanasievo or other groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Tarim+Basin+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.599..256Z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34707286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft.au=Scott%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, J. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/52-3/mallory.pdf">"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Expedition</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002808/https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/52-3/mallory.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Once one excludes all the languages imported by foreign missionaries, outside merchants, Chinese administrators, and later Turkic invaders, we are effectively left with two main language groups in the Tarim Basin that might be associated with at least some of the Tarim mummies of the Bronze Age and Iron Age: Khotanese Saka (or any other remnant of the Scythians of the Eurasian steppe) and Tocharian. Of course, totally different languages may have been spoken by these populations, especially if they were derived from native Neolithic groups, whose languages did not survive into the historical record.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+Languages+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2F52-3%2Fmallory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, J. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/52-3/mallory.pdf">"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Expedition</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002808/https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/52-3/mallory.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>The tall hats of the female mummies from Subeshi might also pass for a Saka trait, and so identification of some of the mummies with the Saka or Iranian speakers in the northeast Tarim is a serious possibility (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+Languages+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=50&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2F52-3%2Fmallory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Xin, Xiaoyu (2015). "Research on Prehistoric Hats in Xinjiang (2000 BC–200 BC)". <i>Asian Social Science</i>. <b>11</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2FASS.V11N7P333">10.5539/ASS.V11N7P333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56018775">56018775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Research+on+Prehistoric+Hats+in+Xinjiang+%282000+BC%E2%80%93200+BC%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5539%2FASS.V11N7P333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56018775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xin&rft.aufirst=Xiaoyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaujard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Beaujard, Philippe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752924">"From Three Possible Iron-Age World-Systems to a Single Afro-Eurasian World-System"</a>. <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 9, note 20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-6007">1045-6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752924">20752924</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101194543/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752924">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=From+Three+Possible+Iron-Age+World-Systems+to+a+Single+Afro-Eurasian+World-System&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9%2C+note+20&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20752924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1045-6007&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20752924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertmannYibulayinmuWagnerTaylor2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wertmann, Patrick; Yibulayinmu, Maria; Wagner, Mayke; Taylor, Chris; Müller, Samira; Xu, Dongliang; Elkina, Irina; Leipe, Christian; Deng, Yonghong; Tarasov, Pavel E. (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352226723000235#bb0405">"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"</a>. <i>Archaeological Research in Asia</i>. <b>35</b>: 100451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451">10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-2267">2352-2267</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526174905/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352226723000235#bb0405">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=The+earliest+directly+dated+saddle+for+horse-riding+from+a+mid-1st+millennium+BCE+female+burial+in+Northwest+China&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=100451&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2023.100451&rft.issn=2352-2267&rft.aulast=Wertmann&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Yibulayinmu%2C+Maria&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Chris&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Samira&rft.au=Xu%2C+Dongliang&rft.au=Elkina%2C+Irina&rft.au=Leipe%2C+Christian&rft.au=Deng%2C+Yonghong&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2352226723000235%23bb0405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/26565">"Scale Armor Subeixi or Scythian"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160606173935/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/26565">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Scale+Armor+Subeixi+or+Scythian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F26565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShao" class="citation journal cs1">Shao, Hui-qiu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2013/0415/20130415020204937.pdf">"Research on the Subeixi Culture in Xinjiang"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>边疆考古研究</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101194545/https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2013/0415/20130415020204937.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%BE%B9%E7%96%86%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=Research+on+the+Subeixi+Culture+in+Xinjiang&rft.aulast=Shao&rft.aufirst=Hui-qiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinoss.net%2Fuploadfile%2F2013%2F0415%2F20130415020204937.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Xin, Xiaoyu (2015). "Research on Prehistoric Hats in Xinjiang (2000 BC–200 BC)". <i>Asian Social Science</i>. <b>11</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2FASS.V11N7P333">10.5539/ASS.V11N7P333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56018775">56018775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Research+on+Prehistoric+Hats+in+Xinjiang+%282000+BC%E2%80%93200+BC%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5539%2FASS.V11N7P333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56018775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xin&rft.aufirst=Xiaoyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440309000636#:~:text=A%20stem%20was%20discovered%20in,at%20least%20from%20that%20time.">"Evidence for early viticulture in China: Proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>36</b> (7): 1458–1465. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1458J">2009JArSc..36.1458J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2009.02.010">10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101194543/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440309000636#:~:text=A%20stem%20was%20discovered%20in,at%20least%20from%20that%20time.">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>A stem was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Yanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai">Yanghai</a> Tombs, Turpan District in Xinjiang, China. Anatomical features showed it to be of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiocarbon dating indicates it to be nearly 2300 years old, which would suggest that there was grape cultivation at least from that time. To date, this is the earliest physical evidence of V. vinifera cultivation in China.(...) By the studying of the ancient grapevine, we have gained new insight into the viticulture in China. Based on the physical evidence, we have been able to confirm one of the conclusions drawn by Yang (2003), namely that the cultivated grape (V. vinifera) was introduced into Xinjiang around 300 BCE. On the other hand, we would also argue that the earliest grape cultivation in China was not in the western and southern part of the Tarim Basin, but in the Turpan Basin, based on the evidence to date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+early+viticulture+in+China%3A+Proof+of+a+grapevine+%28Vitis+vinifera+L.%2C+Vitaceae%29+in+the+Yanghai+tombs%2C+Xinjiang.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1458-1465&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2009.02.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JArSc..36.1458J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0305440309000636%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520stem%2520was%2520discovered%2520in%2Cat%2520least%2520from%2520that%2520time.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWagnerWuTarasov2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Li, Xiao; Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xiaohong; Tarasov, Pavel; Zhang, Yongbin; Schmidt, Arno; Goslar, Tomasz; Gresky, Julia (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010">"Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. 290–291: 335–343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.290..335L">2013QuInt.290..335L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010">10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002814/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618212003370?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Ten radiocarbon dates on the prosthesis, human bones and wood pieces from the same grave suggest the most probable age of the burial is about 300–200 BC (68% confidence interval), thus introducing the oldest functional leg prosthesis known to date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Archaeological+and+palaeopathological+study+on+the+third%2Fsecond+century+BC+grave+from+Turfan%2C+China%3A+Individual+health+history+and+regional+implications&rft.volume=290%E2%80%93291&rft.pages=335-343&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuInt.290..335L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yongbin&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Arno&rft.au=Goslar%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Gresky%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubeshi+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template talk:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric cultures of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Northeastern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuheliang" title="Niuheliang">Niuheliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan_culture" title="Xiaoheyan culture">Xiaoheyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohushan_culture" title="Laohushan culture">Laohushan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xituanshan" title="Xituanshan">Xituanshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijinbao_culture" title="Baijinbao culture">Baijinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi_culture" title="Jinggouzi culture">Jinggouzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaodaogou_culture" title="Chaodaogou culture">Chaodaogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Upper Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicha_culture" title="Xicha culture">Xicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou_culture" title="Maoqinggou culture">Maoqinggou</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Majiayuan_site" title="Majiayuan site">Majiayuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijia_culture" title="Baijia culture">Baijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguanzhai" title="Yangguanzhai">Yangguanzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao">Shimao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengziya" title="Chengziya">Chengziya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle and Upper Yangtze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashidang" title="Bashidang">Bashidang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengbeixi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengbeixi culture (page does not exist)">Chengbeixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangjiagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangjiagang (page does not exist)">Tangjiagang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_site" title="Jinsha site">Jinsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijiahe_culture" title="Feijiahe culture">Feijiahe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yangtze and Huai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjiatan_culture" title="Lingjiatan culture">Lingjiatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfulin" title="Guangfulin">Guangfulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqiao_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqiao culture (page does not exist)">Maqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Southern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zengpiyan" title="Zengpiyan">Zengpiyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shixia_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shixia culture (page does not exist)">Shixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayangzhou_site" title="Dayangzhou site">Dayangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui_culture" title="Fanchengdui culture">Fanchengdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui" title="Fanchengdui">Fanchengdui</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karuo_culture" title="Karuo culture">Karuo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qugong_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qugong culture (page does not exist)">Qugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabenkeng_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabenkeng culture">Dabenkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinan culture">Beinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yumin culture (page does not exist)">Yumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture">Xichengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology" title="Category:Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&oldid=1250790279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subeshi_culture&oldid=1250790279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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