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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins in feudalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_in_feudalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins in feudalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bankruptcies_and_liquidations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bankruptcies_and_liquidations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Bankruptcies and liquidations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bankruptcies_and_liquidations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration_of_Crown_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration_of_Crown_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Registration of Crown land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration_of_Crown_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_agents_and_escheatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_agents_and_escheatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Transfer agents and escheatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_agents_and_escheatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_shareholders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_shareholders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Lost shareholders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_shareholders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Сӳннĕ пурлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сӳннĕ пурлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BAmr%C5%A5" title="Odúmrť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odúmrť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimfall" title="Heimfall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heimfall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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land</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/300px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned property</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Acquisition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_(law)" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher category:</i> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_law" title="Template:Property law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law" title="Template talk:Property law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Escheat</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> excidere</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fall away</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> doctrine that transfers the <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> of a person who has died without heirs to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">crown</a> or <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. It serves to ensure that property is not left in "limbo" without recognized ownership. It originally applied to a number of situations where a legal interest in land was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Operation_of_law" title="Operation of law">operation of law</a>, so that the ownership of the land reverted to the immediately superior <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> lord. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "escheat" derives ultimately from the Latin <i>ex-cadere</i>, to "fall-out", via mediaeval French <i>escheoir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense is of a feudal <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">estate in land</a> falling-out of the possession by a tenant into the possession of the lord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_in_feudalism">Origins in feudalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in feudalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In feudal England, escheat referred to the situation where the tenant of a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fee</a> (or "fief") died without an heir or committed a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>. In the case of such demise of a <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenant-in-chief</a>, the fee reverted to the King's <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> permanently, when it became once again a mere tenantless plot of land, but could be re-created as a fee by enfeoffment to another of the king's followers. Where the deceased had been <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudated</a> by a tenant-in-chief, the fee reverted temporarily to the crown for <a href="/wiki/Year_and_a_day_rule" title="Year and a day rule">one year and one day</a> by right of <i><a href="/wiki/Seisin" title="Seisin">primer seisin</a></i> after which it escheated to the over-lord who had granted it to the deceased by enfeoffment. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, the monarchy took particular interest in escheat as a source of revenue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England in 1066, all the land of England was claimed as the personal possession of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> under <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial title</a>. The monarch thus became the sole "owner" of all the land in the kingdom, a position which persists to the present day. He then granted it out to his favoured followers, who thereby became <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenants-in-chief</a>, under various contracts of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal land tenure</a>. Such tenures, even the highest one of "<a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">feudal barony</a>", never conferred ownership of land but merely ownership of rights over it, that is to say ownership of an <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">estate in land</a>. Such persons are therefore correctly termed "land-holders" or "tenants" (from Latin <i>teneo</i> to hold), not owners. If held freely, that is to say by <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freehold</a>, such holdings were heritable by the holder's legal heir. On the payment of a premium termed <a href="/wiki/Feudal_relief" title="Feudal relief">feudal relief</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>, such heir was entitled to demand <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffment">re-enfeoffment</a> by the king with the <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fee</a> concerned. </p><p>Where no legal heir existed, the logic of the situation was that the fief had ceased to exist as a legal entity, since being tenantless no one was living who had been enfeoffed with the land, and the land was thus technically owned by either the crown or the immediate overlord (where the fee had been <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudated" class="mw-redirect" title="Subinfeudated">subinfeudated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenant-in-chief</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">mesne lord</a>, and perhaps the process of subinfeudation had been continued by a lower series of mesne-lords) as <i><a href="/wiki/Ultimus_haeres" title="Ultimus haeres">ultimus haeres</a></i>. Logically therefore it was in the occupation of the crown alone, that is to say in the royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a>. This was the basic operation of an escheat ('excadere'), a failure of heirs. </p><p>Escheat could also take place if a tenant was outlawed or convicted of a felony, when the King could exercise the ancient right of wasting the criminal's land for a year and a day, after which the land would revert to the overlord. (However, one guilty of treason (rather than mere felony) forfeited all lands to the King. John and his heirs frequently insisted on seizing as <i>terrae Normannorum</i> (i.e. "lands of the Normans") the English lands of those lords with holdings in Normandy who preferred to be Normans rather than Englishmen, when the victories of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> forced them to make a proclamation of allegiance to France.) Since disavowal of a feudal bond was a felony, lords could escheat land from those who refused to perform their feudal services. On the other hand, there were also tenants who were merely sluggish in performing their duties, while not being outright rebellious against the lord. Remedies in the courts against this sort of thing, even in <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Bracton" title="Henry de Bracton">Bracton</a>'s day, were available, but were considered laborious and were frequently ineffectual in compelling the desired performance. The most common mechanism was <a href="/wiki/Distraint" title="Distraint">distraint</a>, also known as distress (districtio), whereby the lord would seize chattels or goods belonging to the tenant, to hold until performance was achieved. This practice had been addressed in the 1267 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Marlborough" title="Statute of Marlborough">Statute of Marlborough</a>. Even so, it remained the most common extrajudicial method applied by overlords at the time of <i><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, under English common law, there were two main ways an escheat could happen: </p> <ol><li>A person's lands escheated to the immediate overlord if he was convicted of a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, in that event the land was <a href="/wiki/Asset_forfeiture" title="Asset forfeiture">forfeited</a> to the Crown). If the person was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a> for felony, his heirs were <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a>, i.e. were ineligible to inherit. In most common-law jurisdictions, this type of escheat has been abolished outright, for example in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:_Treason" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article 3 § 3</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which states that <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">attainders</a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> do not give rise to posthumous forfeiture, or "corruption of blood".</li> <li>If a person had no <a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heir</a> to receive his lands under his <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>, or under the laws of <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a>, then any land he owned at death would escheat. This rule has been replaced in most common-law jurisdictions by <i><a href="/wiki/Bona_vacantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona vacantia">bona vacantia</a></i> or a similar concept.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 12th century onward, the Crown appointed <i>escheators</i> to manage escheats and report to the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a>, with one escheator per <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> established by the middle of the 14th century. Upon the death of a tenant-in-chief, the escheator would be instructed by a writ of <i>diem clausit extremum</i> ("he has closed his last day", i.e. he is dead) issued by the king's <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">chancery</a>, to empanel a jury to hold an "<a href="/wiki/Escheat_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Escheat roll">inquisition <i>post mortem</i></a>" to ascertain who the legal heir was, if any, and what was the extent of the land held. Thus it would be revealed whether the king had any rights to the land. It was also important for the king to know who the heir was, and to assess his personal qualities, since he would thenceforth form a constituent part of the royal army, if he held under <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">military tenure</a>. If there was any doubt, the escheator would seize the land and refer the case to the king's court where it would be settled, ensuring that not one day's revenue would be lost. This would be a source of concern with land-holders when there were delays from the court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_operation">Current operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg/220px-Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg/330px-Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg/440px-Jury_finding_Kentucky_County_Virginia_John_Connolly_Daniel_Boone_1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3254" /></a><figcaption>Jury finding from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a> County Court from an inquest of escheat. A twelve-man panel adjudged John Connolly and Alexander McKee to be <a href="/wiki/British_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizen">British citizens</a> within the meaning of the Virginia Assembly Act of 1779 concerning British subjects and their rights under Virginia law. (The Assembly had seized Connolly's claims prior to the inquest.) The jury found that the lands of Connolly and McKee were <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_(law)" title="Forfeiture (law)">forfeited</a> as they were British (and not American) citizens. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a> was listed as member of jury. (July 1780)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most common-law jurisdictions have abolished the concept of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal land tenure</a> of property, and so the concept of escheat has lost something of its meaning. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the possibility of escheat of a deceased person's property to the feudal overlord was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Estates_Act_1925" title="Administration of Estates Act 1925">Administration of Estates Act 1925</a>; however, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property"><i>bona vacantia</i></a> means that the Crown (or <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>) can still receive such property if no-one else can be found who is eligible to inherit it. </p><p>The term is often now applied to the transfer of the title to a person's property to the state when the person dies <a href="/wiki/Intestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestate">intestate</a> without any other person capable of taking the property as <a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heir</a>. For example, a common-law jurisdiction's intestacy statute might provide that when someone dies without a <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>, and is not survived by a spouse, descendants, parents, grandparents, descendants of parents, children or grandchildren of grandparents, or great-grandchildren of grandparents, then the person's estate will escheat to the state. </p><p>Similarly, under <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic law">Napoleonic law</a>, if someone dies intestate without natural heirs then, after all creditors are paid, any remaining real and personal goods are inherited by the State. </p><p>In some jurisdictions, escheat can also occur when an entity, typically a bank, credit union or other financial institution, holds money or property which appears to be unclaimed, for instance due to a lack of activity on the account by way of deposits, withdrawals or any other transactions for a lengthy time in a cash account. In many jurisdictions, if the owner cannot be located, such property can be revocably escheated to the state. </p><p>In commerce, it is the process of reassigning legal title in unclaimed or abandoned payroll checks, insurance payouts, or stocks and shares whose owners cannot be traced, to a state authority (in the United States). A company is required to file unclaimed property reports with its state annually and, in some jurisdictions, to make a good-faith effort to find the owners of their dormant accounts. The escheating criteria are set by individual state regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bankruptcies_and_liquidations">Bankruptcies and liquidations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bankruptcies and liquidations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Escheat can still occur in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, if a person is made <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidated</a>. Usually this means that all the property held by that person is 'vested in' (transferred to) the <a href="/wiki/Official_Receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Receiver">Official Receiver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trustee_in_Bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustee in Bankruptcy">Trustee in Bankruptcy</a>. However, it is open to the Receiver or Trustee to refuse to accept that property by <a href="/wiki/Disclaimer" title="Disclaimer">disclaiming</a> it. It is relatively common for a trustee in bankruptcy to disclaim freehold property which may give rise to a liability, for example the common parts of a block of <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">flats</a> owned by the bankrupt would ordinarily pass to the trustee to be realised in order to pay his debts, but the property may give the landlord an obligation to spend money for the benefit of lessees of the flats. The bankruptcy of the original owner means that the freehold is no longer the bankrupt's legal property, and the disclaimer destroys the freehold <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a>, so that the land ceases to be owned by anyone and effectively escheats to become land held by the Crown in <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a>. This situation affects a few hundred properties each year. </p><p>Although such escheated property is owned by the Crown, it is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a>, unless the Crown (through the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate_Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Estate Commissioners">Crown Estate Commissioners</a>) 'completes' the escheat, by taking steps to exert rights as owner. However, usually, in the example given above, the tenants of the flats, or their <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">mortgagees</a> would exercise their rights given by the <a href="/wiki/Insolvency_Act_1986" title="Insolvency Act 1986">Insolvency Act 1986</a> to have the freehold property transferred to them. This is the main difference between escheat and <i>bona vacantia</i>, as in the latter, a grant takes place automatically, with no need to 'complete' the transaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Registration_of_Crown_land">Registration of Crown land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Registration of Crown land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Land_Registration_Act_1925" title="Land Registration Act 1925">Land Registration Act 1925</a> was that only <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">estates in land</a> (freehold or leasehold) could be registered. <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>, i.e., land held directly by the Crown – also known as property in the <i>royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a></i> – is not held under any residual feudal tenure (the Crown has no historical overlord other than, for brief periods, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papacy</a>), and there is therefore no estate to register. This had the consequence that freeholds which escheated to the Crown ceased to be registrable. This created a slow drain of property out of registration, amounting to some hundreds of freehold titles in each year. </p><p>The problem was noted by the <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Commission">Law Commission</a> in their report "Land Registration for the Twenty-First Century". The <a href="/wiki/Land_Registration_Act_2002" title="Land Registration Act 2002">Land Registration Act 2002</a> was passed in response to that report. It provides that land held in demesne by the Crown may be registered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transfer_agents_and_escheatment">Transfer agents and escheatment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transfer agents and escheatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Escheatment is the process of returning lost or unclaimed property to the government of a state, for safekeeping until the owner is identified. Geographic jurisdiction of the state is determined by the last known address of the original owner. Each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> has laws regulating escheatment, with holding periods typically ranging around five years. The legal principle behind escheatment is that all property has a legally recognized owner. Therefore, if the original owner cannot be found within a specified time, the government is presumed to be the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escheats are performed on a revocable basis. Thus, if property has escheated to a state but the original owner subsequently is found, escheatment is revoked and ownership of the property reverts to that original owner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lost_shareholders">Lost shareholders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lost shareholders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to SEC Rule 17 CFR 240.17f-1: Transfer agents are obligated by the SEC to report to the commission (specifically to its designee; the SEC's Securities Information System) anytime a certificate is known to be lost or missing for at least two days.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transfer Agents must search for the holder's SSN or EIN utilizing an information database system, or if not available, exercise their best effort to match the holder's name and address through these systems. All transfer agents must report all lost or missing certificates/shareholders on their own annual filings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property"><i>Bona vacantia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakage_(accounting)" title="Breakage (accounting)">Breakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">Doctrine of lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_fiscal_system" title="History of the English fiscal system">History of the English fiscal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">Intestacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>S. T. Gibson, "The Escheatries, 1327–1341", <i>English Historical Review</i>, 36(1921).</li> <li>John Bean, <i>The Decline of English Feudalism, 1215–1540</i>, 1968.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escheat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howjsay.com">"Escheat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escheat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhowjsay.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscheat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker1838" class="citation book cs1">Walker, John (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO97flqb_-cC&q=pronounce%20escheat%20english&pg=PR1"><i>A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language</i></a>. Adegi Graphics LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402171710" title="Special:BookSources/9781402171710"><bdi>9781402171710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Pronouncing+Dictionary+and+Expositor+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Adegi+Graphics+LLC&rft.date=1838&rft.isbn=9781402171710&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgO97flqb_-cC%26q%3Dpronounce%2520escheat%2520english%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscheat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins Dictionary of the English Language, London, 1986, p.520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, Vol 1, pp. 355–366, Cambridge University Press, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInvestopedia_Staff2003" class="citation news cs1">Investopedia Staff (18 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/escheat.asp">"Escheat"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Escheat&rft.date=2003-11-18&rft.au=Investopedia+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fe%2Fescheat.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscheat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/17/240.17f-1">"17 CFR 240.17f-1 - Requirements for reporting and inquiry with respect to missing, lost, counterfeit or stolen securities"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=17+CFR+240.17f-1+-+Requirements+for+reporting+and+inquiry+with+respect+to+missing%2C+lost%2C+counterfeit+or+stolen+securities.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F17%2F240.17f-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscheat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westcoaststocktransfer.com/escheatment">"Escheatment"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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