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id="toc-Simple_partial_seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_partial_seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Simple partial seizures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_partial_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacksonian_march" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacksonian_march"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Jacksonian march</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacksonian_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_partial_seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_partial_seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Complex partial seizures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_partial_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presentation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presentation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epil%C3%A8psia_focal" title="Epilèpsia focal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epilèpsia focal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_parciales_(convulsi%C3%B3n)" title="Crisis parciales (convulsión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis parciales (convulsión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تشنج کانونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تشنج کانونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_%C3%A9pileptique_focale" title="Crise épileptique focale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise épileptique focale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99" title="פרכוס חלקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרכוס חלקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Фокален напад – Macedonian" lang="mk" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seizures which affect only one brain hemisphere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Focal_seizure" title="Special:EditPage/Focal seizure">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Focal+seizure%22">"Focal seizure"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Focal+seizure%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Focal+seizure%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Focal+seizure%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Focal+seizure%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Focal+seizure%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Focal seizure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Partial seizures, localized seizures</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140388?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Focal seizures</b> (also called <b>partial seizures</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>localized seizures</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> that affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Brad2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain is divided into <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">two hemispheres</a>, each consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_the_brain" title="Lobes of the brain">four lobes</a> – the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. A focal seizure is generated in and affects just one part of the brain – a whole hemisphere or part of a lobe. Symptoms will vary according to where the seizure occurs. When seizures occur in the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a>, the patient may experience a wave-like sensation in the head. When seizures occur in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>, a feeling of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a> may be experienced. When seizures are localized to the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">numbness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">tingling</a> may occur. With seizures occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital lobe</a>, visual disturbances or hallucinations have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Epilepsy_Society_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epilepsy_Society-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, focal seizures are split into two main categories, <i>focal onset aware</i>, and <i>focal onset impaired awareness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-revision_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revision-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What was previously termed a <i>secondary generalised seizure</i> is now termed a <i>focal to bilateral seizure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-types_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In focal onset aware seizures, a small part of one of the lobes may be affected and the person remains conscious. This can often be a precursor to a larger focal onset impaired awareness seizure; in such cases, the focal aware seizure is usually called an <a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">aura</a>. </p><p>A focal impaired awareness seizure affects a larger part of the hemisphere and the person may lose consciousness. </p><p>If a focal seizure spreads from one hemisphere to the other side of the brain, this will give rise to a <i>focal to bilateral seizure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-revision_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revision-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-types_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person will become unconscious and may experience a <a href="/wiki/Tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic–clonic seizure">tonic–clonic seizure</a>. Individuals with multiple focal seizures typically have a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>. (A <a href="/wiki/Generalized_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized seizure">generalized seizure</a> is one that involves both sides of the brain from the onset.)<sup id="cite_ref-types_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_partial_seizures">Simple partial seizures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple partial seizures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Simple_Partial_Seizures"></span><span class="anchor" id="Simple_Partial"></span><span class="anchor" id="Simple_partial"></span> Simple partial seizures are <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> that affect only a small region of the brain, often the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal lobes">temporal lobes</a> or structures found there, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampi</a>. People who have focal aware seizures remain conscious.<sup id="cite_ref-EPILEPSYFOUNDATIONDEF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPILEPSYFOUNDATIONDEF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focal aware seizures often precede larger focal impaired awareness seizures, where the abnormal electrical activity spreads to a larger area of the brain. This can result in a <a href="/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic-clonic seizure">tonic-clonic seizure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEDLINEPLUSDEF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEDLINEPLUSDEF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presentation">Presentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple partial seizures are a very subjective experience, and the symptoms vary greatly between people. Since symptoms can be subtle, diagnosis can be delayed by months or years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms of these seizures can also be misconstrued as auras, especially for epileptics with multiple types of seizure diagnosis. This is due to the varying locations of the brain in which the seizures originate (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rolandic_epilepsy" title="Rolandic epilepsy">Rolandic</a>). A simple partial seizure may go unnoticed by others or shrugged off by the patient as merely a "funny turn." Focal aware seizures usually start suddenly and are very brief, typically lasting 60 to 120 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-HART_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HART-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Specifically the 60-120 seconds part isn't supported by the source (August 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some common symptoms of a simple partial seizure are:<sup id="cite_ref-EPILEPSYFOUNDATIONDEF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPILEPSYFOUNDATIONDEF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>preserved consciousness</li> <li>sudden and inexplicable feelings of fear, anger, sadness, happiness or nausea</li> <li>sensations of falling or movement</li> <li>experiencing of unusual feelings or sensations</li> <li>altered sense of hearing, smelling, tasting, seeing, and tactile perception (sensory <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>), or feeling as though the environment is not real (<a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">derealization</a>) or dissociation from the environment or self (<a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a>)</li> <li>a sense of spatial distortion—near objects may appear to be distant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a> (familiarity) or <a href="/wiki/Jamais_vu" title="Jamais vu">jamais vu</a> (unfamiliarity)</li> <li>labored speech or inability to speak at all</li></ul> <p>Hallucinations may occur during focal aware seizures, but they are differentiated from psychotic symptoms by the sufferer's awareness that they are hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-HART_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HART-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacksonian_march">Jacksonian march</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jacksonian march"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacksonian march or Jacksonian seizure is a phenomenon in which a simple partial seizure spreads from the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> part of the limb toward the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ipsilateral" class="extiw" title="wikt:ipsilateral">ipsilateral</a> face (on same side of body). They involve a progression of the location of the <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizure</a> in the brain, which leads to a "march" of the motor presentation of symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-jacksonian_epilepsy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacksonian_epilepsy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-synd_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacksonian seizures are initiated with abnormal electrical activity within the <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">primary motor cortex</a>. Uniquely, they travel through the primary motor cortex in succession, affecting the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, often beginning with the fingers. This is felt as a tingling sensation, or a feeling of waves through the fingers when touched together. They then affect the hand and move on to more proximal areas on the same side of the body. Symptoms often associated with a Jacksonian seizure are sudden head and eye movements, tingling, numbness, smacking of the lips, and sudden muscle contractions. Typically, any of these actions can be seen as a normal movement, without being associated with the seizure occurring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They occur at no particular moment and last only briefly. They may result in secondary generalized seizure involving both hemispheres. They can also start at the feet, manifesting as <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">tingling or pins and needles</a> together with painful cramps, due to the signals from the brain. Because it is a partial seizure, the <a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">postictal state</a> is of normal consciousness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jacksonian seizures are named after their discoverer, <a href="/wiki/John_Hughlings_Jackson" title="John Hughlings Jackson">John Hughlings Jackson</a>, an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a>, whose studies led to the discovery of the seizures' initiation point (in the primary motor cortex) in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-synd_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_partial_seizures">Complex partial seizures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complex partial seizures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Complex_Partial_Seizures"></span><span class="anchor" id="Complex_Partial"></span><span class="anchor" id="Complex_partial"></span> A complex partial seizure is a seizure that is associated with unilateral <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemisphere</a> involvement and causes <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">impairment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> or responsiveness, i.e. alteration of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-types_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presentation_2">Presentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complex partial seizures are often preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">aura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trescher,_William_H._1749-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seizure aura is a focal aware seizure.<sup id="cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trescher,_William_H._1749-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aura may manifest itself as a feeling of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamais_vu" title="Jamais vu">jamais vu</a>, fear, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The aura might also occur as a visual disturbance, such as <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_vision" title="Tunnel vision">tunnel vision</a> or a change in the perceived size of objects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once consciousness is impaired, the person may display <a href="/wiki/Automatic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic behavior">automatisms</a>, such as lip smacking, chewing or swallowing.<sup id="cite_ref-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may also be loss of memory (<a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a>) surrounding the seizural event.<sup id="cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trescher,_William_H._1749-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person may still be able to perform routine tasks such as walking, although such movements are not purposeful or planned. Witnesses may not recognize that anything is wrong, and the person may or may not realize that he experienced a seizure. </p><p>Complex partial seizures might arise from any <a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">lobe</a> of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trescher,_William_H._1749-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They most commonly arise from the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mesial" class="extiw" title="wikt:mesial">mesial</a> <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortical</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common associated brain abnormality is <a href="/wiki/Mesial_temporal_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesial temporal sclerosis">mesial temporal sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesial temporal sclerosis is a specific pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss accompanied by hippocampal <a href="/wiki/Gliosis" title="Gliosis">gliosis</a> and atrophy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex partial seizures occur when excessive and synchronous electrical brain activity causes the impaired awareness and responsiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abnormal electrical activity might spread to the rest of the brain and cause a focal to bilateral seizure or a generalized <a href="/wiki/Tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic–clonic seizure">tonic–clonic seizure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newer classification of 2017 groups only focal and generalized seizures, and generalized seizures are those that involve both sides of the brain from the onset.<sup id="cite_ref-types_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-revision_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revision-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most people with focal seizures due to epilepsy require medications to manage the condition. Not all epileptics find that the medications given are effective at preventing seizures; approximately 30% cannot keep their seizures in remission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A newer pharmaceutical approach using immunomodulator drugs in addition to standard medication treatments has been suggested and there is some evidence that this approach may reduce the frequency of focal seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear if this medicine is well tolerated in adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/epilepsy/seizures/types/partial-focus-seizures.html">"Partial (Focal) Seizures"</a>. <i>Johns Hopkins Medicine</i>. 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MedlinePlus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partial+%28focal%29+seizure&rft.pub=MedlinePlus&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft.au=Amit+M.+Shelat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000697.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+seizure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellinenTafuroYangPrice2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pellinen, Jacob; Tafuro, Erica; Yang, Annie; Price, Dana; Friedman, Daniel; Holmes, Manisha; Barnard, Sarah; Detyniecki, Kamil; Hegde, Manu; Hixson, John; Haut, Sheryl (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/epi.16707">"Focal nonmotor versus motor seizures: The impact on diagnostic delay in focal epilepsy"</a>. <i>Epilepsia</i>. <b>61</b> (12): 2643–2652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fepi.16707">10.1111/epi.16707</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-1167">1528-1167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33078409">33078409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224811014">224811014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsia&rft.atitle=Focal+nonmotor+versus+motor+seizures%3A+The+impact+on+diagnostic+delay+in+focal+epilepsy&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2643-2652&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1528-1167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224811014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33078409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fepi.16707&rft.aulast=Pellinen&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Tafuro%2C+Erica&rft.au=Yang%2C+Annie&rft.au=Price%2C+Dana&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Manisha&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Detyniecki%2C+Kamil&rft.au=Hegde%2C+Manu&rft.au=Hixson%2C+John&rft.au=Haut%2C+Sheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fepi.16707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+seizure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HART-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HART_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HART_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation book cs1">Hart, YM (2007). <i>Epilepsy Questions and Answers</i>. Merit Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873413876" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873413876"><bdi>978-1873413876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epilepsy+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pub=Merit+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1873413876&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=YM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+seizure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacksonian_epilepsy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacksonian_epilepsy_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000036142.htm">"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:jacksonian epilepsy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorlands+Medical+Dictionary%3Ajacksonian+epilepsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercksource.com%2Fpp%2Fus%2Fcns%2Fcns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp%3Fpg%3D%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fthree%2F000036142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+seizure" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-synd-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-synd_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-synd_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3332.html">synd/3332</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Who_Named_It%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Named It?">Who Named It?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trescher, William H., and Ronald P. Lescher 2000, p. 1748.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trescher,_William_H._1749-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trescher,_William_H._1749_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trescher, William H., and Ronald P. Lescher 2000, p. 1749.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murro,_Anthony_M._2006_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murro, Anthony M. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engelsen, B A., C Tzoulis, B Karlsen, A Lillebø, L M 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trescher, William H., and Ronald P. Lescher 2000, p. 1750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trepeta, Scott 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"International League Against Epilepsy." 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trescher, William H., and Ronald P. Lescher 2000, p. 1747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanebiancoWalkerMarson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Panebianco, Mariangela; Walker, Lauren; Marson, Anthony G (2023-10-16). Cochrane Epilepsy Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD009945.pub3">"Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2023</b> (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009945.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD009945.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10577807">10577807</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Immunomodulatory+interventions+for+focal+epilepsy&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10577807%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009945.pub3&rft.aulast=Panebianco&rft.aufirst=Mariangela&rft.au=Walker%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Marson%2C+Anthony+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009945.pub3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocal+seizure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140388" class="extiw" title="d:Q7140388">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G40.0">G40.0</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G40.2">G40.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=345.4">345.4</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=345.5">345.5</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004828">D004828</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000697.htm">000697</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/<br /><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seizures_and_epilepsy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template talk:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seizures_and_epilepsy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura (warning sign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">Postictal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptogenesis" title="Epileptogenesis">Epileptogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_seizure" title="Neonatal seizure">Neonatal seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_in_children" title="Epilepsy in children">Epilepsy in children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li>Investigations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptologist" title="Epileptologist">Epileptologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_for_people_with_epilepsy" title="Issues for people with epilepsy">Personal issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_driving" title="Epilepsy and driving">Epilepsy and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Focal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Seizures</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simple_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple partial seizure">Simple partial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex partial seizure">Complex partial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gelastic_seizure" title="Gelastic seizure">Gelastic seizure</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Epilepsy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">Temporal lobe epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Frontal lobe epilepsy">Frontal lobe epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rolandic_epilepsy" title="Rolandic epilepsy">Rolandic epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sleep-related_hypermotor_epilepsy" title="Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy">Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panayiotopoulos_syndrome" title="Panayiotopoulos syndrome">Panayiotopoulos syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_epilepsy" title="Vertiginous epilepsy">Vertiginous epilepsy</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generalised_epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised epilepsy">Generalised</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">Tonic–clonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">Absence seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonic_seizure" title="Atonic seizure">Atonic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(medicine)" title="Automatism (medicine)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_familial_neonatal_seizures" title="Benign familial neonatal seizures">Benign familial neonatal seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox%E2%80%93Gastaut_syndrome" title="Lennox–Gastaut syndrome">Lennox–Gastaut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic astatic epilepsy">Myoclonic astatic epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic spasms">Epileptic spasms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">Febrile seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsia_partialis_continua" title="Epilepsia partialis continua">Epilepsia partialis continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_status_epilepticus" title="Complex partial status epilepticus">Complex partial status epilepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_myoclonus_epilepsy" title="Progressive myoclonus epilepsy">Progressive myoclonus epilepsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentatorubral%E2%80%93pallidoluysian_atrophy" title="Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy">Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unverricht%E2%80%93Lundborg_disease" title="Unverricht–Lundborg disease">Unverricht–Lundborg disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERRF_syndrome" title="MERRF syndrome">MERRF syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafora_disease" title="Lafora disease">Lafora disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_myoclonic_encephalopathy" title="Early myoclonic encephalopathy">Early myoclonic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy">Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_unexpected_death_in_epilepsy" title="Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy">Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd%27s_paresis" title="Todd's paresis">Todd's paresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Kleffner_syndrome" title="Landau–Kleffner syndrome">Landau–Kleffner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_in_animals" title="Epilepsy in animals">Epilepsy in animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_for_Research_in_Epilepsy" title="Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy">Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Action" title="Epilepsy Action">Epilepsy Action</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Action_Australia" title="Epilepsy Action Australia">Epilepsy Action Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Foundation" title="Epilepsy Foundation">Epilepsy Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Outlook" title="Epilepsy Outlook">Epilepsy Outlook</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Research_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Epilepsy Research UK">Epilepsy Research UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Society" title="Epilepsy Society">Epilepsy Society</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&oldid=1257941088">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focal_seizure&oldid=1257941088</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seizure_types" title="Category:Seizure types">Seizure types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback 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