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class="mw-page-title-main">Pame people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pame</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MAPElNorte089.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MAPElNorte089.JPG/220px-MAPElNorte089.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MAPElNorte089.JPG/330px-MAPElNorte089.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MAPElNorte089.JPG/440px-MAPElNorte089.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Pame Doll" by Anonymous, made of knotted plant fiber, located at the Museum of Popular Art in Mexico City.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">approximately 10,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Pame religion, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ximpece" title="Ximpece">Ximpece</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>north Pame</b>, or <b>Xi'iuy</b> (alternate spelling: <b>Xi'úi, Xi'ui, Xi'oi,</b> or <b>Xiyui</b>), as they refer to themselves, the south Pame, or <b>Ñáhu</b>, <b>Nyaxu</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>), and the Pame in <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a> or <b>Re Nuye Eyyä</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an Indigenous people of central <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> primarily living in the state of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonists</a> arrived and conquered their traditional territory in the sixteenth century, which "extended from the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> in the north to Hidalgo and the area around <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in the south along the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre</a>," they renamed "the area <i>Pamería</i>, and applied the name <b>Pame</b> to all of the peoples there."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates for population of the Pames at the time of contact with Spanish colonists in 1519 range between 40,000 and 70,000. In 1794, the population was estimated at 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent figures for the Pame have estimated the population to be approximately 10,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pames, along with the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca-Jonaz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Gorda" title="Sierra Gorda">Sierra Gorda</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, are the only two intact cultural groups "of all the peoples known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimecas</a>" who have survived colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pame_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChichimecNations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ChichimecNations.png/264px-ChichimecNations.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ChichimecNations.png/396px-ChichimecNations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ChichimecNations.png/528px-ChichimecNations.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Pame and surrounding nations during the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonization">Pre-colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pame_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to colonization, the Pame were traditionally traders who established relationships "with and even speaking the dialects of many other Indigenous groups" in the region. As a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> population, they were also "known as skilled hunters and fierce warriors."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pame were closely related with the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican culture</a> to the south, which "differed from other Chichimeca groups," as "some Pame rancherias lived intermingled with <a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a> settled villages on the northern frontier of Mesoamerica and apparently were aware of Mesoamerican agricultural techniques."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_period_and_Spanish_occupation">Mission period and Spanish occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pame_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission period and Spanish occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1522, the Pame "allied with neighboring allies to resist the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>, but they were defeated and forced to accept <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">mission</a> life, like most other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of Latin America</a>." Under missionization, the Pame were "settled in and around the missions" which simultaneously led to <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> and an end to their largely nomadic way of life as "the Pame were converted to Christianity and taught the skills of sedentary farming."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pame lost territory in the <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</a> in the 1530s to Otomi settlements and Spanish rancherias moving into the area. They reportedly played a minor role in the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> with the Spanish, "limited to small raids on cattle ranches" in the Bajío, which caused minor casualties on either side. Cattle ranches had invaded much of the "more hospitable areas of [their] <a href="/wiki/Rioverde,_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Rioverde, San Luis Potosí">Rioverde</a> [territory] after 1600."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early eighteenth century, Gerónimo de Labra, "a military man of the eighteenth century" who was assigned by the Spanish to be the "captain protector of the Indians of the Sierra Gorda," described the <a href="/wiki/Ximpece" title="Ximpece">Ximpece</a>, Pame, and <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a>, described "the Ximpeces... of so docile nature that there is no tradition that persuades its conquest... the Pames are similar to the Ximpeces and more applied to the work and commerce with the Spanish and opposed to the Jonaces... the untameable rebellious Jonaces..."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pame territory in the more rugged Sierra Gorda remained relatively "unreduced" in comparison, "til a belated conquest, by soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, in 1742."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1730s, Spanish military officer and slaveowner <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Escand%C3%B3n,_1st_Count_of_Sierra_Gorda" title="José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda">José de Escandón</a> was "entrusted with 'pacification' of the region" in which the Pames lived. Escandón's methods of addressing them brought him "into conflict with the missionaries," as he carried out a "different method of colonization" in the region. As early as 1735, Escandón "undertook military campaigns against the Jonace and other Indians of the Sierra Gorda" for which he was awarded with the rank "colonel." In 1741, he was placed in control of the entire Sierra Gorda region. He used his newfound power to implement his plan "to gather into missions the Indians who were willing to be congregated and to attack and defeat those who were unwilling." Escandón was dissatisfied with the manner in which the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian missionaries</a> were allowing the Indigenous people freedom of movement. He wanted the "Indians" to become agricultural workers so that they could "be forced to work at the missions," which had come to be known as the "Texas Method" among colonizers because, in the fertile regions of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a>, "missionaries... had been able to congregate the indigenous people close to the mission."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escandón removed the Augustinians from control over the mission and assigned control over it to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic College">apostolic colleges</a> (<i>colegios apostólicos</i>), specifically the Colegio de San Fernando, who he also tasked with establishing three more missions at <a href="/wiki/Landa_de_Matamoros" title="Landa de Matamoros">Landa</a>, Tancoyol, and Concá, which "he had identified as already populated by Pame settlements." Escandón then "forced the Pame living in these areas to congregate near the missions by occasionally sending soldiers out to burn as many indigenous dwellings as they could find in the mountains."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert,_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro,_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Desert%2C_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro%2C_Mexico.jpg/338px-Desert%2C_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro%2C_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Desert%2C_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro%2C_Mexico.jpg/507px-Desert%2C_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro%2C_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Desert%2C_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro%2C_Mexico.jpg/676px-Desert%2C_Sierra_Gorda_de_Quer%C3%A8taro%2C_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Sierra Gorda region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Escandón eventually left the Sierra Gorda, he was awarded the title Conde de Sierra Gorda in 1749 for "undertaking the colonizing task there and for his success in keeping costs down" and was presented with the "opportunity to colonize <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Santander" title="Nuevo Santander">Nuevo Santander</a>, the area south of Texas on the Gulf coast of New Spain." Before leaving the region, Escandón "forcibly uprooted some of the northern Pame and took them with him. Those who survived the brutal trek were forced to work on lands in the new colony."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-eighteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Juniper Serra</a> was "first assigned to the remote Sierra Gorda region in what is now south-central Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Queretaro</a> state" and "worked among" the Pame, before embarking on a "preaching mission across Mexico."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1760s, missionary Juan Guadalupe Soriano who had "gained the greatest knowledge of their knowledge," recorded: "The more one deals with them, the less one knows about them." Following what had now been decades of indoctrination attempts by missionaries and ongoing violence by Spanish military officers, Soriano confessed that "the Pame were still 'inclined to idolatry' and that virtually all of them still followed their own religious leaders and still practiced their traditional dances."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pal%C3%B3u" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a>'s account of the eighteenth century missionary period presents an image "in which the missionization of the Sierra Gorda was an unbridled success." Palóu claimed that "there remained not a single pagan in that entire district, for all its inhabitants were baptized by my Venerable Padre [Juniper Serra] and his associates, and civilized, living in towns by the sound of the bell." There was no mention of the "population decline of the Pame experienced as a result of the mission's process." There was also no mention of the "significant numbers of Pame people [who] resisted the Texas method and fled the five Fernandino establishments," not only to the surrounding hills but to "missions administered by other religious groups in the surrounding area where the Indians felt they would have more freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1760s, "settlers and groups of Pame continued to agitate for <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>," which would free the latter from the mission system. Finally, in 1770, "saying that it needed to devote all its available manpower to support the missions in the <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Californias</a>," the colegio missionaries left the Sierra Gorda.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, in 1770, the "Spanish declared that the conversion of the Pame was complete" and the missions were quickly secularized. The Pame "were left to defend for themselves" against Spanish <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> who were moving into the region and "had taken the best farmlands."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_occupation">Mexican occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pame_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mexican occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg/220px-Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg/330px-Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg/440px-Altar_Pame_o_Xi%27iuy_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption>End of the feast of the dead. The portal is closed on the 1st. from December.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result, the Pame revolted in 1810 and 1848, and "they lost more of their land under the government land policy reforms of 1870, which favored landowners of European descent over the indigenous peoples." Eventually, a land reserve was an established for the Pame by the Mexican government along the Sierra Madre in the 1920s and 1930s. However, the "hilly and rocky terrain made it unsuitable for farming."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Mexican presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas</a>, with regard to these difficult conditions of Pame life, and in company with representatives of the Nahua and <a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Tének</a> people, a representative of the Pame stated, "I want to tell you about the survival worries of our group. We are few and highly dispersed; we are no more than ten thousand, and each day we lose more of our language and our customs. The migration of our brothers, due to lack of water and bad soils, has meant a rapid advance in the loss of our culture and in our uprooting." The Pame representative asked that the lands which were established for them by the Mexican government in 1922 be returned to them and for a "water work" which had not been authorized by the government at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Pame continue to live in poverty with "no agriculture or industry" in the region. The places of residence of many Pame are "cobbled together out of cardboard, plastic, sticks, and whatever other materials are available." Although schools are now being built in the region, it has been noted that "progress is slow." Many "rituals and religious festivals" are widely attended. Some Pame have "migrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to work as laborers in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pame_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pame speak what are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pame_languages" title="Pame languages">Pame languages</a>, which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto-Pamean">Oto-Pamean</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a> language family. The Pame language has no written tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it was claimed in Francisco Palóu's biography that Juniper Serra had "quickly learned the Pame language," despite his confession in letters from <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> that "he had always had great difficulty in learning indigenous languages," this was unlikely if not entirely questionable. While it is "quite conceivable" that Serra had "composed a short treatise in which he translated some basic prayers into a simple and phonetic version of the Pame language" anything more elaborate is implausible, especially given the fact that the Pame language was "not widely studied in Mexico in the middle of the eighteenth century." The earliest Pame grammar was "composed by Juan Guadalupe Soriano" and dates from the 1760s, which was "well after Serra had left the Sierra Gorda."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Pame people today cannot read or write in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pame_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVillanuevaMartín_Butragueño2014" class="citation book cs1">Villanueva, Rebeca Barriga; Martín Butragueño, Pedro (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfM_CQAAQBAJ&q=nyaxu+pame&pg=PT174"><i>Historia sociolingüística de México.: Volumen 3. Espacio, contacto y discurso político</i></a>. El Colegio de México, A.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786074625233" title="Special:BookSources/9786074625233"><bdi>9786074625233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+de+M%C3%A9xico.%3A+Volumen+3.+Espacio%2C+contacto+y+discurso+pol%C3%ADtico&rft.pub=El+Colegio+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+A.C.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9786074625233&rft.aulast=Villanueva&rft.aufirst=Rebeca+Barriga&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn+Butrague%C3%B1o%2C+Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfM_CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnyaxu%2Bpame%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValdés2012" class="citation book cs1">Valdés, José Luis Lara (2012). <i>Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</i>. Routledge. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765682222" title="Special:BookSources/9780765682222"><bdi>9780765682222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780765682222&rft.aulast=Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. 2: Mesoamerica, Part 2</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521652049" title="Special:BookSources/9780521652049"><bdi>9780521652049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Native+Peoples+of+the+Americas%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Mesoamerica%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521652049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdler-LomnitzElenaAdler2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Adler_Lomnitz" title="Larissa Adler Lomnitz">Adler-Lomnitz, Larissa</a>; Elena, Rodrigo Salazar; Adler, Ilya (2010). <i>Symbolism and Ritual in a One-party Regime: Unveiling Mexico's Political Culture</i>. University of Arizona Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816527533" title="Special:BookSources/9780816527533"><bdi>9780816527533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolism+and+Ritual+in+a+One-party+Regime%3A+Unveiling+Mexico%27s+Political+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780816527533&rft.aulast=Adler-Lomnitz&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft.au=Elena%2C+Rodrigo+Salazar&rft.au=Adler%2C+Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert H. (2014). <i>Evangelization and Cultural Conflict in Colonial Mexico</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">166–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443856966" title="Special:BookSources/9781443856966"><bdi>9781443856966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelization+and+Cultural+Conflict+in+Colonial+Mexico&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443856966&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/904559436 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/904463854 cite #2 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeebeSenkewicz2015" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Rose Marie; Senkewicz, Robert M. (2015). <i>Junípero Serra: California, Indians, and the Transformation of a Missionary</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806148687" title="Special:BookSources/9780806148687"><bdi>9780806148687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jun%C3%ADpero+Serra%3A+California%2C+Indians%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+a+Missionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780806148687&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Rose+Marie&rft.au=Senkewicz%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeebeSenkewicz2015" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Rose Marie; Senkewicz, Robert M (2015). <i>Junípero Serra: California, Indians, and the Transformation of a Missionary</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806148687" title="Special:BookSources/9780806148687"><bdi>9780806148687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jun%C3%ADpero+Serra%3A+California%2C+Indians%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+a+Missionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780806148687&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Rose+Marie&rft.au=Senkewicz%2C+Robert+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-junipero-serra-california-20150116-story.html">"Father Junipero Serra: California hero or villain?"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>. 16 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Father+Junipero+Serra%3A+California+hero+or+villain%3F&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Flanow%2Fla-me-ln-junipero-serra-california-20150116-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APame+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p><br /> </p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1864956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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