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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipresium_(stratigrafie)" title="Ipresium (stratigrafie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ipresium (stratigrafie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الأبريسيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبريسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresianu" title="Ypresianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ypresianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipresij" title="Ipresij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ipresij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipresi%C3%A0" title="Ipresià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ipresià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresium" title="Ypresium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ypresium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresiense" title="Ypresiense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ypresiense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresiar" title="Ypresiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ypresiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایپرزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایپرزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypr%C3%A9sien" title="Yprésien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yprésien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%A0%88" title="에프레절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에프레절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresium" title="Ypresium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ypresium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresiano" title="Ypresiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ypresiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresien" title="Ypresien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ypresien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ヤプレシアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤプレシアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresium" title="Ypresium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ypresium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresium" title="Ypresium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ypresium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprez" title="Iprez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iprez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipresiano" title="Ipresiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ipresiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ипрский ярус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ипрский ярус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipres_(stadij)" title="Ipres (stadij) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ipres (stadij)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_(geologi)" title="Ypres (geologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ypres (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="முன் இயோசீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முன் இயோசீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0presiyen" title="İpresiyen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İpresiyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Іпрський ярус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іпрський ярус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_Ypres" title="Tầng Ypres – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng Ypres" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%9F" title="伊普雷斯期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊普雷斯期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q508691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First age of the Eocene Epoch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(252,167,115);">Ypresian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">56.0 – 47.8 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:2.7753846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:2.7753846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:0.77538461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/250px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/375px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/500px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Earth ~50 mya</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG/250px-Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG/375px-Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG/500px-Klondike_Mountain_Formation_outcrop_-_Site_A0307.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Mountain_Formation" title="Klondike Mountain Formation">Klondike Mountain Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic,_Washington" title="Republic, Washington">Republic, Washington</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:23.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−65 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−60 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−55 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−50 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.98em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−45 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−40 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−35 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−30 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−25 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:7.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">M<br />Z</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:30.222em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">C<br />e<br />n<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,198,78);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:28.344em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.172em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">P<br />a<br />l<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,216,74);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous"><span style="line-height:11px;display:block;">L<br />K</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,167,95);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.602em;height:6.520em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:9px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">P<br />a<br />l<br />e<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a><br /><br /></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,108);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.973em;height:14.629em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.315em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:14px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">E<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,192,122);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:7.095em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.548em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">O<br />l<br />i<br />g<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,0);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="line-height:11px;display:block;">M<br />C</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,250,140);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian"><span style="font-size:90%">Maastricht.</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,98);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.309em;height:2.813em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.406em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,191,101);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.721em;height:1.589em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.794em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Selandian" title="Selandian">Selandian</a><br /></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,191,111);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.602em;height:2.018em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.009em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,167,115);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.175em;height:5.428em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.714em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ypresian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,130);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:13.872em;height:4.203em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,192,145);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.687em;height:2.184em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.092em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,205,161);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.973em;height:2.714em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.357em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,217,154);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.134em;height:3.739em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.870em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,230,170);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:3.356em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.678em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,51);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_(stage)" title="Aquitanian (stage)"><span style="font-size:90%">Aquitanian</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:7.425em;width:0.075em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:0.033em;left:0.000em;width:7.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.555em;height:0.066em;left:2.625em;width:4.875em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.033em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.033em;left:0.825em;width:6.675em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:32em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.602em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">PETM</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.973em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px; display:block;">First Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet">permanent ice-sheets</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zachos2k5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachos2k5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:30.090em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">K-Pg mass<br />extinction</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:20.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2021.</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Formerly part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a>/<a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">Stage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">First proposed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Hubert_Dumont" class="mw-redirect" title="André Hubert Dumont">Dumont</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Strong negative anomaly in <a href="/wiki/Delta_13C" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> values at the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">PETM</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Dababiya section, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ypresian&params=25.5000_N_32.5311_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°30′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°31′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.5000°N 32.5311°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.5000; 32.5311</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2003<sup id="cite_ref-Aubry_2007_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the calcareous nannofossil <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackites_inflatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackites inflatus (page does not exist)">Blackites inflatus</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Gorrondatxe section, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Western Pyrenees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ypresian&params=43.3796_N_3.0143_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°22′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.3796°N 3.0143°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.3796; -3.0143</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">April 2011<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">geologic timescale</a> the <b>Ypresian</b> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a> or lowest <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stratigraphic stage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>. It spans the time between <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=56">56</a> and</span> <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=47.8">47.8</a> Ma</span>, is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a> Age (part of the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>) and is followed by the Eocene <a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a> Age. The Ypresian is consistent with the Lower Eocene (Early Eocene). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypresian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cambay_Shale_Formation" title="Cambay Shale Formation">Cambay Shale Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">p<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000C-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/%CE%9418O" title="Δ18O"><span class="texhtml">δ</span><sup>18</sup>O<sub></sub></a></div> <p>The Ypresian Age begins during the throes of the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> (PETM). The <a href="/wiki/Fur_Formation" title="Fur Formation">Fur Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Messel_shales" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel shales">Messel shales</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oise_amber" title="Oise amber">Oise amber</a> of France and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambay_amber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambay amber (page does not exist)">Cambay amber</a> of India are of this age. The <a href="/wiki/Eocene_Okanagan_Highlands" title="Eocene Okanagan Highlands">Eocene Okanagan Highlands</a> are an uplands subtropical to temperate series of lakes from the Ypresian.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GCL2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCL2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lowe2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ypresian is additionally marked by another warming event called the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). The EECO is the longest sustained warming event in the Cenozoic record, lasting about 2–3 million years between 53 and 50 Ma. The interval is characterized by low <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18">oxygen-18</a> isotopes,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high levels of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pCO2" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pCO2">atmospheric p<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and low meridional thermal gradients.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a> has been reported to have been significantly impacted by the conditions prevalent during the EECO. For instance, there were biotic turnovers among <a href="/wiki/Marine_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine producer">marine producers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannofossils" title="Calcareous nannofossils">calcareous nannofossils</a> among others etc.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratigraphic_definition">Stratigraphic definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypresian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stratigraphic definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_geochronologic_names" title="List of geochronologic names">List of geochronologic names</a></div> <p>The Ypresian Stage was introduced in scientific literature by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> geologist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Hubert_Dumont" class="mw-redirect" title="André Hubert Dumont">André Hubert Dumont</a> in 1850. The Ypresian is named after the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> in Belgium (spelled <i>Ieper</i> in Dutch). The definitions of the original stage were totally different from the modern ones.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ypresian shares its name with the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Ieper_Group" title="Ieper Group">Ieper Group</a> (French: <i>Groupe d'Ypres</i>), which has an Ypresian age. </p><p>The base of the Ypresian Stage is defined at a strong negative anomaly in <a href="/wiki/Delta_13C" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> values at the <a href="/wiki/PETM" class="mw-redirect" title="PETM">PETM</a>. The official reference profile (<a href="/wiki/GSSP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSP">GSSP</a>) for the base of the Ypresian is the Dababiya profile near the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its original <a href="/wiki/Type_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Type section">type section</a> was located in the vicinity of Ieper. </p><p>The top of the Ypresian (the base of the Lutetian) is identified by the first appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hantkenina" title="Hantkenina">Hantkenina</a></i> in the fossil record. </p><p>The Ypresian Stage overlaps the upper Neustrian and most of the Grauvian <a href="/wiki/European_Land_Mammal_Mega_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="European Land Mammal Mega Zone">European Land Mammal Mega Zones</a> (it spans the <a href="/wiki/Mammal_Paleogene_zones" title="Mammal Paleogene zones">Mammal Paleogene zones</a> 7 through 10.<sup id="cite_ref-MP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="/wiki/Wasatchian" title="Wasatchian">Wasatchian</a> and lower and middle <a href="/wiki/Bridgerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgerian">Bridgerian</a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Land_Mammal_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Land Mammal Ages">North American Land Mammal Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Casamayoran" title="Casamayoran">Casamayoran</a> <a href="/wiki/South_American_Land_Mammal_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Land Mammal Age">South American Land Mammal Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bumbanian" title="Bumbanian">Bumbanian</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Arshantan" title="Arshantan">Arshantan</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Land_Mammal_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Land Mammal Ages">Asian Land Mammal Ages</a>. It is also coeval with the upper Wangerripian and lowest Johannian regional stages of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the Bulitian, Penutian, and Ulatisian regional stages of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypresian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zachos2k5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zachos2k5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZachos,_J._C.Kump,_L._R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zachos, J. 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Van Couvering; Working Group on the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file11.pdf">"The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 271–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2007%2Fv30i4%2F003">10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Standard+Stratotype-section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+for+the+base+of+the+Eocene+Series+in+the+Dababiya+section+%28Egypt%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271-286&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2007%2Fv30i4%2F003&rft.aulast=Aubry&rft.aufirst=Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Ouda%2C+Khaled&rft.au=Dupuis%2C+Christian&rft.au=William+A.+Berggren&rft.au=John+A.+Van+Couvering&rft.au=Working+Group+on+the+Paleocene%2FEocene+Boundary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2Ffile11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpresian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinaAlegretApellanizBernaola2011" class="citation journal cs1">Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Bernaola, Gilen; Caballero, Fernando; Jaume Dinarès-Turell; Hardenbol, Jan; Claus Heilmann-Clausen; Juan C. 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(December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019PA003686">"The Early to Middle Eocene Transition: An Integrated Calcareous Nannofossil and Stable Isotope Record From the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1410)"</a>. <i>Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology</i>. <b>34</b> (12): 1913–1930. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PaPa...34.1913C">2019PaPa...34.1913C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019PA003686">10.1029/2019PA003686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11577%2F3322441">11577/3322441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2572-4517">2572-4517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210245165">210245165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography+and+Paleoclimatology&rft.atitle=The+Early+to+Middle+Eocene+Transition%3A+An+Integrated+Calcareous+Nannofossil+and+Stable+Isotope+Record+From+the+Northwest+Atlantic+Ocean+%28Integrated+Ocean+Drilling+Program+Site+U1410%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1913-1930&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11577%2F3322441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210245165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PaPa...34.1913C&rft.issn=2572-4517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019PA003686&rft.aulast=Cappelli&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Bown%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Westerhold%2C+T.&rft.au=Bohaty%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Riu%2C+M.&rft.au=Lobba%2C+V.&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Y.&rft.au=Agnini%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2019PA003686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpresian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderBralowerKump2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Leah J.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Kump, Lee R. (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018211003373">"Response of nannoplankton to early Eocene ocean destratification"</a>. <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>310</b> (3–4): 152–162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PPP...310..152S">2011PPP...310..152S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2011.06.018">10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.06.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Response+of+nannoplankton+to+early+Eocene+ocean+destratification&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=152-162&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2011.06.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PPP...310..152S&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Leah+J.&rft.au=Bralower%2C+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Kump%2C+Lee+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0031018211003373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpresian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steurbaut (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The GSSP was established by Dupuis <i>et al.</i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlroy" class="citation web cs1">Alroy, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=processViewScale&scale_no=125">"Mammal Paleogene zones"</a>. p. The Paleobiology Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mammal+Paleogene+zones&rft.pages=The+Paleobiology+Database&rft.aulast=Alroy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleodb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbridge.pl%3Faction%3DprocessViewScale%26scale_no%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpresian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypresian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Cenozoic#Paleogene" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Cenozoic">Cenozoic#Paleogene</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Hubert_Dumont" class="mw-redirect" title="André Hubert Dumont">Dumont, A. H.</a>; 1850: <i>Rapport sur la carte géologique du Royaume</i>, Bulletins de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique <b>16</b> (2), pp. 351–373. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Dupuis, C.; Aubry, M.; Steurbaut, É; Berggren, W. A.; Ouda, K.; Magioncalda, R.; Cramer, B. S.; Kent, D. V.; Speijer, R. P. & Heilmann-Clausen, C.; 2003: <i>The Dababiya Quarry Section: Lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and paleontology</i>, Micropaleontology <b>49</b> (1), pp. 41–59, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0026-2803">0026-2803</a>.</li> <li>Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G.; 2004: <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li>Steurbaut, É.; 2006: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popups.ulg.ac.be/Geol/docannexe.php?id=1107"><i>Ypresian</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218045549/http://popups.ulg.ac.be/Geol/docannexe.php?id=1107">Archived</a> 2012-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Geologica Belgica <b>9</b> (1–2), pp. 73–93.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypresian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822030507/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Ypresian.html">GeoWhen Database – Ypresian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/2_Paleogene.pdf">Paleogene timescale</a>, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518101848/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig19.1_Pal_bio_colB.pdf">Stratigraphic chart of the Paleogene</a>, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" 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