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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929_nationwide_actors_and_producers_strike_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_nationwide_actors_and_producers_strike_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1929 nationwide actors and producers strike threat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_nationwide_actors_and_producers_strike_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American labor union for theater performers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American labor union. For the British equivalent, see <a href="/wiki/Equity_(trade_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (trade union)">Equity (trade union)</a>. For the Canadian equivalent, see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Canadian Actors' Equity Association">Canadian Actors' Equity Association</a>. For the former Australian equivalent, see <a href="/wiki/Actors_Equity_of_Australia" title="Actors Equity of Australia">Actors Equity of Australia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Actors' Equity Association</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg/125px-Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg/188px-Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg/250px-Actors%27_Equity_Association_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>AEA</li><li>Actors' Equity</li><li>Equity</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">May 26, 1913<span class="noprint">; 111 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1913-05-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2021)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,785</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Shields" title="Brooke Shields">Brooke Shields</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Executive director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Al Vincent Jr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">Associated Actors and Artistes of America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Actors" title="International Federation of Actors">International Federation of Actors</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actorsequity.org">actorsequity<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677733#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg/220px-Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg/330px-Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg/440px-Actors_Equity_Building_165_W46_in_2021_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Actors Equity Building, near Times Square</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Actors' Equity Association</b> (<b>AEA</b>), commonly called <b>Actors' Equity</b> or simply <b>Equity</b>, is an American <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor union</a> representing those who work in <a href="/wiki/Live_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Live theater">live theatrical</a> performance. Performers appearing in live stage productions without a <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre#Definitions" title="Musical theatre">book</a> or through-storyline (<a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabarets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a>) may be represented by the <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">American Guild of Variety Artists</a> (AGVA). The AEA works to negotiate quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits for performers and stage managers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A theater or production that is not produced and performed by AEA members may be called "non-Equity".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leading up to the Actors' and Producers' strike of 1929, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> and California in general had a series of workers' equality battles that directly influenced the film industry. The films <i>The Passaic Textile Strike</i> (1926), <i>The Miners' Strike</i> (1928) and <i>The Gastonia Textile Strike</i> (1929) gave audience and producers insight into the effect and accomplishments of labor unions and striking.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_J._Ross_1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_J._Ross_1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These films were set apart by being current documentaries, not merely melodramas produced for glamor. </p><p>In 1896, the first Actors Union Charter was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> as an attempt to create a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> for actors being exploited. It was not until January 13, 1913, that the Union Charter failed. It later reemerged as the Actors Equity Association, with more than 111 actors and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilson_(actor)" title="Francis Wilson (actor)">Francis Wilson</a> as its founding board president.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_J._Ross_1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_J._Ross_1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg/220px-Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg/330px-Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg/440px-Leaders_of_Actors_Equity_on_Parade_During_1919_Strike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Actors' Equity president <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilson_(actor)" title="Francis Wilson (actor)">Francis Wilson</a> (right) on parade with other leaders during the 1919 strike seeking recognition of the association as a labor union</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DresslerBarrymore1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/DresslerBarrymore1919.jpg/220px-DresslerBarrymore1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/DresslerBarrymore1919.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Dressler" title="Marie Dressler">Marie Dressler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore" title="Ethel Barrymore">Ethel Barrymore</a> & others during the 1919 strike.</figcaption></figure> <p>At a meeting held at the Pabst Grand Circle Hotel in New York City, on May 26, 1913, Actors' Equity was founded by 112 professional theater actors, who established its constitution and elected <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilson_(actor)" title="Francis Wilson (actor)">Francis Wilson</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-AEA90_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leading up to the association's establishment, a handful of influential actors—known as The Players—held secret organizational meetings at Edwin Booth's <a href="/wiki/The_Players_(New_York_City)" title="The Players (New York City)">The Players</a> at its Gramercy Park mansion. A bronze plaque commemorates the room in which The Players met to establish Actors' Equity. Members included <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gillmore" title="Frank Gillmore">Frank Gillmore</a>, who from was the executive secretary of Actors' Equity from 1918 to 1929 and president from 1929 to 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actors' Equity joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> in 1919, and called a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> seeking recognition as a labor union.<sup id="cite_ref-AEA90_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike ended the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Producing_Managers%27_Association" title="Producing Managers' Association">Producing Managers' Association</a>, including theater owners and producers like <a href="/wiki/A._L._Erlanger" title="A. L. Erlanger">Abe Erlanger</a> and his partner, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Klaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Klaw">Mark Klaw</a>. The strike increased membership from under 3,000 to approximately 14,000. The <a href="/wiki/Chorus_Equity_Association" title="Chorus Equity Association">Chorus Equity Association</a>, which merged with Actors' Equity in 1955, was founded during the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equity represented directors and choreographers until 1959, when they broke away and formed <a href="/wiki/Stage_Directors_and_Choreographers_Society" title="Stage Directors and Choreographers Society">their own union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1929_nationwide_actors_and_producers_strike_threat">1929 nationwide actors and producers strike threat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1929 nationwide actors and producers strike threat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Membership (US records)<sup id="cite_ref-OLMS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLMS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Finances (US records; ×$1000)<sup id="cite_ref-OLMS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLMS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:red; color:red;">    </span> Assets</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:blue; color:blue;">    </span> Liabilities</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:green; color:green;">    </span> Receipts</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:orange; color:orange;">    </span> Disbursements</span></div></div></div> <p>The Actors Equality Strike was a series of walkouts that started in 1927 in local theaters in Los Angeles and quickly grew to the motion picture stage.<sup id="cite_ref-SAG_timeline_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAG_timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the nationwide walkouts, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences started issuing contracts to freelance film actors, which led Hollywood's actors and actresses to fear the loss of their jobs. The theater strikes combined with freelance contracts fueled the need for actors and stagehands to strike for better working conditions and pay.<sup id="cite_ref-SAG_timeline_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAG_timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gillmore" title="Frank Gillmore">Frank Gillmore</a>, the head and treasurer of the Actor's Equity Association, understood that he would need multiple unions across the country to make a change not only in proper representation and pay, but in actors' ability to negotiate any contract a studio would put out worldwide. On July 20, 1929, the AEA gained its first victory, which gave producers and actors a leg to stand on in their battle for equality. Over 30 days (up to August 20, 1929), Gillmore fought to give the AEA the ability to represent all actors, producers, radio personality, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> performers, and agents in the country. This would also give all power and representation to one organization in order to create a more organized equality strike.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting on June 5, 1929, Gillmore attended several meetings in New York with the heads of Broadway. After the meeting, he notified the AEA that appearances in sound and talking motion pictures had been suspended until the outcome of the meetings with the international Studio Crafts Union.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1929_08_20_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1929_08_20-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the negotiations and the suspension of contracts through the AEA, studios were desperate for actors to speed up production, which had dropped significantly. <i>The New York Times</i> wrote, "It was pointed out that while the Equality regulations were in effect, about 2000 motion picture contracts, involving salaries said to amount to $500,000 were offered to actors in New York."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1929_08_20_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1929_08_20-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any actor who entered into a contract not approved by the AEA would be banished from the union and have to reapply for admission after negotiations were finished.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1929_08_20_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1929_08_20-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 1929, the AEA was negotiating terms to reset the movie stage under better conditions, but this was the least of its problems. In late December, groups of theater owners and non-represented producers filed lawsuits to claim damages from the AEA's contract holdout. "The plaintiffs not only seek a temporary injunction against the defendants, pending trial on an order to show cause why a permanent injunction should not be granted, but also ask damages of $100,000."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_strike">Effects of strike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AEA allowed small numbers of contracts to be negotiated over the next few years. In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> was created and took the AEA's place as the main representative for movie actors and producers. This allowed the AEA to focus on live productions, such as theatrical performances, while the Screen Actors Guild focused on movie production and non-scripted live performances, such as minstrel, vaudeville, and live radio shows.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1940s, the AEA stood against <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AEA90_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When actors were losing jobs through 1950s <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a>, the AEA refused to participate. Although its constitution guaranteed its members the right to refuse to work alongside <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communists</a>, or a member of a Communist front organization, the AEA did not ban any members. At a 1997 ceremony commemorating the blacklist's 50th anniversary, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Masur" title="Richard Masur">Richard Masur</a>, then president of the Screen Actors Guild, apologized for its participation in the ban, saying: "Only our sister union, Actors' Equity Association, had the courage to stand behind its members and help them continue their creative lives in the theater. For that, we honor Actors' Equity tonight."<sup id="cite_ref-blacklist50th_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blacklist50th-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the AEA played a role in gaining public funding for the arts, including the founding of the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (NEA). </p><p>The AEA fought the destruction of historic <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway theater">Broadway theaters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AEA90_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It played a major role in the recognition of the impact the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> epidemic on the world of theater, co-founding <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Cares/Equity_Fights_AIDS" title="Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS">Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joining">Joining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Joining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, Actor's Equity introduced an "Open Access" membership policy, whereby "any theatre worker who can demonstrate they have worked professionally as an actor or stage manager within Equity's geographical jurisdiction" may join the union. This opened eligibility to the union to theatre workers who had not previously worked for Equity employers. Theatre workers need to provide a copy of their contract and proof of pay. This policy was made permanent in 2023, superseding previous methods for earning eligibility to join Equity such as the Equity Membership Candidate (EMC) program.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asides from Open Access, theatre workers may join Equity by being employed under an Equity contract, or by being a member of one of Equity's sister performing arts unions, the "Four A's": <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">AGMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">AGVA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Italian_American_Actors" title="Guild of Italian American Actors">GIAA</a>. Such applicants must have been a member of said sister union for at least one year, be a member in good standing of that union, have worked as a performer under the union's jurisdiction on a principal or "under-five" contract or at least three days of extra ("background") work, and must have completed non-union theatrical work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contracts">Contracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AEA has several different types of contract, with different rules associated with them. Each contract type deals with a specific type of theater venue or production type.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include, but are not limited to: Council of Resident Stock Theatres (CORST), Guest Artist, Letters of Agreement (LoA), League of Resident Theatres (LoRT) Small Professional Theatres (SPT), and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_for_Young_Audiences" title="Theatre for Young Audiences">Theatre for Young Audiences</a> (TYA). </p><p>AEA actors and stage managers are not allowed to work in non-Equity houses or on any productions in which an Equity Agreement has not been signed anywhere within the AEA's jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>1913–1920 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilson_(actor)" title="Francis Wilson (actor)">Francis Wilson</a></li> <li>1920–1928 <a href="/wiki/John_Emerson_(filmmaker)" title="John Emerson (filmmaker)">John Emerson</a></li> <li>1924 (June 17–August 12) <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a> (acting president)</li> <li>1928–1937 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gillmore" title="Frank Gillmore">Frank Gillmore</a></li> <li>1937–1938 <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> (acting president)</li> <li>1938–1940 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Byron" title="Arthur Byron">Arthur Byron</a></li> <li>1940–1946 <a href="/wiki/Bert_Lytell" title="Bert Lytell">Bert Lytell</a></li> <li>1946–1952 Clarence Derwent</li> <li>1952–1964 <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a></li> <li>1964–1973 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_O%27Neal" title="Frederick O'Neal">Frederick O'Neal</a></li> <li>1973–1982 <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Bikel" title="Theodore Bikel">Theodore Bikel</a></li> <li>1982–1985 <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Burstyn" title="Ellen Burstyn">Ellen Burstyn</a></li> <li>1985–1991 <a href="/wiki/Colleen_Dewhurst" title="Colleen Dewhurst">Colleen Dewhurst</a></li> <li>1991–2000 <a href="/wiki/Ron_Silver" title="Ron Silver">Ron Silver</a></li> <li>2000–2006 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Quinn_(actor)" title="Patrick Quinn (actor)">Patrick Quinn</a></li> <li>2006–2009 Mark Zimmerman</li> <li>2009–2010 Paige Price (acting president)</li> <li>2010–2015 <a href="/wiki/Nick_Wyman" title="Nick Wyman">Nick Wyman</a></li> <li>2015–2024 <a href="/wiki/Kate_Shindle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Shindle">Kate Shindle</a></li> <li>2024–present <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Shields" title="Brooke Shields">Brooke Shields</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118140544/http://www.actorsequity.org/AboutEquity/aboutequityhome.asp">"actorsequity.org | About Actors' Equity Association"</a>. <i>www.actorsequity.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/AboutEquity/aboutequityhome.asp">the original</a> on 2014-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.actorsequity.org&rft.atitle=actorsequity.org+%7C+About+Actors%27+Equity+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actorsequity.org%2FAboutEquity%2Faboutequityhome.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gary M. Fink, ed. <i>Labor unions</i> (Greenwood, 1977) pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven_J._Ross_1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_J._Ross_1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_J._Ross_1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven J. Ross, <i>Working-Class Hollywood</i> (Princeton University Press, 1999) 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEA90-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEA90_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEA90_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEA90_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEA90_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFActors'_Equity_Association" class="citation web cs1">Actors' Equity Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195601/http://www.actorsequity.org/NewsMedia/misc/celebration/">"Actors' Equity: A 90 Year Celebration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/NewsMedia/misc/celebration/">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actors%27+Equity%3A+A+90+Year+Celebration&rft.au=Actors%27+Equity+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actorsequity.org%2FNewsMedia%2Fmisc%2Fcelebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens-Garmon,_Morgen1913" class="citation news cs1">Stevens-Garmon, Morgen (May 21, 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcnyblog.org/2013/05/21/100-years-of-the-actors-equity-association/">"100 years of the Actors' Equity Association"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100+years+of+the+Actors%27+Equity+Association&rft.date=1913-05-21&rft.au=Stevens-Garmon%2C+Morgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcnyblog.org%2F2013%2F05%2F21%2F100-years-of-the-actors-equity-association%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span>, blog of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Museum of the City of New York">Museum of the City of New York</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagaftra.org/">"Presidents' Day Office Closure"</a>. <i>www.sagaftra.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sagaftra.org&rft.atitle=Presidents%27+Day+Office+Closure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagaftra.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/aboutequity/timeline/timeline_1919.html">"Timeline, 1919"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223116/http://www.actorsequity.org/aboutequity/timeline/timeline_1919.html">Archived</a> 2014-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> actorsequity.org, accessed December 3, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OLMS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OLMS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLMS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Labor-Management_Standards" title="Office of Labor-Management Standards">Office of Labor-Management Standards</a>. File number 006-029. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/olms/public-disclosure-room">Search</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAG_timeline-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAG_timeline_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAG_timeline_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagaftra.org/sag-timeline">"SAG Timeline – SAG-AFTRA"</a>. <i>www.sagaftra.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sagaftra.org&rft.atitle=SAG+Timeline+%E2%80%93+SAG-AFTRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagaftra.org%2Fsag-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Equity's Setback". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1923–current file); August 20, 1929; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times pg. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_1929_08_20-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1929_08_20_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1929_08_20_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1929_08_20_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gillmore To Confer With Union Heads Here: Actors Notified Rules on ...", <i>The New York Times</i> (1923–current file); August 20, 1929; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times pg. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Equity Sued By Producers: Louis Macloon and Lillian Albertson Charge ...", <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> (1923–current File); December 12, 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagaftra.org/history/sag">"SAG History – SAG-AFTRA"</a>. <i>www.sagaftra.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sagaftra.org&rft.atitle=SAG+History+%E2%80%93+SAG-AFTRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagaftra.org%2Fhistory%2Fsag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blacklist50th-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blacklist50th_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Krizman, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/linkbackups/huac_blacklist.htm">"Hollywood Remembers the Blacklist"</a>, <i>Screen Actor</i>, January 1998 (special edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/join/">"Join Equity | Actors' Equity Association"</a>. <i>www.actorsequity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.actorsequity.org&rft.atitle=Join+Equity+%7C+Actors%27+Equity+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actorsequity.org%2Fjoin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actorsequity.org/news/PR/OpenAccessPermanently/">"Actors' Equity Association Permanently Opens Access to Membership"</a>. <i>www.actorsequity.org</i>. February 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.actorsequity.org&rft.atitle=Actors%E2%80%99+Equity+Association+Permanently+Opens+Access+to+Membership&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actorsequity.org%2Fnews%2FPR%2FOpenAccessPermanently%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalili2001" class="citation web cs1">Khalili, Behnoosh (Feb 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/equity-contracts-41295/">"Equity Contracts"</a>. <i>Backstage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Backstage&rft.atitle=Equity+Contracts&rft.date=2001-02-21&rft.aulast=Khalili&rft.aufirst=Behnoosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backstage.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fequity-contracts-41295%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actorsequity.org/resources/contracts/">"Contracts & Codes"</a>. <i>ActorsEquity</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ActorsEquity&rft.atitle=Contracts+%26+Codes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actorsequity.org%2Fresources%2Fcontracts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2024" class="citation web cs1">Paulson, Michael (May 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/24/theater/brooke-shields-president-actors-equity.html">"Brooke Shields Elected President of Labor Union Actors' Equity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brooke+Shields+Elected+President+of+Labor+Union+Actors%E2%80%99+Equity&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F05%2F24%2Ftheater%2Fbrooke-shields-president-actors-equity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActors%27+Equity+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Attadgie, Shelley. "Combating the Actor's Sacrifice: How to Amend Federal Labor Law to Influence the Labor Practices of Theaters and Incentivize Actors to Fight for Their Rights." <i>Cardozo Law Review</i> 40 (2018): 1045+.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27670745">Baar, K. Kevyne. " ' What Has My Union Done For Me?' The Screen Actors Guild, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, and Actors' Equity Association Respond to McCarthy-Era Blacklisting." <i>Film History</i> (2008): 437-455</a></li> <li>Chi, Emily C. "Star quality and job security: The role of the performers' unions in controlling access to the acting profession." <i>Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal</i> 18 (2000): 1.</li> <li>Gemmill, Paul F. <i>Collective Bargaining by Actors: A Study of Trade-Unionism among Performers of the English-Speaking Legitimate Stage in America</i>. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 402. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1926.</li> <li>Harding, Alfred. <i>The Revolt of the Actors</i>. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1929.</li> <li>Holmes, Sean P. <i>Weavers of Dreams, Unite! Actors' Unionism in Early Twentieth-Century America</i>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01439680500064975">Holmes, Sean P. "And the villain still pursued her: The actors’ equity association in Hollywood, 1919–1929." <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i> 25.1 (2005): 27-50.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123219">Meredith, Mark D. "From dancing halls to hiring halls: Actors' Equity and the closed shop dilemma." <i>Columbia Law Review</i> 96.1 (1996): 178-236.</a></li> <li>Rogers, Lynne. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/actors%E2%80%99-revolt">The Actors’ Revolt</a>". <i>American Heritage</i>, Volume 47, Issue 5, September 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actors%27_Equity_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Actors%27_Equity_Association" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> (1955–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> (1979–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)" title="John Sweeney (labor leader)">John J. Sweeney</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> (2009–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Shuler" title="Liz Shuler">Liz Shuler</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_America%27s_Building_Trades_Unions" title="North America's Building Trades Unions">Building Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maritime Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Maritime Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Metal Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Metal Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Professional_Employees,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO">Professional Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Transportation Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Transportation Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Label_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Union Label Department, AFL–CIO">Union Label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Retired_Americans" title="Alliance for Retired Americans">Alliance for Retired Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Labor_Alliance" title="Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance">Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Black_Trade_Unionists" title="Coalition of Black Trade Unionists">Coalition of Black Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Labor_Union_Women" title="Coalition of Labor Union Women">Coalition of Labor Union Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_for_Latin_American_Advancement" title="Labor Council for Latin American Advancement">Labor Council for Latin American Advancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_at_Work" title="Pride at Work">Pride at Work</a></li> <li>Union Veterans Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Communications_Association" title="International Labor Communications Association">International Labor Communications Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Center" title="Solidarity Center">Solidarity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_for_America_Institute" title="Working for America Institute">Working for America Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rights_at_Work" title="American Rights at Work">American Rights at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_and_Working-Class_History_Association" title="Labor and Working-Class History Association">Labor and Working-Class History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_America" title="Working America">Working America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO_Employees_Federal_Credit_Union" title="AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union">AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_College" title="National Labor College">National Labor College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unions_affiliated_with_the_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="List of unions affiliated with the AFL–CIO">Affiliated unions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">AAAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">AGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">AGVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Italian_American_Actors" title="Guild of Italian American Actors">GIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">AFGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">AFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_School_Administrators" title="American Federation of School Administrators">AFSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">AFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Postal_Workers_Union" title="American Postal Workers Union">APWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Association" title="American Radio Association">ARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Train_Dispatchers_Association" title="American Train Dispatchers Association">ATDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">ATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">AWIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers_International_Union" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union">BCTGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Signalmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen">BRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_School_Employees_Association" title="California School Employees Association">CSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">CWA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Flight Attendants">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Union of Electrical Workers">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcast_Employees_and_Technicians" title="National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians">NABET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing,_Publishing_and_Media_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing, Publishing and Media Workers">PPMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuild-CWA" title="NewsGuild-CWA">TNG</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NewsGuild-CWA_Locals" title="List of NewsGuild-CWA Locals">Locals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">FLOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass,_Molders,_Pottery,_Plastics_and_Allied_Workers_International_Union" title="Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union">GMPIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">IAFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">IAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Federal_Employees" title="National Federation of Federal Employees">NFFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Communications_International_Union" title="Transportation Communications International Union">TCIU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees">IATSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">IFPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Ironworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Allied_Novelty_and_Production_Workers" title="International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers">IUANPW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Elevator_Constructors" title="International Union of Elevator Constructors">IUEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">IUOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Police_Associations" title="International Union of Police Associations">IUPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">IUPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">LIUNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Mail_Handlers_Union" title="National Postal Mail Handlers Union">NPMHU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association" title="Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association">MEBA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Aviation_Safety_Specialists" title="Professional Aviation Safety Specialists">PASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">NALC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">NATCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">NFLPA/FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nurses_United" title="National Nurses United">NNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxi_Workers%27_Alliance" title="National Taxi Workers' Alliance">NTWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_Players_Association" title="National Women's Soccer League Players Association">NWSLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">OPCMIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">OPEIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America">Printers & Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafarers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Seafarers International Union of North America">SIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">SMART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">TWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">UA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">UFCW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distillery,_Wine_and_Allied_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union">DWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail,_Wholesale_and_Department_Store_Union" title="Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union">RWDSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">UMWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">USW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Union_of_Roofers,_Waterproofers_and_Allied_Workers" title="United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers">UURWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Utility Workers Union of America">UWUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">WGAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State federations and <br />central labor councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California (<a href="/wiki/South_Bay_Labor_Council" title="South Bay Labor Council">South Bay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Florida AFL–CIO">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Indiana AFL–CIO">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maine AFL–CIO">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Massachusetts AFL–CIO">Massachusetts</a></li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Central_Labor_Council" title="New York City Central Labor Council">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Oregon AFL–CIO">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Pennsylvania AFL–CIO">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Rhode Island AFL–CIO">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Labor_Council" title="Washington State Labor Council">Washington State</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_County_Labor_Council" title="King County Labor Council">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="West Virginia AFL–CIO">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directly_affiliated_local_union" title="Directly affiliated local union">Directly affiliated local union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Special_Tony_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template talk:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_Tony_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1947–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dora_Chamberlain" title="Dora Chamberlain">Dora Chamberlain</a> / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Leventhal" title="Jules Leventhal">Jules Leventhal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burns_Mantle" title="Burns Mantle">Burns Mantle</a> / P. A. MacDonald / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sardi_Sr." title="Vincent Sardi Sr.">Vincent Sardi Sr.</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vera Allen / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beisman" title="Paul Beisman">Paul Beisman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Brown" title="Joe E. Brown">Joe E. Brown</a> / Cast of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Dowling" title="Robert W. Dowling">Robert W. Dowling</a> / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Pierce_(backstage_doorman)" title="George Pierce (backstage doorman)">George Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> / Philip Faversham / <a href="/wiki/Brock_Pemberton" title="Brock Pemberton">Brock Pemberton</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ruth Green (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kook" title="Edward Kook">Edward Kook</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Proscenium Productions (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library Theatre Collection</a> / The Shakespearewrights / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="American Shakespeare Theatre">American Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hammerstein" title="Willie Hammerstein">William Hammerstein</a> / Joseph Harbuck / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shyre" title="Paul Shyre">Paul Shyre</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Heims_Beck" title="Louise Heims Beck">Mrs. Martin Beck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> / Cast of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Plume_de_Ma_Tante" title="La Plume de Ma Tante">La Plume de Ma Tante</a></i> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._McNeil_Lowry" title="W. McNeil Lowry">W. McNeil Lowry</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Miller" title="Gilbert Miller">Gilbert Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">APA-Phoenix Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">The National Theatre Company of Great Britain</a> / The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Ensemble_Company" title="Negro Ensemble Company">Negro Ensemble Company</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ingram Ash / <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Norton" title="Elliot Norton">Elliot Norton</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a>-American Theatre Society (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Organization</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / Harold Friedlander / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Development_Fund" title="Theatre Development Fund">Theatre Development Fund</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Wharton_(lawyer)" title="John F. Wharton (lawyer)">John F. Wharton</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a> / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Pincus" title="Mathilde Pincus">Mathilde Pincus</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a> / Equity Liberty Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_the_Deaf" title="National Theatre of the Deaf">National Theatre of the Deaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Dragoti" title="Stan Dragoti">Stan Dragoti</a> and Charles Moss (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Walter F. Diehl / <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Richard Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> / Hobe Morrison (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feller" title="Peter Feller">Peter Feller</a> / <i>La Tragedie de Carmen</i> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Harvey Sabinson (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard B. Jacobs">Bernard B. Jacobs</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage#2000–2009" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna: The Royal Tour</a></i> / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gemignani" title="Paul Gemignani">Paul Gemignani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> / Robert Whitehead (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cy_Feuer" title="Cy Feuer">Cy Feuer</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway</i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Nederlander" title="James M. Nederlander">James M. Nederlander</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)" title="Sarah Jones (stage actress)">Sarah Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a> / Philip J. Smith (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gersten" title="Bernard Gersten">Bernard Gersten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ming_Cho_Lee" title="Ming Cho Lee">Ming Cho Lee</a> / Paul Libin (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Greenwood" title="Jane Greenwood">Jane Greenwood</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Mason" title="Marshall W. Mason">Marshall W. Mason</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Miles Wilkin (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mazzie" title="Marin Mazzie">Marin Mazzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Terrence_McNally" title="Terrence McNally">Terrence McNally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Tilders" title="Sonny Tilders">Sonny Tilders</a> and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wheeler_(musician)" title="Harold Wheeler (musician)">Harold Wheeler</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/American_Utopia_(film)" title="American Utopia (film)">American Utopia</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Love_Supreme" title="Freestyle Love Supreme">Freestyle Love Supreme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a> (2020/21)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_C._Nicola" title="James C. Nicola">James C. Nicola</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Edelman" title="Alex Edelman">Alex Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abe_Jacob" title="Abe Jacob">Abe Jacob</a> / Nikiya Mathis / <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Brien_(director)" title="Jack O'Brien (director)">Jack O'Brien</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wolfe" title="George C. Wolfe">George C. Wolfe</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677733#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677733#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677733#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000095858261">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141418491">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50065539">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592332005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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