CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tarim mummies - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c9e9ca98-823d-4da0-bdcf-8c5900422c75","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tarim_mummies","wgTitle":"Tarim mummies","wgCurRevisionId":1259157056,"wgRevisionId":1259157056,"wgArticleId":2009315,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2022","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages using template Zh with sup tags","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Coordinates on Wikidata","Tarim mummies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tarim_mummies","wgRelevantArticleId":2009315,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":40.336453,"lon":88.672422},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2002185","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/1200px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/800px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/640px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tarim mummies - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_mummies"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_mummies"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tarim_mummies rootpage-Tarim_mummies skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tarim+mummies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tarim+mummies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tarim+mummies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tarim+mummies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Archaeological record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation_from_Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation_from_Ancient_North_Eurasians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Derivation from Ancient North Eurasians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_from_Ancient_North_Eurasians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posited_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posited_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Posited origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posited_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_records_and_associated_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_records_and_associated_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical records and associated texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_records_and_associated_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical records and associated texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_records_and_associated_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chinese sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rouzhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rouzhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Rouzhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rouzhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tocharian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tocharian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tocharian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tocharian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_cultural_transmission_from_West_to_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_cultural_transmission_from_West_to_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arguments for cultural transmission from West to East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_cultural_transmission_from_West_to_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Famous mummies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_mummies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famous mummies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famous_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Princess_of_Xiaohe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Princess_of_Xiaohe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The Princess of Xiaohe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Princess_of_Xiaohe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Beauty_of_Loulan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Beauty_of_Loulan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The Beauty of Loulan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Beauty_of_Loulan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other mummies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yingpan_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yingpan_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Yingpan man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yingpan_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarim mummies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مومياوات تاريم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مومياوات تاريم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Таримски мумии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таримски мумии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2mies_del_Tarim" title="Mòmies del Tarim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mòmies del Tarim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarimsk%C3%A9_mumie" title="Tarimské mumie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tarimské mumie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim-Mumien" title="Tarim-Mumien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tarim-Mumien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momias_del_Tarim" title="Momias del Tarim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Momias del Tarim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim-mumioj" title="Tarim-mumioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tarim-mumioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momies_du_Tarim" title="Momies du Tarim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Momies du Tarim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թարիմյան մումիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թարիմյան մումիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumi-mumi_Tarim" title="Mumi-mumi Tarim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mumi-mumi Tarim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummie_del_Tarim" title="Mummie del Tarim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mummie del Tarim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტარიმის მუმიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტარიმის მუმიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarimo_mumijos" title="Tarimo mumijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarimo mumijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarimi_m%C3%BAmi%C3%A1k" title="Tarimi múmiák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tarimi múmiák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim-mummies" title="Tarim-mummies – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tarim-mummies" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim-mumiene" title="Tarim-mumiene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tarim-mumiene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krurova_go%CA%BBzallari" title="Krurova goʻzallari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Krurova goʻzallari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C4%99kno%C5%9B%C4%87_z_Loulan" title="Piękność z Loulan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piękność z Loulan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Таримские мумии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таримские мумии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takla_Makan-mumierna" title="Takla Makan-mumierna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Takla Makan-mumierna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="తారిమ్ మమ్మీలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తారిమ్ మమ్మీలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C4%B1m_Mumyalar%C4%B1" title="Tarım Mumyaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarım Mumyaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97" title="Таримські мумії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таримські мумії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="新疆木乃伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新疆木乃伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2002185#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tarim_mummies" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tarim_mummies" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tarim_mummies" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&oldid=1259157056" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tarim_mummies&id=1259157056&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTarim_mummies"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTarim_mummies"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tarim_mummies&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tarim_mummies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2002185" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tarim_mummies&params=40.336453_N_88.672422_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°20′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°40′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.336453°N 88.672422°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.336453; 88.672422</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Tarim mummies</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarim mummies is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Tarim mummies is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png/300px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png/450px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png/600px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 2000 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-2000</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x83" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:83px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EBLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x89" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:89px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MARI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x82" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:82px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ASSYRIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x75" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Jeul-<br />mun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x52" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:52px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Andronovo<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x35" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:35px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sintashta<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x75" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>BMAC</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x83" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:83px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Vakhsh</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x40" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Ancient<br />Northeast Asians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x68" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:68px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tarim<br />mummies</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_178x28" style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:28px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Okunev</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x27" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Elunino_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Elunino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Elunino</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x32" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:32px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Glazkov</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_164x38" style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:38px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karakol_culture" title="Karakol culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Karakol</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_129x15" style="position:absolute; left:129px; top:15px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Samus</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_255x58" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:58px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Lower<br />Xiajiadian</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_159x51" style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:51px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Chemurchek</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_112x33" style="position:absolute; left:112px; top:33px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Seima-Turbino<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x95" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x98" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:98px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ELAM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x95" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDUS<br />VALLEY<br />CIVILIZATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_01x100" style="position:absolute; left:01px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EGYPT<br />MIDDLE<br />KINGDOM</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_06x125" style="position:absolute; left:06px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kerma<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_233x84" style="position:absolute; left:233px; top:84px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Longshan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x80" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:80px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Qijia</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_188x70" style="position:absolute; left:188px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Xichengyi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x62" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:62px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tianshanbeilu_culture" title="Tianshanbeilu culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Linya</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x65" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Zhukaigou</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x73" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:73px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shimao</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_213x97" style="position:absolute; left:213px; top:97px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Baodun</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x100" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:100px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shijiahe</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x20" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Abashevo<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x40" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Catacomb<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Location of the Tarim mummies (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#deb887"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#DEB887;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), with other contemporary cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">c. <a href="/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC">2100 BCE</a> – <a href="/wiki/1_BC" title="1 BC">1 BCE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/300px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/450px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/600px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The "Xiaohe Mummy", exhibited in Xinjiang Museum, is one of the oldest Tarim mummies, dating more than 3800 years ago. Another mummy from the same place is the "<a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe" title="Princess of Xiaohe">Princess of Xiaohe</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tarim mummies</b> are a series of <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummies</a> discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, which date from <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin#Early_periods" title="Tarim Basin">1800 BCE to the first centuries BCE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a new group of individuals recently dated to between c. 2100 and 1700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-School_of_Life_Sciences_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_of_Life_Sciences-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tarim population to which the earliest mummies belonged was agropastoral, and they lived c. 2000 BCE in what was formerly a freshwater environment, which has now become desertified.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genomic study published in 2021 found that these early mummies (dating from 2,135 to 1,623 BCE) had high levels of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> ancestry (ANE, about 72%), with smaller admixture from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northeast Asians">Ancient Northeast Asians</a> (ANA, about 28%), but no detectable <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herder" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Steppe Herder">Western Steppe-related ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2021a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2021a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They formed a genetically isolated local population that "adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mummified individuals were long suspected to have been "<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tocharian">Proto-Tocharian</a>-speaking pastoralists", ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>, but this has now been largely discredited by their absence of a genetic connection with <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>-speaking migrants, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasievo">Afanasievo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Tarim Mummies dated to the Iron Age (1st millennium BCE), such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a>, have characteristics closely resembling those of the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, in particular in the areas of weaponry, horse gear and garments.<sup id="cite_ref-LX_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LX-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are candidates as the Iron Age predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rather recent easternmost mummies at <a href="/wiki/Qumul" class="mw-redirect" title="Qumul">Qumul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Yanbulaq culture</a>, 1100–500 BCE), provide the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin, and have a mix of "Europoid" and "Mongoloid" mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Archaeological record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_(Tarim_detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png/330px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png/495px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png/660px-Map_of_the_Tarim_Mummies_%28Tarim_detail%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a>, and area of the Tarim mummies (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#deb887"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#DEB887;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) with main burial sites.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AurelSteinWithDog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AurelSteinWithDog.jpg/220px-AurelSteinWithDog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AurelSteinWithDog.jpg/330px-AurelSteinWithDog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AurelSteinWithDog.jpg/440px-AurelSteinWithDog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> in the Tarim Basin, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, European explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Sven_Hedin" title="Sven Hedin">Sven Hedin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> all recounted their discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a> bodies in their search for <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, numerous other mummies have been found and analyzed, many of them now displayed in the museums of Xinjiang. Most of these mummies were found on the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (around the area of <a href="/wiki/Lopnur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopnur">Lopnur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subeshi">Subeshi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Kumul</a>), or along the southern edge of the Tarim Basin (<a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niya_(Tarim_Basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya (Tarim Basin)">Niya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cherchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherchen">Cherchen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Qiemo_County" title="Qiemo County">Qiemo</a>). </p><p>According to <a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair (2000)</a>, the earliest Tarim mummies, found at <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A4wrighul" class="mw-redirect" title="Qäwrighul">Qäwrighul</a> (Gumugou) and dated to 2135–1939 BCE, were classified in a <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometric</a> analysis as belonging to a "Proto-Europoid" type, whose closest affiliation is to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> populations of southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Central Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River#Human_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Lower Volga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revised craniometric analyses by <a href="#CITEREFHemphillMallory2003">Hemphill & Mallory (2003)</a> on the early Tarim mummies (Qäwrighul) failed to demonstrate close phenetic affinities to "Europoid populations", but rather found that they formed their own cluster, distinct from the European-related Steppe pastoralists of the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo cultures</a>, or the inhabitants of the Western Asian <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> culture. Later Tarim mummies displayed varying affinities with Andronovo-like, BMAC-like or Han-like populations, suggesting different waves of migration into the Tarim basin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infant_mummy_(Tarim).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg/220px-Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg/330px-Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg/440px-Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Mummified infant son of "Ur-David" (1000 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable mummies are the tall, red-haired "<a href="/wiki/Cherchen_Man" title="Cherchen Man">Chärchän man</a>" or the "Ur-David" (1000 BCE); his son (1000 BCE), a 1-year-old baby with brown hair protruding from under a red and blue felt cap, with two stones positioned over its eyes; the "Hami Mummy" (c. 1400–800 BCE), a "red-headed beauty" found in Qizilchoqa; and the "Witches of Subeshi" (4th or 3rd century BCE), who wore 2-foot-long (0.61 m) black felt conical hats with a flat brim.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also found at Subeshi was a man with traces of a surgical operation on his abdomen; the incision is sewn up with sutures made of horsehair.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taklamakan-d43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Taklamakan-d43.jpg/220px-Taklamakan-d43.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Taklamakan-d43.jpg/330px-Taklamakan-d43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Taklamakan-d43.jpg/440px-Taklamakan-d43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> Desert is very dry, which helped considerably in the preservation of the mummies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the mummies have been found in very good condition, owing to the dryness of the desert and the desiccation it produced in the corpses. The mummies share many typical Caucasian body features, and many of them have their hair physically intact, ranging in color from blond to red to deep brown, and generally long, curly and braided. Their costumes, and especially <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, may indicate a common origin with Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> clothing techniques or a common low-level textile technology. Chärchän man wore a red <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a> tunic and <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> leggings. Textile expert <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wayland_Barber" title="Elizabeth Wayland Barber">Elizabeth Wayland Barber</a>, who examined the tartan-style cloth, discusses similarities between it and fragments recovered from <a href="/wiki/Salt_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt mines">salt mines</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the arid conditions and exceptional preservation, tattoos have been identified on mummies from several sites around the Tarim Basin, including Qäwrighul, <a href="/wiki/Yanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai">Yanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shengjindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengjindian">Shengjindian</a>, Shanpula (Sampul), Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been asserted that the textiles found with the mummies are of an early European textile type based on close similarities to fragmentary textiles found in salt mines in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, dating from the second millennium BCE. Anthropologist Irene Good, a specialist in early Eurasian textiles, noted the woven diagonal twill pattern indicated the use of a rather sophisticated loom and said that the textile is "the easternmost known example of this kind of weaving technique".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Yanbulaq</a> contained 29 mummies which dated from 1100 to 500 BCE, 21 of which are <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>—the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin—and eight of which are of the same Caucasian physical type as found at Qäwrighul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg/170px-EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg/255px-EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg/340px-EuropoidMaskLopNurChina2000-1000BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> mask from Lop Nur, China, 2000–1000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995, Mair claimed that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Europoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Europoid">Europoid</a>" with east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago while the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> peoples arrived around the year 842. In trying to trace the origins of these populations, Victor Mair's team suggested that they may have arrived in the region by way of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> about 5,000 years ago. </p><p>Mair has claimed that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The new finds are also forcing a reexamination of old Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of great height, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards, and red or blond hair. Scholars have traditionally scoffed at these accounts, but it now seems that they may be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_V_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair_V-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2007, the Chinese government allowed a <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> team headed by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Wells" title="Spencer Wells">Spencer Wells</a> to examine the mummies' DNA. Wells was able to extract undegraded DNA from the internal tissues. The scientists extracted enough material to suggest the Tarim Basin was continually inhabited from 2000 BCE to 300 BCE and preliminary results indicate the people, rather than having a single origin, originated from Europe, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, Indus Valley and other regions yet to be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-genetics_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_(Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4%29.jpg/170px-Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4%29.jpg/255px-Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4%29.jpg/340px-Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28Burial_XHM66_from_layer_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>Burial XHM66 from Xiaohe cemetery, with boat-shaped coffin and mummified remains dressed in woollen garments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2008 study by <a href="/wiki/Jilin_University" title="Jilin University">Jilin University</a> showed that the Yuansha population has relatively close relationships with the modern populations of South Central Asia and <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, as well as with the ancient population of Chawuhu.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genetics2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals found at the <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Tomb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaohe Tomb complex">Xiaohe Tomb complex</a> were analyzed for <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the maternal lineages of the Xiaohe people originated from both East Asia and West Eurasia, whereas the paternal lineages all originated from West Eurasia. The East Eurasian mtDNA carried by the Tarim mummies is mtDNA haplogroup C and the particular subclade found in the Tarim mummies originates from southeast Siberians like <a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udeghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a> and not from East Asians, who carry mtDNA haplogroup C at a far lower rate and carry different subclades of mtDNA C.<sup id="cite_ref-genetics_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> analysis showed that maternal lineages carried by the people at Xiaohe included mtDNA <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup R (mtDNA)">R*</a>, which are now most common in West Eurasia. Also found were haplogroups common in modern populations from East Asia: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup B (mtDNA)">B5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G2a</a>. Haplogroups now common in Central Asian or Siberian populations included: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_C4" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_C5" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C5</a>. Haplogroups later regarded as typically South Asian included <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M*</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-genetics2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li et al. (2010) found that nearly all – 11 out of 12 males, or around 92% – belonged to <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroup</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a1_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)">R1a1a-M198</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are now most common in Northern India and Eastern Europe; the remaining one belonged to the exceptionally rare paragroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M9#Origins_and_distribution" title="Haplogroup K-M9">K*</a> (M9) from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographic location of this admixing is unknown, although south Siberia is likely.<sup id="cite_ref-genetics_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The Xiaohe mummy (not the "<a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe" title="Princess of Xiaohe">Princess of Xiaohe</a>") exhibited in Xinjiang Museum – full view</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese historian Ji Xianlin says China "supported and admired" research by foreign experts into the mummies. "However, within China a small group of ethnic separatists have taken advantage of this opportunity to stir up trouble and are acting like buffoons. Some of them have even styled themselves the descendants of these ancient 'white people' with the aim of dividing the motherland. But these perverse acts will not succeed."<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barber addresses these claims by noting that "<a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Loulan" title="Beauty of Loulan">The Loulan Beauty</a> is scarcely closer to 'Turkic' in her anthropological type than she is to Han Chinese. The body and facial forms associated with Turks and Mongols began to appear in the Tarim cemeteries only in the first millennium BCE, fifteen hundred years after this woman lived."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199972_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199972-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the "fear of fuelling separatist currents", the Xinjiang museum, regardless of dating, displays all their mummies, both Tarim and Han, together.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 the School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, China, analyzed 13 individuals from the Tarim basin, dated to c. 2100–1700 BC, and assigned 2 to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">Y-haplogroup R1b1b-PH155/PH4796</a> (R1b1c in ISOGG2016), 1 – to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)">Y-haplogroup R1-PF6136</a> (xR1a, xR1b1a).<sup id="cite_ref-School_of_Life_Sciences_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_of_Life_Sciences-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation_from_Ancient_North_Eurasians">Derivation from Ancient North Eurasians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Derivation from Ancient North Eurasians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2021 genetic study on the Tarim mummies (13 mummies, including 11 from <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a>, ranging from 2,135 to 1,623 BCE) found that they were most closely related to an earlier identified group called the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasians</a>, particularly the population represented by the <i><a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> 3</i> specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic profile of the <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies from Xiaohe, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northeast Asians">Ancient Northeast Asians</a> (ANA, Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal Lake">Baikal</a> populations).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2021a_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2021a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarim mummies from Beifang have a slightly higher amount of ANA ancestry and can be modelled as having 89% Xiaohe-like ancestry and about 11% ANA ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> populations who derive most of their ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a> (ANE, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta">Mal'ta</a> and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2021b_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2021b-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than any other ancient population, the Tarim mummies can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2021b_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2021b-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_(K8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_%28K8%29.jpg/220px-Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_%28K8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_%28K8%29.jpg/330px-Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_%28K8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_%28K8%29.jpg/440px-Eurasian_genetic_ancestry_components_%28K8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Frequency of Eurasian ancestral components in the context of the early Tarim mummies. ANE-like ancestry, maximized in the Paleolithic Afontova Gora 3 specimen as well as in the "Tarim_EMBA1" samples, is displayed in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tests on their genetic legacy also found that many groups in <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> derive varying degrees of ancestry from a population related to the Tarim mummies. The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik people</a> show the relative highest affinity with the Tarim mummies, although their main ancestry is linked to Bronze Age Steppe pastoralists (<a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png/770px-Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png/1155px-Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png/1540px-Genetic_ancestry_and_admixture_of_ancient_populations_of_Eurasia.png 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Genetic ancestry and admixture of ancient populations of Eurasia. The Tarim mummies (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffd75f"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFd75f;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) are unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#32cd32"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#32CD32;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>). They are instead mainly descended from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a> (ANE, 72%), with relatively minor <a href="/wiki/Baikal_EBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal EBA">Baikal EBA</a> admixture (28%), and remained essentially in genetic isolation. "The Tarim mummies' so-called Western physical features are probably due to their connection to the Pleistocene ANE gene pool".<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2021a_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2021a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posited_origins">Posited origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Posited origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg/220px-%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg/330px-%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg/440px-%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a female individual from <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Museum" title="Xinjiang Museum">Xinjiang Museum</a>. The Tarim mummies are considered as the "best representatives" of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mallory and Mair (2000) propose the movement of at least two Caucasian physical types into the Tarim Basin. The authors associate these types with the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a>) branches of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, archaeology and linguistics professor <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wayland_Barber" title="Elizabeth Wayland Barber">Elizabeth Wayland Barber</a> cautions against assuming the mummies spoke Tocharian, noting a gap of about a thousand years between the mummies and the documented Tocharians: "people can change their language at will, without altering a single gene or freckle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1999119_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1999119-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, linguistics professor Ronald Kim argues that the amount of divergence between the attested Tocharian languages necessitates that Proto-Tocharian must have preceded their attestation by a millennium or so. This would coincide with the timeframe during which the Tarim Basin culture was in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>B. E. Hemphill's biodistance analysis of <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">cranial metrics</a> (as cited in <a href="#CITEREFLarsen2002">Larsen 2002</a> and <a href="#CITEREFSchurr2001">Schurr 2001</a>) has questioned the identification of the Tarim Basin population as European, noting that the earlier population forms their own distinct cluster and having closer affinities to two specimens from the <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> site of the Indus Valley civilisation, while the later Tarim population displays closer affinities with the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus River</a> valley population. Because craniometry can produce results which make no sense at all (e.g. the close relationship between <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> populations in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and therefore lack any historical meaning, any putative genetic relationship must be consistent with geographical plausibility and have the support of other evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han Kangxin, who examined the skulls of 302 mummies, found the closest relatives of the earlier Tarim Basin population in the populations of the <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a> situated immediately north of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> that spanned <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and reached southwards into West <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236–237_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236–237-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the Afanasevo culture to which <a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair (2000</a>:294–296, 314–318) trace the earliest Bronze Age settlers of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> basins. The Afanasevo culture (c. 3500–2500 BCE) displays cultural and genetic connections with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> yet predates the specifically <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a>-associated Andronovo culture (c. 2000–900 BCE) enough to isolate the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian languages</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> linguistic innovations like <a href="/wiki/Satemization" class="mw-redirect" title="Satemization">satemization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000260,_294–296,_314–318_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000260,_294–296,_314–318-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mair concluded: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the evidence available, we have found that during the first 1,000 years after the <a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a> Beauty, the only settlers in the Tarim Basin were Caucasoid. East Asian peoples only began showing up in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3,000 years ago, Mair said, while the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uighur peoples</a> arrived after the collapse of the Orkon Uighur Kingdom, largely based in modern day Mongolia, around the year 842.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="#CITEREFHemphillMallory2003">Hemphill & Mallory (2003)</a> note the existence of an additional physical type at Alwighul (700–1 BCE) and Krorän (200 CE) different from the earlier one found at Qäwrighul (1800 BCE) and Yanbulaq (1100–500 BCE), while finding no evidence of significant Steppe-related contributions to these remains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qäwrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qäwrighul represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria. ... This study confirms the assertion of Han [1998] that the occupants of Alwighul and <a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Krorän</a> are not derived from proto-European steppe populations, but share closest affinities with Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> populations. Further, the results demonstrate that such Eastern Mediterraneans may also be found at the urban centers of the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a> located in the north <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> oasis to the west. Affinities are especially close between Krorän, the latest of the Xinjiang samples, and Sapalli, the earliest of the Bactrian samples, while Alwighul and later samples from Bactria exhibit more distant phenetic affinities. This pattern may reflect a possible major shift in interregional contacts in Central Asia in the early centuries of the second millennium BCE. ... Nevertheless, there is no support for the hypothesis that steppe populations contributed significantly to Bronze Age populations of the Tarim Basin. Despite numerous similarities between Afanasievo and Andronovo artifacts and Bronze Age artifacts from Xinjiang (Bunker, 1998; Chen and Hiebert, 1995; Kuzmina, 1998; Mei and Shell, 1998; Peng, 1998), all analyses of phenetic relationships consistently reveal a profound phenetic separation between steppe samples and the samples from the Tarim Basin (Qäwrighul, Alwighul, and Krorän).</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_(Tarim-MA1_proximity).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_%28Tarim-MA1_proximity%29.png/220px-Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_%28Tarim-MA1_proximity%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_%28Tarim-MA1_proximity%29.png/330px-Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_%28Tarim-MA1_proximity%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_%28Tarim-MA1_proximity%29.png/440px-Genetic_structure_of_ancient_and_present-day_populations_%28Tarim-MA1_proximity%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim Mummies">Tarim Mummies</a> have a strong genetic proximity with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasians</a> (here represented by the MA-1 human specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta-Buret%27_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta-Buret' culture">Mal'ta-Buret' culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 24,000 BP</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Zhang et al. (2021) proposed that the 'Western' like features of the earlier Tarim mummies could be attributed to their <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous craniometric analyses on the early Tarim mummies found that they were forming a distinct cluster of their own, and neither clustered with European-related Steppe pastoralists from the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a>, nor with inhabitants of the Western Asian <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> culture, or East Asian populations further East.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_records_and_associated_texts">Historical records and associated texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical records and associated texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_sources">Chinese sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chinese sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infant_mummy_(Tarim).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg/330px-Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg/495px-Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg/660px-Infant_mummy_%28Tarim%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Infant Tarim mummy, son of the <a href="/wiki/Cherchen_Man" title="Cherchen Man">Cherchen Man</a>, circa 1000 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Western Regions (<i>Hsi-yu</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">西域</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīyù</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsi<sup>1</sup>-yü<sup>4</sup></span></i>) is the historical name in China, between the 3rd century BCE and 8th century CE for regions west of <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a>, including the Tarim and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the peoples of the Western Regions were described in Chinese sources as having full beards, red or blond hair, deep-set blue or green eyes and high noses.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chinese sources, the <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city states</a> of the Tarim reached the height of their political power during the 3rd to 4th centuries CE,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this may actually indicate an increase in Chinese involvement in the Tarim, following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rouzhi">The Rouzhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Rouzhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rouzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouzhi">Rouzhi</a></div> <p>Reference to the <a href="/wiki/Rouzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouzhi">Rouzhi</a> name was possibly made around 7th century BCE by the Chinese philosopher <a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">his book</a> is generally considered to be a later forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115–127">: 115–127 </span></sup> Guan Zhong described a group called either the Yuzhi 禺氏 or Niuzhi 牛氏 as a people from the north-west who supplied <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> to the Chinese from the nearby mountains of Yuzhi 禺氏 at <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. </p><p>After the Rouzhi experienced a series of major defeats at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, during the 2nd century BCE, a group known as the Greater Rouzhi migrated to Bactria, where they established the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. By the 1st century CE, the Kushan Empire had expanded significantly and may have annexed part of the Tarim Basin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tocharian_languages">Tocharian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tocharian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tocharian.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tocharian.JPG/220px-Tocharian.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tocharian.JPG/330px-Tocharian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tocharian.JPG/440px-Tocharian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Wooden tablet with an inscription showing Tocharian B in its Brahmic form. <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 5th–8th century (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The degree of differentiation between the language known to modern scholars as <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian A">Tocharian A</a> (or by the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i>Ārśi-käntwa</i>; "<a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">tongue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Ārśi</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian B">Tocharian B</a> (<i>Kuśiññe</i>; [adjective] "of <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchean">Kuchean</a>"), as well as the less-well attested <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian C">Tocharian C</a> (which is associated with the city-state of <i><a href="/wiki/Kror%C3%A4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Krorän">Krorän</a></i>, also known as <i>Loulan</i>), and the absence of evidence for these beyond the Tarim, tends to indicate that a common, proto-Tocharian language existed in the Tarim during the second half of the 1st millennium BCE. Tocharian is attested in documents between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, although the first known <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphic</a> evidence dates to the 6th century CE. </p><p>Although the Tarim mummies preceded the Tocharian texts by around 2,000 years, their shared geographical location and links to Western Eurasia have led many scholars to suggest that the mummies were related to the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian peoples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_cultural_transmission_from_West_to_East">Arguments for cultural transmission from West to East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arguments for cultural transmission from West to East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The possible presence of speakers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in the Tarim Basin by about 2000 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could, if confirmed, be interpreted as evidence that cultural exchanges occurred among Indo-European and Chinese populations at a very early date. It has been suggested that such techniques as <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>-making may have been transmitted to the east by these Indo-European nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumer_2000,_p._28_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumer_2000,_p._28-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallory and Mair also note that: "Prior to <i>c</i>. 2000 BC, finds of metal artifacts in China are exceedingly few, simple and, puzzlingly, already made of alloyed copper (and hence questionable)." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_(wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75%29.jpg/170px-Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75%29.jpg/255px-Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75%29.jpg/340px-Burial_goods_excavated_from_the_Xiaohe_cemetery_%28wooden_sculpture_excavated_from_the_upper_layer_of_a_double-layer_mud_coffin_of_XHM75%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Wooden sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaohe cemetery">Xiaohe cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While stressing that the argument as to whether bronze technology travelled from China to the West or that "the earliest bronze technology in China was stimulated by contacts with western steppe cultures", is far from settled in scholarly circles, they suggest that the evidence so far favours the latter scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000327–328_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000327–328-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the culture and the technology in the northwest region of Tarim basin were less advanced than that in the East China of Yellow River-<a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> (c. 2070–1600 BCE) or <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a> (c. 3100–2600 BCE), the earliest bronze-using cultures in China, which implies that the northwest region did not use copper or any metal until bronze technology was introduced to the region by the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> in about 1600 BC. The earliest bronze artifacts in China are found at the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiayao">Majiayao</a> site (between 3100 and 2700 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is from this location and time period that Chinese Bronze Age spread. Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Erlitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlitou">Erlitou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Erh-li-t'ou</span></i>) period, which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_1982_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang_1982-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat,_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/170px-Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/255px-Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg/340px-Cone-shaped_high-peaked_hat%2C_Subeshi_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Cone-shaped high-peaked hat, 1st millennium BCE, <a href="/wiki/Subeshi_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Subeshi cemetery">Subeshi cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsia</span></i>) dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_1982_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang_1982-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the "period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC", which begins with Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though that provides a concise frame of reference, it overlooks the continued importance of bronze in Chinese metallurgy and culture. Since that was significantly later than the discovery of bronze in Mesopotamia, bronze technology could have been imported, rather than being discovered independently in China. However, there is reason to believe that bronzework developed inside China, separately from outside influence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese official <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a>, who visited <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a> in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on many regions west of China. He believed to have discerned Greek influences in some of the kingdoms. He named <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transcription of "<a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arshak</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arsaces" title="Arsaces">Arsaces</a>), the name of the founder of <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Parthian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang Qian clearly identified Parthia as an advanced urban civilization that farmed grain and grapes and manufactured silver coins and leather goods.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang Qian equated Parthia's level of advancement to the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a> in Bactria. </p><p>The supplying of <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> to China from ancient times is well established, according to <a href="#CITEREFLiu2001">Liu (2001)</a>: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao" title="Tomb of Fu Hao">tomb of Fuhao</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhenxiang" title="Zheng Zhenxiang">Zheng Zhenxiang</a>, more than 750 pieces, were from <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. As early as the mid-first millennium BCE the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_mummies">Famous mummies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Famous mummies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Princess_of_Xiaohe">The Princess of Xiaohe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Princess of Xiaohe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarim-mumia-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tarim-mumia-4.jpg/216px-Tarim-mumia-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tarim-mumia-4.jpg/324px-Tarim-mumia-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tarim-mumia-4.jpg/432px-Tarim-mumia-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiaohe_cemetery_(female_mummy_with_European_features).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg/218px-Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg/327px-Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg/436px-Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The "<a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe" title="Princess of Xiaohe">Princess of Xiaohe</a>", dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800 BCE</span></div></div></div></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe" title="Princess of Xiaohe">Princess of Xiaohe</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">小河公主</span>) was unearthed and also named by the archaeologists of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology at Xiaohe Cemetery Tomb M11, 102 km west of Loulan, Nop Nur, Xinjiang in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has red hair and long eyelashes and was wrapped in a white wool cloak with tassels and wore a felt hat, string skirt, and fur-lined leather boots. She was buried with wooden pins and three small pouches of <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">ephedra</a> and twigs and branches of ephedra were placed beside the body.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is not permanently exhibited in any museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Beauty_of_Loulan">The Beauty of Loulan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Beauty of Loulan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Loulan" title="Beauty of Loulan">Beauty of Loulan</a></i> (also referred to as the "Loulan Beauty" or the "Beauty of <a href="/wiki/Kror%C3%A4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Krorän">Krorän</a>") is the most famous of the Tarim mummies, along with the <a href="/wiki/Cherchen_Man" title="Cherchen Man">Cherchen Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was discovered in 1980 by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> working on a film about the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. The mummy was discovered near <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nur</a>. She was buried 3 feet beneath the ground. The mummy was extremely well preserved because of the dry climate and the preservative properties of salt.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was wrapped in a woolen cloth; the cloth was made of two separate pieces and was not large enough to cover her entire body, thereby leaving her ankles exposed. The Beauty of Loulan was surrounded by funerary gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beauty of Loulan has been dated back to approximately 1800 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_of_Loulan_(reconstruction_and_original).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Beauty_of_Loulan_%28reconstruction_and_original%29.jpg/440px-Beauty_of_Loulan_%28reconstruction_and_original%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Beauty_of_Loulan_%28reconstruction_and_original%29.jpg/660px-Beauty_of_Loulan_%28reconstruction_and_original%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Beauty_of_Loulan_%28reconstruction_and_original%29.jpg/880px-Beauty_of_Loulan_%28reconstruction_and_original%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4846" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Loulan" title="Beauty of Loulan">Beauty of Loulan</a> (also "Beauty of Krorän"). Museum exhibit and detail of the face, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Museum" title="Xinjiang Museum">Xinjiang Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Beauty of Loulan lived around 1800 BCE, until about the age of 45, when she died. Her cause of death is likely due to lung failure from ingesting a large amount of sand, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and dust.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Elizabeth Barber, she probably died in the winter because of her provisions against the cold.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rough shape of her clothes and the <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a> in her hair suggest she lived a difficult life.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Beauty of Loulan's hair colour has been described as <a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">auburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her hair was infested with lice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beauty of Loulan is wearing clothing made of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>. Her hood is made of <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> and has a feather in it.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is wearing rough ankle-high <a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">moccasins</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, with fur on the outside. Her skirt is made of leather, with fur on the inside for warmth. She is also wearing a woolen cap. According to Elizabeth Barber, these provisions against the cold suggest she died during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beauty of Loulan possesses a <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">comb</a>, with four teeth remaining. Barber suggests that this comb was a dual purpose tool to comb hair and to "pack the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a> in tightly during weaving".bShe possesses a "neatly woven bag or soft basket". Grains of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> were discovered inside the bag.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 23-poem sequence on the Beauty of Loulan appears in the Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/Kim_Trainor" title="Kim Trainor">Kim Trainor</a>'s <i>Karyotype</i> (2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mummies">Other mummies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other mummies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another "Loulan Beauty", excavated in 2004. Buried at the age of 25, she is 3800 years old"><img alt="Another "Loulan Beauty", excavated in 2004. Buried at the age of 25, she is 3800 years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg/116px-Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg/174px-Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg/232px-Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loulan_Beauty_(2004)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Loulan Beauty (2004)">Loulan Beauty</a>", excavated in 2004. Buried at the age of 25, she is 3800 years old</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarim_ferfi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mummy from Xiaohe cemetery"><img alt="Mummy from Xiaohe cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tarim_ferfi.jpg/200px-Tarim_ferfi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tarim_ferfi.jpg/300px-Tarim_ferfi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tarim_ferfi.jpg/400px-Tarim_ferfi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mummy from <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaohe cemetery">Xiaohe cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Cherchen Man", dated c. 1000 BCE"><img alt="The "Cherchen Man", dated c. 1000 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg/200px-Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg/300px-Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg/400px-Cherchen_Man_mummy_in_XUAR_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Cherchen_Man" title="Cherchen Man">Cherchen Man</a>", dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A2800%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E5%92%8C%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%B8_Qiemo_Female_Mummy(about_2800_years_ago.She_belongs_to_a_Mixture_of_Europoid_and_Mongoloid_traits)4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wife of the "Cherchen Man", dated c. 1000 BCE"><img alt="A wife of the "Cherchen Man", dated c. 1000 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A2800%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E5%92%8C%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%B8_Qiemo_Female_Mummy%28about_2800_years_ago.She_belongs_to_a_Mixture_of_Europoid_and_Mongoloid_traits%294.jpg/100px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A2800%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E5%92%8C%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%B8_Qiemo_Female_Mummy%28about_2800_years_ago.She_belongs_to_a_Mixture_of_Europoid_and_Mongoloid_traits%294.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A2800%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E5%92%8C%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%B8_Qiemo_Female_Mummy%28about_2800_years_ago.She_belongs_to_a_Mixture_of_Europoid_and_Mongoloid_traits%294.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wife of the "<a href="/wiki/Cherchen_Man" title="Cherchen Man">Cherchen Man</a>", dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yingpan_man">Yingpan man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Yingpan man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yingpan_man_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg/255px-Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg/340px-Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yingpan_man" title="Yingpan man">Yingpan man</a>, 4th–5th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yingpan_man" title="Yingpan man">Yingpan man</a> is a much later mummy from the same area, dating to the 4th–5th century CE. Dressed in luxurious <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> clothes, he may have been a <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdian people">Sogdian</a> or an elite member of the <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-RFG_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wong" title="Edward Wong">Ed Wong's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times"><i>New York Times</i></a> article from 2008, Mair was prohibited from leaving the country with 52 genetic samples. However, a Chinese scientist clandestinely sent him half a dozen, on which an Italian geneticist performed tests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, China has prohibited foreign scientists from conducting research on the mummies. As Wong says, "Despite the political issues, excavations of the grave sites are continuing."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Gate" title="Dzungarian Gate">Dzungarian Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gushi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gushi culture">Gushi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWong2008" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (18 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/world/asia/19mummy.html">"The Dead Tell a Tale China Doesn't Care to Listen To"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Tell+a+Tale+China+Doesn%27t+Care+to+Listen+To&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F19%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F19mummy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000237_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2010" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (15 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/science/16archeo.html?pagewanted=1">"A Host of Mummies, a Forest of Secrets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Host+of+Mummies%2C+a+Forest+of+Secrets&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F16%2Fscience%2F16archeo.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-School_of_Life_Sciences-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-School_of_Life_Sciences_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-School_of_Life_Sciences_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, China, (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB46875?show=reads">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>, in ENA, European Nucleotide Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuicheng2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shuicheng, Li (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kzrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13">"Ancient Interactions in Eurasia and Northwest China: Revisiting J. G. Andersson's Legacy"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i>. <b>75</b>. Stockholm: Fälth & Hässler: 13. <q>Biological anthropological research indicates that the physical characteristics of those buried at Gumugou cemetery along the Kongque River near Lop Nur in Xinjiang are very similar to those of the Andronovo culture and Afanasievo culture people from Siberia in Southern Russia. This suggests that all of these individuals belong to the Caucasian physical type. Additionally, excavations in 2002 by Xinjiang archaeologists at the site of Xiaohe cemetery, first discovered by the Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, uncovered mummies and wooden human effigies that clearly have Europoid features. According to the preliminary excavation report, the cultural features and chronology of this site are said to be quite similar to those of Gumugou. Other sites in Xinjiang also contain both individuals with Caucasian features and ones with Mongolian features. For example, this pattern occurs at the <a href="/wiki/Yanbulark_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanbulark cemetery">Yanbulark cemetery</a> in Xinjiang, but individuals with Mongoloid features are clearly dominant. The above evidence is enough to show that, starting around 2,000 BCE some so-called primitive Caucasians expanded eastward to the Xinjiang area as far as the area around Hami and Lop Nur. By the end of the second millennium, another group of people from Central Asia started to move over the Pamirs and gradually dispersed in southern Xinjiang. These western groups mixed with local Mongoloids resulting in an amalgamation of culture and race in middle Xinjiang east to the Tianshan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Ancient+Interactions+in+Eurasia+and+Northwest+China%3A+Revisiting+J.+G.+Andersson%27s+Legacy&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Shuicheng&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kzrAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumani_Dupuy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Doumani Dupuy, Paula N. (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02872-1">"The unexpected ancestry of Inner Asian mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 204–206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.599..204D">2021Natur.599..204D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02872-1">10.1038/d41586-021-02872-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34707262">34707262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240072156">240072156</a>. <q>The basin holds several intact Bronze Age cemeteries of a founding population known as the agropastoral Xiaohe culture, which formed around 2100 BCE in what were then freshwater environments (the Bronze Age spanned from about 3000 to 1000 BCE).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+unexpected+ancestry+of+Inner+Asian+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=204-206&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02872-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240072156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34707262&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.599..204D&rft.aulast=Doumani+Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Paula+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-021-02872-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang_2021a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2021a_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2021a_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2021a_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>: "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNägeleRivollatYuWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research – From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past". <i>Journal of Anthropological Sciences</i>. <b>100</b> (100): 193–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4436%2Fjass.10017">10.4436/jass.10017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36576953">36576953</a>. <q>Combining genomic and proteomic evidence, researchers revealed that these earliest residents in the Tarim Basin carried genetic ancestry inherited from local Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, carried no steppe-related ancestry, but consumed milk products, indicating communications of persistence practices independent from genetic exchange.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomic+research+%E2%80%93+From+broad+strokes+to+nuanced+reconstructions+of+the+past&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=193-230&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4436%2Fjass.10017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36576953&rft.aulast=N%C3%A4gele&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft.au=Rivollat%2C+Maite&rft.au=Yu%2C+He&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>: "Our results do not support previous hypotheses for the origin of the Tarim mummies, who were argued to be Proto-Tocharian-speaking pastoralists descended from the Afanasievo, or to have originated among the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex or Inner Asian Mountain Corridor cultures. Instead, although Tocharian may have been plausibly introduced to the Dzungarian Basin by Afanasievo migrants during the Early Bronze Age, we find that the earliest Tarim Basin cultures appear to have arisen from a genetically isolated local population that adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LX-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LX_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWagnerWuTarasov2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Li, Xiao; Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xiaohong; Tarasov, Pavel; Zhang, Yongbin; Schmidt, Arno; Goslar, Tomasz; Gresky, Julia (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010">"Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. 290–291: 335–343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.290..335L">2013QuInt.290..335L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010">10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. <q>The whole graveyard including tomb M2 belongs to the Subeixi culture, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cheshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheshi">Cheshi</a> (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990). Archaeological and historical data attest it as society with a developed agro-pastoral economy, that existed in and north of the Turfan Basin (Fig. 1) during the first millennium BC. The Subeixi weaponry, horse gear and garments (Mallory and Mair, 2000; Lü, 2001) resemble those of the Pazyryk culture (Molodin and Polos'mak, 2007), suggesting contacts between Subeixi and the Scythians living in the Altai Mountains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Archaeological+and+palaeopathological+study+on+the+third%2Fsecond+century+BC+grave+from+Turfan%2C+China%3A+Individual+health+history+and+regional+implications&rft.volume=290%E2%80%93291&rft.pages=335-343&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuInt.290..335L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yongbin&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Arno&rft.au=Goslar%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Gresky%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.05.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, J. P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp259_tocharian_origins.pdf">"The Problem of Tocharian Origins: An Archaeological Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>: 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Tocharian+Origins%3A+An+Archaeological+Perspective&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp259_tocharian_origins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2018" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Craig (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3U1UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63540-0"><bdi>978-1-108-63540-0</bdi></a>. <q>... the fact that in cemeteries such as <a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanbulaq">Yanbulaq</a> both Europoid and Mongoloid mummies have been found together, also indicates some degree of interaction between existing farming populations and newly arrived nomadic migrants from the West.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Ancient+Eurasia%3A+The+First+Silk+Roads+Era%2C+100+BCE+%E2%80%93+250+CE&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-63540-0&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3U1UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemphillMallory2003">Hemphill & Mallory 2003</a>: "The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qäwrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qäwrighul represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though modern Westerners tend to identify this type of hat as the headgear of a witch, there is evidence that these pointed hats were widely worn by both women and men in some Central Asian tribes. For instance, the Persian king Darius recorded a victory over the "Sakas of the pointed hats". The Subeshi headgear is likely an ethnic badge or a symbol of position in the society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Mummies_of_Xinjiang_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/themummiesofxinj359">"The Mummies of Xinjiang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i>. 1 April 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=The+Mummies+of+Xinjiang&rft.date=1994-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1994%2Fapr%2Fthemummiesofxinj359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorntonSchurr2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thornton, Christopher P.; Schurr, Theodore G. (2004). "Genes, language, and culture: an example from the Tarim Basin". <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 83–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2004.00203.x">10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00203.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Genes%2C+language%2C+and+culture%3A+an+example+from+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-106&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2004.00203.x&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft.au=Schurr%2C+Theodore+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeter-WolfRobitailleKrutakGalliot2016" class="citation journal cs1">Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoît; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01227846">"The World's Oldest Tattoos"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>5</b>: 19–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JArSR...5...19D">2016JArSR...5...19D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2015.11.007">10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162580662">162580662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Tattoos&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=19-24&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162580662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2015.11.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JArSR...5...19D&rft.aulast=Deter-Wolf&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Robitaille%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Krutak%2C+Lars&rft.au=Galliot%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01227846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mair_V-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mair_V_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mair, Victor H. (1995). "Mummies of the Tarim Basin". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 28–35 [30].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Mummies+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28-35+30&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetics-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genetics_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetics_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetics_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiCuiXie2010" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chunxiang; Li, Hongjie; Cui, Yinqiu; Xie, Chengzhi; Cai, Dawei; Li, Wenying; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"</a>. <i>BMC Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (15): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15">10.1186/1741-7007-8-15</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">2838831</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20163704">20163704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+a+West-East+admixed+population+lived+in+the+Tarim+Basin+as+early+as+the+early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20163704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chunxiang&rft.au=Li%2C+Hongjie&rft.au=Cui%2C+Yinqiu&rft.au=Xie%2C+Chengzhi&rft.au=Cai%2C+Dawei&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenying&rft.au=Victor%2C+Mair+H.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Zhi&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Quanchao&rft.au=Abuduresule%2C+Idelisi&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoCuiYangDuan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Shizhu; Cui, Yinqiu; Yang, Yidai; Duan, Ranhui; Abuduresule, Idelisi; Mair, Victor H.; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-008-0034-8">"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of human remains from the Yuansha site in Xinjiang, China"</a>. <i>Science in China Series C: Life Sciences</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 205–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-008-0034-8">10.1007/s11427-008-0034-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18246308">18246308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1636381">1636381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+China+Series+C%3A+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+of+human+remains+from+the+Yuansha+site+in+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-213&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1636381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18246308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11427-008-0034-8&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Shizhu&rft.au=Cui%2C+Yinqiu&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yidai&rft.au=Duan%2C+Ranhui&rft.au=Abuduresule%2C+Idelisi&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11427-008-0034-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetics2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genetics2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetics2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiNingHagelbergLi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chunxiang; Ning, Chao; Hagelberg, Erika; Li, Hongjie; Zhao, Yongbin; Li, Wenying; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495690">"Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from the Xiaohe cemetery: Insights into prehistoric population movements in the Tarim Basin, China"</a>. <i>BMC Genetics</i>. <b>16</b>: 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12863-015-0237-5">10.1186/s12863-015-0237-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495690">4495690</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26153446">26153446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genetics&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+ancient+human+mitochondrial+DNA+from+the+Xiaohe+cemetery%3A+Insights+into+prehistoric+population+movements+in+the+Tarim+Basin%2C+China&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4495690%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26153446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12863-015-0237-5&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chunxiang&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft.au=Hagelberg%2C+Erika&rft.au=Li%2C+Hongjie&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yongbin&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenying&rft.au=Abuduresule%2C+Idelisi&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4495690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013071233/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10183-1012365432.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中国北方古代人群Y染色体遗传多样性研究</bdi></a> [<i>Study on Genetic Diversity of Y-chromosome in Ancient Inhabitants of Northern China</i>] (PhD) (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Jilin_University" title="Jilin University">Jilin University</a>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10183-1012365432.htm">the original</a> on 2016-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.inst=Jilin+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdmd.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCDMD-10183-1012365432.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollardZvénigoroskyKovalevKiryushin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hollard, Clémence; Zvénigorosky, Vincent; Kovalev, Alexey; Kiryushin, Yurii; Tishkin, Alexey; Lazaretov, Igor; et al. (2018). "New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>167</b> (1): 97–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23607">10.1002/ajpa.23607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900529">29900529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205337212">205337212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=New+genetic+evidence+of+affinities+and+discontinuities+between+bronze+age+Siberian+populations&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-107&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205337212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29900529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23607&rft.aulast=Hollard&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9mence&rft.au=Zv%C3%A9nigorosky%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Kovalev%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Kiryushin%2C+Yurii&rft.au=Tishkin%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Lazaretov%2C+Igor&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft.au=Ludes%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Keyser%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celtic-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonan2006" class="citation news cs1">Coonan, Clifford (August 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-5330366.html">"A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=A+meeting+of+civilisations%3A+The+mystery+of+China%27s+celtic+mummies&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fa-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-5330366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199972-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199972_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1999">Barber 1999</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04052-7/tables/1">"Extended Data. Table 1. A summary of the Bronze Age Xinjiang individuals reported in this study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Extended+Data.+Table+1.+A+summary+of+the+Bronze+Age+Xinjiang+individuals+reported+in+this+study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-04052-7%2Ftables%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>: "To understand this mixed genetic profile, we used qpAdm to explore admixture models of the Dzungarian groups with Tarim_EMBA1 or a terminal Pleistocene individual (AG3) from the Siberian site of Afontova Gora31, as a source (Supplementary Data 1D). AG3 is a distal representative of the ANE ancestry and shows a high affinity with Tarim_EMBA1."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/western-china-s-mysterious-mummies-were-local-descendants-ice-age-ancestors">"Western China's mysterious mummies were local descendants of ice age ancestors"</a>. <i>Science.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science.org&rft.atitle=Western+China%27s+mysterious+mummies+were+local+descendants+of+ice+age+ancestors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwestern-china-s-mysterious-mummies-were-local-descendants-ice-age-ancestors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang_2021b-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2021b_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2021b_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>: "The Tarim mummies are among only a few known Holocene populations that derive the majority of their ancestry from Pleistocene ANE groups, who once made up the huntergatherer populations of southern Siberia, and which are represented by individual genomes from the archaeological sites of Mal'ta (MA-1)29 and Afontova Gora (AG3). (...) The Tarim mummies are currently the best representative of the pre-pastoralist ANE-related population that once inhabited Central Asia and southern Siberia (Extended Data Fig. 2A), even though Tarim_EMBA1 postdates these populations in time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiSulaimanIsakovaXu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; et al. (25 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/9/msac179/6675590">"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>39</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179">10.1093/molbev/msac179</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Echo+of+the+Tarim+Mummies+in+Modern+Central+Asians&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Shan-Shan&rft.au=Sulaiman%2C+Xierzhatijiang&rft.au=Isakova%2C+Jainagul&rft.au=Xu%2C+Wei-Fang&rft.au=Abdulloevich%2C+Najmudinov+Tojiddin&rft.au=Afanasevna%2C+Manilova+Elena&rft.au=Ibrohimovich%2C+Khudoidodov+Behruz&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xi&rft.au=Yang%2C+Wei-Kang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ming-Shan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Quan-Kuan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xing-Yan&rft.au=Yao%2C+Yong-Gang&rft.au=Aldashev%2C+Almaz+A.&rft.au=Saidov%2C+Abdusattor&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Lu-Feng&rft.au=Peng%2C+Min-Sheng&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ya-Ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmbe%2Farticle%2F39%2F9%2Fmsac179%2F6675590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>: "The Tarim mummies are among only a few known Holocene populations that derive the majority of their ancestry from Pleistocene ANE groups, who once made up the huntergatherer populations of southern Siberia, and which are represented by individual genomes from the archaeological sites of Mal'ta (MA-1)29 and Afontova Gora (AG3). (...) The Tarim mummies are currently the best representative of the pre-pastoralist ANE-related population that once inhabited Central Asia and southern Siberia (Extended Data Fig. 2A), even though Tarim_EMBA1 postdates these populations in time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000317–318_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, pp. 317–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1999119-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1999119_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1999">Barber 1999</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2006" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Ronald (2006). "Tocharian". In Brown, Keith (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics"><i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tocharian&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemphillMallory2003">Hemphill & Mallory 2003</a>: "In fact, the early sample from western China, Qäwrighul (QAW), is identified as possessing closer affinities to the two samples from Harappa(HAR and CEMH)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236–237-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000236–237_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, p. 236–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000260,_294–296,_314–318-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000260,_294–296,_314–318_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, pp. 260, 294–296, 314–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>: "The Tarim mummies' so-called Western physical features are probably due to their connection to the Pleistocene ANE gene pool."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemphillMallory2093">Hemphill & Mallory 2093</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHemphillMallory2093 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>: "The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qäwrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qäwrighul represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981" class="citation book cs1">Tikhvinskiĭ, Sergeĭ Leonidovich; Perelomov, Leonard Sergeevich (1981). <i>China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays</i>. Progress. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+her+neighbours%2C+from+ancient+times+to+the+Middle+Ages%3A+a+collection+of+essays&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Progress&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Tikhvinski%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Serge%C4%AD+Leonidovich&rft.au=Perelomov%2C+Leonard+Sergeevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mair-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mair_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mair, Victor H. (March–April 1995). "Mummies of the Tarim Basin". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 28–35 [30].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Mummies+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28-35+30&rft.date=1995-03%2F1995-04&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yu (2003), pp. 34–57, 77–88, 96–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2004" class="citation cs2">Liu, Jianguo (2004), <i>Distinguishing and Correcting the pre-Qin Forged Classics</i>, Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-224-05725-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-224-05725-8"><bdi>7-224-05725-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguishing+and+Correcting+the+pre-Qin+Forged+Classics&rft.place=Xi%27an&rft.pub=Shaanxi+People%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=7-224-05725-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Jianguo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumer_2000,_p._28-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baumer_2000,_p._28_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumer (2000), p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000327–328-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000327–328_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartini2010" class="citation book cs1">Martini, I. Peter (2010). <i>Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9412-4"><bdi>978-90-481-9412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscapes+and+Societies%3A+Selected+Cases&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9412-4&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=I.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Charles</a> (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4640-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4640-9"><bdi>0-8160-4640-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Asian+civilizations&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8160-4640-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang_1982-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chang_1982_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chang_1982_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1982" class="citation book cs1">Chang, K. C. (1982). <i>Studies of Shang Archaeology</i>. Yale University Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+of+Shang+Archaeology&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528124017/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm">"Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two"</a>. United States: National Gallery of Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm">the original</a> on 28 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teaching+Chinese+Archaeology%2C+Part+Two&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Feducation%2Fchinatp_pt2.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi-Liu2005" class="citation book cs1">Li-Liu (2005). <i>The Chinese Neolithic</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Neolithic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Li-Liu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm"><i>Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China</i> Heilbrunn Timeline</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 13 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes10.html">The Kingdom of Anxi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2007" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2007). Burnham, A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">"Silk Road, North China"</a>. <i>The Megalithic Portal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Megalithic+Portal&rft.atitle=Silk+Road%2C+North+China&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/ancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin/">"Expedition Magazine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">Penn Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Museum&rft.atitle=Expedition+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-eternal-mummy-princesses">"The Eternal Mummy Princesses"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Eternal+Mummy+Princesses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fplanet-earth%2Fthe-eternal-mummy-princesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErcilasun2018" class="citation book cs1">Ercilasun, Konuralp (2018). "Introduction: The Land, the People, and the Politics in a Historical Context". In Kurmangaliyeva Ercilasun, Güljanat; Ercilasun, Konuralp (eds.). <i>The Uyghur Community: Diaspora, Identity and Geopolitics</i>. Politics and History in Central Asia. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> US. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-52297-9_1">10.1057/978-1-137-52297-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-52297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-52297-9"><bdi>978-1-137-52297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Land%2C+the+People%2C+and+the+Politics+in+a+Historical+Context&rft.btitle=The+Uyghur+Community%3A+Diaspora%2C+Identity+and+Geopolitics&rft.series=Politics+and+History+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-52297-9_1&rft.isbn=978-1-137-52297-9&rft.aulast=Ercilasun&rft.aufirst=Konuralp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemick2010" class="citation news cs1">Demick, Barbara (21 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804095441/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/19/AR2010111907467.html">"A beauty that was government's beast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/19/AR2010111907467.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+beauty+that+was+government%27s+beast&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=Demick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F11%2F19%2FAR2010111907467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1999">Barber 1999</a>, pp. 71–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/ancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin/">"Ancient Mummies of the Tarim Basin"</a>. <i>Expedition Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">Penn Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expedition+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ancient+Mummies+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fancient-mummies-of-the-tarim-basin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp228_silk_roads.pdf">"The 'Silk Roads'in Time and Space: Migrations, Motifs, and Materials"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>: 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+%27Silk+Roads%27in+Time+and+Space%3A+Migrations%2C+Motifs%2C+and+Materials&rft.pages=96-97&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp228_silk_roads.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_7ao2O3nqxL4/Swmke0b4fqI/AAAAAAAAALY/uyEMY02zt20/s1600/LoulanBeauty.jpg">"Beauty of Kroran (Book description)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beauty+of+Kroran+%28Book+description%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F_7ao2O3nqxL4%2FSwmke0b4fqI%2FAAAAAAAAALY%2FuyEMY02zt20%2Fs1600%2FLoulanBeauty.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mair" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Mair">Mair, V. H.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-mummies-of-east-central-asia/">"The mummies of east central Asia"</a>. <i>Expedition</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 23–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition&rft.atitle=The+mummies+of+east+central+Asia&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23-32&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=V.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fthe-mummies-of-east-central-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFG-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFG_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheangGreefTakagi2021" class="citation book cs1">Cheang, Sarah; Greef, Erica de; Takagi, Yoko (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MostEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101"><i>Rethinking Fashion Globalization</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-18130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-18130-4"><bdi>978-1-350-18130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Fashion+Globalization&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-350-18130-4&rft.aulast=Cheang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Greef%2C+Erica+de&rft.au=Takagi%2C+Yoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMostEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangFullerJiangLi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Tingting; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Jiang, Hongen; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Hu, Yaowu (13 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8758759">"Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 669. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..12..669W">2022NatSR..12..669W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04383-5">10.1038/s41598-021-04383-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8758759">8758759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35027587">35027587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Revealing+lost+secrets+about+Yingpan+Man+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=669&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8758759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..12..669W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35027587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04383-5&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Tingting&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Benjamin+T.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Hongen&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenying&rft.au=Wei%2C+Dong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yaowu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8758759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1999" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999). <i>The Mummies of Ürümchi</i>. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-36897-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-36897-4"><bdi>0-330-36897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mummies+of+%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmchi&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-330-36897-4&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Wayland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2000" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2000). <i>Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin</i>. Bangkok: White Orchid Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8304-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/974-8304-38-8"><bdi>974-8304-38-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Silk+Road%3A+In+the+Footsteps+of+Sir+Aurel+Stein+and+Sven+Hedin&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=White+Orchid+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=974-8304-38-8&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-KimballBehan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Davis-Kimball" title="Jeannine Davis-Kimball">Davis-Kimball, Jeannine</a>; Behan, Mona (2002). <i>Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines</i> (1stTrade ed.). New York: Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-67983-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-67983-6"><bdi>0-446-67983-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Women%3A+An+Archaeologist%27s+Search+for+History%27s+Hidden+Heroines&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1stTrade&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-446-67983-6&rft.aulast=Davis-Kimball&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rft.au=Behan%2C+Mona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemphillMallory2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hemphill, Brian E.; <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (19 September 2003). "Horse-mounted invaders from the Russo-Kazakh steppe or agricultural colonists from Western Central Asia? A craniometric investigation of the Bronze Age settlement of Xinjiang". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i>. <b>125</b> (3): 199–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.10354">10.1002/ajpa.10354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15197817">15197817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Horse-mounted+invaders+from+the+Russo-Kazakh+steppe+or+agricultural+colonists+from+Western+Central+Asia%3F+A+craniometric+investigation+of+the+Bronze+Age+settlement+of+Xinjiang&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-222&rft.date=2003-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.10354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15197817&rft.aulast=Hemphill&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rft.au=Mallory%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Clark Spencer (2002). "Bioarchaeology: The Lives and Lifestyles of Past People". <i>Journal of Archaeological Research</i>. <b>10</b> (2) (published June 2002): 119–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015267705803">10.1023/A:1015267705803</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145654453">145654453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=Bioarchaeology%3A+The+Lives+and+Lifestyles+of+Past+People&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-166&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1015267705803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145654453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Clark+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Shuicheng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/abstracts/spp097_sino_western.html">"A Discussion of Sino-Western Cultural Contact and Exchange in the Second Millennium BC Based on Recent Archeological Discoveries"</a>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (97) (published December 1999).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=A+Discussion+of+Sino-Western+Cultural+Contact+and+Exchange+in+the+Second+Millennium+BC+Based+on+Recent+Archeological+Discoveries&rft.issue=97&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shuicheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fabstracts%2Fspp097_sino_western.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1999a" class="citation web cs1">Light, Nathan (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515210246/http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/uyghhst.htm">"Hidden Discourses of Race: Imagining Europeans in China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/uyghhst.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+Discourses+of+Race%3A+Imagining+Europeans+in+China&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.utoledo.edu%2Fnlight%2Fuyghhst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1999b" class="citation magazine cs1">Light, Nathan (March–April 1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920170441/http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/discarch.txt">"Tabloid Archaeology: Is Television Trivializing Science?"</a>. <i>Discovering Archaeology</i>. pp. 98–101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/discarch.txt">the original</a> on 2006-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discovering+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Tabloid+Archaeology%3A+Is+Television+Trivializing+Science%3F&rft.pages=98-101&rft.date=1999-03%2F1999-04&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.utoledo.edu%2Fnlight%2Fdiscarch.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Xinru (2001). "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_History" title="Journal of World History">Journal of World History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2): 261–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2001.0034">10.1353/jwh.2001.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162211306">162211306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Settlement+of+the+Yuezhi-Kushan.+Interaction+and+Interdependence+of+Nomadic+and+Sedentary+Societies&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-292&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2001.0034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162211306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2000). <i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i>. London: Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>The Natural History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurr2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Schurr, Theodore G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214073642/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/tracking-genes-across-the-globe/">"Tracking Genes Across the Globe: A review of <i>Genes, Peoples, and Languages</i>, by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i>. Vol. 89, no. 1 (published January–February 2001). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/tracking-genes-across-the-globe">the original</a> on 2017-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Tracking+Genes+Across+the+Globe%3A+A+review+of+Genes%2C+Peoples%2C+and+Languages%2C+by+Luigi+Luca+Cavalli-Sforza&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schurr&rft.aufirst=Theodore+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fpub%2Ftracking-genes-across-the-globe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengzhiChunxiangYinqiuDawei2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chengzhi, Xie; Chunxiang, Li; Yinqiu, Cui; Dawei, Cai; Haijing, Wang; Hong, Zhu; Hui, Zhou (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang". <i>Progress in Natural Science</i>. <b>17</b> (8): 927–933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10002007088537493">10.1080/10002007088537493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Natural+Science&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+of+ancient+Sampula+population+in+Xinjiang&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=927-933&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10002007088537493&rft.aulast=Chengzhi&rft.aufirst=Xie&rft.au=Chunxiang%2C+Li&rft.au=Yinqiu%2C+Cui&rft.au=Dawei%2C+Cai&rft.au=Haijing%2C+Wang&rft.au=Hong%2C+Zhu&rft.au=Hui%2C+Zhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2003" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Taishan (2003). <i>A Comprehensive History of Western Regions</i> (2nd ed.). Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5348-1266-6" title="Special:BookSources/7-5348-1266-6"><bdi>7-5348-1266-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Western+Regions&rft.place=Zhengzhou&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zhongzhou+Guji+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=7-5348-1266-6&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Taishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Fan (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.599..256Z">2021Natur.599..256Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7">10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">8580821</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34707286">34707286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Tarim+Basin+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.599..256Z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34707286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022334/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf">Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121130000830/http://maximus101.livejournal.com/26356.html?thread=1015028">High-quality images of Tarim-basin mummies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080728125250/http://www.meshrep.com/PicOfDay/mummies/mummies.htm">Images of the Tocharian mummies</a> Includes the face of the "Beauty of Loulan" as reconstructed by an artist.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/chinamum/taklamakan.html">"The Takla Makan Mummies"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Takla+Makan+Mummies&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fchinamum%2Ftaklamakan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATarim+mummies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207120027/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=todaysfeatures&xfile=data/todaysfeatures/2005/april/todaysfeatures_april37.xml">Genetic testing reveals awkward truth about Xinjiang's famous mummies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>) <a href="/wiki/Khaleej_Times" title="Khaleej Times">Khaleej Times</a> Online, 19 April 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/world/asia/19mummy.html">The Dead Tell a Tale China Doesn't Care to Listen To</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 18 November 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/science/16archeo.html?pagewanted=all">'A Host of Mummies, A Forest of Secrets'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 15 March 2010.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mummification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mummies" title="Template:Mummies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mummies" title="Template talk:Mummies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mummies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mummies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mummification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mummies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deliberate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices#Mummification" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_mummies_(royalty)" title="List of Egyptian mummies (royalty)">Royals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_mummies_(officials,_nobles,_and_commoners)" title="List of Egyptian mummies (officials, nobles, and commoners)">Officials, nobles, and commoners</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies" title="Chinchorro mummies">Chinchorro mummies</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Inca_Mummies" title="Mummy">Inca Mummies</a> (Peru and Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanche_mummies" title="Guanche mummies">Guanche mummies</a> (Canary Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Italy" title="Mummy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Muisca mummies</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_in_the_Philippines" title="Mummification in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_mummies" title="Communist mummies">Communist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Natural_mummification" title="Mummy">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Asia" title="Mummy">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tarim mummies</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Siberia" title="Mummy">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Iran" title="Mummy">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Fire Mummies</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a> (Lebanon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Europe" title="Mummy">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Italy" title="Mummy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Czech_Republic" title="Mummy">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Denmark" title="Mummy">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog bodies</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_bog_bodies" title="List of bog bodies">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mummy#North_America" title="Mummy">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Greenland" title="Mummy">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mummy" title="Aztec mummy">Aztec mummies</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummies_of_Guanajuato" title="Mummies of Guanajuato">Mummies of Guanajuato</a> (Mexico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Self-mummification" title="Mummy">Self-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mummy" title="Buddhist mummy">Buddhist mummy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mummy#Modern_mummies" title="Mummy">Modern mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_mummy" title="Animal mummy">Animal mummy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummies" title="List of mummies">List of mummies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DNA-tested_mummies" title="List of DNA-tested mummies">DNA-tested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_mummies" title="Category:Fictional mummies">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li>Archeological sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilakitsoq" title="Qilakitsoq">Qilakitsoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltmen" title="Saltmen">Saltmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_Museum" title="Mummification Museum">Mummification Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excerebration" title="Excerebration">Excerebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_forgeries" title="Mummy forgeries">Forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">Incorruptibility</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tarim_mummies&params=40.336453_N_88.672422_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°20′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°40′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.336453°N 88.672422°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.336453; 88.672422</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&oldid=1259157056">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&oldid=1259157056</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tarim_mummies" title="Category:Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_template_Zh_with_sup_tags" title="Category:Pages using template Zh with sup tags">Pages using template Zh with sup tags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 18:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarim_mummies&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pj8zz","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.179","walltime":"1.401","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8473,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":266485,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23826,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":237508,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1191.502 1 -total"," 32.86% 391.538 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.05% 155.501 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.11% 120.407 5 Template:Cite_news"," 10.08% 120.078 1 Template:Infobox_archaeological_culture"," 9.77% 116.461 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.54% 101.739 16 Template:Sfn"," 8.38% 99.804 4 Template:Navbox"," 7.82% 93.231 1 Template:Mummies"," 6.37% 75.846 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.707","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11163998,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheangGreefTakagi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengzhiChunxiangYinqiuDawei2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoonan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaiSulaimanIsakovaXu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis-KimballBehan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeter-WolfRobitailleKrutakGalliot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoumani_Dupuy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErcilasun2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaoCuiYangDuan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemphillMallory2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollardZvénigoroskyKovalevKiryushin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi-Liu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiLiCuiXie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiNingHagelbergLi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWagnerWuTarasov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLight1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLight1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMair1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMair2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryMair2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartini2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNägeleRivollatYuWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurr2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuicheng2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorntonSchurr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangFullerJiangLi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bronze Age footer\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Colorsample\"] = 4,\n [\"Continental Asia in 2000 BCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcolnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Mummies\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pqfbt","timestamp":"20241124053434","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tarim mummies","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tarim_mummies","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2002185","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2002185","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-08T13:19:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T18:06:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region_Museum_Urumqi_Xinjiang_China_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86_%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90_%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg","headline":"series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin"}</script> </body> </html>