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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astley_and_early_British_circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astley_and_early_British_circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Astley and early British circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astley_and_early_British_circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ricketts_and_the_first_American_circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ricketts_and_the_first_American_circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ricketts and the first American circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ricketts_and_the_first_American_circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_American_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_American_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Expansion of the American format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_American_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Touring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contemporary Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Social Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Animal acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Controversy and laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art,_music,_films,_plays,_books,_and_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art,_music,_films,_plays,_books,_and_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In art, music, films, plays, books, and video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art,_music,_films,_plays,_books,_and_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Circus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirkus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="سيرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A7%D5%BD" title="Կրկէս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կրկէս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="চাৰ্কাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাৰ্কাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circu" title="Circu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirk" title="Sirk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sirk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সার্কাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্কাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa-kh%C3%A0-suh" title="Sa-khà-suh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sa-khà-suh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirk" title="Sirk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sirk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circ" title="Circ – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circ" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkus" title="Cirkus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cirkus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrcas" title="Syrcas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Syrcas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkus" title="Cirkus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cirkus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkus" title="Zirkus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zirkus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirkus" title="Tsirkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsirkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Τσίρκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσίρκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo" title="Circo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirko" title="Cirko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cirko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirku" title="Zirku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zirku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="سیرک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cirque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcas" title="Sorcas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sorcas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo" title="Circo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="서커스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서커스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Կրկես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրկես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="सर्कस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्कस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkus" title="Cirkus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cirkus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirko" title="Cirko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cirko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirkus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo" title="Circo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="קרקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_hodiernus" title="Circus hodiernus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circus hodiernus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirks" title="Cirks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cirks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkas" title="Cirkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cirkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkusz" title="Cirkusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സർ‌ക്കസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർ‌ക്കസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="سيرك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيرك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkas" title="Sarkas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sarkas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ဆပ်ကပ်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆပ်ကပ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakini" title="Sakini – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sakini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_(attractie)" title="Circus (attractie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Circus (attractie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="サーカス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sirkus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sirkus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circ" title="Circ – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Circ" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سرکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirke" title="Chirke – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chirke" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo" title="Circo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circ" title="Circ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ціркус – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ціркус" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Цирковая труппа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цирковая труппа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circu" title="Circu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Circu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus" title="Circus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Циркус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Циркус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkus" title="Cirkus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cirkus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sirkus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkus" title="Cirkus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cirkus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirko_(pagtatanghal)" title="Sirko (pagtatanghal) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sirko (pagtatanghal)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="வட்டரங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட்டரங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="సర్కస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సర్కస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="ละครสัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ละครสัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirk" title="Sirk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sirk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Циркові артисти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Циркові артисти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سرکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo" title="Circo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Circo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Xiếc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xiếc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirko" title="Sirko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sirko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%88%8F" title="马戏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马戏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1" title="צירקוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צירקוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B2%E5%9C%98" title="馬戲團 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬戲團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Three_Ring_Circus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Three Ring Circus (disambiguation)">Three Ring Circus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:antiquewhite;">Circus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg/220px-Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg/330px-Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg/440px-Barnum_%26_Bailey_clowns_and_geese2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="3479" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Advertisement for the <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Barnum & Bailey Circus</a>, 1900</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Classical Circus, New Circus, Contemporary circus, Social Circus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor arts</th><td class="infobox-data">Drama</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>circus</b> is a company of performers who put on diverse entertainment shows that may include <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobats</a>, trained animals, <a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">trapeze</a> acts, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancer">dancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooping" title="Hooping">hoopers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tightrope_walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Tightrope walker">tightrope walkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">jugglers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">ventriloquists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unicycle" title="Unicycle">unicyclists</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Object_manipulation" title="Object manipulation">object manipulation</a> and stunt-oriented artists. The term "circus" also describes the field of performance, training, and community which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Although not the inventor of the medium, Newcastle-under-Lyme born <a href="/wiki/Philip_Astley" title="Philip Astley">Philip Astley</a> is credited as the father of the modern circus.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of <a href="/wiki/Trick_riding" title="Trick riding">trick horse riding</a> in an open field called Ha'penny Hatch on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames River">Thames River</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1770, he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers, and a clown to fill in the pauses between the equestrian demonstrations and thus chanced on the format which was later named a "circus." Performances developed significantly over the next 50 years, with large-scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The format in which a <a href="/wiki/Ringmaster_(circus)" title="Ringmaster (circus)">ringmaster</a> introduces a variety of choreographed acts set to music, often termed "traditional" or "classical" circus, developed in the latter part of the nineteenth century and remained the dominant format until the 1970s. </p><p>As styles of performance have developed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venue where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating. From the late eighteenth to late nineteenth century, custom-made circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a center ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents commonly known as "big tops" were introduced in the mid-nineteenth century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue. Contemporary circus is performed in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, casinos, cruise ships, and open-air spaces. Many circus performances are still held in a ring, usually 13 m (43 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late eighteenth century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. </p><p>A shift in form has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the late 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on human artistry. Circus companies and artistes within this movement, often termed "new circus" or "cirque nouveau," have tended to favor a theatrical approach, combining character-driven circus acts with original music in a broad variety of styles to convey complex themes or stories. Since the 1990s, a more avant-garde approach to presenting traditional circus techniques or "disciplines" in ways that align more closely to performance art, dance or visual arts has been given the name "contemporary circus." This labelling can cause confusion based upon the other use of the phrase contemporary circus to mean "circus of today." For this reason, some commentators have begun using the term "21st Century Circus" to encompass all the various styles available in the present day. 21st Century Circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other art forms and technological developments. For aesthetic or economic reasons, 21st Century Circus productions may often be staged in theaters rather than in large outdoor tents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First attested in English fourteenth century, the word "circus" derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">circus</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">κίρκος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kirkos</i></span>), itself a <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">κρίκος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">krikos</i></span>), meaning "circle" or "ring."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Spectaculis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Spectaculis">De Spectaculis</a></i></span>, early Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> in honor of her father <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, the Sun God.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_circus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of circus (page does not exist)">History of circus</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Circus" title="Talk:Circus">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(November 2023)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels,_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels%2C_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers%2C_1898.jpg/220px-Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels%2C_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels%2C_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers%2C_1898.jpg/330px-Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels%2C_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels%2C_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers%2C_1898.jpg/440px-Champion_great_danes_from_the_Imperial_kennels%2C_poster_for_Forepaugh_and_Sells_Brothers%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sells_Brothers_Circus" title="Sells Brothers Circus">Sells Brothers Circus</a> with Great Danes </figcaption></figure> <p>The modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein; however, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical research, and the ongoing circus phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman <a href="/wiki/Philip_Astley" title="Philip Astley">Philip Astley</a>, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman Empire times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ancient Rome, the <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a></i> was a roofless arena<sup id="cite_ref-nickell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, and displays of (and fights with) trained animals. The circuses of Rome were similar to the ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodromes</a>, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction, and for events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water; however, the Roman circus buildings were not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes for the giver of the games and his friends. The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some circus historians such as <a href="/wiki/George_Speaight" title="George Speaight">George Speaight</a> have stated "these performances may have taken place in the great arenas that were called 'circuses' by the Romans, but it is a mistake to equate these places, or the entertainments presented there, with the modern circus".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeaight198011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeaight198011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that the lineage of the circus does go back to the Roman circuses and a chronology of circus-related entertainment can be traced to Roman times, continued by the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> that operated until the 13th century, through medieval and renaissance jesters, minstrels and troubadours to the late 18th century and the time of Astley.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first circus in the city of Rome was the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed during the monarchy<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, at first, built completely from wood. After being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next in importance were the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Flaminius" title="Circus Flaminius">Circus Flaminius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus Neronis</a>, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">fourth circus</a> was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. </p><p>For some time after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, large circus buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers, and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Fair" title="Bartholomew Fair">Bartholomew Fair</a> in London during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nickell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–6">: 4–6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_format">Modern format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Circus" title="Special:EditPage/Circus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Circus%22">"Circus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Circus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Circus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Circus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Circus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Circus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astley_and_early_British_circus">Astley and early British circus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Astley and early British circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg/220px-Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg/330px-Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg/440px-Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre" title="Astley's Amphitheatre">Astley's Amphitheatre</a> in London, c. 1808</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg/220px-Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg/330px-Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg/440px-Circus_Ronaldo_door_Dirk_Annemans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5994" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus_Ronaldo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circus Ronaldo (page does not exist)">Circus Ronaldo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Astley" title="Philip Astley">Philip Astley</a>, who was born 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England. He became a cavalry officer who set up the first modern amphitheatre for the display of horse riding tricks in Lambeth, London, on 4 April 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeaight1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeaight1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astley did not originate trick horse riding, nor was he first to introduce acts such as acrobats and clowns to the English public, but he was the first to create a space where all these acts were brought together to perform a show.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astley rode in a circle rather than a straight line as his rivals did, and thus chanced on the format of performing in a circle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astley referred to the performance arena as a circle and the building as an amphitheatre; these would later be known as a circus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1770, Astley hired <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tightrope_walking" title="Tightrope walking">tightrope walkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jugglers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugglers">jugglers</a>, and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_training_of_wild_animals_(1903)_(14764853204).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_training_of_wild_animals_%281903%29_%2814764853204%29.jpg/170px-The_training_of_wild_animals_%281903%29_%2814764853204%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_training_of_wild_animals_%281903%29_%2814764853204%29.jpg/255px-The_training_of_wild_animals_%281903%29_%2814764853204%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_training_of_wild_animals_%281903%29_%2814764853204%29.jpg/340px-The_training_of_wild_animals_%281903%29_%2814764853204%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Elephant trainer (1903)</figcaption></figure> <p>Astley was followed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ducrow" title="Andrew Ducrow">Andrew Ducrow</a>, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Hengler's and <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Sanger" title="Lord George Sanger">Sanger</a>'s celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose-built buildings in large cities, such as the <a href="/wiki/London_Hippodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="London Hippodrome">London Hippodrome</a>, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie, and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions were produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grimaldi" title="Joseph Grimaldi">Joseph Grimaldi</a>, the first mainstream <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a>, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime <i>The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding</i> in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Circus">Royal Circus</a> was opened in London on 4 November 1782 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dibdin" title="Charles Dibdin">Charles Dibdin</a> (who coined the term "circus"),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aided by his partner Charles Hughes, an equestrian performer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1782, Astley established the <a href="/wiki/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Anglais" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphithéâtre Anglais">Amphithéâtre Anglais</a> in Paris, the first purpose-built circus in France, followed by 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astley leased his Parisian circus to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Franconi" title="Antonio Franconi">Antonio Franconi</a> in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1826, the first circus took place under a canvas big top.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg/220px-Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg/330px-Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg/440px-Trapeze_Artists_in_Circus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">Trapeze</a> artists, in lithograph by Calvert Litho. Co., 1890</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ricketts_and_the_first_American_circus">Ricketts and the first American circus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ricketts and the first American circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Englishman <a href="/wiki/John_Bill_Ricketts" title="John Bill Ricketts">John Bill Ricketts</a> brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The first circus building in the US opened on 3 April 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's first complete circus performance.<sup id="cite_ref-BGH_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGH-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> attended a performance there later that season.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6342935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Circus tent, Italy (1951)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_of_the_American_format">Expansion of the American format</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion of the American format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg/220px-The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg/330px-The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg/440px-The_Barnum_Bailey_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_circus_poster_NYPL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>James Anthony Baliey</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Americas during the first two decades of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Pepin_and_Breschard" title="Circus of Pepin and Breschard">Circus of Pepin and Breschard</a> toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities it visited. <a href="/wiki/Victor_P%C3%A9pin" title="Victor Pépin">Victor Pépin</a>, a native New Yorker,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first American to operate a major circus in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-circusinamerica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circusinamerica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshuah_Purdy_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshuah Purdy Brown (page does not exist)">Joshuah Purdy Brown</a> was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rice" title="Dan Rice">Dan Rice</a> was the most famous pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> circus clown,<sup id="cite_ref-carlyon_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlyon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularising such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Rube!" title="Hey, Rube!">Hey, Rube!</a>". The American circus was revolutionised by <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cameron Coup">William Cameron Coup</a>, who launched the travelling <a href="/wiki/Barnum_and_Bailey_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnum and Bailey Circus">P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">freak show</a>, in the 1870s. Coup also introduced the first multiple-ring circuses, and was also the first circus entrepreneur to use <a href="/wiki/Circus_train" title="Circus train">circus trains</a> to transport the circus between towns. By the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshows</a> were also being established alongside travelling circuses.<sup id="cite_ref-nickell_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grand_lay-out,_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_grand_lay-out%2C_1874.jpg/220px-The_grand_lay-out%2C_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_grand_lay-out%2C_1874.jpg/330px-The_grand_lay-out%2C_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_grand_lay-out%2C_1874.jpg/440px-The_grand_lay-out%2C_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8598" data-file-height="5947" /></a><figcaption>Circus parade around tents, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1874</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Touring">Touring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Touring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1838, the equestrian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taplin_Cooke" title="Thomas Taplin Cooke">Thomas Taplin Cooke</a> returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent.<sup id="cite_ref-Slout1998_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slout1998-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, itinerant circuses that could be <a href="/wiki/Fit-up" title="Fit-up">fitted-up</a> quickly were becoming popular in Britain. <a href="/wiki/William_Batty_(performer)" title="William Batty (performer)">William Batty</a>'s circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton. <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Fanque" title="Pablo Fanque">Pablo Fanque</a>, who is noteworthy as Britain's only black circus proprietor and who operated one of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many but the death of Fanque's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling circus companies also rented the land they set up their structures on sometimes causing damage to the local ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three important circus innovators were the Italian <a href="/wiki/Signor_Giuseppe_Chiarini" class="mw-redirect" title="Signor Giuseppe Chiarini">Giuseppe Chiarini</a>, and Frenchmen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Soullier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Soullier (page does not exist)">Louis Soullier</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Tourniaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Tourniaire (page does not exist)">Jacques Tourniaire</a>, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, China, South Africa, and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866, and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga, where it became extremely popular. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_tamer_(LOC_pga.03749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/220px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/330px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/440px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9202" data-file-height="6629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion_tamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion tamer">Lion tamer</a>, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>After an 1881 merger with <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Bailey" title="James Anthony Bailey">James Anthony Bailey</a> and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition, and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century. </p><p>The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength, and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers, and often of complicated and expensive machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG/220px-Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG/330px-Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG/440px-Arturo_Michelena_00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Painting by Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Michelena" title="Arturo Michelena">Arturo Michelena</a>, c. 1891, depicting a backstage area at the circus</figcaption></figure> <p>From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such as television) arrived and the public's tastes changed. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>, expressed a wish for the circus to become "the people's art-form", with facilities and status on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalised Russian circuses. In 1927, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_University_of_Circus_and_Variety_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State University of Circus and Variety Arts (page does not exist)">State University of Circus and Variety Arts</a>, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_Circus" title="Moscow State Circus">Moscow Circus School</a>, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics programme. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freak_show_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Freak_show_1941.jpg/220px-Freak_show_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Freak_show_1941.jpg/330px-Freak_show_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Freak_show_1941.jpg/440px-Freak_show_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13915" data-file-height="10615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a> circus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_State_Circus" title="Chinese State Circus">Chinese State Circus</a> are also popular touring acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Circus">New Circus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="New Circus">New Circus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dralion-Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dralion-Vienna.jpg/220px-Dralion-Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dralion-Vienna.jpg/330px-Dralion-Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dralion-Vienna.jpg/440px-Dralion-Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a> performing <i><a href="/wiki/Dralion" title="Dralion">Dralion</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="New Circus">New Circus</a> (originally known as <i>cirque nouveau</i>) is a performing arts movement that originated in the 1970s in Australia, Canada, France,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the West Coast of the United States, and the United Kingdom. New Circus combines traditional circus skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story or theme. Compared with the traditional circus, this genre of circus tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on character and story development, and on the use of <a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">lighting design</a>, original music, and <a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">costume design</a> to convey thematic or narrative content. Music used in the production is often composed exclusively for that production, and aesthetic influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Animal acts rarely appear in new circus, in contrast to traditional circus, where animal acts have often been a significant part of the entertainment. </p><p>Early pioneers of the new circus genre included: <a href="/wiki/Circus_Oz" title="Circus Oz">Circus Oz</a>, forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus (1976) and New Circus (1973);<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pickle_Family_Circus" title="Pickle Family Circus">Pickle Family Circus</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 1975; <a href="/wiki/Ra-Ra_Zoo" title="Ra-Ra Zoo">Ra-Ra Zoo</a> in 1984 in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nofit_State_Circus" title="Nofit State Circus">Nofit State Circus</a> in 1984 from <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in 1984; <a href="/wiki/Cirque_Plume" title="Cirque Plume">Cirque Plume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaos" title="Archaos">Archaos</a> from France in 1984 and 1986 respectively. More recent examples include: <a href="/wiki/Cirque_%C3%89loize" title="Cirque Éloize">Cirque Éloize</a> (founded in Quebec in 1993); Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Cirkus_Cirk%C3%B6r" title="Cirkus Cirkör">Cirkus Cirkör</a> (1995); <a href="/wiki/Teatro_ZinZanni" title="Teatro ZinZanni">Teatro ZinZanni</a> (founded in Seattle in 1998); the West African Circus Baobab (late 1990s);<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Montreal's Les 7 doigts de la main (founded in 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based <a href="/wiki/Circus_Smirkus" title="Circus Smirkus">Circus Smirkus</a> (founded in 1987 by <a href="/wiki/Rob_Mermin" title="Rob Mermin">Rob Mermin</a>) and Le Cirque Imaginaire (later renamed Le Cirque Invisible, both founded and directed by <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Chaplin" title="Victoria Chaplin">Victoria Chaplin</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>). </p><p>The most conspicuous success story in the new circus genre has been that of <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a>, the Canadian circus company whose estimated annual revenue exceeds US$810 million in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose <i>cirque nouveau</i> shows have been seen by nearly 90 million spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Circus">Contemporary Circus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Circus">Contemporary Circus</a></div> <p>The genre of contemporary circus is largely considered to have begun in 1995 with 'Le Cri du Caméléon', an ensemble performance from the graduating class of the French circus school Le Centre National des Arts du Cirque (CNAC), directed by Joseph Nadj. In contrast to New Circus, Contemporary Circus (as a genre) tends to avoid linear narrative in favour of more suggestive, interdisciplinary approaches to abstract concepts. This includes a strong trend for developing new apparatus and movement languages based on the capacities, experience and interests of individual performers, rather than finding new ways to present traditional repertoire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Circus">Social Circus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_circus" title="Social circus">Social circus</a></div> <p>Beyond the performance aspect of circus, is the Social Circus field, catalysed by Reg Bolton. Social Circus engages communities through circus practice and activity to provide health and well-being benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A traditional circus performance is often led by a <a href="/wiki/Ringmaster_(circus)" title="Ringmaster (circus)">ringmaster</a> who has a role similar to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">Master of Ceremonies</a>. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus traditionally takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six-ringed <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_Circus" title="Moscow State Circus">Moscow State Circus</a>. A circus often travels with its own band, whose instrumentation in the United States has traditionally included <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>, drums, <a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a>, and sometimes the distinctive sound of the <a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">calliope</a>. Performers have been traditionally referred to as artistes, although in recent years the term artists has also come into regular use. To some performers from multi-generational circus families, the term artiste is still preferred as it is considered to confer higher status than artist. Conversely, some performers from the circus school training route taken by many of the newer generations prefer the term artist as it is considered to be less pretentious than artiste. The physical and creative skills that circus artist/es perform are known as disciplines, and are often grouped for training purposes into the broad categories of juggling, equilibristics, acrobatics, aerial and clowning. These disciplines can be honed into individual acts, which can be performed independently and marketed to many different prospective circus employers, and also used for devising solo or collaborative work created specifically for a single project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts">Acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">List of circus skills</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_circus_bans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/World_circus_bans.svg/350px-World_circus_bans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/World_circus_bans.svg/525px-World_circus_bans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/World_circus_bans.svg/700px-World_circus_bans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:105%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_circus_bans" title="Template:World circus bans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_circus_bans" title="Template talk:World circus bans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_circus_bans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World circus bans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:105%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"><b>Worldwide laws on animal use in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">circuses</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:50%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD0000; color:white;"> </span>  Nationwide ban </div></td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:50%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F57900; color:black;"> </span>  Partial ban<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EED403; color:black;"> </span>  Ban on import/export</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3565A4; color:white;"> </span>  No ban </div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dbdbdb ; color:black;"> </span>  Unknown</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Common acts include a variety of <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tumbling_(gymnastics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbling (gymnastics)">tumbling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">trampoline</a>), aerial acts (such as <a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">trapeze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_silk" title="Aerial silk">aerial silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corde_lisse" title="Corde lisse">corde lisse</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyra_or_Ariel_hoop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyra or Ariel hoop (page does not exist)">Lyra or Ariel hoop</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus_hammok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circus hammok (page does not exist)">circus hammok</a>), <a href="/wiki/Contortion" title="Contortion">contortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stilt-walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilt-walking">stilt-walking</a>, and a variety of other routines. <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">Juggling</a> is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics that includes acts like <a href="/wiki/Plate_spinning" title="Plate spinning">plate spinning</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_globe" title="Rolling globe">rolling globe</a> come under the category <a href="/wiki/Equilibristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibristics">equilibristics</a>, along with more classical balance disciplines such as tightwire, slackline and unicycle. Acts like these are some of the most common and the most traditional. <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clowns</a> are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous <a href="/wiki/Circus_clown" title="Circus clown">circus clowns</a> have included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_Miles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin Miles (page does not exist)">Austin Miles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fratellini_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratellini Family">Fratellini Family</a>, Rusty Russell, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Kelly" title="Emmett Kelly">Emmett Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grock" title="Grock">Grock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Irwin" title="Bill Irwin">Bill Irwin</a>. The title clown refers to the role functions and performance skills, not simply to the image of red nose and exaggerated facepaint that was popularised through 20th Century mass media. While many clowns still perform in this styling, there are also many clowns who adopt a more natural look. </p><p>Daredevil <a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">stunt acts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">freak shows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshow acts</a> are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include <a href="/wiki/Human_cannonball" title="Human cannonball">human cannonball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapeaugraphy" title="Chapeaugraphy">chapeaugraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_eating" title="Fire eating">fire eating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)" title="Fire breathing (circus act)">breathing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire dancing">dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impalement_arts" title="Impalement arts">knife throwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword_swallowing" title="Sword swallowing">sword swallowing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Strongman" title="Strongman">strongman</a>. Famous sideshow performers include <a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">Zip the Pinhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Doll_Family" title="The Doll Family">The Doll Family</a>. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the <a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">flea circus</a>, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_acts">Animal acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Animal acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg/220px-Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg/330px-Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg/440px-Female_animal_trainer_and_leopard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption>Female <a href="/wiki/Lion_taming" title="Lion taming">lion tamer</a> and leopard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CircusElephantsLA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CircusElephantsLA.jpg/220px-CircusElephantsLA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CircusElephantsLA.jpg/330px-CircusElephantsLA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CircusElephantsLA.jpg/440px-CircusElephantsLA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="3865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephants</a> from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg/220px-Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg/330px-Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg/440px-Cirkus_Safari_u_%C4%8Cakovcu_-_konji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Circus <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> act</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus, <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">polecats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">minks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">doves</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, and domestic animals such as <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> are the most common. </p><p>The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a>. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_A._Van_Amburgh" title="Isaac A. Van Amburgh">Isaac A. Van Amburgh</a> entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.<sup id="cite_ref-circusinamerica_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circusinamerica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Stark" title="Mabel Stark">Mabel Stark</a> was a famous female tiger-tamer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_and_laws">Controversy and laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversy and laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuses_and_animal_cruelty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuses and animal cruelty (page does not exist)">Circuses and animal cruelty</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Circus#Splitting_proposal" title="Talk:Circus">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(March 2021)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights"><span style="color:#008000;">Animal rights</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paw_(Animal_Rights_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A paw"><img alt="A paw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/40px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/60px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/80px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Around the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of animal rights">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Primate rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">in research</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_groups" title="List of animal rights groups">Groups</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Animal abuse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">Cattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodsports">Bloodsports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullfights" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullfights">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing#Ethics" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals" title="Testing cosmetics on animals">Cosmetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Captivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoo#Animal_welfare_concerns" title="Zoo">Zoos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Animal_acts">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park#Criticism_and_animal_welfare" title="Marine mammal park">Oceanariums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_in_domestic_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation in domestic pets">Companion animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy mills">Puppy mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandonment</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfarism" title="Welfarism">Welfarism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg/220px-Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg/330px-Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg/440px-Circus_baby_elephant_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7168" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Circus baby elephant training</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG/220px-Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG/330px-Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG/440px-Elephant3AtaydeFeria09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Elephant act at a 2009 circus in <a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, Mexico. In December 2014, as a response to reports of animal mistreatment, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Congress">Mexican Congress</a> passed a law banning the use of animals in any circus in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Foxlat_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foxlat-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law set fines for violations and required circuses to submit lists of the wildlife they possessed, which would then be made available to zoos interested in taking the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Foxlat_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foxlat-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a> groups have documented many cases of <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals#Circuses" title="Cruelty to animals">animal cruelty</a> in the training of performing circus animals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal rights group <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> (PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. It is also alleged that the animals are kept in cages that are too small and are given very little opportunity to walk around outside of their enclosure, thereby violating their right to freedom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to PETA, although the US <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act</a> does not permit any sort of punishment that puts the animals in discomfort,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trainers will still go against this law and use such things as electric rods and <a href="/wiki/Bullhook" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullhook">bullhooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abuse_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abuse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco training endangered Asian elephants with electrical shock prods and instructing other trainers to "beat the elephants with a <a href="/wiki/Bullhook" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullhook">bullhook</a> as hard as they can and sink the sharp metal hook into the elephant's flesh and twist it until they scream in pain".<sup id="cite_ref-abuse_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abuse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Wageningen University and Research Centre">Wageningen University</a> conducted an investigation into the welfare of circus animals in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following issues, among others, were found: </p> <ul><li>71% of the observed animals had medical problems.</li> <li>33% of tigers and lions did not have access to an outdoor enclosure.</li> <li>Lions spend on average 98% of their time indoors.</li> <li>An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 m<sup>2</sup>.</li> <li>Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on average.</li> <li>Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">stereotypic behaviour</a>.</li> <li>Tigers are terrified of fire but are still forced to jump through fire rings.</li> <li>Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of lion attacks at circuses.</li> <li>Animals are trained through discipline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch government announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In testimony in <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court">U.S. District Court</a> in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feld" title="Kenneth Feld">Kenneth Feld</a> acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bullhooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its January 2010 verdict on the case, brought against Feld Entertainment International by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals et al., the Court ruled that evidence against the circus company was "not credible with regard to the allegations".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In lieu of a <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> hearing, <a href="/wiki/Feld_Entertainment,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Feld Entertainment, Inc.">Feld Entertainment Inc</a>. (parent of Ringling Bros.) agreed to pay an unprecedented $270,000 fine for violations of the Animal Welfare Act that allegedly occurred between June 2007 and August 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 14-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when <a href="/wiki/The_Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Humane Society of the United States">The Humane Society of the United States</a> and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $16 million settlement to Feld Entertainment; however, the circus closed in May 2017 after a 146-year run when it experienced a steep decline in ticket sales a year after it discontinued its elephant act and sent its <a href="/wiki/Pachydermata" title="Pachydermata">pachyderms</a> to a reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 February 1992 at the Great American Circus in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Bay,_Florida" title="Palm Bay, Florida">Palm Bay, Florida</a>, an elephant named Janet (1965 – 1 February 1992) went out of control while giving a ride to a mother, her two children, and three other children. The elephant then stampeded through the circus grounds outside before being shot to death by police.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, during a Circus International performance in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu, Hawaii">Honolulu, Hawaii</a>, on 20 August 1994, an elephant called <a href="/wiki/Tyke_(elephant)" title="Tyke (elephant)">Tyke</a> (1974 – 20 August 1994) killed her trainer, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Campbell" title="Allen Campbell">Allen Campbell</a>, and severely mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith, in front of hundreds of spectators. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through the streets of <a href="/wiki/Kakaako" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakaako">Kakaako</a> for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.<sup id="cite_ref-hawthorn_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawthorn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2018, New Jersey became the first state in the U.S. to ban circuses, carnivals and fairs from featuring elephants, tigers, and other exotic animals.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998 in the United Kingdom, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gale" title="Roger Gale">Roger Gale</a> studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequate—the cages are too small, the environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Research_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Conservation Research Unit">Wildlife Conservation Research Unit</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> "found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."; however, in 2007, a different working group under the UK <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a>, having reviewed information from experts representing both the circus industry and animal welfare, found an absence of "scientific evidence sufficient to demonstrate that travelling circuses are not compatible with meeting the welfare needs of any type of non-domesticated animal presently being used in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" According to that group's report, published in October 2007, "there appears to be little evidence to demonstrate that the welfare of animals kept in travelling circuses is any better or any worse than that of animals kept in other captive environments."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in England was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chope" title="Christopher Chope">Christopher Chope</a> repeatedly blocked the bill under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should have been called by the clerk before the circuses bill, so I raised a point of order". He explained that the circus bill was "at the bottom of the list" for discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Animal_Defenders_International" title="Animal Defenders International">Animal Defenders International</a> non-profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for Britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May 2019 Environmental Secretary Michael Gove announced a new Bill to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wild_Animals_in_Circuses_Act_2019" title="Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019">Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019</a> came into effect on 20 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Senedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of the Senedd">bill</a> to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was introduced in June 2019, and subsequently passed by the <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Cymru_%E2%80%93_Welsh_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament">Welsh Parliament</a> on 15 July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 6,500 responses were made by the people of Wales, to the public consultation on the draft Bill, 97% of which supported the ban. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of wild animals in travelling circuses has been banned in Scotland. The Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Act 2018 came into force on 28 May 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG/220px-Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG/330px-Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG/440px-Donghai_Island_-_P1570707_-_Dongshan_Town_-_circus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Tigers in a transport cage in a travelling circus</figcaption></figure> <p>There are nationwide bans on using some if not all animals in circuses in Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adinternational_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adinternational-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have locally restricted or banned the use of animals in entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-adinternational_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adinternational-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had one year from the bill's passage on 1 July 2009 to comply.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 in Germany, an accident with an elephant during a circus performance prompted calls to ban animal performances in circuses. PETA called the German politicians to outlaw the keeping of animals for circuses.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey confirmed that on average, wild animals spend around 99 to 91 percent of their time in cages, wagons, or enclosure due to transportation. This causes a huge amount of distress to animals and leads to excessive amounts of drooling.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>City ordinances banning performances by wild animals have been enacted in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (2017),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greece became the first European country to ban any animal from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign by <a href="/wiki/Animal_Defenders_International" title="Animal Defenders International">Animal Defenders International</a> and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 June 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Veterinarians_of_Europe" title="Federation of Veterinarians of Europe">Federation of Veterinarians of Europe</a> adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild animals</a> in travelling circuses.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its emphasis on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist alongside the new movement. Numerous circuses continue to maintain animal performers, including <a href="/wiki/UniverSoul_Circus" title="UniverSoul Circus">UniverSoul Circus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Apple_Circus" title="Big Apple Circus">Big Apple Circus</a> from the United States, <a href="/wiki/Circus_Krone" title="Circus Krone">Circus Krone</a> from Munich, <a href="/wiki/Circus_Royale" title="Circus Royale">Circus Royale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lennon_Bros_Circus" title="Lennon Bros Circus">Lennon Bros Circus</a> from Australia, <a href="/wiki/Vazquez_Hermanos_Circus" title="Vazquez Hermanos Circus">Vazquez Hermanos Circus</a>, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Moira_Orfei" title="Moira Orfei">Moira Orfei</a> Circus<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Italy, to name just a few. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus(Motor).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Circus%28Motor%29.JPG/220px-Circus%28Motor%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Circus%28Motor%29.JPG/330px-Circus%28Motor%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Circus%28Motor%29.JPG/440px-Circus%28Motor%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Circus building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG/220px-Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG/330px-Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG/440px-Old_Kharkov_Wood_Circus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Paper postcard of the Old <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> Wood Circus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg/220px-Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg/330px-Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg/440px-Sirkus_Finlandia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A tent of <a href="/wiki/Sirkus_Finlandia" title="Sirkus Finlandia">Sirkus Finlandia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In some towns, there are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Tower" title="Blackpool Tower">Blackpool Tower</a> Circus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Circus">Budapest Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Krone_Building" title="Circus Krone Building">Circus Krone Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_d%27hiver" title="Cirque d'hiver">Cirque d'hiver, Paris</a></li> <li>Cirque Jules Verne in <a href="/wiki/Amiens#Main_sights" title="Amiens">Amiens</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hippodrome Circus, <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Tohu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Tohu (page does not exist)">La Tohu</a> in Montreal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Circus_on_Tsvetnoy_Boulevard" title="Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard">Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard</a> in Moscow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniselli_Circus" title="Ciniselli Circus">Ciniselli Circus</a> in Saint Petersburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Circus_World" title="Shanghai Circus World">Shanghai Circus World</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_State_Circus" title="Turkmen State Circus">Turkmen State Circus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga_Circus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riga Circus (page does not exist)">Riga Circus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></li> <li>Belarus State Circus in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li>"Globus" Circus in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li></ul> <p>In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Building,_Copenhagen" title="Circus Building, Copenhagen">Cirkusbygningen</a> (The Circus Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Cirkus_(Stockholm)" title="Cirkus (Stockholm)">Cirkus</a> in Stockholm, Sweden, or <a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carré Theatre">Carré Theatre</a> in Amsterdam, Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_awards">International awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Circus_Festival_of_Monte-Carlo" title="International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo">International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been held in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art,_music,_films,_plays,_books,_and_video_games"><span id="In_art.2C_music.2C_films.2C_plays.2C_books.2C_and_video_games"></span>In art, music, films, plays, books, and video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In art, music, films, plays, books, and video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Circus" title="Special:EditPage/Circus">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/170px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/255px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/340px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption><i>The Circus</i> (1891), by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>'s children's books <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_kleine_Mann_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der kleine Mann (novel) (page does not exist)">Der kleine Mann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_kleine_Mann_(Kinderbuch)" class="extiw" title="de:Der kleine Mann (Kinderbuch)">de</a>]</span></i> 1963 (<i>The Little Man</i>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_kleine_Mann_und_die_kleine_Miss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss (page does not exist)">Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_kleine_Mann_und_die_kleine_Miss" class="extiw" title="de:Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss">de</a>]</span></i> 1967 (<i>The Little Man and the Little Miss</i>) are largely set in a circus where the orphaned young protagonist grows up as a ward of the show's <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magician</a>. </p><p>The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme song is called "<a href="/wiki/Entrance_of_the_Gladiators" title="Entrance of the Gladiators">Entrance of the Gladiators</a>", and was composed in 1904 by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADk_(composer)" title="Julius Fučík (composer)">Julius Fučík</a>. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress". A poster for <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Fanque" title="Pablo Fanque">Pablo Fanque</a>'s Circus Royal, one of the most popular circuses of Victorian England, inspired <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> to write <a href="/wiki/Being_for_the_Benefit_of_Mr._Kite!" title="Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!">Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' album, <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i>. The song title refers to <a href="/wiki/William_Kite" title="William Kite">William Kite</a>, a well-known circus performer in the 19th century. Producer <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> engineers created the song's fairground atmosphere by assembling a sound collage of collected recordings of calliopes and fairground organs, which they cut into strips of various lengths, threw into a box, and then mixed up and edited together randomly, creating a long loop which was mixed into the final production.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another traditional circus song is the <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> march "<a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars and Stripes Forever">Stars and Stripes Forever</a>", which is played only to alert circus performers of an emergency. </p><p>Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical <i>The Circus Girl</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Monckton" title="Lionel Monckton">Lionel Monckton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polly_of_the_Circus_(1907_play)" title="Polly of the Circus (1907 play)"><i>Polly of the Circus</i></a> written in 1907 by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mayo_(playwright)" title="Margaret Mayo (playwright)">Margaret Mayo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped" title="He Who Gets Slapped">He Who Gets Slapped</a></i> written by Russian <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Andreyev" title="Leonid Andreyev">Leonid Andreyev</a> 1915 and later adapted into one of the first circus films, <i>Katharina Knie</i> written in 1928 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zuckmayer" title="Carl Zuckmayer">Carl Zuckmayer</a> and adapted for the English stage in 1932 as <i>Caravan</i> by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue <i>Big Top</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Farjeon" title="Herbert Farjeon">Herbert Farjeon</a> in 1942, <i>Top of the Ladder</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Guthrie" title="Tyrone Guthrie">Tyrone Guthrie</a> in 1950, <i>Stop the World, I Want to Get Off</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Newley" title="Anthony Newley">Anthony Newley</a> in 1961, and <i><a href="/wiki/Barnum_(musical)" title="Barnum (musical)">Barnum</a></i> with music by <a href="/wiki/Cy_Coleman" title="Cy Coleman">Cy Coleman</a> and lyrics and book by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bramble" title="Mark Bramble">Mark Bramble</a>, <i>Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck</i> written by Jay Torrence in 2006. </p><p>Following World War I, circus films became popular. In 1924 <i><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped_(film)" title="He Who Gets Slapped (film)">He Who Gets Slapped</a></i> was the first film released by <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>; in 1925 <i>Sally of the Sawdust</i> (remade 1930), <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(1925_film)" title="Variety (1925 film)">Variety</a></i>, and <i>Vaudeville</i> were produced, followed by <i>The Devil's Circus</i> in 1926 and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(1928_film)" title="The Circus (1928 film)">The Circus</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <i>Circus Rookies</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/4_Devils" title="4 Devils">4 Devils</a></i>; and <i>Laugh Clown Laugh</i> in 1928. German film <i><a href="/wiki/Salto_Mortale_(1931_German_film)" title="Salto Mortale (1931 German film)">Salto Mortale</a></i> about trapeze artists was released in 1931 and remade in the United States and released as <i><a href="/wiki/Trapeze_(film)" title="Trapeze (film)">Trapeze</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a> in 1956; in 1932 <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i> was released; <i>Charlie Chan at the Circus</i>, <i>Circus</i> (USSR) and <i>The Three Maxiums</i> were released in 1936 and <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Circus" title="At the Circus">At the Circus</a></i> starring the <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a> and <i>You Can't Cheat an Honest Man</i> in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War; films from this era included <i>The Great Profile</i> starring <a href="/wiki/John_Barrymore" title="John Barrymore">John Barrymore</a> (1940), the animated <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Disney</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbo" title="Dumbo">Dumbo</a></i> (1941), <i>Road Show</i> (1941), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wagons_Roll_at_Night" title="The Wagons Roll at Night">The Wagons Roll at Night</a></i> (1941) and <i>Captive Wild Woman</i> (1943). </p><p><i>Tromba</i>, a film about a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952 <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._de_Mille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil B. de Mille">Cecil B. de Mille</a>'s Oscar-winning film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_(film)" title="The Greatest Show on Earth (film)">The Greatest Show on Earth</a></i> was first shown. Released in 1953 were <i>Man on a Tightrope</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>'s <i>Gycklarnas afton</i> (released as <i>Sawdust and Tinsel</i> in the United States); these were followed by <i>Life Is a Circus</i>; <i>Ring of Fear</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/3_Ring_Circus" title="3 Ring Circus">3 Ring Circus</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_The_Movie_(1992_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992 film)"> Tom and Jerry: The Movie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Strada" title="La Strada">La Strada</a></i> (1954), an Oscar-winning film by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman. Fellini made a second film set in the circus called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clowns_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clowns (film)">The Clowns</a></i> in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Toby_Tyler_or_10_Weeks_with_a_Circus_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toby Tyler or 10 Weeks with a Circus (film)">Toby Tyler</a></i> (1960), the <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Horrors" title="Circus of Horrors">Circus of Horrors</a></i> (also in 1960); the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Rose%27s_Jumbo_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Rose's Jumbo (film)">Billy Rose's Jumbo</a></i> (1962); <i>A Tiger Walks</i>, a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus; and <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_World_(film)" title="Circus World (film)">Circus World</a></i> (1964), starring <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a>'s first animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Hey_There,_It%27s_Yogi_Bear!" title="Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!">Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!</a></i> (1964), <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Bear" title="Cindy Bear">Cindy Bear</a> is held captive in a circus where she is cruelly forced to perform until <a href="/wiki/Yogi_Bear" title="Yogi Bear">Yogi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boo-Boo_Bear" title="Boo-Boo Bear">Boo-Boo</a> rescue her. <i><a href="/wiki/Mera_Naam_Joker" title="Mera Naam Joker">Mera Naam Joker</a></i> (1970), a Hindi drama film directed by <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a> which was about a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows. In the anime film <i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Emperor_Leo" title="Jungle Emperor Leo">Jungle Emperor Leo</a></i> (1997), Leo's son Lune is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it. <i><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_3:_Europe%27s_Most_Wanted" title="Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted">Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a> film about zoosters escape from the evil <a href="/wiki/Animal_control" class="mw-disambig" title="Animal control">animal control</a> Capitan DuBois, was released in 2012. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman" title="The Greatest Showman">The Greatest Showman</a></i>, a musical film loosely based on the life of <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a>, was released in 2017. </p><p>The TV series <i>Circus Humberto</i>, based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bass" title="Eduard Bass">Eduard Bass</a>, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826 and 1924. The setting of the HBO television series <i><a href="/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le" title="Carnivàle">Carnivàle</a></i>, which ran from 2003 to 2005, is also largely set in a travelling circus. The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include <i>Circus Humberto</i> by Eduard Bass, <i><a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Freak" title="Cirque du Freak">Cirque du Freak</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Darren_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Darren Shan">Darren Shan</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Spangle_(novel)" title="Spangle (novel)">Spangle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Jennings_(author)" title="Gary Jennings (author)">Gary Jennings</a>. The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Water_for_Elephants" title="Water for Elephants">Water for Elephants</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sara_Gruen" title="Sara Gruen">Sara Gruen</a> tells the fictional tale of a circus veterinarian and was made into a <a href="/wiki/Water_for_Elephants_(film)" title="Water for Elephants (film)">movie with the same title</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pattinson" title="Robert Pattinson">Robert Pattinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a>. Science fiction writer Barry B. Longyear wrote a trilogy about a circus of the future: City of Baraboo; <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Song_(Longyear_novel)" title="Elephant Song (Longyear novel)">Elephant Song</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Circus_World_(novel)" title="Circus World (novel)">Circus World</a>. </p><p>Circus is the central theme in comic books of <a href="/wiki/Super_Commando_Dhruva" title="Super Commando Dhruva">Super Commando Dhruva</a>, an Indian comic book superhero. According to this series, Dhruva was born and brought up in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in it, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television series called <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_(Indian_TV_series)" title="Circus (Indian TV series)">Circus</a></i> was also telecast in India in 1989 on <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shahrukh Khan</a> as the lead actor. </p><p>In the third case of the video game <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Wright:_Ace_Attorney_%E2%80%93_Justice_for_All" title="Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Justice for All">Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Justice for All</a>, the main character, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Wright" title="Phoenix Wright">Phoenix Wright</a>, investigates a murder at a circus, working as the defence attorney of an egotistical magician. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_clown" title="Circus clown">Circus clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown_alley" title="Clown alley">Clown alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_circus" title="Contemporary circus">Contemporary circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_and_pony_show" title="Dog and pony show">Dog and pony show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_circus" title="History of Indian circus">History of Indian circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Circus_Festival_of_Monte-Carlo" title="International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo">International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_carnival" title="Traveling carnival">Traveling carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_taming" title="Lion taming">Lion taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circuses_and_circus_owners" title="List of circuses and circus owners">List of circuses and circus owners</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circopedia.org/Philip_Astley">"Philip Astley - Circopedia"</a>. <i>www.circopedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.circopedia.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Astley+-+Circopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circopedia.org%2FPhilip_Astley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Leon2011" class="citation book cs1">St Leon, Mark (2011). <i>Circus! The Australian Story</i>. Melbourne Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877096-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877096-50-1"><bdi>978-1-877096-50-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circus%21+The+Australian+Story&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Melbourne+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-877096-50-1&rft.aulast=St+Leon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcircus">circus</a>, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkri%2Fkos">krikos</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian1931" class="citation book cs1">Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1931). <i>De spectaculis</i> (Latin text with English translation). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Terrot_R._Glover" title="Terrot R. Glover">Terrot Reaveley Glover</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+spectaculis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Tertullian&rft.aufirst=Septimus+Florens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nickell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nickell_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nickell_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nickell_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (2005). <i>Secrets of the sideshows</i>. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-7179-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-7179-2"><bdi>0-8131-7179-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65377460">65377460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+sideshows&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65377460&rft.isbn=0-8131-7179-2&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911390_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeaight198011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeaight198011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeaight1980">Speaight 1980</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroft-CookeCotes1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Croft-Cooke" title="Rupert Croft-Cooke">Croft-Cooke, Rupert</a>; Cotes, Peter (1976). <i>Circus: A World History</i>. London: Paul Elek. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-236-40051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-236-40051-5"><bdi>978-0-236-40051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circus%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Paul+Elek&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-236-40051-5&rft.aulast=Croft-Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft.au=Cotes%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagron2011" class="citation book cs1">Dagron, Gilbert (2011). <i>L' Hippodrome de Constantinople: Jeux, Peuple et Politique</i>. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-013378-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-013378-9"><bdi>978-2-07-013378-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27+Hippodrome+de+Constantinople%3A+Jeux%2C+Peuple+et+Politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Gallimard&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-07-013378-9&rft.aulast=Dagron&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe condita libri">Ab Urbe condita libri</a></i>, 1.35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novaroma.org/ludi/html/history.html">"History of the Ludi"</a>. Novaroma.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ludi&rft.pub=Novaroma.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novaroma.org%2Fludi%2Fhtml%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marius Kwint, "Astley, Philip (1742–1814)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/821,">accessed 7 January 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeaight1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeaight1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeaight1980">Speaight 1980</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i> lists the 1791 book <i>The History of the Royal Circus</i> about Philip Astley's troupe as the first written use of the word to describe the modern circus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm">"The circus comes to the Circus"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Nickell (2005). "Secrets of the sideshows". p.8. University Press of Kentucky, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart2000" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, Helen (2000). <i>Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5234-7"><bdi>978-0-7190-5234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rings+of+Desire%3A+Circus+History+and+Representation&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5234-7&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911391_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McConnell Stott|, Andrew (2009), <i>The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi</i>, Canongate Books, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-first-circus/">"The First Circus"; Victoria and Albert Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/circus_tour/the_first_circus/default.php"><i>Mr Philip Astley's Introduction to The First Circus in England</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108114017/http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/circus_tour/the_first_circus/default.php">Archived</a> 8 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Circus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocial-circus.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stopcircussuffering.com/circus-bans/">"Circus bans"</a>. <i>Stop Circus Suffering</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-magazine.com/kk/circuses.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+circus+in+the+US%2C+HistoryMagazine&rft.pub=History-magazine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-magazine.com%2Fkk%2Fcircuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foxlat-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foxlat_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foxlat_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521061922/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2015/03/18/wild-things-mexico-struggles-to-find-new-homes-for-outlawed-circus-animals/">"Wild things: Mexico struggles to find new homes for outlawed circus animals"</a>. Fox News Latino. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2015/03/18/wild-things-mexico-struggles-to-find-new-homes-for-outlawed-circus-animals/">the original</a> on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+things%3A+Mexico+struggles+to+find+new+homes+for+outlawed+circus+animals&rft.pub=Fox+News+Latino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Flifestyle%2F2015%2F03%2F18%2Fwild-things-mexico-struggles-to-find-new-homes-for-outlawed-circus-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528102028/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/2004_HSUS_Circus_Incidents.pdf">"Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Damage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a>. 1 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/2004_HSUS_Circus_Incidents.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circus+Incidents%3A+Attacks%2C+Abuse+and+Property+Damage&rft.pub=Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsus.org%2Fweb-files%2FPDF%2F2004_HSUS_Circus_Incidents.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/circuses.aspx">"Circuses"</a>. PETA.org. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circuses&rft.pub=PETA.org&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peta.org%2Fissues%2Fanimals-in-entertainment%2Fcircuses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416104435/http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm">"Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations"</a>. Nal.usda.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Welfare+Act+and+Animal+Welfare+Regulations&rft.pub=Nal.usda.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nal.usda.gov%2Fawic%2Flegislat%2Fusdaleg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abuse-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abuse_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abuse_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726045752/http://www.peta.org/mc/factsheet_display.asp?ID=66">"Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse"</a>. Peta.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peta.org/mc/factsheet_display.asp?ID=66">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circuses%3A+Three+Rings+of+Abuse&rft.pub=Peta.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peta.org%2Fmc%2Ffactsheet_display.asp%3FID%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2008/02/19/onderzoek-circusdieren/20080219-dl-2008-344.pdf">"19 february 2008 – Projectvoorstel Ministerie LNV onderzoek welzijn circusdieren"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 19 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=19+february+2008+%E2%80%93+Projectvoorstel+Ministerie+LNV+onderzoek+welzijn+circusdieren&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fbestanden%2Fdocumenten-en-publicaties%2Fkamerstukken%2F2008%2F02%2F19%2Fonderzoek-circusdieren%2F20080219-dl-2008-344.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514200606/http://www.eturbonews.com/32034/dutch-government-announces-ban-use-wild-animals-circuses">"Dutch government announces ban on the use of wild animals in circuses"</a>. 1 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eturbonews.com/32034/dutch-government-announces-ban-use-wild-animals-circuses">the original</a> on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+government+announces+ban+on+the+use+of+wild+animals+in+circuses&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eturbonews.com%2F32034%2Fdutch-government-announces-ban-use-wild-animals-circuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iIvnEu-D_CqeGOboBYNAvQvp8EvQD96MTJS80">Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Court Record, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No 03-2006 (EGS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leigh Remizowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201121216/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-29/us/us_ringling-bros-fine_1_animal-welfare-act-usda-cruelty?_s=PM:US">"USDA Fines Ringling Bros. Circus Over Treatment of Animals</a>, " CNN 29 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2014" class="citation news cs1">Heath, Thomas (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/ringling-circus-prevails-in-14-year-legal-case-collects-16m-from-humane-society-others/2014/05/16/50ce00b8-dd15-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_story.html">"Ringling Circus prevails in 14-year legal case; collects $16M from Humane Society, others"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ringling+Circus+prevails+in+14-year+legal+case%3B+collects+%2416M+from+Humane+Society%2C+others&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcapitalbusiness%2Fringling-circus-prevails-in-14-year-legal-case-collects-16m-from-humane-society-others%2F2014%2F05%2F16%2F50ce00b8-dd15-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2017" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Amy B (15 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2017/01/15/animal-activists-finally-have-something-to-applaud-at-the-ringling-bros-circus-its-closure/">"Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The move exacerbated the show's demise; the elephants' departure ultimately expedited what was a 'difficult business decision'. 'Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop', Kenneth Feld said in a statement Saturday. 'This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Animal+activists+finally+have+something+to+applaud+at+Ringling+Bros.+circus%3A+Its+closure&rft.date=2017-01-15&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Amy+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fanimalia%2Fwp%2F2017%2F01%2F15%2Fanimal-activists-finally-have-something-to-applaud-at-the-ringling-bros-circus-its-closure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span><br />(2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrulliard2017" class="citation news cs1">Brulliard, Karin (21 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/thunderous-applause-tears-as-the-greatest-show-on-earth-takes-a-final-bow/2017/05/21/f75dbf26-3bd7-11e7-a058-ddbb23c75d82_story.html">"Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling's parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $16 million settlement to Feld. While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Thunderous+applause%2C+tears+as+the+%27greatest+show+on+Earth%27+takes+a+final+bow&rft.date=2017-05-21&rft.aulast=Brulliard&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fthunderous-applause-tears-as-the-greatest-show-on-earth-takes-a-final-bow%2F2017%2F05%2F21%2Ff75dbf26-3bd7-11e7-a058-ddbb23c75d82_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Petersburg_Times1993" class="citation web cs1">St. Petersburg Times (6 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19930506&id=jfgNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X3sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6834,42417">"Elephant incidents in recent years"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+York+City+bans+use+of+wild+animals+in+circuses&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft.aulast=Pacelle&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.humanesociety.org%2Fwayne%2F2017%2F06%2Fbreaking-news-new-york-city-bans-use-wild-animals-circuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ad-international.org/animals_in_entertainment/go.php?id=2528&ssi=10">Greece bans animal circuses</a>, Animal Defenders International</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020236/http://www.fve.org/uploads/publications/docs/fve_position_on_the_travelling_circuses_adopted_final.pdf">"FVE position on the use of animals in travelling circuses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federation of Veterinarians of Europe</i>. FVE/013/pos/007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fve.org/uploads/publications/docs/fve_position_on_the_travelling_circuses_adopted_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+Veterinarians+of+Europe&rft.atitle=FVE+position+on+the+use+of+animals+in+travelling+circuses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fve.org%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2Ffve_position_on_the_travelling_circuses_adopted_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2015" class="citation news cs1">Winter, Stuart (5 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/596390/vets-Europe-animal-acts-circus">"Vets call for complete ban on wild animal acts in circuses across Europe"</a>. <i>Express.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vets+call+for+complete+ban+on+wild+animal+acts+in+circuses+across+Europe&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnature%2F596390%2Fvets-Europe-animal-acts-circus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckman2006" class="citation web cs1">Duckman, Hank (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/334-hermanos-mayar-circus">"Hermanos Mayar Circus by Hank Duckman"</a>. Mexconnect.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermanos+Mayar+Circus+by+Hank+Duckman&rft.pub=Mexconnect.com&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Duckman&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F334-hermanos-mayar-circus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423113015/http://www.moiranonsolocirco.it/">"Moira Orfei Circo official website"</a>. Moiranonsolocirco.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moiranonsolocirco.it/">the original</a> on 23 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moira+Orfei+Circo+official+website&rft.pub=Moiranonsolocirco.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moiranonsolocirco.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012043438/http://www.cirquejulesverne.com/">"The Cirque Jules Verne Website"</a>. Cirquejulesverne.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirquejulesverne.com/">the original</a> on 12 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cirque+Jules+Verne+Website&rft.pub=Cirquejulesverne.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirquejulesverne.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montecarlofestival.mc/">"International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo"</a>. Montecarlofestival.mc. 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Circus+Festival+of+Monte-Carlo&rft.pub=Montecarlofestival.mc&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlofestival.mc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Steve, "A Hard Day's Write." HarperCollins(1984).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Circus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Circus">"Circus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 390–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=390-391&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeaight1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Speaight" title="George Speaight">Speaight, George</a> (1980). <i>A History of the Circus</i>. London: Tantivy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4980-2470-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-4980-2470-9"><bdi>0-4980-2470-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Circus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tantivy+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-4980-2470-9&rft.aulast=Speaight&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Adams, Katherine H. (2012). <i>Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940</i>. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7228-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-7228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+American+Circus%2C+1880-1940&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7228-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Katherine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Assael, Brenda, "Circus and Victorian Society", 2005, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2340-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2340-9">0-8139-2340-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Brooke, Bob (October–November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104020256/http://www.history-magazine.com/circuses.html">"Step Right Up: Bob Brooke presents the history of the circus in America"</a>. <i>History Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-magazine.com/circuses.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Step+Right+Up%3A+Bob+Brooke+presents+the+history+of+the+circus+in+America&rft.date=2001-10%2F2001-11&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-magazine.com%2Fcircuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Childress, Micah D. <i>Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Big Top Shows, 1830-1920</i> (University of Tennessee Press, 2018), p. 247 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/730918/summary">online review</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Dfening, Fred D. III (November 2007). "The American Circus in the 1870s: An Overview from Newspaper Sources". <i><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_(magazine)" title="Bandwagon (magazine)">Bandwagon</a></i>. <b>51</b> (6): 4–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-4968">0005-4968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bandwagon&rft.atitle=The+American+Circus+in+the+1870s%3A+An+Overview+from+Newspaper+Sources&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=4-60&rft.date=2007-11&rft.issn=0005-4968&rft.aulast=Dfening&rft.aufirst=Fred+D.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircus" class="Z3988"></span> Provides an overview of "low-yield research" into the history of the American Circus as covered in "ragcontent newspapers [and] magazines [such as] <i>White Tops</i>"</li> <li>Johnson, William M. 1990. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circusperformers.org">The Rose-Tinted Menagerie</a></i>. Iridescent Publishing</li> <li>Nance, Susan. <i>Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 304 pages; elephants as "actors" or creatures of agency in the American circus from 1800 to 1940.</li> <li>Simon, Linda. <i>The Greatest Shows on Earth: A History of the Circus</i> (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014); 296 pages;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Circus_skills" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Circus_skills" title="Template:Circus skills"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circus_skills" title="Template talk:Circus skills"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Circus_skills" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Circus skills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Circus_skills" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Contortion" title="Contortion">contortion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobalance" title="Acrobalance">Acrobalance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adagio_(acrobatics)" title="Adagio (acrobatics)">Adagio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_hoop" title="Aerial hoop">Aerial hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_silk" title="Aerial silk">Aerial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_straps" title="Aerial straps">Aerial straps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_board" title="Balance board">Balance board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_acrobatics" title="Chair acrobatics">Chair acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pole" title="Chinese pole">Chinese pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_swing" title="Cloud swing">Cloud swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contortion" title="Contortion">Contortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corde_lisse" title="Corde lisse">Corde lisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_(circus_act)" title="Cradle (circus act)">Cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyr_wheel" title="Cyr wheel">Cyr wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_hang" title="Hair hang">Hair hang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_to_hand_acrobatics" title="Hand to hand acrobatics">Hand to hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_pyramid" title="Human pyramid">Human pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch_(equilibristic)" title="Perch (equilibristic)">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risley_(circus_act)" title="Risley (circus act)">Risley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_globe" title="Rolling globe">Rolling globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ladders" title="Roman ladders">Roman ladders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bar" title="Russian bar">Russian bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_swing" title="Russian swing">Russian swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slackwire" title="Slackwire">Slackwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_web" title="Spanish web">Spanish web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tightrope_walking" title="Tightrope walking">Tightrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">Trapeze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_trapeze" title="Flying trapeze">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_trapeze" title="Static trapeze">Static</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_riding" title="Trick riding">Trick riding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">Juggling</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Object_manipulation" title="Object manipulation">object<br />manipulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullwhip" title="Bullwhip">Bullwhip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigar_box_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigar box (juggling)">Cigar box manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_juggling" title="Contact juggling">Contact juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">Diabolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_manipulation" title="Hat manipulation">Hat manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twirling" title="Twirling">Twirling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baton_twirling" title="Baton twirling">Baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooping" title="Hooping">Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_spinning" title="Plate spinning">Plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">Fire performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)" title="Fire breathing (circus act)">Fire breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_eating" title="Fire eating">Fire eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toss_juggling" title="Toss juggling">Toss juggling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vault_(gymnastics)" title="Vault (gymnastics)">Vaulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">Equestrian vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannonball" title="Human cannonball">Human cannonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeterboard" title="Teeterboard">Teeterboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">Trampoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal trainer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lion_taming" title="Lion taming">Lion taming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_clown" title="Circus clown">Circus clown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_of_death" title="Globe of death">Globe of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_firecracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Human firecracker">Human firecracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">Puppeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringmaster_(circus)" title="Ringmaster (circus)">Ringmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_girl" title="Target girl">Target girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Death_(Space_Wheel)" title="Wheel of Death (Space Wheel)">Wheel of Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carny" title="Carny">Carny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_school" title="Circus school">Circus school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustabout" title="Roustabout">Roustabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showman" title="Showman">Showman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">Sideshow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Circuses" title="Category:Circuses">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Circus" class="extiw" title="c:Circus">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067878-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Circus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85026080">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cirque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931206b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cirque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931206b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570042">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="cirkus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph748433&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Circo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524512">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286299905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011906">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641946">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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