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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariner 2</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 47 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="مارينر 2 — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارينر 2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80_2" title="Маринър 2 — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маринър 2" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%A2" title="مێرنیر ٢ — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێرنیر ٢" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81_2" title="Μάρινερ 2 — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρινερ 2" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_%DB%B2" title="مارینر ۲ — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارینر ۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8_2" title="מארינר 2 — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארינר 2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%E2%80%932" title="Mariner–2 — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mariner–2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80-2" title="Մարիներ-2 — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիներ-2" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC2%E5%8F%B7" title="マリナー2号 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリナー2号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%88_2%ED%98%B8" title="매리너 2호 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매리너 2호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_2" title="Маринер 2 — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маринер 2" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="میرینر 2 — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میرینر 2" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="مارينر 2 — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارينر 2" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Маринер-2 — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маринер-2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_2" title="Маринер 2 — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маринер 2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Марінер-2 — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марінер-2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="میرینر 2 — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میرینر 2" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%89%8B2%E8%99%9F" title="水手2號 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水手2號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208984#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Mariner+2"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mariner_2&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208984" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox_v2" style="font-size:88%"><div class="topo" style="background-color:#E8E8E8;color:#000000;border:none;font-size:1.3em;*padding:12px 0;text-align:center;width:100%;display:table;padding:0;*height:auto;height:45px"><div style="display:table-cell;padding:3px;vertical-align:middle">Mariner 2</div></div><div><div class="image" style="justify-content:space-around;text-align:center;display:flex;padding:2px 0;align-items:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Mariner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/220px-Mariner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/330px-Mariner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/440px-Mariner_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div></div><table><tbody><tr class="" style="vertical-align:middle"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:10px;word-wrap:normal;max-width:140px;width:8em">Tipo</th><td><div> <a href="/wiki/Sonda_espacial" title="Sonda espacial">sonda espacial</a><br />artificial satellite of the Sun<small> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4203973" class="extiw" title="d:Q4203973"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Veja o elemento Wikidata correspondente">d</span></a>)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#E8E8E8;color:#000000;font-weight:bolder;width:23em;text-align:center;max-width:300px;word-wrap:break-word;margin:0 0 5px 0;line-height:1.5">Características</caption><tbody><tr class="" style="vertical-align:middle"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:10px;word-wrap:normal;max-width:140px;width:8em">Pesos</th><td><div> 202,8 kg</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#E8E8E8;color:#000000;font-weight:bolder;width:23em;text-align:center;max-width:300px;word-wrap:break-word;margin:0 0 5px 0;line-height:1.5">Concepção</caption><tbody><tr class="" style="vertical-align:middle"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:10px;word-wrap:normal;max-width:140px;width:8em">Precedido por</th><td><div> <a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#E8E8E8;color:#000000;font-weight:bolder;width:23em;text-align:center;max-width:300px;word-wrap:break-word;margin:0 0 5px 0;line-height:1.5">Fabricação</caption><tbody><tr class="" style="vertical-align:middle"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:10px;word-wrap:normal;max-width:140px;width:8em">Fabricante</th><td><div> <a href="/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio_de_Propuls%C3%A3o_a_Jato" title="Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#E8E8E8;color:#000000;font-weight:bolder;width:23em;text-align:center;max-width:300px;word-wrap:break-word;margin:0 0 5px 0;line-height:1.5">Utilização</caption><tbody><tr class="" style="vertical-align:middle"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:10px;word-wrap:normal;max-width:140px;width:8em">Seguido por</th><td><div> <a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered" style="border-bottom:0;margin-top:5px;display:block;margin-bottom:-0.125em;border-width:1px;border-top:1px solid #E8E8E8"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left;width:23em"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=0">editar</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=0">editar código-fonte</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208984" class="extiw" title="d:Q208984">editar Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right;float:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Info/Objeto/Wikidata" title="Documentação da predefinição"><img alt="Documentação da predefinição" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p>A <b>Mariner 2</b> (ou <b>Mariner-Venus 1962</b>), foi uma sonda espacial para <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(planeta)" title="Vénus (planeta)">Vênus</a>, ela foi a primeira <a href="/wiki/Sonda_espacial" title="Sonda espacial">sonda espacial</a> robótica a ter sucesso em atingir outro planeta. A primeira <a href="/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial">espaçonave</a> do <a href="/wiki/Programa_Mariner" title="Programa Mariner">Programa Mariner</a> da <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> bem-sucedida. Ela foi lançada de <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Canaveral" title="Cabo Canaveral">Cabo Canaveral</a> em 27 de agosto de 1962, e passou a "apenas" 34 773 km de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(planeta)" title="Vénus (planeta)">Vênus</a> em 14 de dezembro de 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn001-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_sonda">A sonda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: A sonda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: A sonda"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Mariner_2_inspection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mariner_2_inspection.jpg/210px-Mariner_2_inspection.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mariner_2_inspection.jpg/315px-Mariner_2_inspection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mariner_2_inspection.jpg/420px-Mariner_2_inspection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A Mariner 2 sendo inspecionada antes do voo pioneiro.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>Mariner 2</i> era uma versão simplificada da espaçonave "Block I" do <a href="/wiki/Programa_Ranger" title="Programa Ranger">Programa Ranger</a> e uma cópia exata da <a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a>. As missões Mariner 1 e 2 eram tratadas internamente pelos técnicos da NASA como missões "Mariner R".<sup id="cite_ref-rfn002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn002-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No planejamento original, as sondas seriam lançadas pelo foguete <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a>, mas sérios problemas no desenvolvimento do estágio superior, forçaram a troca para o estágio <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena#Atlas-Agena_B" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena B</a>, muito menor.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn003-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Sendo assim, o desenho das sondas "Mariner R" foram muito simplificados. Muito menos instrumentos seriam levados em relação às sondas soviéticas <a href="/wiki/Venera" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera">Venera</a> daquele período, por exemplo, uma câmara de TV, deixou de ir, já que o <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena#Atlas-Agena_B" title="Atlas-Agena">Atlas-Agena B</a> tinha metade da capacidade de carga do <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(foguete_espacial)#Molniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya (foguete espacial)">8K78</a> soviético.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn004-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sonda Mariner, consistia de uma estrutura central hexagonal de 100 cm de <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A2metro" title="Diâmetro">diâmetro</a>, a qual os <a href="/wiki/Energia_solar_fotovoltaica" title="Energia solar fotovoltaica">painéis solares</a>, os instrumentos e as <a href="/wiki/Antena" title="Antena">antenas de rádio</a> eram instaladas. Os instrumentos científicos a bordo da Mariner eram: dois <a href="/wiki/Radi%C3%B4metro" title="Radiômetro">radiômetros</a>, uma para <a href="/wiki/Micro-onda" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-onda">micro-ondas</a> outro para <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_infravermelha" title="Radiação infravermelha">radiação infravermelha</a> do <a href="/wiki/Espectro_eletromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Espectro eletromagnético">espectro eletromagnético</a>; um sensor de <a href="/wiki/Micrometeorito" title="Micrometeorito">micrometeoritos</a>; um sensor de <a href="/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma">plasma</a>; um sensor de <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_carregada" title="Partícula carregada">partículas carregadas</a> e um <a href="/wiki/Magnet%C3%B3metro" title="Magnetómetro">magnetômetro</a>. Esses instrumentos foram projetados para medir a distribuição de temperatura na superfície de Vênus e fazer medições básicas de sua <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn001_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn001-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_missão"><span id="A_miss.C3.A3o"></span>A missão</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: A missão" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: A missão"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Mariner_2_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mariner_2_launch.jpg/210px-Mariner_2_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Mariner_2_launch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>O lançamento da Mariner 2.</figcaption></figure> <p>A missão principal era de receber comunicações da sonda quando ela estivesse nas "vizinhanças" de Vênus e efetuar medições <a href="/wiki/Radiometria" title="Radiometria">radiométricas</a> da temperatura do planeta. Um segundo objetivo era o de medir o <a href="/wiki/Campo_magn%C3%A9tico_interplanet%C3%A1rio" title="Campo magnético interplanetário">campo magnético interplanetário</a> e o ambiente de <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_carregada" title="Partícula carregada">partículas carregadas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn005-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rumando para Vênus, a Mariner 2 mediu o <a href="/wiki/Vento_solar" title="Vento solar">vento solar</a>, uma emissão contínua de partículas carregadas fluindo do <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Sol</a>, confirmando as medições feitas pela sonda soviética <a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a> em 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn006-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ela também mediu a <a href="/wiki/Poeira_interestelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poeira interestelar">poeira interestelar</a>, que se mostrou muito mais rara do que o previsto. Além disso, a Mariner 2 detectou partículas altamente carregadas vindo do Sol, incluindo várias breves <a href="/wiki/Erup%C3%A7%C3%A3o_solar" title="Erupção solar">erupções solares</a>, assim como <a href="/wiki/Raio_c%C3%B3smico" title="Raio cósmico">raios cósmicos</a> de fora do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema solar">sistema solar</a>. Quando ela passou por Vênus em 14 de dezembro de 1962, a Mariner 2 analisou o planeta com seu par de radiômetros, revelando que Vênus tem nuvens frias e uma superfície extremamente quente. O sinal da Mariner 2 foi rastreado até 3 de janeiro de 1963. A sonda permanece em <a href="/wiki/%C3%93rbita" title="Órbita">órbita</a> ao redor do Sol.<sup id="cite_ref-rfn007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfn007-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resultados">Resultados</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Resultados" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Resultados"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os dados produzidos durante o voo consistiram em duas categorias: dados de rastreio e dados de <a href="/wiki/Telemetria" title="Telemetria">telemetria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sparks_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Um dado particularmente notável conseguido durante esse voo "de passagem", foi o da alta temperatura da atmosfera, medida em 500 <a href="/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius">°C</a>. Várias propriedades do <a href="/wiki/Vento_solar" title="Vento solar">vento solar</a>, também foram medidas pela primeira vez.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_miss%C3%B5es_a_V%C3%AAnus" title="Lista de missões a Vênus">Lista de missões à Vênus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microwave_Radiometer_(Juno)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microwave Radiometer (Juno) (página não existe)">Microwave Radiometer (Juno)</a>, um outro radiômetro de micro-ondas usado em 2010 para explorar <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Júpiter (planeta)">Júpiter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referências"><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Referências" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Referências"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfn001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfn001_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfn001_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1962-041A">«Mariner 2»</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.btitle=Mariner+2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2FspacecraftDisplay.do%3Fid%3D1962-041A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfn002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rfn002_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Edward Clinton Ezell, Linda Neuman Ezell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QEPdkCZg5cQC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Mariner+R+missions&source=bl&ots=Mntk9LnASH&sig=ACfU3U0PzProTPaQkgIQj5PTYQKf3S6LmA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtlbD62K_jAhWjGLkGHebECZoQ6AEwFHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Mariner%20R%20missions&f=false">«On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet»</a>. Dover Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.au=Edward+Clinton+Ezell%2C+Linda+Neuman+Ezell&rft.btitle=On+Mars%3A+Exploration+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEPdkCZg5cQC%26pg%3DPA45%26lpg%3DPA45%26dq%3DMariner%2BR%2Bmissions%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DMntk9LnASH%26sig%3DACfU3U0PzProTPaQkgIQj5PTYQKf3S6LmA%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjtlbD62K_jAhWjGLkGHebECZoQ6AEwFHoECAsQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMariner%2520R%2520missions%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfn003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rfn003_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ed Kyle (28 de maio de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacelaunchreport.com/aclv3cb.html">«ATLAS CENTAUR LV-3C DEVELOPMENT HISTORY»</a>. Space Launch Report<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.au=Ed+Kyle&rft.btitle=ATLAS+CENTAUR+LV-3C+DEVELOPMENT+HISTORY&rft.date=2005-05-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Space+Launch+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacelaunchreport.com%2Faclv3cb.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfn004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rfn004_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Paolo Ulivi, David M. Harland (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=CJWLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA473&lpg=PA473&dq=atlas+agena+vs++8K78&source=bl&ots=_qwIlP0d-m&sig=ACfU3U1DofTRLMZUpniEfjJvBKjWmcDcow&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC4dmn6K_jAhXEH7kGHe5sCUgQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">«Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part 4: The Modern Era 2004 –2013»</a>. Praxis Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.au=Paolo+Ulivi%2C+David+M.+Harland&rft.btitle=Robotic+Exploration+of+the+Solar+System%3A+Part+4%3A+The+Modern+Era+2004+%932013&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Praxis+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJWLBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA473%26lpg%3DPA473%26dq%3Datlas%2Bagena%2Bvs%2B%2B8K78%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D_qwIlP0d-m%26sig%3DACfU3U1DofTRLMZUpniEfjJvBKjWmcDcow%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiC4dmn6K_jAhXEH7kGHe5sCUgQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfn005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rfn005_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">N. A. Renzefti (1 de julho de 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650023548.pdf">«Tracking and Data Acquisition Support for the Mariner Venus 1962 Mission»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.au=N.+A.+Renzefti&rft.btitle=Tracking+and+Data+Acquisition+Support+for+the+Mariner+Venus+1962+Mission&rft.date=1965-07-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19650023548.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfn006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rfn006_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Marcia Neugebauer, Conway W. Snyder (1 de outubro de 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JZ071i019p04469">«Mariner 2 observations of the solar wind: 1. Average properties»</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.au=Marcia+Neugebauer%2C+Conway+W.+Snyder&rft.btitle=Mariner+2+observations+of+the+solar+wind%3A+1.+Average+properties&rft.date=1966-10-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1029%2FJZ071i019p04469&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfn007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rfn007_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/mariner1-2.html">«Past Missions - Mariner 1 & 2»</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.btitle=Past+Missions+-+Mariner+1+%26+2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fpast%2Fmariner1-2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Sparks, D.B. (18 de março de 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.1963-100"><i>The Mariner 2 Data Processing System</i></a>. Space Flight Testing Conference. Cocoa Beach, FL, U.S.A. 13 páginas. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2514%2F6.1963-100">10.2514/6.1963-100</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.btitle=The+Mariner+2+Data+Processing+System&rft.date=1963-03-18&rft.genre=conference&rft.place=Cocoa+Beach%2C+FL%2C+U.S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farc.aiaa.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2514%2F6.1963-100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F6.1963-100&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa.gov-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_964.html">«Mariner 2»</a>. NASA. 12 de outubro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AMariner+2&rft.btitle=Mariner+2&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmultimedia%2Fimagegallery%2Fimage_feature_964.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mariner2/">The Venus Mission - How Mariner 2 led the world to the planets.</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programa_Mariner" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Programa_Mariner" title="Predefinição:Programa Mariner"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Programa_Mariner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Programa Mariner (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Programa_Mariner&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programa_Mariner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programa_Mariner" title="Programa Mariner">Programa Mariner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_e_7" title="Mariner 6 e 7">Mariner 6 e 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sondas_de_Vênus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Sondas_para_V%C3%AAnus" title="Predefinição:Sondas para Vênus"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";background:#FBEC5D;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Sondas_para_V%C3%AAnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Sondas para Vênus (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";background:#FBEC5D;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Sondas_para_V%C3%AAnus&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";background:#FBEC5D;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sondas_de_Vênus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sondas de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(planeta)" title="Vénus (planeta)">Vênus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Sobrevôos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AAnera_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vênera 1">Vênera 1</a> (falha) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mariner 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a> (falha) • <a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a> (falha) • <a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galileu_(sonda_espacial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileu (sonda espacial)">Galileo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a> • <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> • <a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin%27en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin'en (página não existe)">Shin'en</a> (falha) • <a href="/wiki/Parker_(sonda_espacial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker (sonda espacial)">Parker Solar Probe</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Venus-real_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vênus em cores reais"><img alt="Vênus em cores reais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/150px-Venus-real_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/225px-Venus-real_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/300px-Venus-real_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Orbitadores</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_1" title="Pioneer Venus 1">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_15_e_16" title="Venera 15 e 16">Venera 15</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_15_e_16" title="Venera 15 e 16">Venera 16</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magellan" title="Magellan">Magellan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> • <a href="/wiki/PLANET-C" class="mw-redirect" title="PLANET-C">Akatsuki</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Cápsulas de descida</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a> (falha) • <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> (falha) • <a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_2" title="Pioneer Venus 2">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Aterrissadores</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_2" title="Pioneer Venus 2">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> (falha parcial) • <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Balões</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Falha no lançamento</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tiajely_Sputnik" title="Tiajely Sputnik">Tiajely Sputnik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Sputnik 19</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Sputnik 20</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Sputnik 21</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_21" title="Cosmos 21">Cosmos 21</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_1964A" title="Venera 1964A">Venera 1964A</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_1964B" title="Venera 1964B">Venera 1964B</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_27" title="Cosmos 27">Cosmos 27</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_4A" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera 4A">Cosmos 96</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_1965A" title="Venera 1965A">Venera 1965A</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_167" title="Cosmos 167">Cosmos 167</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_359" title="Cosmos 359">Cosmos 359</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venera_9A" title="Venera 9A">Cosmos 482</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFDD0;">Missões futuras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> <small>(2018)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <small>(2020)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a> <small>(2022)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a> <small>(2025)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(espa%C3%A7onave)" title="Dragonfly (espaçonave)">Dragonfly</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&oldid=66538481">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&oldid=66538481</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Programa_Mariner" title="Categoria:Programa Mariner">Programa Mariner</a></li><li><a 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